Top 100 Vocabulary for Visiting and Touring EU | Perugia

You might use this page before travelling, during a family discussion, or at home with a published photograph. Choose five words and give each a job. One can identify a destination, another can explain an object, and a third can help you notice where an explanation goes beyond the evidence. A short, accurate sentence is a stronger achievement than a paragraph packed with specialist language that you cannot yet explain.

Every entry supplies an approximate pronunciation cue, a Simplified Chinese teaching gloss, tone-marked pinyin, an English meaning, a natural example and a Chinese translation, followed by a usage note. Italian names use a practical Italian approximation; English words use broadly familiar English cues, and stress is shown in capitals. These cues are not phonetic transcriptions. The Chinese labels for less familiar places and technical terms are explanatory learning aids rather than claims of official Chinese branding.

All example scenes and model tasks are original teaching situations, not reports of an actual visit. A technical word’s inclusion does not claim that it originated in Perugia or appears in a particular local display. Study fragile or unfamiliar materials through permitted viewing and reliable images. Do not touch historic surfaces, collect fragments or treat a vocabulary lesson as practical instruction in conservation, food production or surveying.

Continue through the wider Vocabulary Lists Control Tower to connect these words with other places and subjects.

Choose your reading route

Before the words: Perugia connections

Start with the city, then check each place

The regional tourism overview connects Perugia with Etruscan and medieval heritage. This gives the guide its historical setting; the later technical chapters are learning routes prompted by that setting, rather than an inventory of exhibits currently available in the city.

An important closure: the archaeological museum

Checked 4 October 2026: the official archaeological museum page says the building is closed until further notice for works. Do not plan a normal gallery visit or assume on-site research access. Use existing published material and check the operator for any change.

An important closure: the Volumni site

Checked 4 October 2026: the official Volumni and Palazzone page continues to announce closure from 9 June 2025, apart from exceptional activities. An old itinerary is not evidence of current admission; verify any specific exception with the operator.

Chocolate visits need their own check

The producer’s Casa del Cioccolato page, checked 4 October 2026, requires booking and makes factory viewing dependent on production and technical arrangements. Confirm the programme and accessibility for your visit rather than treating a general description as a guaranteed activity.

Check the return journey as well

The Minimetrò timetable, checked 4 October 2026, identifies the Pian di Massiano–Pincetto service and date-limited special hours. Recheck your travel date. Planning the return journey first can help a group decide how much time to spend at its final stop.

Start by giving each proper name a practical role in your notes. Put one destination at the top of a page and write why it matters to your chosen subject. Then add a question you could reasonably investigate through an official description. This prevents a travel list from becoming an unconnected collection of impressive names. For the closed archaeological site, make this a reading task rather than an assumed visit.

1. Perugia

Say it: peh-ROO-jah

中文: 佩鲁贾 · pèi lǔ jiǎ

Meaning: The regional capital of Umbria in central Italy, with a historic centre shaped by Etruscan, medieval and later communities.

Example: We chose Perugia because our family wanted a city where a short walk could lead to several different questions.

中文例句: 我们选择佩鲁贾，因为家人希望在一座步行一小段就能引出多种问题的城市旅行。

Use it well: Keep the city name separate from individual attractions when planning. A destination can remain rewarding even when one particular collection is unavailable.

Reference: word sense

2. Rocca Paolina

Say it: ROK-kah pow-LEE-nah

中文: 保利纳堡垒 · bǎo lì nà bǎo lěi

Meaning: The sixteenth-century papal fortress whose surviving underground spaces preserve an unusual encounter between earlier streets and later military construction.

Example: A photograph of Rocca Paolina prompted Amir to ask what had happened to the streets beneath the fortress.

中文例句: 一张保利纳堡垒的照片让阿米尔追问，堡垒下方的街道经历了什么。

Use it well: The surviving remains and the original fortress are different things. Say which part you mean rather than imagining an entirely intact castle above ground.

Reference: word sense

3. Fontana Maggiore

Say it: fon-TAH-nah mah-JOH-reh

中文: 大喷泉 · dà pēn quán

Meaning: The medieval sculpted fountain in central Perugia, associated with Nicola and Giovanni Pisano and the city’s historic water supply.

Example: At Fontana Maggiore, our imaginary class would choose one carved scene to describe before comparing interpretations with a partner.

中文例句: 在大喷泉旁，我们设想中的班级会先选一处雕刻场景进行描述，再与同伴比较理解。

Use it well: Use the proper name for this monument. In a description, separate what the sculpture depicts from your personal response to its arrangement or movement.

Reference: word sense

4. Palazzo dei Priori

Say it: pah-LAT-tso deh-ee pree-OH-ree

中文: 普里奥里宫 · pǔ lǐ ào lǐ gōng

Meaning: Perugia’s historic civic palace, developed through successive building phases and still associated with municipal government and important cultural institutions.

Example: The outline of Palazzo dei Priori looked simpler on our sketch than the building history explained in the reading.

中文例句: 在我们的速写上，普里奥里宫的轮廓看起来比阅读材料介绍的建筑历史简单。

Use it well: Palazzo means palace, but this name identifies a civic building rather than a royal residence. Avoid assuming that impressive architecture must have housed royalty.

Reference: word sense

5. Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria

Say it: gahl-leh-REE-ah nat-syoh-NAH-leh dehl LOOM-bryah

中文: 翁布里亚国家美术馆 · wēng bù lǐ yà guó jiā měi shù guǎn

Meaning: The national art museum occupying upper floors of Palazzo dei Priori, with a collection strongly connected to Umbrian artistic history.

Example: Before researching Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Mei wrote down three questions about how museums explain the materials used by artists.

中文例句: 研究翁布里亚国家美术馆之前，美写下了三个关于博物馆如何解释艺术材料的问题。

Use it well: The museum and the palace share a setting but have different identities. Check the museum’s own visitor information when arranging a collection visit.

Reference: word sense

6. Collegio del Cambio

Say it: kol-LEH-joh dehl KAM-byoh

中文: 钱商行会会馆 · qián shāng háng huì huì guǎn

Meaning: The historic seat of Perugia’s moneychangers’ guild, especially known for the painted decoration of its audience hall by Perugino.

Example: The name Collegio del Cambio led Daniel to investigate why a professional guild would commission such carefully planned painted decoration.

中文例句: 钱商行会会馆这个名称促使丹尼尔研究，专业行会为什么会委托创作规划如此周密的绘画装饰。

Use it well: Collegio here refers to a historic corporate institution. Do not translate it mechanically as a present-day school or university college without considering the setting.

Reference: word sense

7. Collegio della Mercanzia

Say it: kol-LEH-joh dehl-lah mehr-kan-TSEE-ah

中文: 商人行会会馆 · shāng rén háng huì huì guǎn

Meaning: The historic merchants’ guild institution in Perugia, whose rooms in the civic palace include an elaborately worked wooden audience hall.

Example: Our discussion of Collegio della Mercanzia began with a practical question about how merchants once settled disagreements with one another.

中文例句: 我们讨论商人行会会馆时，首先提出了一个实际问题：商人过去如何解决彼此之间的争议。

Use it well: Keep Mercanzia distinct from Cambio. The names refer to different guilds, so exchanging them would send a reader towards the wrong historical institution.

Reference: word sense

8. Pozzo Etrusco

Say it: POT-tso eh-TROOS-koh

中文: 伊特鲁里亚古井 · yī tè lǔ lǐ yà gǔ jǐng

Meaning: An ancient Etruscan well beneath the Palazzo Bourbon-Sorbello setting, representing a substantial hydraulic work within Perugia’s historic centre.

Example: The diagram of Pozzo Etrusco helped us discuss depth without leaning over an edge or trying to measure the structure.

中文例句: 伊特鲁里亚古井的示意图帮助我们讨论深度，无须探身越过边缘或尝试测量建筑。

Use it well: Pozzo means well. Use a published section drawing to discuss its engineering; the vocabulary gives you a question to ask, not permission to investigate physically.

Reference: word sense

9. Arco Etrusco

Say it: AR-koh eh-TROOS-koh

中文: 伊特鲁里亚拱门 · yī tè lǔ lǐ yà gǒng mén

Meaning: The monumental Etruscan gateway in Perugia, also called the Arch of Augustus, with a large arched opening between substantial towers.

Example: Lina labelled Arco Etrusco on her drawing, then used smaller arrows to identify the parts she wanted to discuss.

中文例句: 莉娜在画上标出伊特鲁里亚拱门，又用较小的箭头标明她想讨论的部分。

Use it well: A monument can acquire names from more than one period. Record an alternative name as an identification aid, not as evidence that nothing earlier survives.

Reference: word sense

10. Ipogeo dei Volumni

Say it: ee-POH-jeh-oh deh-ee voh-LOOM-nee

中文: 沃伦尼家族地下墓室 · wò lún ní jiā zú dì xià mù shì

Meaning: The Etruscan underground family tomb within the Palazzone archaeological area near Perugia, associated with the Velimna or Volumni family.

Example: We studied Ipogeo dei Volumni through published material because its official closure notice meant we could not assume a normal visit.

中文例句: 我们通过已发表的资料学习沃伦尼家族地下墓室，因为官方关闭通知表明不能假定可以正常参观。

Use it well: As checked on 4 October 2026, the operator announces closure from June 2025 except exceptional activities. Confirm any advertised exception directly before making plans.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Choose two names and tell a partner how you would distinguish them in a message. Include enough context to avoid a mistaken building, institution or entrance. Ask the partner what information is still missing, and improve the message before moving on.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

These names connect several kinds of experience, so give them different kinds of questions. A place in the street network needs a location question. A religious building may prompt a question about respectful visiting. A food brand calls for a question about the exact product. Resist the temptation to use one generic description for everything simply because the examples belong to the same city.

11. Piazza IV Novembre

Say it: PYAT-tsah KWAT-troh noh-VEM-breh

中文: 十一月四日广场 · shí yī yuè sì rì guǎng chǎng

Meaning: The central historic square in Perugia, bringing the fountain, cathedral and civic palace into a concentrated public urban setting.

Example: Instead of saying meet in the centre, we agreed on a clearly described side of Piazza IV Novembre.

中文例句: 我们没有只说在市中心集合，而是约定在十一月四日广场的一侧，并把位置说明清楚。

Use it well: In the spoken Italian name, read IV as quattro. A named square still needs a precise meeting point when several people arrive separately.

Reference: word sense

12. Corso Vannucci

Say it: KOR-soh van-NOOT-chee

中文: 万努奇大街 · wàn nǔ qí dà jiē

Meaning: A street in Perugia’s historic centre, alongside the civic palace and historic guild institutions, useful as a named reference in visitor directions.

Example: Corso Vannucci became the organising line on our paper plan, with optional stops written beside it rather than crowded together.

中文例句: 万努奇大街成了我们纸面计划的主线，可选停靠点写在旁边，而没有挤在一起。

Use it well: Use the full street name when checking an address. A famous central street is an orientation aid, but it does not replace an entrance number.

Reference: word sense

13. Porta Marzia

Say it: POR-tah MAR-tsyah

中文: 马尔齐亚城门 · mǎ ěr qí yà chéng mén

Meaning: An Etruscan gateway whose surviving upper structure was incorporated into the later fabric of the Rocca Paolina fortress.

Example: Seeing Porta Marzia in a published photograph made us ask how an older monument could be reused within a newer structure.

中文例句: 在已发表的照片中看到马尔齐亚城门，让我们思考旧遗迹如何被重新利用在较新的建筑中。

Use it well: Distinguish reuse from a complete reconstruction. Ask which elements survive and how their setting changed instead of treating every visible part as the same age.

Reference: word sense

14. Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell'Umbria

Say it: moo-ZEH-oh ar-keh-oh-LOH-jee-koh nat-syoh-NAH-leh dehl LOOM-bryah

中文: 翁布里亚国家考古博物馆 · wēng bù lǐ yà guó jiā kǎo gǔ bó wù guǎn

Meaning: The national archaeological museum based in Perugia’s former San Domenico convent complex, preserving collections related to the region’s ancient past.

Example: Our reading list included Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell’Umbria, but our travel plan did not assume its galleries were open.

中文例句: 我们的阅读清单包括翁布里亚国家考古博物馆，但旅行计划并未假定其展厅开放。

Use it well: On 4 October 2026, the official page says closed until further notice for works. Online collection learning remains distinct from booking an in-person visit.

Reference: word sense

15. Oratorio di San Bernardino

Say it: oh-rah-TOR-yoh dee san behr-nar-DEE-noh

中文: 圣贝纳迪诺祈祷堂 · shèng bèi nà dí nuò qí dǎo táng

Meaning: A Perugia religious building renowned for its Renaissance façade, with coloured materials and relief sculpture associated with Agostino di Duccio.

Example: We selected Oratorio di San Bernardino for an observation exercise about how figures and architectural edges share a decorated surface.

中文例句: 我们选择圣贝纳迪诺祈祷堂，练习观察人物与建筑边缘如何共同构成装饰表面。

Use it well: The façade and the interior may prompt different descriptions. Name the part being studied before making broad claims about the style of the entire building.

Reference: word sense

16. Basilica di San Pietro

Say it: bah-ZEE-lee-kah dee san PYEH-troh

中文: 圣彼得大教堂 · shèng bǐ dé dà jiào táng

Meaning: The church of Perugia’s historic Benedictine abbey of San Pietro, part of a complex with substantial artistic and architectural interest.

Example: I added Perugia to my search for Basilica di San Pietro so that the results would identify the intended church.

中文例句: 我搜索圣彼得大教堂时加上佩鲁贾，以便搜索结果能指向想找的教堂。

Use it well: Many Italian churches share this dedication. The city is essential context in an enquiry, even though it is not part of this headword.

Reference: word sense

17. Tempio di Sant'Angelo

Say it: TEM-pyoh dee sant AN-jeh-loh

中文: 圣安杰洛圆形教堂 · shèng ān jié luò yuán xíng jiào táng

Meaning: An early Christian church in Perugia, dedicated to Saint Michael and distinguished by its circular plan and ring of columns.

Example: A plan of Tempio di Sant’Angelo encouraged Rosa to describe the organisation of space before discussing any decorative details.

中文例句: 圣安杰洛圆形教堂的平面图促使罗莎先描述空间组织，再讨论装饰细节。

Use it well: Tempio in this established name does not mean that the present church is a functioning pagan temple. Explain the building’s actual religious identity.

Reference: word sense

18. Casa del Cioccolato

Say it: KAH-zah dehl chok-koh-LAH-toh

中文: 巧克力之家 · qiǎo kè lì zhī jiā

Meaning: Perugina’s visitor experience at its San Sisto factory setting, combining company history, chocolate interpretation and activities subject to booking arrangements.

Example: For Casa del Cioccolato, our first question concerned the available visit rather than an assumption that every production line would run.

中文例句: 关于巧克力之家，我们首先询问可以参加哪种参观，而不是假定每条生产线都会运行。

Use it well: Check the booked programme and access needs directly. The producer states that factory viewing depends on production and technical conditions, so activity is not guaranteed.

Reference: word sense

19. Minimetrò

Say it: mee-nee-meh-TROH

中文: 迷你轨道交通 · mí nǐ guǐ dào jiāo tōng

Meaning: Perugia’s automated urban transport system connecting Pian di Massiano and Pincetto through intermediate stations, useful for reaching the historic-centre area.

Example: We checked the final Minimetrò departure before deciding how long to spend on our evening walk through the city.

中文例句: 决定傍晚在城里散步多久之前，我们先查了迷你轨道交通的末班时间。

Use it well: The accented final syllable belongs to the name. Treat special operating hours as dated information and consult the operator for your particular travel day.

Reference: word sense

20. Baci Perugina

Say it: BAH-chee peh-roo-JEE-nah

中文: 佩鲁贾之吻巧克力 · pèi lǔ jiǎ zhī wěn qiǎo kè lì

Meaning: A Perugina chocolate brand whose original dark variety combines a chocolate-hazelnut centre with a whole hazelnut and an individual message.

Example: Before choosing Baci Perugina as a present, Eva checked the exact variety and read the ingredients on that package.

中文例句: 选择佩鲁贾之吻巧克力作为礼物之前，伊娃确认了具体品种，并阅读了那件包装上的配料。

Use it well: Baci is the plural of the Italian word for kisses. Brand recognition never replaces checking the label, especially when selecting food for someone else.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Draft a flexible half-day outline with only three intended activities. Beside each, write the information you would need to confirm. If that information is unavailable, name a reading or observation task you could do instead without making an unsupported promise.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

An archaeological description becomes easier when you first ask what kind of thing a word names. Is it a community, a region, a whole site, a structure, an object or an activity? The answer determines the scale of your sentence. Work with one reliable image at a time, and give yourself permission to leave something unidentified when the supplied information is not sufficient.

21. Etruscan

Say it: ih-TRUS-kan

中文: 伊特鲁里亚的 · yī tè lǔ lǐ yà de

Meaning: Relating to the people, language or culture of ancient Etruria; the word can also name a person from that society.

Example: The adjective Etruscan helped us identify a cultural connection without assuming that every object had the same date or purpose.

中文例句: 形容词“伊特鲁里亚的”帮助我们识别文化联系，而不假定每件物品都有相同年代或用途。

Use it well: Use the adjective with a specific noun, such as inscription or pottery. A cultural label should begin a description rather than replace closer attention.

Reference: word sense

22. Etruria

Say it: ih-TROOR-ee-ah

中文: 伊特鲁里亚地区 · yī tè lǔ lǐ yà dì qū

Meaning: The historical region of central Italy associated with Etruscan communities, whose core lay between the Arno and Tiber rivers.

Example: On a historical map, Etruria gave our discussion a regional frame that a modern list of provinces could not provide.

中文例句: 在历史地图上，伊特鲁里亚地区为讨论提供了一个现代省份清单无法呈现的区域框架。

Use it well: Historical regions and present administrative boundaries answer different questions. Keep the map’s period visible rather than transferring an ancient name directly onto today’s government divisions.

Reference: word sense

23. necropolis

Say it: neh-KROP-oh-lis

中文: 古代墓葬区 · gǔ dài mù zàng qū

Meaning: A large burial ground, especially one belonging to an ancient community and containing multiple tombs arranged across a wider area.

Example: A plan of the necropolis showed that our question concerned the organisation of a whole burial landscape, not one chamber.

中文例句: 墓葬区平面图表明，我们的问题涉及整片墓葬景观的组织，而非一个墓室。

Use it well: Use the word for the wider burial area. Describe an individual structure separately so that a reader understands whether you mean a site or one component.

Reference: word sense

24. hypogeum

Say it: hy-poh-JEE-um

中文: 古代地下建筑 · gǔ dài dì xià jiàn zhù

Meaning: An ancient underground structure or chamber, often a burial space, distinguished by its position below the ground rather than its decoration.

Example: The published section helped us understand the hypogeum as a space below ground instead of a mysterious name on a list.

中文例句: 已发表的剖面图帮助我们把古代地下建筑理解为地下空间，而不是清单上的一个神秘名称。

Use it well: The plural is hypogea. Avoid calling every modern basement a hypogeum; the term carries an archaeological or historic architectural context in this guide.

Reference: word sense

25. cinerary urn

Say it: SIN-uh-rer-ee urn

中文: 骨灰瓮 · gǔ huī wèng

Meaning: A vessel intended to contain the remains of a person after cremation, sometimes bearing decoration or an identifying inscription.

Example: The catalogue described a cinerary urn, so we discussed its commemorative purpose rather than treating it as ordinary tableware.

中文例句: 目录介绍的是一件骨灰瓮，因此我们讨论其纪念用途，而没有把它当作普通餐具。

Use it well: Cinerary identifies the relationship to ashes. Keep the language respectful and avoid inferring the deceased person’s identity from decoration alone without supporting interpretation.

Reference: word sense

26. cremation

Say it: krih-MAY-shun

中文: 火葬 · huǒ zàng

Meaning: The treatment of a deceased person’s body by burning, leaving remains that may be collected and placed in a container.

Example: Our worksheet asked how evidence for cremation could differ from evidence for the placement of an unburned body in a grave.

中文例句: 练习单要求我们思考，火葬证据与未焚烧遗体被安放入墓的证据有何不同。

Use it well: Describe a funerary practice without ranking beliefs or customs. Historical comparison becomes more useful when the evidence and the community being discussed are clearly identified.

Reference: word sense

27. grave goods

Say it: GRAYV goodz

中文: 随葬品 · suí zàng pǐn

Meaning: Objects intentionally placed with a deceased person in a burial, potentially offering evidence about ritual, relationships, possessions or social presentation.

Example: The students listed possible questions about grave goods before deciding which interpretations the excavation record could actually support.

中文例句: 学生们先列出关于随葬品的可能问题，再判断发掘记录究竟能支持哪些解释。

Use it well: An object found near a grave is not automatically a deliberate offering. Context matters, and an interpretation should explain how placement or documentation supports it.

Reference: word sense

28. bucchero

Say it: boo-KEH-roh

中文: 布凯罗黑陶 · bù kǎi luó hēi táo

Meaning: A characteristically dark Etruscan pottery fabric, often with a polished surface, whose black appearance extends through the clay rather than being simple paint.

Example: When the label used bucchero, Sara asked whether the dark appearance belonged to the ceramic itself or to a surface coating.

中文例句: 标签使用“布凯罗黑陶”一词时，萨拉问深色来自陶器本身还是表面涂层。

Use it well: Keep the Italian spelling and the hard k sound. A black vessel is not enough for confident identification; use the collection’s material description.

Reference: word sense

29. antefix

Say it: AN-teh-fiks

中文: 檐端饰板 · yán duān shì bǎn

Meaning: An upright decorative element at the edge of an ancient tiled roof, covering or marking the exposed end of a tile row.

Example: In the reconstruction drawing, an antefix helped us understand how a small decorated fragment once belonged to a much larger roof.

中文例句: 在复原图中，一块檐端饰板帮助我们理解，小装饰残片曾属于一座大得多的屋顶。

Use it well: Locate the piece in relation to the roof edge before describing its face. Museum fragments often become clearer when you imagine their original architectural position.

Reference: word sense

30. acroterion

Say it: ak-roh-TEER-ee-on

中文: 山花顶饰 · shān huā dǐng shì

Meaning: An ornament positioned at the summit or corners of a classical pediment, sometimes taking the form of a figure or patterned feature.

Example: The class placed an acroterion on the outline of a pediment and explained why its position differed from the roof-edge ornaments.

中文例句: 全班把一个山花顶饰放在山花轮廓上，并解释其位置为何不同于檐端装饰。

Use it well: This is a positional architectural term. Identify the summit or corner it occupies; an attractive statue does not become an acroterion merely by being high up.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Make a six-line object record with spaces for name, source, material as stated, visible detail, interpretation and remaining question. Keep the last two lines separate. The exercise is successful when another reader can tell what you know and how you know it.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

The language of the ancient past can tempt a writer into certainty. A confident-sounding sentence is not automatically a well-supported one. When an explanation concerns belief or symbolism, identify whose explanation you are reporting. When a text is translated, notice whether the translator marks uncertainty. You can discuss an unfamiliar practice respectfully without endorsing it, dismissing it or treating a modern analogy as historical evidence.

31. augury

Say it: AW-gyuh-ree

中文: 观兆占卜 · guān zhào zhān bǔ

Meaning: The interpretation of signs or omens to anticipate events, especially in ancient religious practices involving observation of birds and other phenomena.

Example: Our history discussion treated augury as a belief and decision-making practice rather than as a reliable way to predict our journey.

中文例句: 历史讨论把观兆占卜视为一种信仰和决策实践，而非可靠预测我们行程的方法。

Use it well: Explain whose beliefs are being described and in what period. The modern expression an augury of success uses the same word more loosely for a sign.

Reference: word sense

32. haruspicy

Say it: huh-RUS-pih-see

中文: 脏器占卜 · zàng qì zhān bǔ

Meaning: An ancient form of divination based on examining the internal organs of sacrificed animals, particularly associated with interpreting the condition of the liver.

Example: A diagram introduced haruspicy, and the teacher asked us to distinguish evidence about an ancient practice from approval of that practice.

中文例句: 一张示意图介绍了脏器占卜，老师请我们区分关于古代实践的证据与对该实践的赞同。

Use it well: Keep this specific method separate from other kinds of omen reading. Descriptive historical language can remain accurate without treating the claimed predictions as established facts.

Reference: word sense

33. canopic urn

Say it: kah-NOH-pik urn

中文: 人形骨灰瓮 · rén xíng gǔ huī wèng

Meaning: In Etruscan archaeology, a cremation container given human features, often a head-shaped lid; this sense differs from Egyptian organ-storage jars.

Example: The illustrated canopic urn led us to compare a vessel’s human features with its role as a container for cremated remains.

中文例句: 图中的人形骨灰瓮让我们比较了器皿的人体特征与其盛放火化遗骸的用途。

Use it well: Always specify the Etruscan context here. The similar Egyptian term refers to a different funerary use, so a shared label should not erase that difference.

Reference: word sense

34. tumulus

Say it: TOO-myuh-lus

中文: 封土冢 · fēng tǔ zhǒng

Meaning: A mound of earth or stones built above a burial, creating a raised feature that may cover one or more funerary spaces.

Example: The drawing showed a tumulus above the chamber, allowing us to describe the mound separately from the structure beneath it.

中文例句: 图画显示墓室上方有一座封土冢，使我们能够分别描述土丘与其下方的结构。

Use it well: The plural is tumuli. A rounded hill is not sufficient evidence of a burial mound; archaeological identification requires more than resemblance from a distance.

Reference: word sense

35. dromos

Say it: DROM-os

中文: 墓道 · mù dào

Meaning: A passage or approach leading to an ancient tomb or sacred structure, discussed here as the route into a burial chamber.

Example: By tracing the dromos on the plan, we could explain the approach to the chamber without pretending to have entered it.

中文例句: 沿着平面图上的墓道描画，我们就能解释通往墓室的路线，而不假装曾亲自进入。

Use it well: Specify the archaeological context because the Greek-derived word has broader historical uses. Describe the approach and destination as separate parts of the same spatial arrangement.

Reference: word sense

36. funerary banquet

Say it: FYOO-ner-er-ee BANG-kwit

中文: 丧葬宴饮 · sàng zàng yàn yǐn

Meaning: A meal associated with death or commemoration, or its representation in funerary art, whose meaning must be interpreted in its cultural setting.

Example: The image of a funerary banquet prompted several interpretations, but our paragraph stated which details supported each possibility.

中文例句: 丧葬宴饮图像引出了几种解释，但我们的段落说明了哪些细节支持每一种可能性。

Use it well: A represented meal need not document a particular event. Separate the artistic motif from claims about an actual ceremony, participant or belief about the afterlife.

Reference: word sense

37. bilingual inscription

Say it: by-LING-gwul in-SKRIP-shun

中文: 双语铭文 · shuāng yǔ míng wén

Meaning: An inscribed text containing two languages, sometimes useful for comparing names, expressions or meanings when one language is better understood.

Example: We compared the two parts of a bilingual inscription and noted similarities without assuming that every phrase had an exact counterpart.

中文例句: 我们比较了一则双语铭文的两个部分，记录相似之处，而不假定每个短语都有完全对应的表达。

Use it well: Two scripts do not necessarily mean two languages, and two languages need not say exactly the same thing. Verify the relationship rather than assuming translation.

Reference: word sense

38. triclinium

Say it: try-KLIN-ee-um

中文: 三榻餐室 · sān tà cān shì

Meaning: An ancient dining arrangement of three couches around a table, or the room used for dining in that arrangement.

Example: A simple model of a triclinium helped the group discuss where diners could recline and how a servant might move around them.

中文例句: 一个简单的三榻餐室模型帮助小组讨论客人可以在哪里斜卧，以及侍者如何在周围走动。

Use it well: Use the word for the arrangement or associated room, and make that choice clear. It is not a general label for every ancient feast.

Reference: word sense

39. lituus

Say it: LIT-yoo-us

中文: 弯头占卜杖 · wān tóu zhān bǔ zhàng

Meaning: A curved staff associated with ancient augurs and their ritual office; the same Latin word also has a separate musical-instrument sense.

Example: The curved object in the reference image was identified as a lituus, which gave our question a more precise starting point.

中文例句: 参考图像中的弯曲物件被辨认为弯头占卜杖，这让我们的问题有了更准确的起点。

Use it well: State that you mean the ritual staff. A term with several historical meanings should be anchored to an image, catalogue description or clearly named activity.

Reference: word sense

40. boustrophedon

Say it: boo-struh-FEE-don

中文: 牛耕式书写 · niú gēng shì shū xiě

Meaning: A writing arrangement in which successive lines run in alternating directions, comparable to turning back and forth across a field.

Example: Our invented classroom message used boustrophedon so that readers had to check the direction at the start of every new line.

中文例句: 我们创作的课堂信息采用牛耕式书写，因此读者每到新的一行都要检查阅读方向。

Use it well: This names the arrangement of lines, not a language. Do not assume all inscriptions in an ancient language use the same direction or layout.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Write two versions of an interpretation. In the first, state it too strongly on purpose. In the second, identify the evidence and qualify what remains uncertain. Compare the versions and discuss whether the careful one actually communicates more useful information.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

A finished picture encourages us to look at the image first. This chapter instead gives you questions about the work behind it. Use a labelled teaching diagram or a technical account chosen for your level. Follow its explanation slowly, and do not add a procedure just because you recognise a related term. Learning the language of a technique is different from being trained to carry it out.

41. pouncing

Say it: POWN-sing

中文: 扑粉转印法 · pū fěn zhuǎn yìn fǎ

Meaning: A method of transferring a design by passing powder through tiny holes along its outlines onto the surface beneath.

Example: The workshop illustration showed pouncing, and we followed the dotted outline to understand how the design reached the second surface.

中文例句: 工作坊示意图展示了扑粉转印法，我们沿着点状轮廓观察，理解图案如何转移到第二个表面。

Use it well: The word names the transfer process rather than the finished painting. Explain what moves from one surface to another before discussing a particular artist’s technique.

Reference: word sense

42. fugitive colour

Say it: FYOO-jih-tiv KUL-er

中文: 易褪变色料 · yì tuì biàn sè liào

Meaning: A colourant liable to change or lose its colour over time, especially under light, rather than remaining reliably stable.

Example: When the report mentioned fugitive colour, we stopped assuming that the painting’s present appearance exactly matched the artist’s original choices.

中文例句: 报告提到易褪变色料时，我们不再假定画作目前的外观与画家最初的选择完全一致。

Use it well: Fugitive describes instability in this context. It does not identify a particular pigment, and a visible colour difference alone cannot establish what chemical change occurred.

Reference: word sense

43. imprimatura

Say it: im-prih-mah-TOOR-ah

中文: 透明薄底色 · tòu míng báo dǐ sè

Meaning: A thin translucent layer of colour applied over a prepared painting ground before the main image is developed.

Example: A labelled cross-section placed the imprimatura below the later paint layers, helping us read the sequence from preparation to finished image.

中文例句: 标注过的剖面图把透明薄底色放在后来的颜料层下方，帮助我们理解从准备到成画的顺序。

Use it well: Do not use the term for every layer underneath a picture. Its position, thinness and translucent character distinguish this preparation from a drawing or opaque ground.

Reference: word sense

44. lake pigment

Say it: LAYK PIG-ment

中文: 色淀颜料 · sè diàn yán liào

Meaning: A pigment produced by fixing a soluble dye to an insoluble material, allowing the colourant to be used as a solid painting ingredient.

Example: The phrase lake pigment surprised Jun until the explanation showed that lake referred to a colour material rather than a landscape.

中文例句: “色淀颜料”这个词让俊感到意外，直到解释表明这里的 lake 指色彩材料，而不是湖泊景观。

Use it well: Keep dye and pigment distinct when explaining the process. This word describes a class of materials; it does not mean that all members have one colour.

Reference: word sense

45. punchwork

Say it: PUNCH-wurk

中文: 冲印装饰 · chōng yìn zhuāng shì

Meaning: Decoration made with small stamped impressions, especially patterned marks impressed into gilded surfaces using shaped tools in historic painting and ornament.

Example: Under the enlarged image, we described the punchwork as a repeated arrangement of marks rather than an accidental scatter of damage.

中文例句: 在放大的图像下，我们把冲印装饰描述为重复排列的印痕，而非偶然散布的损伤。

Use it well: Look for an identified decorative pattern in a trusted image. Do not decide that every small indentation was intentional merely because it appears on an old surface.

Reference: word sense

46. bole

Say it: BOHL

中文: 贴金底土 · tiē jīn dǐ tǔ

Meaning: A fine clay preparation, often reddish, placed beneath gold leaf to support gilding and influence the appearance of the thin metallic layer.

Example: In our material diagram, bole occupied a separate layer, so we could explain why it was neither the gold nor the support.

中文例句: 在材料示意图中，贴金底土占据单独一层，因此我们能解释它既不是黄金，也不是承载物。

Use it well: The same spelling can mean a tree trunk. In an art discussion, add the context of gilding so that the intended material sense stays clear.

Reference: word sense

47. siccative

Say it: SIK-uh-tiv

中文: 催干剂 · cuī gān jì

Meaning: A substance added to paint or a related preparation to encourage drying, rather than to provide the main colour or binding material.

Example: The conservator’s text mentioned a siccative, and our question shifted from the paint’s colour to how the material had dried.

中文例句: 修复人员的文字提到催干剂，我们的问题便从颜料的颜色转向材料如何干燥。

Use it well: This is a technical material word, not a home recipe instruction. A reading exercise should not encourage adding unknown chemicals to school or household paints.

Reference: word sense

48. vermilion

Say it: ver-MIL-yun

中文: 朱红颜料 · zhū hóng yán liào

Meaning: A vivid red pigment traditionally consisting of mercury sulfide; the name can also describe a bright red to reddish-orange colour.

Example: The catalogue identified vermilion in the red area, while our own description carefully limited itself to the visible colour relationships.

中文例句: 目录指出红色区域含有朱红颜料，而我们自己的描述谨慎地只讨论可见的色彩关系。

Use it well: Distinguish a colour name from a verified material identification. Historical pigments may be hazardous, so study photographs and research rather than handling unidentified powders.

Reference: word sense

49. verdigris

Say it: VUR-dih-grees

中文: 铜绿颜料 · tóng lǜ yán liào

Meaning: In historical painting, a blue-green copper-acetate pigment; everyday usage also applies the name more loosely to greenish corrosion on copper alloys.

Example: The report used verdigris as a pigment name, so we avoided treating every green patch on the photographed metalwork as the same substance.

中文例句: 报告把铜绿作为颜料名称，因此我们没有把照片中金属器上的每块绿色斑痕都视为同一种物质。

Use it well: The broad everyday colour label and precise chemical identification are different. Say whether you are reporting an analysis or simply describing an object’s appearance.

Reference: word sense

50. ultramarine

Say it: ul-truh-mah-REEN

中文: 群青 · qún qīng

Meaning: A rich blue pigment historically obtained from lapis lazuli, with a synthetic form also available; the word additionally names the colour.

Example: The display text distinguished natural ultramarine from a later manufactured alternative, giving us a reason to read beyond the blue swatch.

中文例句: 展览文字区分了天然群青与后来制造的替代品，让我们有理由不只观看那块蓝色色样。

Use it well: Do not infer a pigment’s origin from blue alone. Natural and synthetic materials can require specialist evidence to distinguish within an actual painted surface.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Choose one entry and explain it without using the headword. Ask a partner to select the matching term from the list and explain why. If two answers seem possible, add the missing distinction to your explanation instead of merely repeating the original wording.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

There is room in an art paragraph for both accurate information and personal response. Give them different sentences. You can describe what catches your eye without knowing the exact material, and you can report a material identification without claiming that you discovered it yourself. This separation is particularly valuable when a reproduction, screen or changing light makes appearances difficult to compare.

51. azurite

Say it: AZH-uh-ryt

中文: 蓝铜矿 · lán tóng kuàng

Meaning: A blue copper-carbonate mineral historically used as a pigment after preparation, chemically different from the blue material obtained from lapis lazuli.

Example: A reference sample of azurite gave our group a second example of how similar-looking blues can come from different materials.

中文例句: 蓝铜矿参考样本给了小组第二个例子，说明看起来相似的蓝色可以来自不同材料。

Use it well: Treat the mineral name as a material claim. If a label only says blue, preserve that uncertainty instead of supplying a more impressive identification yourself.

Reference: word sense

52. malachite

Say it: MAL-uh-kyt

中文: 孔雀石 · kǒng què shí

Meaning: A green copper-carbonate mineral used for ornamental objects and historically as a source of green pigment, distinct from verdigris.

Example: The booklet paired a piece of malachite with a colour sample, encouraging us to compare a mineral object with its prepared use.

中文例句: 小册子把一块孔雀石与色样并列，鼓励我们比较矿物原件与加工后的用途。

Use it well: A green mineral, a prepared pigment and a painted area are three different things. State which one your sentence describes before drawing a connection between them.

Reference: word sense

53. raw umber

Say it: raw UM-ber

中文: 生褐土 · shēng hè tǔ

Meaning: An unheated brown earth pigment, often with a yellowish or greenish cast, distinguished from the darker material produced by heating it.

Example: Our colour exercise used raw umber for one swatch and recorded its name without claiming that the sample came from a local quarry.

中文例句: 我们的色彩练习用生褐土制作一块色样，并记录名称，没有声称样本来自当地采石场。

Use it well: Raw describes the pigment’s preparation, not whether it is safe to touch or eat. The historic name alone does not verify a particular geographical origin.

Reference: word sense

54. burnt umber

Say it: burnt UM-ber

中文: 熟褐土 · shú hè tǔ

Meaning: A brown artist’s pigment traditionally produced by heating raw umber, a treatment that changes the earth colour and its working character.

Example: Beside the cooler sample, burnt umber gave our study a warmer brown, although we knew brands could produce different-looking paints.

中文例句: 在较冷的色样旁，熟褐土为练习提供了较暖的棕色，不过我们知道不同品牌的颜料外观可能不同。

Use it well: Burnt describes deliberate processing, not accidental damage to a painting. Compare the actual samples instead of assuming a colour name guarantees an identical result everywhere.

Reference: word sense

55. lapis lazuli

Say it: LAP-iss LAZ-yoo-lee

中文: 青金石 · qīng jīn shí

Meaning: A strongly blue ornamental stone containing lazurite and other minerals, historically used as the raw material for natural ultramarine pigment.

Example: The photograph of lapis lazuli helped us separate the appearance of a stone from the fine blue material made from it.

中文例句: 青金石照片帮助我们区分石头的外观与用它制成的细蓝色材料。

Use it well: The stone and the prepared pigment are related but not interchangeable terms. A statement about one should not silently become a statement about the other.

Reference: word sense

56. metalpoint

Say it: MET-ul-poynt

中文: 金属尖笔绘画 · jīn shǔ jiān bǐ huì huà

Meaning: A drawing technique in which a metal tip leaves fine traces on a specially prepared surface, often producing delicate controlled lines.

Example: An enlarged metalpoint drawing made us notice how carefully the artist built an outline from many small decisions.

中文例句: 一幅放大的金属尖笔画让我们注意到，画家如何通过许多细小决定谨慎地构成轮廓。

Use it well: Silverpoint is one kind of metalpoint, not the only possible material. If the metal is not identified, retain the broader technique name in your description.

Reference: word sense

57. stylus

Say it: STY-lus

中文: 尖笔 · jiān bǐ

Meaning: A pointed instrument used for drawing, marking or incising a surface; in art history its material and function depend on the particular technique.

Example: The student called the tool a stylus, then added that this example marked the prepared surface rather than delivering liquid ink.

中文例句: 学生把工具称为尖笔，又补充说，这个例子是在处理过的表面上留下痕迹，而不是输送墨水。

Use it well: The word also applies to modern digital tools. Add the surface and action when context might leave a reader uncertain about which instrument you mean.

Reference: word sense

58. distemper

Say it: dis-TEM-per

中文: 胶彩 · jiāo cǎi

Meaning: A painting medium using pigment in a water-based glue or similar binder, often producing a matte appearance; this guide uses its art-material sense.

Example: The label’s word distemper referred to the painting medium, so we checked that sense before trying to translate the sentence.

中文例句: 标签中的“胶彩”指绘画媒介，因此我们先核实这个义项，再尝试翻译句子。

Use it well: Other meanings concern illness or temper, so context is essential. Specify the binding medium when the source supplies it rather than treating all water-based paints alike.

Reference: word sense

59. casein paint

Say it: KAY-seen PAYNT

中文: 酪蛋白颜料 · lào dàn bái yán liào

Meaning: A water-based paint in which a milk protein called casein provides the binding material, usually drying to a matte film.

Example: For the materials worksheet, casein paint illustrated how the name of a paint can identify its binding ingredient rather than its colour.

中文例句: 在材料练习单中，酪蛋白颜料说明颜料名称可以指明黏结成分，而不是颜色。

Use it well: This term is more specific than water-based paint. It identifies a particular binder; it does not imply that a finished painting smells or looks like milk.

Reference: word sense

60. verdaccio

Say it: ver-DAH-choh

中文: 绿褐底色 · lǜ hè dǐ sè

Meaning: A muted greenish-brown paint mixture used in historical Italian painting for preliminary modelling, outlining or shading beneath subsequent colour.

Example: The diagram placed verdaccio beneath later flesh tones, giving us a clear example of a colour serving a structural purpose.

中文例句: 示意图把绿褐底色放在后来的肤色下方，清楚说明颜色可以发挥塑造结构的作用。

Use it well: Keep the term tied to a documented technique. A greenish face in a reproduction is not enough to prove that this specific preparation was used.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Take a published picture and write three observations that require no specialist identification. Then add one fact explicitly attributed to its caption or technical discussion. Finish with a question. Notice how much you can say clearly while respecting the limits of the image.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

A food label and a production diagram answer different questions. The label helps identify what is in a specific product; the diagram explains a process selected by its author. Read each on its own terms before connecting them. In a class discussion, write questions that ask for clarification rather than questions that already contain an unsupported conclusion about quality or the way every manufacturer works.

61. cocoa butter

Say it: KOH-koh BUT-er

中文: 可可脂 · kě kě zhī

Meaning: The natural fat obtained from cocoa beans, an ingredient contributing to chocolate’s physical structure and melting behaviour rather than its dark colour.

Example: Reading cocoa butter on the label helped Jia understand why a chocolate ingredient could be pale instead of brown.

中文例句: 在标签上读到可可脂，让佳明白巧克力成分为何可以呈浅色，而不是棕色。

Use it well: Butter here names a plant fat, not dairy butter. However, that fact alone does not establish that the complete product contains no milk ingredients.

Reference: word sense

62. cocoa solids

Say it: KOH-koh SOL-idz

中文: 可可固形物 · kě kě gù xíng wù

Meaning: The solid components derived from cocoa; the non-fat portion excludes cocoa butter, while total cocoa solids can include both fat and non-fat parts.

Example: Our comparison of cocoa solids began by checking whether each source meant the non-fat portion or the total cocoa-derived ingredients.

中文例句: 我们比较可可固形物时，先检查每个来源指的是非脂部分，还是全部可可来源成分。

Use it well: Retain qualifiers such as total and non-fat. Removing a small technical word can change what a percentage measures and make two labels seem falsely comparable.

Reference: word sense · additional support

63. cocoa mass

Say it: KOH-koh MASS

中文: 可可浆 · kě kě jiāng

Meaning: The paste obtained by grinding cocoa nibs, containing both cocoa butter and non-fat cocoa material; it is also called cocoa liquor.

Example: The process diagram placed cocoa mass after grinding, which helped us distinguish a manufacturing ingredient from a sweetened finished chocolate bar.

中文例句: 工艺图把可可浆放在研磨之后，帮助我们区分生产原料与加糖的成品巧克力块。

Use it well: Liquor in the alternative name does not mean alcoholic drink. Check the full ingredient list if asking about alcohol in a particular filled chocolate.

Reference: word sense

64. conching

Say it: KON-ching

中文: 精炼搅拌 · jīng liàn jiǎo bàn

Meaning: A chocolate-making stage involving prolonged working and mixing of the material to develop its texture and flavour characteristics.

Example: During the imaginary factory lesson, conching became our example of a process whose purpose cannot be understood from movement alone.

中文例句: 在设想中的工厂课程里，精炼搅拌成了一个例子，说明仅看运动本身无法理解工序的目的。

Use it well: Describe this as a processing stage, not a type of chocolate. Ask what the operation changes rather than assuming every rotating machine performs the same task.

Reference: word sense

65. tempering

Say it: TEM-per-ing

中文: 调温 · tiáo wēn

Meaning: Controlled heating and cooling of chocolate to encourage suitable cocoa-butter crystals, helping the finished product set with the desired structure.

Example: The demonstration explained tempering before showing the finished pieces, so we could connect careful temperature control with the intended result.

中文例句: 示范先解释调温，再展示成品，因此我们能把谨慎的温度控制与预期结果联系起来。

Use it well: In this chapter the word concerns chocolate, not steel or spices. This is a vocabulary explanation; follow a tested recipe and qualified instruction for practical work.

Reference: word sense

66. cocoa nibs

Say it: KOH-koh nibz

中文: 可可碎仁 · kě kě suì rén

Meaning: Small pieces of the cocoa bean’s inner kernel after shell removal, often roasted and used for texture or further chocolate processing.

Example: The dessert description mentioned cocoa nibs, so we expected small crunchy pieces rather than a completely smooth chocolate coating.

中文例句: 甜点说明提到可可碎仁，因此我们预期会有细小脆粒，而不是完全光滑的巧克力外层。

Use it well: Nibs are not automatically sweetened chocolate chips. Their preparation and ingredients matter, so read the description before using one as a substitute for the other.

Reference: word sense

67. ganache

Say it: guh-NASH

中文: 甘纳许 · gān nà xǔ

Meaning: A mixture typically made from chocolate and cream, used as a filling, coating or component whose consistency depends on the recipe.

Example: When I asked about the ganache, the assistant described the filling separately from the thin outer chocolate shell.

中文例句: 我询问甘纳许时，店员把内馅与外面薄薄的巧克力壳分开介绍。

Use it well: The name describes a preparation rather than one fixed flavour. Variations may include additional ingredients, so do not infer suitability for a guest from the name alone.

Reference: word sense

68. gianduja

Say it: jan-DOO-yah

中文: 榛子巧克力混合物 · zhēn zi qiǎo kè lì hùn hé wù

Meaning: A smooth chocolate preparation incorporating finely ground hazelnuts, with recipes that may use dark or milk chocolate components.

Example: The description of gianduja helped us recognise a chocolate-and-hazelnut preparation without confusing it with a whole nut hidden inside a shell.

中文例句: 榛子巧克力混合物的说明帮助我们识别巧克力与榛子的混合制品，而没有把它与外壳内藏着整颗坚果混淆。

Use it well: Keep the nut component explicit in translation. A smooth texture does not make the hazelnut disappear as an ingredient or remove the need to check labels.

Reference: word sense

69. couverture

Say it: koo-ver-TYOOR

中文: 调温用高脂巧克力 · tiáo wēn yòng gāo zhī qiǎo kè lì

Meaning: Chocolate made with a relatively high cocoa-butter content for professional uses such as coating or moulding, where working properties are important.

Example: The pastry lesson compared couverture by its intended application, rather than assuming that one chocolate would suit every possible task.

中文例句: 糕点课程按预定用途比较调温用高脂巧克力，而不假定一种巧克力适合所有任务。

Use it well: This is a production category, not a promise that every product will taste better to every person. Match the material to the specified application.

Reference: word sense

70. fat bloom

Say it: fat BLOOM

中文: 脂霜 · zhī shuāng

Meaning: A pale surface effect on chocolate associated with changes or movement in its fats, including cocoa butter, rather than sugar recrystallisation.

Example: The training photograph labelled the pale film fat bloom, and we compared that explanation with the separate description of sugar-related surface changes.

中文例句: 培训照片把浅色薄层标为脂霜，我们把这一解释与另一种糖引起的表面变化说明进行比较。

Use it well: Use an identified example to learn the distinction. Appearance alone is not a complete food-safety assessment, so do not give a stranger’s product a guarantee.

Reference: word sense · additional support

Put the distinction to work

Build a short explanation for someone who has never read about chocolate-making. Choose two terms and make their relationship clear. Ask the listener to repeat the explanation in their own words; their version will show you which part needs a simpler sentence.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

Descriptions become more useful when they reveal what was actually noticed. A personal preference can be honest without pretending to be a universal rule. If you compare products, keep the exact packaging information available and avoid turning a single number into an overall verdict. For a gift, the recipient’s needs come before an exercise in sophisticated vocabulary. Asking a clear question is often the most practical outcome.

71. sugar bloom

Say it: SHOO-ger BLOOM

中文: 糖霜析出 · táng shuāng xī chū

Meaning: A rough or pale coating formed when moisture dissolves sugar at a chocolate surface and the sugar later recrystallises.

Example: A diagram of sugar bloom helped us understand why moisture could change the surface even without changing the chocolate’s basic ingredients.

中文例句: 糖霜析出的示意图帮助我们理解，为何水分即使不改变巧克力的基本成分，也能改变表面。

Use it well: This process differs from fat bloom even when both look whitish. Keep the explanation tied to the mechanism rather than treating every pale mark as identical.

Reference: word sense

72. enrobing

Say it: en-ROH-bing

中文: 裹衣 · guǒ yī

Meaning: The coating of a confection or other food with chocolate, creating an outer layer around an already prepared centre.

Example: In the production video, enrobing happened after the centres were formed, so our sequence diagram gave the two operations separate boxes.

中文例句: 在生产视频中，裹衣发生在内芯成形之后，因此我们的流程图给两个操作分别画了方框。

Use it well: The word focuses on covering an existing centre. It does not by itself identify what is inside, how thick the coating is or which chocolate was used.

Reference: word sense

73. snap

Say it: SNAP

中文: 脆断声 · cuì duàn shēng

Meaning: The sharp sound and clean breaking action noticed when a firm piece of chocolate breaks, often discussed as a texture characteristic.

Example: We recorded the snap of the sample as one observation, then described its smell and flavour in separate sentences.

中文例句: 我们把样品的脆断声作为一项观察记录，再用不同句子描述气味与风味。

Use it well: Do not turn one sensory observation into a universal quality score. Temperature, thickness and chocolate type can affect what you hear and feel when it breaks.

Reference: word sense · additional support

74. bitterness

Say it: BIT-er-ness

中文: 苦味 · kǔ wèi

Meaning: The taste quality described as bitter, distinct from sweetness, sourness and the drying sensation sometimes noticed during tasting.

Example: Maya described the bitterness as gentle at first and more noticeable later, rather than simply calling the sample good or bad.

中文例句: 玛雅说苦味起初柔和，后来更明显，而不是简单地说样品好或不好。

Use it well: Use intensity and timing to make the description useful. Bitter is a taste observation; dislike is a personal judgement, and the two should not be confused.

Reference: word sense · additional support · additional support

75. bean-to-bar

Say it: BEEN-tuh-BAR

中文: 从可可豆到巧克力块 · cóng kě kě dòu dào qiǎo kè lì kuài

Meaning: A production approach in which a maker handles the transformation from cocoa beans into chocolate, rather than only reshaping purchased finished chocolate.

Example: The phrase bean-to-bar prompted us to ask which stages the maker carried out and where the beans had been grown.

中文例句: “从可可豆到巧克力块”这句话促使我们询问，生产者负责哪些工序，以及可可豆在哪里种植。

Use it well: Treat the phrase as a starting point for questions about production. It does not alone certify fair pay, environmental performance, flavour or ownership of a farm.

Reference: word sense

76. lecithin

Say it: LESS-ih-thin

中文: 卵磷脂 · luǎn lín zhī

Meaning: A phospholipid-rich substance used as an emulsifying ingredient in many foods, including some chocolates, with possible sources such as soya or sunflower.

Example: When the ingredient list named sunflower lecithin, we copied the complete wording instead of shortening it to an unfamiliar additive.

中文例句: 配料表写着葵花卵磷脂时，我们抄下完整措辞，而没有把它简化为一种陌生添加剂。

Use it well: Check the source named on the actual label. The ingredient’s technical function and the question of a particular person’s dietary requirements need separate attention.

Reference: word sense

77. cacao pod

Say it: kah-KOW pod

中文: 可可果荚 · kě kě guǒ jiá

Meaning: The fruit of the cacao tree, containing seeds surrounded by pulp; those seeds are the cocoa beans used in chocolate production.

Example: A photograph of a cacao pod reminded us that the wrapped gift began with a tropical fruit rather than a factory machine.

中文例句: 一张可可果荚照片提醒我们，包装好的礼物起源于热带果实，而不是工厂机器。

Use it well: Pod is the common food-trade name, although the fruit is botanically a berry. Do not assume a city’s chocolate tradition means cacao grows outdoors there.

Reference: word sense

78. winnowing

Say it: WIN-oh-ing

中文: 风选去壳 · fēng xuǎn qù ké

Meaning: The separation of lighter shell material from broken cocoa pieces using moving air, leaving the nibs for further processing.

Example: Our flowchart put winnowing between breaking the beans and using the nibs, making the purpose of separation easier to explain.

中文例句: 我们的流程图把风选去壳放在破碎可可豆与使用碎仁之间，让分离的目的更容易解释。

Use it well: The broader verb also applies to grain or figuratively to selection. In chocolate production, identify what is removed and what is retained in the next stage.

Reference: word sense

79. hazelnut paste

Say it: HAY-zul-nut PAYST

中文: 榛子酱 · zhēn zi jiàng

Meaning: A paste made by finely grinding hazelnuts, used as a confectionery ingredient and sold in forms that may differ in added ingredients.

Example: The recipe specified unsweetened hazelnut paste, so we checked the product rather than assuming a sweet sandwich spread would behave identically.

中文例句: 食谱指定无糖榛子酱，因此我们检查了产品，而没有假定甜味三明治抹酱的表现完全相同。

Use it well: Pure nut paste, sweetened paste and chocolate spread are different preparations. Read the ingredient description before comparing flavour, texture or quantities in a recipe.

Reference: word sense

80. cocoa percentage

Say it: KOH-koh per-SEN-tij

中文: 可可含量百分比 · kě kě hán liàng bǎi fēn bǐ

Meaning: The proportion of a chocolate product contributed by cocoa-derived ingredients, including cocoa butter, as expressed by the product’s stated percentage.

Example: Two bars shared a cocoa percentage, but our comparison still recorded different ingredients and our own different responses to the taste.

中文例句: 两块巧克力的可可含量百分比相同，但我们的比较仍记录了不同配料，以及我们对味道的不同感受。

Use it well: A percentage describes composition, not a complete flavour prediction. Do not equate a higher number automatically with better quality, greater enjoyment or a health claim.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Write a three-sentence comparison with one observation, one personal response and one question for the maker or retailer. Do not copy promotional praise into your own voice. Check that a reader can distinguish the product information from the judgement you formed.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

A hill-city visit gives you a reason to look beyond the line connecting two dots. When making a plan, ask what the map shows and what it leaves unresolved. Consider the needs of the actual group rather than an imaginary average walker. This chapter develops language for asking more precise questions; it does not assess the accessibility or safety of any particular street.

81. topography

Say it: tuh-POG-ruh-fee

中文: 地形 · dì xíng

Meaning: The physical shape and arrangement of an area’s surface features, especially its variations in height and the relationships between landforms.

Example: The topography helped explain why two places that looked close on the page might require a more complicated walk.

中文例句: 地形帮助解释了，为什么地图上看起来相近的两个地方可能需要走一条更复杂的路线。

Use it well: Use the term for the character of the ground, not just a decorative map background. Connect the feature you notice to a specific planning question.

Reference: word sense

82. aspect

Say it: AS-pekt

中文: 坡向 · pō xiàng

Meaning: In terrain description, the direction a slope faces, expressed with reference to compass directions rather than the direction a traveller happens to walk.

Example: We noted the aspect of the slope on our exercise map before discussing how its position differed from the neighbouring slope.

中文例句: 我们先在练习地图上记下坡向，再讨论其位置与相邻坡面有何不同。

Use it well: Aspect has many everyday meanings, including a part of an issue. Add slope or terrain context when you intend this precise geographical sense.

Reference: word sense

83. hypsometry

Say it: hip-SOM-uh-tree

中文: 测高学 · cè gāo xué

Meaning: The measurement of land elevations, providing information about height that can support the description and representation of terrain.

Example: The reading introduced hypsometry as the measurement behind the height information, which made our map colours seem less arbitrary.

中文例句: 阅读材料把测高学介绍为高度信息背后的测量工作，使我们不再觉得地图颜色是随意安排的。

Use it well: The word names a field or process of measurement. A single height value is a result; keep the activity and its resulting data distinct.

Reference: word sense

84. graticule

Say it: GRAT-ih-kyool

中文: 经纬网 · jīng wěi wǎng

Meaning: A network of latitude and longitude lines drawn on a map or globe to provide a geographic reference for locations.

Example: On the regional map, the graticule helped us understand where the city sat within a wider geographic frame.

中文例句: 在区域地图上，经纬网帮助我们理解城市在更广阔地理框架中的位置。

Use it well: Distinguish angular latitude-and-longitude lines from a projected grid measured in metres. Both organise location, but their coordinates should not be swapped without explanation.

Reference: word sense

85. false summit

Say it: fawls SUM-it

中文: 假顶 · jiǎ dǐng

Meaning: A rise that appears from below to be the highest point but conceals further higher ground beyond it.

Example: Our imaginary walker mistook the rise for the end of the climb, then recognised it as a false summit.

中文例句: 我们设想中的步行者误以为前方的高处就是爬坡终点，后来才发现那是一个假顶。

Use it well: Use this term for a mistaken appearance of the top, not every intermediate stop. It helps explain an expectation error without inventing a measured elevation.

Reference: word sense

86. waypoint

Say it: WAY-poynt

中文: 航路点 · háng lù diǎn

Meaning: A specified location used as a reference or intermediate point along a planned route, whether stored digitally or marked on paper.

Example: We chose a public square as a waypoint and agreed to review the next section of our walk when we reached it.

中文例句: 我们选了一个公共广场作为航路点，并约定到达后再查看下一段步行路线。

Use it well: A waypoint is a location, not necessarily an attraction or a safe stopping place. Choose permitted places that suit the practical needs of the group.

Reference: word sense

87. map inset

Say it: map IN-set

中文: 地图插图 · dì tú chā tú

Meaning: A smaller map included within a larger map to show a detail, a wider setting or an area needing separate presentation.

Example: The map inset showed the wider region, while the main drawing gave us the detail needed to understand the historic centre.

中文例句: 地图插图显示更广阔的区域，而主图提供了理解历史中心所需的细节。

Use it well: Check its scale and purpose separately from the main map. A smaller printed panel can show either a closer detail or a much wider area.

Reference: word sense

88. cardinal direction

Say it: KAR-dih-nul dih-REK-shun

中文: 基本方位 · jī běn fāng wèi

Meaning: One of the four principal compass directions: north, east, south and west, used as a basic framework for describing orientation.

Example: Giving a cardinal direction helped our explanation stay consistent even when the listeners were facing different ways on the pavement.

中文例句: 指出一个基本方位，让我们的说明保持一致，即使听者在人行道上朝向不同方向。

Use it well: Left and right depend on a person’s orientation; a cardinal direction does not change when they turn around. Still include a named destination for practical clarity.

Reference: word sense

89. camber

Say it: KAM-ber

中文: 路面横向拱度 · lù miàn héng xiàng gǒng dù

Meaning: The crosswise curvature or slope of a road surface, distinct from the rise or fall along the direction of travel.

Example: The drawing showed camber across the street, while a separate arrow marked the direction in which the street climbed.

中文例句: 图画显示了街道横向的路面拱度，另一个箭头则标明街道向上延伸的方向。

Use it well: Distinguish across from along when explaining surface shape. For accessibility planning, ask about the actual route rather than relying on a general description of the district.

Reference: word sense

90. desire line

Say it: dih-ZY-er lyn

中文: 自然形成的人行路线 · zì rán xíng chéng de rén xíng lù xiàn

Meaning: A route created or indicated by people’s repeated preferred movement, often visible as a worn track away from the formally designed path.

Example: We noticed a desire line in the park photograph but did not assume that the unofficial track was open for public use.

中文例句: 我们在公园照片中注意到一条自然形成的人行路线，但没有假定这条非正式小路对公众开放。

Use it well: The term describes movement preference, not permission. A visible track may cross protected planting or private land, so follow signs and legitimate public routes.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Compare two possible plans on paper and write the questions that would decide between them. Include a place to pause, a clear meeting instruction and a way to change the plan. Your task is to make the decision understandable, not to choose the shortest-looking line automatically.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

The final chapter is an extension route for readers who enjoy understanding how maps work. You can stop at the everyday words and still have a useful guide. If you continue, keep the map’s labels, date and explanatory information beside it. Technical confidence should make you more attentive to assumptions, not less willing to check them. Use simple classroom examples before applying unfamiliar concepts to real navigation.

91. geodetic datum

Say it: jee-oh-DET-ik DAY-tum

中文: 大地测量基准 · dà dì cè liáng jī zhǔn

Meaning: A reference framework used to calculate positions or heights on Earth, helping coordinates relate consistently to the surface they describe.

Example: The map specialist checked the geodetic datum before comparing two coordinate lists that appeared to describe the same location.

中文例句: 地图专家比较两份看似描述同一位置的坐标清单前，先核对了大地测量基准。

Use it well: Coordinates require a reference framework as well as numbers. Matching-looking values from different systems should not be treated as interchangeable without checking the metadata.

Reference: word sense

92. intervisibility

Say it: in-ter-viz-uh-BIL-ih-tee

中文: 相互通视 · xiāng hù tōng shì

Meaning: The condition in which two survey stations or positions can be seen from each other, rather than visibility from only one unspecified viewpoint.

Example: Our diagram tested intervisibility between the two marked stations, showing how an intervening building could prevent the required connection.

中文例句: 我们的示意图检查两个标记测站之间是否相互通视，显示中间建筑如何阻断所需联系。

Use it well: Name both positions when using this surveying term. It concerns their mutual visual relationship, not the quality of a panorama or a promise of pedestrian access.

Reference: word sense

93. vertical exaggeration

Say it: VUR-tih-kul ig-zaj-uh-RAY-shun

中文: 垂直夸大 · chuí zhí kuā dà

Meaning: The use of a larger relative scale for height than for horizontal distance in a terrain image, making relief appear more pronounced.

Example: The model’s vertical exaggeration made the hills easy to see, but we did not use its appearance to estimate a real slope.

中文例句: 模型的垂直夸大让山丘容易辨认，但我们没有根据其外观估算真实坡度。

Use it well: Look for the stated scale relationship before drawing conclusions from a model. A useful visual emphasis can become misleading when mistaken for undistorted geometry.

Reference: word sense

94. relief shading

Say it: rih-LEEF SHAY-ding

中文: 地形晕渲 · dì xíng yùn xuàn

Meaning: A map technique that uses simulated light and shadow to make variations in landform appear three-dimensional on a flat surface.

Example: The relief shading made the valleys clearer, while the written labels still supplied the information needed to identify each place.

中文例句: 地形晕渲让山谷更清晰，而文字标签仍提供了辨认各地点所需的信息。

Use it well: The apparent shadows belong to the map’s lighting model. They do not tell you which streets will actually be shaded at your planned arrival time.

Reference: word sense

95. dead reckoning

Say it: ded REK-un-ing

中文: 推算定位 · tuī suàn dìng wèi

Meaning: The estimation of a current position from a previously known one using the direction travelled and distance or speed over time.

Example: In the classroom exercise, dead reckoning gave us an estimated position that we then compared with a known reference point.

中文例句: 在课堂练习中，推算定位给了我们一个估计位置，随后我们把它与已知参考点比较。

Use it well: This produces an estimate that can accumulate error. Treat it as a concept to understand and verify, not a substitute for safe navigation in unfamiliar terrain.

Reference: word sense

96. resection

Say it: ree-SEK-shun

中文: 后方交会 · hòu fāng jiāo huì

Meaning: In surveying and navigation, finding an unknown position by observing directions to known reference points and working backwards from their locations.

Example: Our paper exercise used resection to locate the observer, rather than using the observer’s known position to locate a distant object.

中文例句: 纸面练习通过后方交会确定观察者的位置，而不是利用观察者的已知位置确定远处物体。

Use it well: The same word has a medical meaning, so specify the mapping context. Here the unknown is where the observer stands, not which landmark they can see.

Reference: word sense

97. magnetic declination

Say it: mag-NET-ik dek-lih-NAY-shun

中文: 磁偏角 · cí piān jiǎo

Meaning: The angle between magnetic north and true north at a location, a value that varies geographically and changes over time.

Example: Before interpreting the compass exercise, we checked whether the instructions accounted for magnetic declination at the place and date concerned.

中文例句: 理解指南针练习之前，我们检查说明是否考虑了相关地点和日期的磁偏角。

Use it well: Do not supply one universal correction for every journey. A value needs a place, date and convention, and grid north introduces another separate reference.

Reference: word sense

98. northing

Say it: NOR-thing

中文: 北向坐标 · běi xiàng zuò biāo

Meaning: The north-directed coordinate in a mapped grid system, commonly expressed as a distance from a defined origin rather than an angle.

Example: Our worksheet put the northing in its labelled field so that nobody would mistake the number for the east-directed coordinate.

中文例句: 练习单把北向坐标放在有标签的栏位中，以免有人把数字误认为东向坐标。

Use it well: Keep the coordinate system and units with the value. A long number without its reference information is not enough to identify a reliable location.

Reference: word sense

99. easting

Say it: EES-ting

中文: 东向坐标 · dōng xiàng zuò biāo

Meaning: The east-directed coordinate in a mapped grid system, paired with a northing to describe a location within that defined framework.

Example: The easting was correct, but swapping the two fields still placed the imaginary meeting point far from its intended location.

中文例句: 东向坐标本身正确，但交换两个栏位仍让设想中的集合点远离原定位置。

Use it well: Follow the order required by the map or software you are using. Never assume that every application requests coordinate pairs in the same arrangement.

Reference: word sense

100. georeferencing

Say it: jee-oh-REF-er-en-sing

中文: 地理配准 · dì lǐ pèi zhǔn

Meaning: The alignment of an image or dataset with a known geographic coordinate system so that it can be compared with other spatial information.

Example: The archive project used georeferencing to compare an old city plan with a modern map while recording uncertainty in the alignment.

中文例句: 档案项目通过地理配准把旧城图与现代地图进行比较，同时记录对齐过程中的不确定性。

Use it well: An aligned historic plan is not automatically an exact survey. Stretching or rotating an image can aid comparison without eliminating errors in the original drawing.

Reference: word sense

Put the distinction to work

Choose one map or diagram and list three things its author has told you explicitly. Then list two things you would need to ask before using it for another purpose. Explain how missing context can make an otherwise accurate number or picture easy to misunderstand.

Back to all 100 words · Continue reading · Vocabulary references

Model paragraph: a careful heritage learner

I began with a question about the difference between a whole site and one object within it. My first draft jumped too quickly from a visible detail to an explanation of what people believed. I revised it by separating observation, information supplied by the source, and my own interpretation. That made the paragraph less dramatic but much easier to trust. I could still express curiosity; I simply stopped presenting curiosity as proof. For the next reading, I would choose one unanswered question and record what kind of evidence might help answer it.

Model paragraph: choosing a gift thoughtfully

The packaging caught my attention, but I wanted a present that suited its recipient. I compared the exact product descriptions and read the labels rather than relying on the reputation of the brand. In my notes I separated what the maker stated from what I personally liked about the appearance. I also kept the receipt and storage instructions with the gift. The language exercise was to replace vague praise with useful detail: what was inside, how the item was presented, and why that particular choice matched the request I had been given.

Model paragraph: explaining a route responsibly

Our first plan looked tidy on the page, but it did not yet explain the experience of walking it. We checked the places where a decision would be needed, gave each meeting point a clear description, and left space for a pause. When information was missing, we marked a question instead of inventing an answer. I then read the instructions aloud to someone who had not helped make the plan. Their confusion revealed the sentence that needed rewriting. A useful route description is one another person can follow and check, not simply one its author understands.

A three-session retrieval plan

For the first session, select five entries from a single chapter. Read each example aloud, cover the meaning and explain the word to a partner using simpler English. Keep the Chinese gloss available when it genuinely helps. Before checking the page, write one original sentence and underline the part that shows the meaning. This reveals whether you can use the word or only recognise its spelling.

In the second session, mix those words with five from another chapter. Sort them by the kind of job they do: identifying, describing, explaining a process or locating information. You may disagree about a category, and explaining the disagreement can be more valuable than forcing every word into one box. Finish by revising one sentence that was technically correct but difficult to understand.

In the third session, write a short connected account using only four selected words. Give the account a reader and a purpose: a family planning a visit, a class discussing a picture, or a friend choosing a present. Remove any term that exists only to sound impressive. Check the remaining words against their entries, then read the account again for clarity without consulting the Chinese.

Are these the words every tourist must know?

No. This is a themed collection that combines useful proper names with deeper learning vocabulary. Start with the city and place names if you need orientation. Use the specialist chapters when you want to read more carefully, discuss a subject with a student, or build a richer description after a visit.

Can I visit every place named in the guide now?

Do not assume that. The dated visitor checks above identify two important archaeological closures. Other venues may have their own booking, worship, access or service arrangements. Check the official page for the place and the date you need. A vocabulary entry explains a name; it does not confirm admission.

Should I memorise every technical definition?

Aim to explain a small set clearly first. If you can choose the correct term, describe its meaning in everyday English and use it in a fresh example, you have a useful foundation. Definitions become easier to remember when attached to a question, image or comparison that matters to you.

How should I use the Chinese and pinyin?

Use them as a bridge into the intended sense. Read the English example, consult the Chinese when needed, then return to English and explain the idea in your own words. The pronunciation cue helps you say the headword; the pinyin belongs to the Chinese gloss, so the two serve different purposes.

Can I practise without travelling?

Yes. Choose a reliable published image, a museum description or a sample map and state what you are using. Write about that material rather than pretending to be on location. This can be especially useful when a place is closed or when you are preparing a question to investigate later.

What makes a strong final paragraph?

A clear purpose, accurate word choices and a visible difference between observation and interpretation matter more than the number of difficult terms. After writing, ask which sentence helps the reader most. Then identify one statement that needs a source or a clearer qualification, and improve it before adding more detail.

Sources and vocabulary references

Research checked 4 October 2026. Official city, museum, transport, producer and tourism sources support the Perugia connections and dated visitor checks. Dictionaries, museums, research institutions and specialist sources support the selected word senses. Examples, translations and teaching activities are original. Follow the relevant venue’s current page for arrangements affecting a real visit.

Perugia places and visitor checks

• Regione Umbria Tourism: Perugia
• Comune di Perugia: Rocca Paolina
• Comune di Perugia: Fontana Maggiore
• Regione Umbria Tourism: Palazzo dei Priori
• Regione Umbria Tourism: Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria
• Nobile Collegio del Cambio: Collegio del Cambio
• Nobile Collegio della Mercanzia: Collegio della Mercanzia
• Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello: Pozzo Etrusco
• Regione Umbria Tourism: Arco Etrusco
• Musei nazionali di Perugia: Ipogeo dei Volumni
• Italia.it official tourism: Piazza IV Novembre
• Comune di Perugia: Corso Vannucci
• Comune di Perugia: Porta Marzia
• Musei nazionali di Perugia: Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell'Umbria
• Regione Umbria Tourism: Oratorio di San Bernardino
• Regione Umbria Tourism: Basilica di San Pietro
• Comune di Perugia: Tempio di Sant'Angelo
• Perugina: Casa del Cioccolato
• Minimetrò S.p.A.: Minimetrò
• Baci Perugina: Baci Perugina

Etruscan and archaeological language

• Merriam-Webster: Etruscan
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Etruria
• Merriam-Webster: necropolis
• Merriam-Webster: hypogeum
• Merriam-Webster: cinerary urn
• Merriam-Webster: cremation
• Merriam-Webster: grave goods
• Toledo Museum of Art: bucchero
• Merriam-Webster: antefix
• Merriam-Webster: acroterion
• Merriam-Webster: augury
• Merriam-Webster: haruspicy
• British Museum via Google Arts & Culture: canopic urn
• Merriam-Webster: tumulus
• Merriam-Webster: dromos
• Oxford University Research Archive: funerary banquet
• British Museum: bilingual inscription
• Merriam-Webster: triclinium
• Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, DAGR: lituus
• Merriam-Webster: boustrophedon

Artists materials and methods

• National Gallery London: pouncing
• Merriam-Webster: fugitive colour
• National Gallery London: imprimatura
• Museum of Fine Arts Boston, CAMEO: lake pigment
• Kress Paintings Conservation: punchwork
• National Gallery London: bole
• Merriam-Webster: siccative
• Merriam-Webster: vermilion
• Museum of Fine Arts Boston, CAMEO: verdigris
• Merriam-Webster: ultramarine
• Gemological Institute of America: azurite
• Museum of Fine Arts Boston, CAMEO: malachite
• Merriam-Webster: raw umber
• Merriam-Webster: burnt umber
• Gemological Institute of America: lapis lazuli
• National Galleries of Scotland: metalpoint
• Merriam-Webster: stylus
• Merriam-Webster: distemper
• Museum of Fine Arts Boston, CAMEO: casein paint
• Museum of Fine Arts Boston, CAMEO: verdaccio

Chocolate knowledge

• Merriam-Webster: cocoa butter
• Institute of Culinary Education: cocoa solids
• Cacao Barry / Callebaut: cocoa mass
• Merriam-Webster: conching
• Callebaut Chocolate Academy: tempering
• Valrhona: cocoa nibs
• Merriam-Webster: ganache
• Valrhona: gianduja
• Merriam-Webster: couverture
• Callebaut Chocolate Academy: fat bloom
• Callebaut Chocolate Academy: sugar bloom
• Callebaut Chocolate Academy: enrobing
• Callebaut Chocolate Academy: snap
• Merriam-Webster: bitterness
• Hotel Chocolat: bean-to-bar
• Cargill: lecithin
• Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: cacao pod
• Dandelion Chocolate: winnowing
• Callebaut: hazelnut paste
• Valrhona Collection: cocoa percentage
• Hotel Chocolat: cocoa solids
• Merriam-Webster: snap
• Callebaut: bitterness
• Callebaut Taste Wheel: bitterness
• Glico Asia Pacific: fat bloom

Terrain and map reading

• Merriam-Webster: topography
• Esri GIS Dictionary: aspect
• Merriam-Webster: hypsometry
• Esri GIS Dictionary: graticule
• Campnab outdoor glossary: false summit
• Merriam-Webster: waypoint
• Esri GIS Dictionary: map inset
• Merriam-Webster: cardinal direction
• Merriam-Webster: camber
• Royal College of Art research repository: desire line
• Esri GIS Dictionary: geodetic datum
• Merriam-Webster: intervisibility
• Esri GIS Dictionary: vertical exaggeration
• Esri GIS Dictionary: relief shading
• Merriam-Webster: dead reckoning
• Esri GIS Dictionary: resection
• Esri GIS Dictionary: magnetic declination
• Merriam-Webster: northing
• Merriam-Webster: easting
• Esri GIS Dictionary: georeferencing

Return to the Vocabulary Lists Control Tower for more connected guides.

Return to the start · Find a word