To translate conference posters, research posters and scientific posters into any language, the target must preserve both the research and the way readers scan it. People searching for research poster translation, scientific poster translation, conference poster translation or AI translation of academic posters need natural target language without changing the research question, methods, sample, data, figures, uncertainty, citations, conclusions or visual hierarchy.
Word-for-word translation can still distort a poster because posters compress an entire study into headings, short paragraphs, figures and labels. A longer target heading can bury the main claim, a shortened limitation can make evidence sound stronger, a chart label can detach from the correct series, and a conclusion can become more certain than the results. The translation therefore has to preserve scientific meaning and visual reading order together.
This guide develops a practical method for translating conference posters, research posters and scientific posters without changing claims, data or visual hierarchy. It covers title, abstract-style summary, research question, methods, participants, measures, results, figures, tables, captions, statistics, uncertainty, limitations, conclusions, citations, QR codes, contact details, AI and machine translation, layout checks, worked examples, practice and final quality assurance.
The Core Research-Poster Translation Principle
Translate the poster as a visual evidence chain: question → method → data → result → uncertainty → conclusion → implication.
A research poster is a compact scholarly argument. Translation should preserve the relationship between claim and evidence while maintaining a visual hierarchy that lets readers find that relationship quickly.
The Ten-Part Translation Method
- 1. Title and Research Question: keep the study topic and scope exact.
- 2. Methods: preserve design, procedure and comparison.
- 3. Participants and Sample: keep sample size and inclusion boundaries exact.
- 4. Measures and Variables: preserve what was measured and how.
- 5. Results: keep reported findings and statistical direction exact.
- 6. Figures and Legends: keep labels, colors or series names and units aligned.
- 7. Uncertainty and Statistics: preserve confidence intervals, p-values and cautious wording.
- 8. Limitations: keep constraints visible and proportionate.
- 9. Conclusion and Implication: keep conclusion within the evidence.
- 10. Visual Hierarchy and Space: preserve reading order and emphasis.
1. Title and Research Question
A common failure point is making the title more sensational or broader for target-language appeal. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is mapping population, intervention or topic, outcome and study scope before shortening. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: A study of one age group should not become a general claim about all students. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to state the study scope from target title only. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Scope control supports academic writing. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
2. Methods
A common failure point is compressing methods until readers infer a stronger design. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is mapping study type, sample, procedure and analysis. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: An observational study should not sound like a randomized experiment. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to identify design from target only. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Method control supports research reports. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
3. Participants and Sample
A common failure point is dropping qualifiers about who was studied. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is locking n, population and recruitment details. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: Results from 42 volunteers at one site remain a limited sample. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to reconstruct the sample from target. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Population control supports surveys. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
4. Measures and Variables
A common failure point is using familiar target terms that represent different constructs. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is mapping variable, unit, instrument and time point. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: Self-reported stress differs from a clinical diagnosis. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to state each measure without inference. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Construct control supports questionnaires. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
5. Results
A common failure point is summarising results into stronger claims. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is mapping comparison, estimate, uncertainty and significance where reported. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: A small association is not proof of causation. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to rebuild the result statement from data. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Claim discipline supports annual reports. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
6. Figures and Legends
A common failure point is translating figure text separately from visual structure. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is mapping title, axis, legend, annotation and unit. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: Group A and Group B must remain attached to the correct plotted series. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to explain the figure using target labels only. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Visual-data control supports slides. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
7. Uncertainty and Statistics
A common failure point is removing uncertainty to save space. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is locking estimate and uncertainty together. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: A mean difference with a wide interval should not become a precise effect. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to compare certainty in source and target. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Uncertainty control supports forecasts. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
8. Limitations
A common failure point is cutting limitations first when target text expands. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is identifying the limitations that control interpretation. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: Small sample and short follow-up may limit generalization. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to state what the study cannot establish. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Boundary control supports responsible scholarship. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
9. Conclusion and Implication
A common failure point is turning a possible implication into a recommendation or universal rule. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is mapping finding, inference and practical implication separately. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: Results may support further study without proving a policy should change. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to trace each conclusion to a result. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Inference control supports peer review. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
10. Visual Hierarchy and Space
A common failure point is shrinking all target text or overcrowding one section. In visual academic communication, fluent wording can still alter evidence, hierarchy or selection meaning if the translator ignores the poster as a whole.
The mechanism is prioritizing title, key result, figure and conclusion while redesigning space without deleting qualifiers. This creates a stable content-and-layout map before target-language polishing.
Worked example: A longer target language may require wider boxes or fewer redundant words. The acceptance test is whether a target reader reaches the same scientific interpretation and can scan the poster with the same hierarchy.
A reliable check is to perform a three-second scan and full-distance readability check. If the interpretation changes, fix meaning and visual relationship before style.
Layout-aware translation supports presentations. The same method transfers to slides, reports and data visualizations.
Worked Example Laboratory
Example 1: Observational Claim
Poster reports an association between sleep and test scores. Association is not causation.
Preserve the study design and cautious verb. This preserves the research claim and visual function.
Example 2: Figure Axis
Y-axis reports percentage change; caption explains baseline. Unit and baseline control interpretation.
Keep both visible. This preserves the research claim and visual function.
Example 3: Sample
n=28 participants from one clinic. Population is narrow.
Do not generalize in title or conclusion. This preserves the research claim and visual function.
Example 4: Limitation
Follow-up lasted only four weeks. Duration limits long-term claims.
Keep the limitation even when space is tight. This preserves the research claim and visual function.
Example 5: QR Code
Poster links to full paper and dataset. The code itself is not translated.
Translate its label and verify destination. This preserves the research claim and visual function.
Posters Are Read at Two Distances
At a distance, readers see title, figures and major headings. Up close, they read methods, captions and limitations. Translation should work at both scales.
Do not solve expansion by making everything smaller. Rebalance layout while preserving hierarchy.
Claims and Evidence
Poster prose is often compressed, which makes verbs important. Observed, associated, increased, predicted and caused are not interchangeable.
Keep causal strength and uncertainty aligned with the study design.
Figures and Tables
Treat each visual as a structured data object. Translate title, axes, legends, labels and captions together and protect numeric values.
Check that line wrapping does not detach labels from data.
Citations and Identifiers
Preserve author names, DOI strings, URLs, QR destinations and reference numbering. Translate surrounding labels but not persistent identifiers.
Verify every link after layout export.
Conference Delivery
Authors often use the poster as a speaking aid. Target headings and figure labels should support natural oral explanation as well as silent reading.
Practice and Checking
Practice 1: Three-Second Scan
View target poster briefly. Complete the first pass manually so the research logic remains visible.
State research question and key result. Record errors by category for targeted practice.
Practice 2: Claim-Evidence Trace
Highlight every conclusion. Complete the first pass manually so the research logic remains visible.
Link it to source data. Record errors by category for targeted practice.
Practice 3: Figure Reconstruction
Explain each target figure without source labels. Complete the first pass manually so the research logic remains visible.
Check units and series. Record errors by category for targeted practice.
Practice 4: Limitation Audit
List all target limitations. Complete the first pass manually so the research logic remains visible.
Compare with source. Record errors by category for targeted practice.
Practice 5: Distance Test
Print or zoom to realistic poster size. Complete the first pass manually so the research logic remains visible.
Check readability. Record errors by category for targeted practice.
Practice 6: Oral Walkthrough
Explain the poster aloud in target language. Complete the first pass manually so the research logic remains visible.
Mark awkward headings and terminology. Record errors by category for targeted practice.
Independent-Use Workflow
- Identify research question, design and audience.
- Lock sample, measures, statistics and identifiers.
- Translate title and visual hierarchy first.
- Translate methods without changing design.
- Translate figures, axes, legends and captions as one unit.
- Preserve uncertainty and statistical qualifiers.
- Keep limitations visible.
- Translate conclusions within evidence boundaries.
- Rebalance layout for target-language expansion.
- Run distance, data and oral-presentation QA.
Using AI and Machine Translation
AI can help compress poster language and draft alternatives, but provide the full study context and prohibit strengthening claims. Protect all numbers, statistics, citations and identifiers.
A strong QA prompt extracts design, sample, main result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion from source and target separately. Verify every mismatch manually.
Useful Internal Routing
For general reasoning, use The Universal Five-Layer Translation Method.
For presentation layout, use How to Translate Presentations, Slides and Speaker Notes Without Breaking Meaning, Layout or Delivery. For final QA, use How to Check Translation Accuracy Before You Send, Submit or Publish.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can AI translate scientific posters?
Yes, but methods, data, uncertainty and conclusions require expert review.
Should poster text be shortened in translation?
It can be compressed for layout only if all essential meaning and qualifiers remain.
How do I translate figures?
Translate title, axes, legend and caption together while preserving data and units.
What is the biggest risk?
Strengthening the claim while shortening the target.
Should limitations be cut to save space?
No. Redesign space or remove redundancy elsewhere rather than changing evidential boundaries.
What about DOI and QR codes?
Preserve identifiers and verify destinations; translate only human-facing labels.
How do I check visual hierarchy?
Use distance and three-second scan tests, then read closely for details.
What is the best final test?
A target reader should identify the same question, method, result, uncertainty and conclusion from the poster.
The Rule to Keep
Research-poster translation is correct when the same evidence supports the same claim with the same uncertainty and remains readable in the same visual argument.
Translate the poster without making the science bigger than the data.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
Deep Practice: Reconstruct the Study From the Poster
Using only the target, write a structured abstract containing question, method, sample, measure, result, uncertainty, limitation and conclusion. Compare with the source poster.
Then inspect every figure and ask whether a reader could derive a stronger or different conclusion because of translated labels, missing qualifiers or layout emphasis. Correct those differences before publication.
