Top 100 Vocabulary for Visiting and Touring EU | Stuttgart
See the part. Understand the relationship.
A car museum can make an English lesson surprisingly concrete. You can point to a feature, read its label, compare two descriptions, and ask why the explanation chooses one word rather than another. This Stuttgart vocabulary guide turns that curiosity into a manageable learning route. Its aim is to help you describe what you can identify, understand a careful explanation, and recognise when you need more information.
The hundred terms move from small components to whole vehicles, workshop processes, and measurement. You do not need to begin with the hardest chapter or remember every word before a visit. Choose a question that interests you: Which detail can I name accurately? What does this label actually establish? How could I explain my observation to someone reading in Chinese? Those questions give the vocabulary a useful purpose.
The teaching examples, learner conversations, and worked paragraph are original hypothetical situations. They do not describe particular vehicles currently on display. The museum context and dated access notes have separate official sources. This is language-learning material, rather than vehicle repair, driving, or inspection guidance. Use the entries to understand explanations and ask informed questions; practical work on a vehicle requires appropriate instruction and competence.
Explore the Vocabulary Lists Control Tower.
Choose your reading route
Follow a mechanism
Begin inside an engine, then follow fuel, airflow and motion. Use component names to ask what connects to what.
Look below the body
Explore suspension, steering and brakes. Learn to separate a part, an assembly and a system in a clear explanation.
Read the shape and the process
Compare body dimensions, airflow features and manufacturing methods. Distinguish something visible from something that requires measurement.
Turn a visit into useful English
Use the speaking tasks, worked paragraph and recall checks. Practise a short explanation with the right relationship between words.
Your guide at a glance
Inside the vehicle
- 1–10: Engine internals and controlled motion
- 11–20: Fuel delivery and ignition
- 21–30: Airflow, exhaust and emissions
- 31–40: Transferring motion to the wheels
Motion, safety and shape
- 41–50: Suspension and steering
- 51–60: Braking components and pressure
- 61–70: Body structure and dimensions
- 71–80: Aerodynamics and vehicle response
Production and interpretation
Use what you have learned
Find any of the 100 words
1–10: Engine internals and controlled motion
11–20: Fuel delivery and ignition
21–30: Airflow, exhaust and emissions
31–40: Transferring motion to the wheels
41–50: Suspension and steering
51–60: Braking components and pressure
61–70: Body structure and dimensions
71–80: Aerodynamics and vehicle response
81–90: Making and finishing components
91–100: Measurement and museum interpretation
How to use this guide
Use each entry in three passes. First, read the English explanation and identify the exact sense being taught. Next, use the Chinese gloss and pinyin to check your understanding. Finally, cover both explanations and make one short English sentence of your own. Begin with a sentence you can verify from a supplied picture or label. A modest, accurate statement is a stronger starting point than an elaborate explanation assembled from uncertain memories.
Keep a notebook with three headings: seen, stated, and still to check. Under seen, describe what you can actually locate in the exhibit or photograph. Under stated, record information supplied by a caption, guide, or reliable technical source. Under still to check, write your unresolved question. The headings stop a useful guess from quietly becoming a supposed fact when you rewrite your notes later. Record enough of the source to find it again.
The English pronunciation cues are practical reading aids, with capitals marking the strongest stress. They are not full phonetic transcriptions, and accents vary. Pinyin supports the Chinese translation, so it should not be used to pronounce the English term. For bilingual practice, explain the same limited point in both languages. Check that words such as may, appears, and according to survive the translation instead of disappearing and making the Chinese version sound more certain.
Stuttgart: useful context before the words
Use Porsche as a focused observation setting
The Porsche Museum’s official page introduces its exhibition and provides a virtual tour. That gives this vocabulary project an option for preparation at home as well as a starting point for planning an in-person visit. Choose one view, write down what it actually shows, and leave hidden details unresolved. The hundred entries are a general automotive learning collection, not a checklist of components guaranteed to be visible in the museum. Porsche AG.
Compare two ways of organising automotive history
Mercedes-Benz Group describes its Stuttgart museum through two connected routes: seven Legend rooms arranged chronologically and five Collection rooms presenting vehicles across different periods. For a learner, this suggests two useful notebook orders. One can follow a sequence of dates; another can gather related observations under a shared topic. State which method you have chosen so that the reader understands why two objects appear together in your account. Mercedes-Benz Group AG.
Prepare a question before choosing a route
The Mercedes-Benz Museum’s official site links to exhibition information and a separate visitor-information page. Use those pages for different jobs: investigate what you hope to learn, then check the arrangements for the day you intend to visit. Your learning question might be how a museum explains a technical word to a general audience. That question remains useful even if the particular object you expected to see is unavailable. Mercedes-Benz AG.
1–10: Engine internals and controlled motion
Start with identification language. Select two unfamiliar names from this chapter and practise saying which label you are reading, which detail you can locate, and which part remains outside your view. You are building a reliable description before attempting a technical explanation.
1. cylinder block
Say it: SIL-in-duh BLOK · 中文: 气缸体 · Pinyin: qì gāng tǐ
Meaning: The main engine structure containing the cylinders and supporting internal components, often with passages for lubricating oil and cooling liquid. Toyota.
English example: In her engine sketch, Mei coloured the cylinder block blue so that its position beneath the head was clear.
中文例句: 在她的发动机草图中，美把气缸体涂成蓝色，让它位于气缸盖下方的位置一目了然。
2. cylinder head
Say it: SIL-in-duh HED · 中文: 气缸盖 · Pinyin: qì gāng gài
Meaning: The component closing the upper ends of engine cylinders, forming part of the combustion chambers and often housing valves. Motorservice.
English example: A transparent classroom model would help pupils see how the cylinder head closes the space above each moving piston.
中文例句: 透明的课堂模型可以帮助学生看清气缸盖如何封闭每个运动活塞上方的空间。
3. connecting rod
Say it: kuh-NEK-ting ROD · 中文: 连杆 · Pinyin: lián gǎn
Meaning: A strong mechanical link between a piston and the crankshaft, transferring forces as the piston moves within its cylinder. Motorservice.
English example: Arun used two cardboard strips to show how a connecting rod links a moving piston to a rotating crankshaft.
中文例句: 阿伦用两条硬纸板展示连杆如何把运动的活塞与旋转的曲轴连接起来。
4. gudgeon pin
Say it: GUJ-un PIN · 中文: 活塞销 · Pinyin: huó sāi xiāo
Meaning: A cylindrical pin joining a piston to the small end of its connecting rod, allowing their relative movement during operation. Motorservice.
English example: For the labelled diagram, I drew the gudgeon pin across the piston and through the connecting rod inside it.
中文例句: 为了制作带标注的示意图，我画出了横穿活塞并穿过其内部连杆的活塞销。
5. piston ring
Say it: PIS-tun RING · 中文: 活塞环 · Pinyin: huó sāi huán
Meaning: A split metal ring fitted around a piston to help seal combustion gases or control oil along the cylinder wall. MAHLE.
English example: The teacher enlarged one piston ring in the drawing so everyone could notice its narrow gap and circular shape.
中文例句: 老师把图中的一个活塞环放大，让大家都能注意到它狭窄的开口和圆形外形。
6. sump
Say it: SUMP · 中文: 油底壳 · Pinyin: yóu dǐ ké
Meaning: The lower engine container that collects returning lubricating oil and, in a wet sump system, holds the main oil supply. MAHLE.
English example: On our imaginary engine tour, the sump became the starting point for tracing the oil around the lubrication system.
中文例句: 在我们想象的发动机参观活动中，油底壳成了追踪润滑油在润滑系统中流动路线的起点。
7. balance shaft
Say it: BAL-uns SHAFT · 中文: 平衡轴 · Pinyin: píng héng zhóu
Meaning: A rotating shaft with deliberately offset mass that counteracts particular engine forces or moments, reducing vibration during operation. Schaeffler.
English example: A short animation could show the balance shaft turning while arrows explain how its motion reduces unwanted engine vibration.
中文例句: 一段短动画可以展示平衡轴旋转，并用箭头说明它的运动如何减少不必要的发动机振动。
8. timing belt
Say it: TY-ming BELT · 中文: 正时皮带 · Pinyin: zhèng shí pí dài
Meaning: A toothed belt that keeps the crankshaft and camshaft moving in the required relationship so engine valves operate at suitable times. Continental.
English example: Lina added teeth to her paper timing belt because a smooth ribbon would leave out an important feature.
中文例句: 莉娜给她的纸制正时皮带加上了齿，因为光滑的带子会漏掉一个重要特征。
9. rocker arm
Say it: ROK-uh AHM · 中文: 摇臂 · Pinyin: yáo bì
Meaning: A pivoting lever in an engine valve mechanism that transfers movement from a cam or pushrod to open a valve. Motorservice.
English example: By moving a ruler over a pencil, our group demonstrated the simple lever action represented by a rocker arm.
中文例句: 我们小组让尺子在铅笔上摆动，演示了摇臂所体现的简单杠杆动作。
10. tappet
Say it: TAP-it · 中文: 挺柱 · Pinyin: tǐng zhù
Meaning: A component following a cam and transferring its motion to another part, such as an engine valve or pushrod. Motorservice.
English example: The diagram placed a tappet between the cam and pushrod, helping us follow each step of the valve movement.
中文例句: 示意图把挺柱画在凸轮和推杆之间，帮助我们逐步理解气门的运动过程。
Locate a label, then explain your confidence
Imagine a teaching photograph with a few numbered arrows and a separate answer key. Choose cylinder block or connecting rod and find the arrow associated with it. Describe the location using ordinary spatial language: near the centre of the picture, below the printed heading, or beside the numbered marker. Keep the photograph’s orientation explicit. Your partner should be able to find the same marker without relying on your pointing gesture.
Now remove the answer key. Write one sentence describing what remains visible and a second asking for confirmation of the name. Try: ‘The photograph shows the marked area, but I cannot verify its identity from this view. Does the accompanying diagram use the same numbering?’ This is a complete learning response. It records the limit of your evidence and gives the next reader a specific way to help. After checking, revise the sentence and note what changed your identification.
Back to the word index · Continue to the next chapter
11–20: Fuel delivery and ignition
This chapter invites careful reading of closely related vocabulary. Give every new term its own example and reference rather than learning a string of names as though they were interchangeable. A useful first question is: Which exact word does the caption use here?
11. carburettor
Say it: kah-buh-RET-uh · 中文: 化油器 · Pinyin: huà yóu qì
Meaning: A device that mixes measured amounts of petrol with incoming air before the mixture enters an engine for combustion. Holley. Cambridge University Press.
English example: For a story about an older car, Ben described the carburettor mixing petrol with air before the engine burned it.
中文例句: 在一个关于老式汽车的故事中，本描述了化油器在发动机燃烧汽油之前，如何将汽油与空气混合。
12. fuel injector
Say it: FYOO-ul in-JEK-tuh · 中文: 喷油器 · Pinyin: pēn yóu qì
Meaning: A device that meters fuel into an engine in carefully controlled amounts, helping create the mixture needed for combustion. Bosch.
English example: We compared a fuel injector with a tiny controlled spray nozzle while discussing how engines receive their fuel.
中文例句: 在讨论发动机如何获得燃油时，我们把喷油器比作一个受控的小喷嘴。
13. throttle body
Say it: THROT-ul BOD-ee · 中文: 节气门体 · Pinyin: jié qì mén tǐ
Meaning: An air passage containing a movable throttle valve that regulates the amount of air supplied to an engine. Bosch.
English example: In the digital model, opening the valve in the throttle body allowed more air through, which the class represented with additional blue arrows.
中文例句: 在数字模型中，打开节气门体内的阀门让更多空气通过，全班用更多蓝色箭头表示这一变化。
14. inlet manifold
Say it: IN-let MAN-i-fohld · 中文: 进气歧管 · Pinyin: jìn qì qí guǎn
Meaning: A set of connected passages distributing incoming air, or an air and fuel mixture, among an engine’s cylinders. Motorservice.
English example: Sara traced each branch of the inlet manifold with her finger, explaining how the incoming flow reaches different cylinders.
中文例句: 莎拉用手指沿着进气歧管的各个分支移动，解释进气流如何到达不同的气缸。
15. exhaust manifold
Say it: ig-ZAWST MAN-i-fohld · 中文: 排气歧管 · Pinyin: pái qì qí guǎn
Meaning: A component collecting combustion gases from engine cylinders and directing them into the pipes and components of the exhaust system. Mercedes-Benz USA.
English example: Our poster used orange lines for the exhaust manifold to distinguish outgoing gases from the cooler air entering the engine.
中文例句: 我们的海报用橙色线条表示排气歧管，以区分排出的气体和进入发动机的较冷空气。
16. spark plug
Say it: SPAHK PLUG · 中文: 火花塞 · Pinyin: huǒ huā sāi
Meaning: A device that produces an electrical spark inside a petrol engine’s combustion chamber to ignite the air and fuel mixture. DENSO.
English example: When explaining a petrol engine, Daniel drew a small flash beside the spark plug to indicate the moment of ignition.
中文例句: 在解释汽油发动机时，丹尼尔在火花塞旁画了一道小闪光，表示点火的瞬间。
17. ignition coil
Say it: ig-NISH-un KOYL · 中文: 点火线圈 · Pinyin: diǎn huǒ xiàn quān
Meaning: An electrical transformer that raises the vehicle’s low battery voltage to the high voltage needed for ignition sparks. DENSO.
English example: The circuit illustration showed an ignition coil between the battery supply and spark plug, with different voltage labels beside them.
中文例句: 电路插图把点火线圈画在电池电源和火花塞之间，并在它们旁边标注了不同的电压。
18. distributor
Say it: di-STRIB-yuh-tuh · 中文: 分电器 · Pinyin: fēn diàn qì
Meaning: A device in some ignition systems that directs high voltage from an ignition coil to individual spark plugs in sequence. DENSO.
English example: In a lesson about older ignition systems, the distributor helped us explain why each cylinder receives its spark in turn.
中文例句: 在一堂关于老式点火系统的课上，分电器帮助我们解释了为什么每个气缸会依次获得点火火花。
19. glow plug
Say it: GLOH PLUG · 中文: 电热塞 · Pinyin: diàn rè sāi
Meaning: An electrically heated component that adds heat inside a diesel engine, particularly to assist starting when conditions are cold. Niterra / NGK.
English example: A winter driving story could mention the glow plug supplying extra heat to help a cold diesel engine start.
中文例句: 一个关于冬季驾驶的故事可以提到，电热塞提供额外热量，帮助冷机状态下的柴油发动机启动。
20. fuel rail
Say it: FYOO-ul RAYL · 中文: 燃油轨 · Pinyin: rán yóu guǐ
Meaning: A shared fuel passage supplying several injectors with pressurised fuel, helping maintain the required supply during successive injections. Bosch.
English example: The students marked the fuel rail as a shared supply line rather than drawing a separate tank for every injector.
中文例句: 学生们把燃油轨标为一条共用供油管路，而没有给每个喷油器画一个单独的油箱。
Keep similar labels distinct in bilingual notes
Choose fuel injector, spark plug, and glow plug as three separate notebook headings. Read their entries, then close the guide and write a question under each heading that would help you check its meaning. Avoid a single vague question such as ‘What does it do?’ for all three. Instead, identify the particular phrase in each explanation that you need clarified. Your question should reveal where your understanding stops.
For a paired exercise, one learner explains only the chosen entry in English while the other writes a Chinese summary. Compare the two versions before looking at the supplied gloss. Check whether either writer has added a claim, omitted a qualification, or silently replaced one component name with another. If the explanations disagree, return to the entry and resolve one difference at a time. Finish with one accurate bilingual example rather than copying three definitions that you cannot yet explain independently.
Back to the word index · Continue to the next chapter
21–30: Airflow, exhaust and emissions
Use these terms to practise attribution. A visible object, a museum label, and a technical explanation provide different kinds of information. In your notes, show who supplied each statement and resist adding a performance claim simply because a name sounds impressive.
21. turbocharger
Say it: TUR-boh-char-juh · 中文: 涡轮增压器 · Pinyin: wō lún zēng yā qì
Meaning: A device using an exhaust-driven turbine to power a compressor, increasing the air supplied to an engine’s cylinders. Garrett Motion.
English example: In our animation, exhaust gases spun the turbocharger turbine while its connected compressor pushed additional air towards the engine.
中文例句: 在我们的动画中，废气推动涡轮增压器的涡轮旋转，而与它相连的压气机把更多空气送向发动机。
22. supercharger
Say it: SOO-puh-char-juh · 中文: 机械增压器 · Pinyin: jī xiè zēng yā qì
Meaning: A compressor driven mechanically by an engine to increase the amount of air delivered for combustion and greater potential power. Eaton.
English example: Nora drew a belt from the engine to the supercharger, making the mechanical drive easier to understand at a glance.
中文例句: 诺拉画了一条从发动机连接到机械增压器的皮带，让机械驱动方式更容易一目了然。
23. intercooler
Say it: in-tuh-KOO-luh · 中文: 中冷器 · Pinyin: zhōng lěng qì
Meaning: A heat exchanger that cools compressed intake air before it enters an engine, increasing density for a given pressure. Garrett Motion.
English example: We coloured the air red before the intercooler and blue afterwards to show the cooling effect in our diagram.
中文例句: 我们在示意图中把中冷器前的空气涂成红色，把通过后的空气涂成蓝色，以展示冷却效果。
24. wastegate
Say it: WAYST-gayt · 中文: 废气旁通阀 · Pinyin: fèi qì páng tōng fá
Meaning: A valve that directs some exhaust gas around a turbocharger’s turbine, helping control turbine speed and engine boost pressure. Garrett Motion.
English example: The animated wastegate opened a side route for exhaust gases, helping the audience understand how turbocharger boost can be controlled.
中文例句: 动画中的废气旁通阀为废气打开了一条旁路，帮助观众理解如何控制涡轮增压器的增压压力。
25. catalytic converter
Say it: kat-uh-LIT-ik kun-VUR-tuh · 中文: 催化转化器 · Pinyin: cuī huà zhuǎn huà qì
Meaning: An exhaust component containing catalyst materials that encourage chemical reactions, changing certain harmful pollutants into less harmful substances. HELLA.
English example: For the emissions poster, we described the catalytic converter as a place where chemical reactions change some exhaust pollutants.
中文例句: 在排放主题海报上，我们把催化转化器描述为通过化学反应改变某些尾气污染物的地方。
26. particulate filter
Say it: pah-TIK-yuh-lut FIL-tuh · 中文: 颗粒捕集器 · Pinyin: kē lì bǔ jí qì
Meaning: An exhaust filter that traps tiny solid particles, especially soot, while allowing gases to pass through its porous structure. HELLA.
English example: A classroom drawing of the particulate filter used black dots to show soot collecting as gases passed through the walls.
中文例句: 课堂上绘制的颗粒捕集器示意图用黑点表示气体穿过壁面时被收集下来的烟炱。
27. muffler
Say it: MUF-luh · 中文: 消声器 · Pinyin: xiāo shēng qì
Meaning: An exhaust component designed to reduce engine noise by controlling sound waves as the exhaust gases pass through it. Walker Exhaust Systems.
English example: To explain the muffler, our group compared a loud engine recording with a quieter version prepared for the presentation.
中文例句: 为了说明消声器的作用，我们小组比较了一段响亮的发动机录音和为演示准备的较安静版本。
28. tailpipe
Say it: TAYL-pyp · 中文: 排气尾管 · Pinyin: pái qì wěi guǎn
Meaning: The final section of an exhaust pipe that carries the remaining exhaust gases out of a vehicle into the surrounding air. Walker Exhaust Systems.
English example: At the end of the paper exhaust system, we added a tailpipe and an arrow pointing away from the car.
中文例句: 在纸制排气系统的末端，我们加上了排气尾管和一个指向车外的箭头。
29. lambda sensor
Say it: LAM-duh SEN-suh · 中文: 氧传感器 · Pinyin: yǎng chuán gǎn qì
Meaning: A sensor measuring oxygen in exhaust gases, providing information used to assess combustion mixture conditions and support engine control. Bosch.
English example: The computer display in our imagined test showed a lambda sensor sending information about oxygen remaining in the exhaust.
中文例句: 在我们想象的测试中，电脑显示屏展示了氧传感器传送有关尾气中剩余氧气的信息。
30. crankcase ventilation
Say it: KRANK-kays ven-ti-LAY-shun · 中文: 曲轴箱通风 · Pinyin: qū zhóu xiāng tōng fēng
Meaning: The controlled removal of gases entering an engine’s crankcase, often separating oil and returning the gases to the intake. MANN+HUMMEL.
English example: During our airflow discussion, crankcase ventilation explained why gases leaking past the pistons should not simply accumulate inside the engine.
中文例句: 在讨论气流时，曲轴箱通风解释了为什么越过活塞泄漏的气体不应一直积聚在发动机内部。
Attribute a technical statement to its source
Create an imaginary museum note containing the label turbocharger and a short reference to a technical document. Practise three sentence openings: ‘The label identifies…’, ‘The document explains…’, and ‘My photograph shows…’. Complete each only with information that belongs to that source. You may find that your photograph supports a description of the display but provides no independent support for the document’s explanation. Leave that difference visible in your writing.
Then give your partner a deliberately overconfident sentence: ‘I saw the name, so I know exactly how this vehicle performed.’ Ask them to repair the reasoning without removing the useful observation. A good revision preserves the recorded name and asks what further evidence would support the performance claim. Repeat the exercise with another word from this chapter. You are practising how to connect vocabulary with evidence, not trying to infer an entire vehicle specification from a single component label.
Back to the word index · Continue to the next chapter
31–40: Transferring motion to the wheels
Learn these names through the different questions they answer. Begin with a short comparison of two assemblies, then practise explaining one relationship at a time. Keep the specialist terms precise and the surrounding sentence simple enough to say aloud.
31. clutch
Say it: KLUCH · 中文: 离合器 · Pinyin: lí hé qì
Meaning: A coupling that connects or separates the engine and transmission, allowing controlled transfer of power when starting or changing gear. EXEDY.
English example: In a cardboard drivetrain model, the clutch let us separate two rotating sections before joining them together again.
中文例句: 在硬纸板传动系统模型中，离合器让我们把两个旋转部分分开，然后再次连接起来。
32. gearbox
Say it: GEER-boks · 中文: 变速箱 · Pinyin: biàn sù xiāng
Meaning: A transmission unit containing gears that change the relationship between input and output rotation to suit different driving conditions. Peerless Gear.
English example: Our toy car design included a gearbox so we could discuss why starting and cruising require different gear ratios.
中文例句: 我们的玩具汽车设计包含一个变速箱，让我们可以讨论为什么起步和巡航需要不同的传动比。
33. synchromesh
Say it: SING-kruh-mesh · 中文: 同步啮合装置 · Pinyin: tóng bù niè hé zhuāng zhì
Meaning: A gearbox mechanism that uses friction to match rotating component speeds before engagement, making manual gear changes smoother. Schaeffler.
English example: The slow animation showed synchromesh matching the rotating speeds before engagement, which made the process clearer than a still picture.
中文例句: 慢速动画展示了同步啮合装置在接合前使转动速度一致的过程，比静态图片更清楚。
34. final drive
Say it: FY-nul DRYV · 中文: 主减速器 · Pinyin: zhǔ jiǎn sù qì
Meaning: The last gear reduction in a vehicle’s drivetrain, lowering rotational speed and increasing torque before power reaches the driving wheels. Peerless Gear.
English example: A labelled arrow led from the gearbox towards the final drive, showing another stage between the engine and wheels.
中文例句: 一个带标注的箭头从变速箱指向主减速器，展示了发动机和车轮之间的另一个传动阶段。
35. transaxle
Say it: tranz-AK-sul · 中文: 变速驱动桥 · Pinyin: biàn sù qū dòng qiáo
Meaning: An integrated assembly combining transmission and final drive components, including the differential, within a single compact drivetrain unit. Peerless Gear. Dictionary.com / Collins.
English example: For her packaging study, Jia sketched a transaxle as one assembly instead of separating the transmission and differential into different housings.
中文例句: 在汽车部件布置研究中，佳把变速驱动桥画成一个总成，而没有把变速器和差速器分别放在不同壳体内。
36. differential
Say it: dif-uh-REN-shul · 中文: 差速器 · Pinyin: chā sù qì
Meaning: A gear mechanism that distributes drive to two outputs while allowing them to rotate at different speeds when required. Peerless Gear.
English example: As the model car turned a corner, its differential allowed the outer wheel to rotate faster than the inner wheel.
中文例句: 模型汽车转弯时，差速器允许外侧车轮比内侧车轮转得更快。
37. halfshaft
Say it: HAHF-shaft · 中文: 半轴 · Pinyin: bàn zhóu
Meaning: A shaft transmitting drive from a differential or transaxle to one wheel, often using joints to accommodate wheel movement. GKN Automotive.
English example: The vehicle drawing showed a halfshaft running towards each driven wheel, making the two separate power paths easy to follow.
中文例句: 车辆图中画出了通向每个驱动轮的半轴，让两条独立的动力传递路线容易辨认。
38. universal joint
Say it: yoo-ni-VUR-sul JOYNT · 中文: 万向节 · Pinyin: wàn xiàng jié
Meaning: A mechanical joint that transmits rotation between shafts whose axes meet at an angle, allowing changes in their alignment. Dana / Spicer. NTN.
English example: Using hinged cardboard pieces, we represented a universal joint and discussed how connected shafts can operate at an angle.
中文例句: 我们用铰接的硬纸板部件表示万向节，并讨论相连的轴如何以一定角度运转。
39. constant-velocity joint
Say it: KON-stunt vuh-LOS-i-tee JOYNT · 中文: 等速万向节 · Pinyin: děng sù wàn xiàng jié
Meaning: A joint transmitting rotation between angled shafts while maintaining equal rotational speeds, commonly accommodating steering and suspension movement. GKN Automotive. NTN.
English example: An animation of a constant-velocity joint could show the wheel receiving steady rotation even while its steering angle changes.
中文例句: 等速万向节的动画可以展示，即使转向角度改变，车轮仍能获得均匀的旋转运动。
40. torque converter
Say it: TAWK kun-VUR-tuh · 中文: 液力变矩器 · Pinyin: yè lì biàn jǔ qì
Meaning: A fluid-based coupling between an engine and automatic transmission that transfers power and can multiply torque under suitable operating conditions. SAE International; EXEDY and Hokkaido University authors.
English example: The lesson used flowing arrows inside a torque converter to explain how fluid helps transfer power into an automatic transmission.
中文例句: 这堂课用液力变矩器内部流动的箭头，解释液体如何帮助把动力传入自动变速器。
Distinguish a gear choice from a turn
A multi-speed gearbox offers different gear ratios; selecting a gear changes the relationship between its input and output rotation. An open differential permits the driven wheels to rotate at different speeds. In a classroom sketch of a turn, give the outer wheel a longer path than the inner wheel. Explain why changing gear and accommodating that path difference answer different questions. Then write two sentences with clear subjects: one about ratio selection, the other about unequal wheel speeds. Avoid describing the two assemblies as synonyms. Eaton. KHK Gears / Kohara Gear Industry Co., Ltd.. Eaton.
For writing practice, take a paragraph containing five different component names and underline every use of it, this, and that. Check whether the reader can tell which named item each word refers to. Where the reference is unclear, repeat the relevant name or split the sentence. Use gearbox and differential as the headings for two separate hypothetical information cards, then exchange the cards with a partner. Ask them to identify the subject of every sentence without consulting you.
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41–50: Suspension and steering
Treat this chapter as a lesson in viewpoint. Before comparing two pictures, identify which view each one provides and whether the same area is visible. A careful comparison describes the available evidence rather than rewarding whichever learner makes the quickest identification.
41. wishbone
Say it: WISH-bohn · 中文: 叉形悬架臂 · Pinyin: chāxíng xuánjià bì
Meaning: A fork-shaped suspension arm linking a wheel carrier to the vehicle structure while allowing controlled wheel movement. MOOG.
English example: The visitor traced the wishbone in the drawing and noticed that its two inner ends connected to the frame.
中文例句: 参观者沿着图中的叉形悬架臂看过去，注意到它的两个内端与车架相连。
42. strut
Say it: strut · 中文: 悬架支柱 · Pinyin: xuánjià zhīzhù
Meaning: A structural suspension member that supports and locates other components, commonly incorporating a shock absorber in a car. Monroe.
English example: A coloured arrow identified the strut, helping the class separate this structural assembly from the nearby spring.
中文例句: 彩色箭头标出了悬架支柱，帮助全班把这个结构组件与旁边的弹簧区分开来。
43. anti-roll bar
Say it: AN-tee rohl bar · 中文: 防倾杆 · Pinyin: fángqīng gǎn
Meaning: A suspension bar that links opposite sides of a vehicle and resists differences in their movement to reduce body lean. Eibach.
English example: Maya found the anti-roll bar on the diagram, then asked which parts connected it to the left and right suspension.
中文例句: 玛雅在示意图上找到了防倾杆，然后询问哪些零件把它连接到左右两侧的悬架。
44. coil spring
Say it: koyl spring · 中文: 螺旋弹簧 · Pinyin: luóxuán tánhuáng
Meaning: A spring formed into a helix; in vehicle suspension, it supports load and deflects as the wheel moves. NHK Spring.
English example: The classroom sample of a coil spring was much smaller than the one pictured beneath the bus.
中文例句: 教室里的螺旋弹簧样品比照片中公交车下方的那个小得多。
45. leaf spring
Say it: leef spring · 中文: 板簧 · Pinyin: bǎnhuáng
Meaning: A suspension spring made from one or more flexible strips, usually arranged lengthwise to carry load through bending. NHK Spring.
English example: In the old truck drawing, the leaf spring curved above the axle rather than forming a spiral.
中文例句: 在那幅老式卡车图中，板簧在车轴上方弯曲，而不是呈螺旋形。
46. torsion bar
Say it: TOR-shun bar · 中文: 扭杆弹簧 · Pinyin: niǔgǎn tánhuáng
Meaning: A long spring element that stores elastic energy when twisted about its length and tends to return to its original position. NHK Spring.
English example: The animation marked one end of the torsion bar so viewers could follow its twisting movement more easily.
中文例句: 动画标记了扭杆弹簧的一端，让观众更容易看清它的扭转运动。
47. shock absorber
Say it: shok ub-ZOR-buh · 中文: 减振器 · Pinyin: jiǎnzhènqì
Meaning: A suspension device that damps unwanted movement by dissipating energy, helping control repeated bouncing after a disturbance. Monroe.
English example: The guide pointed to the shock absorber in the photograph and asked why repeated bouncing might make a journey uncomfortable.
中文例句: 讲解员指着照片中的减振器，问反复弹跳为什么可能让旅途不舒服。
48. steering rack
Say it: STEER-ing rak · 中文: 转向齿条 · Pinyin: zhuǎnxiàng chǐtiáo
Meaning: The toothed linear member of a rack-and-pinion steering mechanism, moving sideways as the pinion turns to steer the wheels. MOOG.
English example: Leo followed the steering rack across the model instead of assuming that every long metal rod served the same purpose.
中文例句: 利奥沿着模型中的转向齿条观察，没有想当然地认为每根长金属杆都起相同作用。
49. tie rod
Say it: ty rod · 中文: 转向横拉杆 · Pinyin: zhuǎnxiàng hénglāgǎn
Meaning: A rod that transmits steering movement between the steering mechanism and a wheel’s steering arm or knuckle. MOOG.
English example: The student drew the tie rod in green and kept the outline of the wheel in black.
中文例句: 学生用绿色画出转向横拉杆，并保留了车轮的黑色轮廓。
50. kingpin
Say it: KING-pin · 中文: 转向节主销 · Pinyin: zhuǎnxiàngjié zhǔxiāo
Meaning: In this steering sense, a pivot pin around which a wheel’s steering knuckle turns on an axle. Dana.
English example: The historical drawing placed the kingpin beside the wheel, which helped us understand the location described in the caption.
中文例句: 历史图纸把转向节主销画在车轮旁边，帮助我们理解图注所描述的位置。
Compare viewpoints before comparing components
Imagine two teaching images carrying the same label, steering rack. One image is tightly cropped; the other includes a wider surrounding area. Write a comparison that begins with the images themselves. Explain what each view lets you locate and what lies outside its frame. If the pictures are presented at different sizes, do not quietly turn apparent size on the page into a claim about the real objects.
Next, take the role of an editor reviewing your own notebook. Circle phrases such as obviously, definitely, and exactly the same. For each, ask what evidence earns that degree of confidence. Sometimes the label supports a definite identification; sometimes the picture merely invites a question. Replace excessive certainty with an informative limit, such as ‘The caption uses the same term, but these views do not let me compare every detail.’ That revision gives your reader useful information rather than simply making the sentence weaker.
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51–60: Braking components and pressure
Connect the braking terms through actions: assisting, transmitting, pressing, and slowing. A short sequence can make the vocabulary easier to understand than isolated labels. Use teaching diagrams for the exercise; practical assessment of a real vehicle requires appropriate professional expertise.
51. brake caliper
Say it: brayk KAL-i-puh · 中文: 制动卡钳 · Pinyin: zhìdòng kǎqián
Meaning: An assembly that holds brake pads and presses them against a rotating disc to slow its movement. Brembo.
English example: Through the open wheel design, Sara could see the brake caliper but could not read its small identification mark.
中文例句: 透过开放式车轮设计，萨拉能看见制动卡钳，却看不清上面的小识别标记。
52. master cylinder
Say it: MAH-stuh SIL-in-duh · 中文: 制动主缸 · Pinyin: zhìdòng zhǔgāng
Meaning: A hydraulic component that turns the force applied through the brake pedal mechanism into pressure in the braking system. Bosch Mobility.
English example: The diagram located the master cylinder near the pedal linkage, and the student copied that relationship into her notes.
中文例句: 示意图把制动主缸标在踏板连杆机构附近，学生把这一位置关系记在笔记中。
53. brake booster
Say it: brayk BOO-stuh · 中文: 制动助力器 · Pinyin: zhìdòng zhùlìqì
Meaning: A device that adds assistance to a driver’s braking input, reducing the effort needed to generate braking pressure. Bosch Mobility.
English example: The display compared two forms of brake booster without suggesting that their internal arrangements were identical.
中文例句: 展板比较了两种制动助力器，但并未暗示它们的内部结构相同。
54. brake pad
Say it: brayk pad · 中文: 制动衬块 · Pinyin: zhìdòng chènkuài
Meaning: A friction-material component pressed against a brake disc to help slow or stop the rotating wheel. Bendix.
English example: The educator placed an unused brake pad beside a photograph of a worn one and invited a careful comparison.
中文例句: 教育人员把一块未使用的制动衬块放在磨损衬块的照片旁，邀请大家仔细比较。
55. brake shoe
Say it: brayk shoo · 中文: 制动蹄 · Pinyin: zhìdòng tí
Meaning: A curved component carrying friction lining that presses against the inside of a brake drum in a drum-brake system. Bendix.
English example: The curved brake shoe in the cut-open teaching unit looked different from the flat sample on the next table.
中文例句: 剖开的教学装置中的弧形制动蹄，与旁边桌上的平面样品看起来不同。
56. brake disc
Say it: brayk disk · 中文: 制动盘 · Pinyin: zhìdòng pán
Meaning: A rotating disc attached to a wheel assembly, slowed by friction when the brake pads press against it. Bendix.
English example: A label beside the brake disc named its material, so we did not have to guess from its colour.
中文例句: 制动盘旁的标签注明了材料，因此我们不必根据颜色猜测。
57. wheel cylinder
Say it: weel SIL-in-duh · 中文: 制动轮缸 · Pinyin: zhìdòng lúngāng
Meaning: A hydraulic actuator in a drum brake that moves the shoes outward when pressurised brake fluid acts on its pistons. Bendix.
English example: The enlarged illustration made the wheel cylinder easier to identify than it was in the crowded photograph.
中文例句: 放大的插图让制动轮缸比在那张内容密集的照片中更容易辨认。
58. hydraulic circuit
Say it: hy-DRAW-lik SUR-kit · 中文: 液压回路 · Pinyin: yèyā huílù
Meaning: A connected arrangement of fluid passages and components through which liquid pressure transmits and controls force in a system. Bosch Mobility.
English example: We followed one hydraulic circuit on the coloured chart, stopping whenever a symbol needed an explanation from the guide.
中文例句: 我们沿着彩色图表中的一个液压回路查看，每当需要讲解员解释某个符号时就停下来。
59. brake fluid
Say it: brayk FLOO-id · 中文: 制动液 · Pinyin: zhìdòng yè
Meaning: The specially specified liquid used to transmit pressure through a hydraulic braking system; its required type depends on the vehicle. Bendix.
English example: The sealed container was labelled brake fluid, and the teacher reminded everyone that the activity involved reading, not opening containers.
中文例句: 密封容器上标着制动液，老师提醒大家，这项活动是阅读标签，而不是打开容器。
60. proportioning valve
Say it: pruh-POR-shuh-ning valv · 中文: 制动比例阀 · Pinyin: zhìdòng bǐlì fá
Meaning: A brake-system valve that limits how pressure rises in a selected circuit, helping control the distribution of braking effort. Wilwood.
English example: The chart showed the proportioning valve as a separate component, although its small outline was easy to overlook.
中文例句: 图表把制动比例阀显示为一个独立零件，尽管它的小轮廓很容易被忽略。
Follow the action through a braking explanation
Keep brake caliper, brake pad, and brake disc distinct: the caliper applies the clamping force, the pad provides the contacting friction material, and the disc is the rotating surface being braked. In an imagined diagram, arrows showing the pads moving towards the disc therefore describe clamping, not the direction in which the vehicle travels. Ask a partner to replace each technical name with it; the explanation quickly becomes ambiguous. Restore the names where needed. This exercise turns three labels into an explanation of interaction. Brembo N.V..
Extend the role-play with a visitor who asks, ‘Does that mean this car is safe to drive?’ Practise a clear boundary: ‘This display gives us vocabulary and historical information. It does not provide a current inspection of the vehicle.’ Then return to the language task by identifying which statement the caption actually supports. This is useful practice in professional communication: answer the question you can support, acknowledge the one you cannot, and avoid creating reassurance from evidence that was never intended to provide it.
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61–70: Body structure and dimensions
Here the language task moves towards describing a complete vehicle. Pay attention to the difference between a name printed on a label, a dimension supplied by a source, and an impression created by a photograph. Choose verbs that preserve those differences.
61. monocoque
Say it: MON-uh-kok · 中文: 单体壳结构 · Pinyin: dāntǐké jiégòu
Meaning: A load-carrying shell structure in which the outer skin contributes substantially to strength, rather than merely covering a separate frame. Lotus.
English example: The exhibit text described a monocoque, but the photograph alone did not reveal every layer of its construction.
中文例句: 展品说明描述了一种单体壳结构，但仅凭照片无法看出其构造的每一层。
62. crumple zone
Say it: KRUM-pul zohn · 中文: 溃缩区 · Pinyin: kuìsuō qū
Meaning: A deliberately deformable vehicle region intended to absorb some collision energy and help protect the occupants’ space. Mercedes-Benz Group.
English example: In the safety diagram, the crumple zone was shaded differently from the space occupied by the passengers.
中文例句: 在安全示意图中，溃缩区与乘客所在空间用了不同的阴影颜色。
63. subframe
Say it: SUB-fraym · 中文: 副车架 · Pinyin: fùchējià
Meaning: A supporting framework attached to a vehicle’s main structure that carries assemblies such as suspension or drivetrain components. ZF.
English example: The technician’s photograph showed the subframe before installation, making its mounting points easier for the visitors to notice.
中文例句: 技术人员的照片展示了安装前的副车架，让参观者更容易注意到它的安装点。
64. wheelbase
Say it: WEEL-bays · 中文: 轴距 · Pinyin: zhóujù
Meaning: For a typical two-axle car, the longitudinal distance between the centres of its front and rear wheels. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
English example: Two sketches had the same overall length, yet the marked wheelbase was longer on the second vehicle.
中文例句: 两幅草图的总长度相同，但第二辆车标出的轴距更长。
65. track width
Say it: trak width · 中文: 轮距 · Pinyin: lúnjù
Meaning: The lateral distance between the centres of the left and right wheels on the same axle, under a stated measurement convention. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
English example: The specification listed front track width separately from rear track width, so the reader kept both labels in her comparison.
中文例句: 规格表分别列出了前轮距和后轮距，因此读者在比较时保留了这两个标签。
66. overhang
Say it: OH-vuh-hang · 中文: 车身悬伸量 · Pinyin: chēshēn xuánshēn liàng
Meaning: The part or measured distance of a vehicle extending beyond its front or rear axle; the intended end must be stated. Toyota.
English example: The drawing showed a short front overhang and a longer rear overhang, despite the vehicle’s compact appearance.
中文例句: 图纸显示前悬伸量较短、后悬伸量较长，尽管这辆车的外观看起来很紧凑。
67. sill
Say it: sil · 中文: 车身门槛 · Pinyin: chēshēn ménkǎn
Meaning: In vehicle bodywork, the lower longitudinal region beneath a door opening, forming part of the side structure. Porsche Newsroom.
English example: A strip of light beneath the open door made the sill visible in the otherwise dark photograph.
中文例句: 敞开的车门下方有一道光，让原本昏暗的照片中的车身门槛显现出来。
68. A-pillar
Say it: AY-pil-uh · 中文: A柱 · Pinyin: A zhù
Meaning: The foremost roof-supporting pillar beside a vehicle’s windscreen, joining the front part of the upper body to the lower structure. Porsche Newsroom.
English example: The illustrator coloured the A-pillar blue, helping readers distinguish it from the glass panel that it bordered.
中文例句: 插画师把A柱涂成蓝色，帮助读者把它与旁边的玻璃板区分开来。
69. coachwork
Say it: KOHCH-wurk · 中文: 车身外壳 · Pinyin: chēshēn wàiké
Meaning: The body of a motor vehicle, especially when discussed as a designed or traditionally crafted exterior rather than its mechanical systems. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.
English example: The catalogue praised the coachwork, while a separate paragraph described the machinery hidden beneath the elegant exterior.
中文例句: 目录赞赏了车身外壳，而另一段文字则描述了优雅外观下隐藏的机械装置。
70. hardtop
Say it: HARD-top · 中文: 硬顶 · Pinyin: yìngdǐng
Meaning: A rigid roof for a car, which may be fixed or removable; here it is contrasted with a folding fabric roof. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.
English example: The display photograph showed the roadster with its hardtop fitted, but another image showed the same car without it.
中文例句: 展板照片显示了装上硬顶的敞篷跑车，另一张照片则显示了同一辆车拆去硬顶的样子。
Separate a recorded dimension from an impression
Imagine a worksheet that gives wheelbase in a labelled information box beside a vehicle photograph. Copy the number together with its unit and the worksheet’s identifying details. In a separate sentence, describe the visual impression made by the picture. Keep those statements separate when translating them. ‘The worksheet gives…’ attributes a recorded value; ‘The photograph makes the vehicle appear…’ describes your response to an image.
Now remove the information box and write a new version. Any exact dimension that depended on the missing box must disappear or be marked as a value you recorded earlier. Ask a partner whether they can tell which evidence is currently available. For a more demanding exercise, compare two captions that use the same term but refer to different named vehicles. Include each name in the comparison so that the reader never has to guess which value belongs to which object.
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71–80: Aerodynamics and vehicle response
This chapter is useful for learning to challenge vague praise. Replace an unsupported claim such as better performance with a question about the evidence and the comparison. You can discuss a design thoughtfully while leaving its unverified effects open.
71. drag coefficient
Say it: drag koh-uh-FISH-unt · 中文: 阻力系数 · Pinyin: zǔlì xìshù
Meaning: A dimensionless number expressing aerodynamic drag relative to dynamic pressure and a chosen reference area under specified flow conditions. NASA Glenn Research Center.
English example: Before comparing the drag coefficient, the class checked whether both reports used the same reference area and test conditions.
中文例句: 在比较阻力系数之前，全班检查了两份报告是否使用相同的参考面积和测试条件。
72. downforce
Say it: DOWN-fors · 中文: 下压力 · Pinyin: xiàyālì
Meaning: An aerodynamic force directed toward the road, increasing the load pressing a vehicle’s tyres against the surface. Porsche Newsroom.
English example: The graph compared downforce at several test speeds, so one number could not describe every condition shown.
中文例句: 图表比较了几种测试速度下的下压力，因此一个数字无法描述图中显示的所有情况。
73. lift coefficient
Say it: lift koh-uh-FISH-unt · 中文: 升力系数 · Pinyin: shēnglì xìshù
Meaning: A dimensionless measure of aerodynamic lift relative to dynamic pressure and reference area, with its sign interpreted using a stated convention. NASA Glenn Research Center.
English example: The report included a negative lift coefficient, and the student checked the sign convention before explaining the result.
中文例句: 报告中出现了负的升力系数，学生先检查正负号的约定，再解释结果。
74. diffuser
Say it: di-FYOO-zuh · 中文: 扩散器 · Pinyin: kuòsànqì
Meaning: In vehicle aerodynamics, an expanding underbody passage that manages airflow leaving beneath the car and can contribute to downforce. McLaren Racing.
English example: A rear-view photograph revealed the diffuser, but we needed another drawing to follow its shape beneath the car.
中文例句: 一张后视照片显示了扩散器，但我们需要另一张图才能看清它在车底的形状。
75. splitter
Say it: SPLIT-uh · 中文: 前分流板 · Pinyin: qián fēnliúbǎn
Meaning: An aerodynamic plate at the lower front of a vehicle that separates airflow passing above and below it. Porsche Newsroom.
English example: The low splitter appeared clearly in the side photograph, whereas the front photograph hid its projecting edge.
中文例句: 低矮的前分流板在侧面照片中清晰可见，而正面照片却遮住了它凸出的边缘。
76. spoiler
Say it: SPOY-luh · 中文: 扰流板 · Pinyin: rǎoliúbǎn
Meaning: A body-mounted aerodynamic feature that alters airflow, commonly to reduce unwanted lift; its effect depends on its design and position. Porsche Newsroom.
English example: The student described the spoiler’s visible outline without claiming that its size alone proved how well it worked.
中文例句: 学生描述了扰流板可见的轮廓，没有声称仅凭尺寸就能证明它的效果有多好。
77. ground clearance
Say it: grownd KLEER-unss · 中文: 离地间隙 · Pinyin: lídì jiànxì
Meaning: The vertical space between the ground and a specified lowest part of a vehicle, measured under stated loading conditions. Volvo Cars.
English example: The brochure gave ground clearance in millimetres, prompting us to check which loading condition applied to that measurement.
中文例句: 宣传册用毫米标示离地间隙，促使我们检查这个测量值对应哪种载荷条件。
78. understeer
Say it: UN-duh-steer · 中文: 转向不足 · Pinyin: zhuǎnxiàng bùzú
Meaning: A handling tendency in which a vehicle turns less sharply than intended, with the front tyres developing greater slip angles than the rear. Michelin.
English example: The simulation labelled one path understeer, and the instructor asked the learners to compare it with the intended curve.
中文例句: 模拟画面把一条路径标为转向不足，教员请学习者将它与预期曲线比较。
79. oversteer
Say it: OH-vuh-steer · 中文: 转向过度 · Pinyin: zhuǎnxiàng guòdù
Meaning: A handling tendency in which a vehicle turns more sharply than intended, with the rear tyres developing greater slip angles than the front. Michelin.
English example: A paused animation illustrated oversteer, allowing the group to discuss the difference between the planned route and the vehicle’s path.
中文例句: 暂停的动画演示了转向过度，让小组讨论计划路线与车辆实际路径的区别。
80. slip angle
Say it: slip ANG-gul · 中文: 侧偏角 · Pinyin: cèpiān jiǎo
Meaning: The angle between the direction a tyre points and the direction in which it is actually travelling. Bridgestone.
English example: The two arrows on the tyre diagram represented different directions, and the gap between them marked the slip angle.
中文例句: 轮胎示意图上的两支箭头代表不同方向，它们之间的夹角标示了侧偏角。
Turn a confident judgment into an answerable question
Give an imaginary reviewer the sentence ‘This design is better because it looks more advanced.’ Identify the two unsupported steps: the undefined comparison and the assumed connection between appearance and performance. Rewrite the sentence as a question that could guide further reading. You might ask which stated test, documented result, or design objective the explanation is using. The revised question should make the missing evidence specific enough to search for.
Choose drag coefficient, downforce, or ground clearance from the entries and prepare a short interview prompt. Include the exact term, the named object under discussion, and the evidence you would like clarified. Your partner should answer only from an invented teaching card that both of you can inspect. If a requested detail is absent, practise saying so directly. You can still complete the conversation by recording the unanswered question and identifying what sort of source would be needed to continue responsibly.
Back to the word index · Continue to the next chapter
81–90: Making and finishing components
Sort manufacturing words by what happens to the material. Does the process change its shape, remove some of it, or join separate pieces? Use these questions to organise the chapter, then explain the particular process rather than relying on a broad category alone.
81. die casting
Say it: dy KAH-sting · 中文: 压铸 · Pinyin: yāzhù
Meaning: A manufacturing process that forces molten metal into a reusable metal mould, allowing it to solidify into the required shape. Northwest Die Casting.
English example: The production film showed die casting before the finished housing appeared, helping the visitor connect a process with its result.
中文例句: 生产影片先展示了压铸，再展示完成的壳体，帮助参观者把工艺与其成果联系起来。
82. forging
Say it: FOR-jing · 中文: 锻造 · Pinyin: duànzào
Meaning: Shaping solid metal through compressive forces such as hammering or pressing, often at elevated temperature but without melting the workpiece. Forging Industry Association.
English example: The caption described forging, and the class corrected its earlier assumption that the glowing metal had been poured into shape.
中文例句: 图注描述的是锻造，于是全班纠正了先前认为发红金属是浇注成形的看法。
83. stamping
Say it: STAM-ping · 中文: 冲压 · Pinyin: chōngyā
Meaning: Forming or cutting sheet metal with shaped tooling in a press; here the word names an industrial process, not a printed mark. Schuler.
English example: A sequence of photographs followed stamping from the flat sheet to the shaped panel, with each stage clearly numbered.
中文例句: 一组照片按顺序展示了从平板到成形面板的冲压过程，每个阶段都清楚地标了编号。
84. spot welding
Say it: spot WEL-ding · 中文: 点焊 · Pinyin: diǎnhàn
Meaning: Joining overlapping metal sheets at discrete points using pressure and heat generated by electrical resistance between contacting electrodes. TWI.
English example: The diagram represented spot welding with a row of separate joints rather than one continuous line along the seam.
中文例句: 示意图用一排分开的接头表示点焊，而不是沿接缝画一条连续线。
85. brazing
Say it: BRAY-zing · 中文: 钎焊 · Pinyin: qiānhàn
Meaning: Joining materials with a molten filler metal that melts above 450 degrees Celsius but below the melting temperatures of the base materials. TWI.
English example: The workshop film explained brazing through a labelled animation, letting viewers distinguish the filler metal from the pieces being joined.
中文例句: 车间影片用带标注的动画解释钎焊，让观众区分填料金属和被连接的工件。
86. honing
Say it: HOH-ning · 中文: 珩磨 · Pinyin: héngmó
Meaning: An abrasive finishing process that removes small amounts of material to improve the geometry and surface of a bore or other surface. Sunnen.
English example: The photograph after honing showed a different surface texture, although the change in diameter was too small to judge by eye.
中文例句: 珩磨后的照片显示了不同的表面纹理，尽管直径变化太小，无法用肉眼判断。
87. broaching
Say it: BROH-ching · 中文: 拉削 · Pinyin: lāxiāo
Meaning: Machining with a toothed tool whose successive cutting edges remove material in stages to produce a specified profile. SME.
English example: The technician’s drawing arranged the broaching teeth in sequence, making the gradual change along the tool easier to understand.
中文例句: 技术人员的图纸按顺序排列了拉削刀齿，让人更容易理解刀具沿长度方向的逐渐变化。
88. knurling
Say it: NUR-ling · 中文: 滚花 · Pinyin: gǔnhuā
Meaning: Producing a regular raised or recessed surface pattern on a part, often by rolling or cutting, commonly to improve grip. Accu Trak Tool Corporation.
English example: The close-up of the knob revealed knurling that was almost invisible in the wider photograph of the instrument panel.
中文例句: 旋钮特写显示了滚花纹理，而在仪表板的全景照片中，这种纹理几乎看不见。
89. heat treatment
Say it: heet TREET-munt · 中文: 热处理 · Pinyin: rèchǔlǐ
Meaning: Controlled heating and cooling used to change a material’s properties, such as hardness or toughness, without necessarily changing its overall shape. ASM International Heat Treating Society.
English example: The manufacturing chart placed heat treatment after shaping, so we asked which properties the later stage was intended to change.
中文例句: 制造流程图把热处理放在成形之后，因此我们询问后一道工序旨在改变哪些性能。
90. shot peening
Say it: shot PEE-ning · 中文: 喷丸强化 · Pinyin: pēnwán qiánghuà
Meaning: Bombarding a component’s surface with small particles to create beneficial compressive stresses and improve resistance to fatigue cracking. Curtiss-Wright Surface Technologies.
English example: The curator’s note identified shot peening as a treatment, preventing readers from mistaking the surface marks for accidental damage.
中文例句: 策展人的说明把喷丸强化标明为一种处理工艺，避免读者将表面痕迹误认为意外损伤。
Classify processes by what changes
Forging reshapes a workpiece through compressive force. Honing removes material with abrasives to improve a bore’s geometry and finish. Brazing joins separate pieces using a filler metal that melts while the base materials remain solid. For a classroom sorting task, give three process cards the headings reshape, remove, and join, then match each term to its central action. Explain the choice with a verb and an object: what changes, and what acts on it? These categories organise the meanings without suggesting that the processes are interchangeable. Forging Industry Association. Sunnen Products Company. TWI Ltd..
Now write three brief fictional workshop captions, each using one of the terms in the comparison. Exchange them with a partner who must identify the intended operation from the explanation, with the heading covered. If more than one answer seems plausible, revise the wording until the defining action is clear. Translate one caption into Chinese and ask a second reader to explain it back in English. Compare meanings rather than expecting identical word order. Finish by recording the phrase that helped distinguish the operation most effectively.
Back to the word index · Continue to the next chapter
91–100: Measurement and museum interpretation
Finish by checking the information around a term: the source, the unit, the relevant object, and any stated conditions. A number copied without its context may look precise while leaving your reader unable to understand what the comparison means.
91. bore gauge
Say it: bor gayj · 中文: 内径量表 · Pinyin: nèijìng liángbiǎo
Meaning: An instrument designed to measure or compare the internal diameter of a hole, cylinder or other bore. Mitutoyo.
English example: The demonstrator positioned a bore gauge inside the sample cylinder while a camera enlarged the reading for the audience.
中文例句: 演示者把内径量表放进样品气缸中，同时摄像机为观众放大量表读数。
92. vernier caliper
Say it: VUR-nee-uh KAL-i-puh · 中文: 游标卡尺 · Pinyin: yóubiāo kǎchǐ
Meaning: A measuring instrument with sliding jaws and a secondary graduated scale that enables readings between the main scale’s divisions. Mitutoyo.
English example: Using a vernier caliper in the supervised classroom activity, the student compared the width of two plastic demonstration pieces.
中文例句: 在有人指导的课堂活动中，学生用游标卡尺比较了两块塑料演示件的宽度。
93. working model
Say it: WUR-king MOD-ul · 中文: 可运作模型 · Pinyin: kě yùnzuò móxíng
Meaning: A representation with moving or functioning parts that demonstrates how a mechanism operates, rather than showing its external appearance alone. Science Museum Group.
English example: The working model moved slowly enough for visitors to follow the connections that a still photograph could only suggest.
中文例句: 可运作模型的运动速度足够慢，让参观者看清了静态照片只能暗示的连接关系。
94. feeler gauge
Say it: FEE-luh gayj · 中文: 塞尺 · Pinyin: sāichǐ
Meaning: A tool with accurately sized thin blades used to check narrow gaps by seeing which blade fits between surfaces. Starrett.
English example: The labelled blades of the feeler gauge helped the class understand why a narrow gap required a different measuring tool.
中文例句: 塞尺上标注尺寸的薄片帮助全班理解，为什么测量狭窄间隙需要不同的工具。
95. homologation
Say it: huh-mol-uh-GAY-shun · 中文: 认证 · Pinyin: rènzhèng
Meaning: Formal approval that a vehicle or component meets specified requirements; in motorsport, the relevant governing body’s rules define the approval. FIA.
English example: The racing display mentioned homologation, so the visitor looked for the class and date rather than assuming unlimited competition eligibility.
中文例句: 赛车展板提到认证，因此参观者查找了组别和日期，而没有假定它拥有不受限制的参赛资格。
96. odometer
Say it: oh-DOM-i-tuh · 中文: 里程表 · Pinyin: lǐchéngbiǎo
Meaning: An instrument that records the accumulated distance travelled by a vehicle, normally displayed in kilometres or miles. NHTSA.
English example: The old odometer had numbered wheels, but its reading alone could not establish the complete history of the vehicle.
中文例句: 老式里程表有带数字的滚轮，但仅凭它的读数无法确定车辆的完整历史。
97. tachometer
Say it: tuh-KOM-i-tuh · 中文: 转速表 · Pinyin: zhuànsùbiǎo
Meaning: An instrument that indicates rotational speed, commonly showing an engine’s revolutions per minute rather than the vehicle’s road speed. Fluke.
English example: The photograph showed the tachometer beside another dial, and the units helped us identify which reading described engine speed.
中文例句: 照片显示转速表位于另一个表盘旁，计量单位帮助我们辨认出哪个读数描述发动机转速。
98. dynamometer
Say it: dy-nuh-MOM-i-tuh · 中文: 测功机 · Pinyin: cègōngjī
Meaning: A test device that measures force or torque; with rotational-speed measurements, an engine dynamometer enables power to be determined. AVL.
English example: The laboratory video showed an engine on a dynamometer while a separate screen displayed the measurements gathered during the test.
中文例句: 实验室视频显示一台发动机安装在测功机上，另一块屏幕则显示测试过程中采集的数据。
99. kilowatt
Say it: KIL-uh-wot · 中文: 千瓦 · Pinyin: qiānwǎ
Meaning: A unit of power equal to one thousand watts, used to express how quickly energy is transferred or work is done. NIST.
English example: I knew what a kilowatt meant, but still checked whether the figure described maximum output or continuous output.
中文例句: 我知道千瓦的含义，但仍检查了这个数字描述的是最大输出功率还是持续输出功率。
100. newton metre
Say it: NYOO-tun MEE-tuh · 中文: 牛顿米 · Pinyin: niúdùn mǐ
Meaning: A unit of torque equal to a one-newton force acting perpendicularly at a distance of one metre from the turning axis. BIPM.
English example: The teacher explained a newton metre with a labelled diagram, then asked us to keep torque separate from power in our notes.
中文例句: 老师用带标注的示意图解释了牛顿米，然后让我们在笔记中把扭矩与功率区分开来。
Check the whole measurement statement
Build a hypothetical data card with a vehicle name, a source title, a date, and a value expressed in kilowatts. Ask a partner to copy it, then compare every part of the copy with the original. Check the digits and unit together. A fluent paragraph cannot compensate for a misplaced number or a value assigned to the wrong vehicle. If the card includes conditions or a qualifying note, keep them beside the value when you rewrite it.
For an interpretation exercise, give two learners different fragments of the same invented record. One sees the number; the other sees the explanatory note. Ask them to combine the fragments before making any comparison. Finish by choosing one instrument term from this chapter and writing a question about how a supplied measurement was obtained. You do not have to perform the measurement. The language goal is to recognise the information needed for a clear, traceable explanation.
Back to the word index · Continue to speaking practice
Speaking practice: a three-turn clarification
Work in pairs with one entry and a simple teaching image. The visitor asks one precise question. The explainer answers from the available material. The visitor then restates the answer to check understanding. For example: ‘Does this arrow identify the component in the photograph?’ ‘The key names the numbered item, but the photograph does not show the number clearly.’ ‘So we should check the original image before linking the name to that feature.’
Switch roles and use a new entry. This time, the final restatement must include both a useful conclusion and its limit. Your partner checks whether you introduced anything they did not say. Keep the exchange short enough to repeat aloud without reading. The aim is a conversation in which each turn makes the shared understanding more accurate.
Writing practice: build a paragraph with an evidence trail
Choose a supplied image, one accompanying caption, and three entries. Write a paragraph of about 120 words. Begin by naming the material you examined. Include one observation, one attributed statement, and one unresolved question. Use only the specialist terms that help your reader follow those three elements. You may leave out a chosen word if the evidence does not give you a sensible way to use it.
Exchange paragraphs and mark the evidence behind each claim. If you cannot identify its source, ask the writer to explain or revise it. Then check the Chinese summary: does it preserve the same subject, certainty, and limitation? Correct the meaning before polishing the style. End with a title that describes what the paragraph actually establishes rather than promising a complete technical explanation.
Original model: explain a braking sequence
Using a classroom diagram of a conventional hydraulic disc-brake system, I followed the chain from the pedal to the wheel. The brake booster assists the driver’s effort, while the master cylinder converts that input into hydraulic pressure. Brake fluid transmits the pressure through the connecting lines to the wheel brakes. At a disc brake, each brake pad presses against the rotating brake disc; friction resists the rotation and converts motion energy into heat. These terms describe different jobs within one system, rather than five names for the same device. I used arrows to connect the stages and wrote an action beside each name. My Chinese summary preserved the same sequence instead of translating the labels alone. The diagram explained a general operating principle. It did not establish a real vehicle’s current condition, so our concluding question concerned the explanation’s clarity rather than whether a particular car was safe to drive.
Why it works: Each technical term earns its place through a specific action. The paragraph connects those actions in sequence, then explains how the learner checked the bilingual account. For your own version, follow the same structure with another small cluster: identify the setting, explain the relationships, and finish with an appropriate limit. The classroom situation is invented; the general technical account is supported by the source below.
Technical references: Akebono Brake Industry Co., Ltd..
Recall practice: retrieve, apply, and repair
Choose five entries from different chapters. Close the guide and write each headword beside a short meaning cue in your own words. Open the guide to check the sense, then mark each answer as secure, partly remembered, or confused with another term. Select one uncertain answer and write a new example whose context makes the intended meaning clear. Keep the correction beside the original attempt so that you can see what changed.
Return later without copying the same examples. Explain one term to an imagined visitor, ask a clarifying question about another, and identify what would count as evidence for a third. If a translation caused the confusion, compare the complete explanations instead of replacing individual words mechanically. Stop with a small set you can use accurately, then add another cluster when you are ready.
Frequently asked questions
Do I need to learn all one hundred terms before visiting?
No. Select one chapter that matches your interest, then choose a few words you can use in questions. Take a short list with room for observations and source details. After studying or visiting, revise the words that actually helped you understand something. The full collection is a reference and a set of future learning routes; completing every entry in one sitting is unnecessary.
What if I recognise a word but cannot identify the component?
Keep those two achievements separate. You may understand an explanation without having enough visual evidence to identify an object confidently. Record the name you have read and describe the view you have. Ask which diagram, numbered key, or authoritative description would help you connect them. An unresolved identification can become a useful question rather than an error concealed by confident wording.
How should I use the Chinese meanings and pinyin?
Use the gloss to check the automotive sense intended by the entry, and use pinyin to support reading the Chinese. Then return to the English example. When explaining a point bilingually, preserve its scope and certainty in both versions. If the English says a caption identifies something, avoid a Chinese summary that claims you personally observed it. Translate the complete meaning rather than matching isolated words.
Can I use this guide with an online museum image?
Yes. Identify the image and its source, note any visible caption, and choose a few relevant entries. Keep your statements within what the image and accompanying information support. If a feature is hidden, cropped, or too small to identify, say so. You can still practise location, comparison, attribution, and clarification without pretending that an online view gives you access to every part of the object.
What makes an automotive vocabulary paragraph strong?
A strong paragraph gives its reader a clear subject, uses terms in their intended senses, and connects factual statements to evidence. It also makes uncertainty understandable. Try reading your paragraph without looking at the picture: could someone tell what you examined and which question remains open? Remove any technical word that adds difficulty without adding useful precision. More specialist vocabulary does not automatically produce a better explanation.
Can these entries tell me whether a real vehicle is safe or needs repair?
No. They are designed for reading, description, and learning conversations. A museum label or vocabulary definition is not a current assessment of a particular vehicle. If a real condition or repair question arises, consult an appropriately qualified professional and relevant official guidance. You can use the English terms to describe your question clearly, while leaving practical assessment and work to people with suitable competence.
Sources and current planning checks
Check the date before planning your visit
Planning note checked on 4 October 2026: the Porsche Museum announces a refurbishment closure from 18 January to 1 February 2027 inclusive, with reopening on 2 February 2027. The Mercedes-Benz Museum’s official events page announces closure from 4 p.m. on 16 October 2026 and throughout 17 October 2026. Recheck the official notices before travelling; these are dated announcements rather than permanent opening arrangements. Porsche AG. Mercedes-Benz Heritage GmbH.
For your own learning visit, prepare one question, a small vocabulary cluster, and a way to record the source of each observation. Use the museums’ official visitor pages to check current access arrangements before committing to a date. Follow the rules displayed on site, and ask staff about anything unclear. Afterwards, choose one notebook entry to expand into a careful paragraph. A useful outcome is a better-supported explanation and a question worth investigating next, even when some technical details remain unresolved. Mercedes-Benz AG.
Sources were checked on 4 October 2026. The official museum pages support the local context and dated access notices. Manufacturer, engineering, measurement and museum references support the general technical meanings. The example sentences and classroom activities are original hypothetical situations: they do not promise that every named component is displayed in Stuttgart. Historical technical references support language, not current regulations or vehicle-service instructions. Recheck each museum’s official information before making travel or booking decisions.
Official museum information
- Porsche Museum (Porsche AG).
- Mercedes-Benz Museum (Mercedes-Benz AG).
- The Mercedes-Benz Museum: The exhibition concept (Mercedes-Benz Group AG).
- Mercedes-Benz Museum: Plan a visit and current notices (Mercedes-Benz Heritage GmbH).
- Mercedes-Benz Museum: Visitor Information (Mercedes-Benz AG).
Engine and drivetrain references
- Cylinder Block Assembly (Toyota).
- Products in Focus: Cylinder heads (Motorservice).
- Connecting rods (Motorservice).
- Installation of Pistons (Motorservice).
- Cylinder components for passenger cars (MAHLE).
- Running smoothly (MAHLE).
- New achievements with old technology: Rolling bearings in automotive engines (Schaeffler).
- Zahnriemen (Continental).
- Camshafts (Motorservice).
- How to Choose Your Next Holley Carburetor! (Holley).
- Fuel rail for gasoline port fuel injection (Bosch).
- Engine management systems (Bosch).
- How intake manifolds are designed and work (Motorservice).
- Mercedes-Benz Exhaust Manifolds & Headers (Mercedes-Benz USA).
- Spark plugs (DENSO).
- Ignition Coils: Product Information Catalogue (DENSO).
- Glow Plugs (Niterra / NGK).
- How a Turbo Works: Basic Guide (Garrett Motion).
- Powersports superchargers (Eaton).
- How Turbocharger Wastegates Work: Internal vs External (Garrett Motion).
- Exhaust gas aftertreatment: Design, function and diagnostics (HELLA).
- How to Choose the Right Muffler (Walker Exhaust Systems).
- Wideband lambda sensor (Bosch).
- MANN+HUMMEL ProVent: Function Description (MANN+HUMMEL).
- Parts for Manual Transmissions (EXEDY).
- Transmission (Peerless Gear).
- Selector Hub Assemblies (Schaeffler).
- Final Drives (Peerless Gear).
- Transaxles (Peerless Gear).
- Open Differential (Peerless Gear).
- Driveshafts Technology (GKN Automotive).
- Driveline Operating Angle Calculator (Dana / Spicer).
- Constant velocity joints (GKN Automotive).
- Application of Large Eddy Simulation to a Torque Converter to Predict its Fluid Performance (SAE International; EXEDY and Hokkaido University authors).
- English pronunciation of carburettor (Cambridge University Press).
- Constant Velocity Joints for Industrial Machines: Application Examples (NTN).
- TRANSAXLE Definition & Meaning (Dictionary.com / Collins).
Suspension, steering and braking references
- Control arms (MOOG).
- Frequently asked questions: shocks and struts (Monroe).
- Anti-Roll-Kit performance sway bars (Eibach).
- Coil Springs (NHK Spring).
- Automotive Suspension Springs (NHK Spring).
- How Shocks and Struts Wear Out (Monroe).
- Rack and pinion system with power steering (MOOG).
- Tie Rod Assemblies (MOOG).
- Steer axles application guidelines (Dana).
- Brake caliper technology and operation (Brembo).
- Tandem master cylinder (Bosch Mobility).
- Brake boosting and brake-force distribution (Bosch Mobility).
- The Bendix Brake System Guide (Bendix).
- How brake drums work (Bendix).
- Brake Fluid (Bendix).
- How Does a Proportioning Valve Work? (Wilwood).
Body and aerodynamic references
- Type 25: the monocoque that changed Formula 1 (Lotus).
- Traffic safety: safe driving (Mercedes-Benz Group).
- Frame-Bound Front Axle Drive (ZF).
- Vehicle dimension definitions (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe).
- The New Toyota Proace Van (Toyota).
- The body: intelligent mix of materials for maximum strength (Porsche Newsroom).
- Materials of the Future (Porsche Newsroom).
- Coupés: a bold legacy of power and presence (Rolls-Royce Motor Cars).
- Droptail coachbuild roadster: applied art in motion (Rolls-Royce Motor Cars).
- Drag of a Sphere (NASA Glenn Research Center).
- Aerodynamics: 718 Spyder and Cayman GT4 (Porsche Newsroom).
- Lift Coefficient (NASA Glenn Research Center).
- 2017 regulations: technical lowdown (McLaren Racing).
- Purpose-built for performance: the new Porsche 911 GT3 RS (Porsche Newsroom).
- The ducktail: 4.5 kilometres per hour for all eternity (Porsche Newsroom).
- XC60 2025 user manual: dimensions (Volvo Cars).
- Tire Glossary: handling terms (Michelin).
- Tire Terminology (Bridgestone).
Manufacturing and measurement references
- Die Casting FAQs and Knowledge Center (Northwest Die Casting).
- What is Forging? (Forging Industry Association).
- Stamping and forming systems (Schuler).
- What is Spot Welding? (TWI).
- What is Brazing? (TWI).
- Honing: educational information (Sunnen).
- Cutting Tool Materials Study Guide (SME).
- When to roll form, when to cut (Accu Trak Tool Corporation).
- What is Heat Treating? (ASM International Heat Treating Society).
- Shot Peening Applications (Curtiss-Wright Surface Technologies).
- Inside Diameter Measurement Bore Gage (Mitutoyo).
- Digital, dial and vernier calipers (Mitutoyo).
- Working model of an NSU Wankel rotary engine (Science Museum Group).
- Thickness or Feeler Gages (Starrett).
- Appendix J Article 251: Classification and Definitions, 2016 (FIA).
- Interpretation 10644: odometer distance units (NHTSA).
- Automotive electrical terms: revolutions per minute (Fluke).
- DynoFORCE ASM (AVL).
- Gauging Multi-Kilowatt Laser Power with the Pressure of Light (NIST).
- The International System of Units: eighth edition (BIPM).
Worked lesson references
- Getting to Know Brakes (Akebono Brake Industry Co., Ltd.).
- 5 factors that make a Brembo braking system unbeatable (Brembo N.V.).
- 6-Speed Transmissions: ES-9206B (Eaton).
- Internal Gears: KHK Technical Information (KHK Gears / Kohara Gear Industry Co., Ltd.).
- What is a limited slip differential? (Eaton).
- Quality Control: Preform Design for Flash-less Die Forging (Forging Industry Association).
- Honing Processes: How Honing Works (Sunnen Products Company).
- What is the Difference Between Welding, Brazing and Soldering? (TWI Ltd.).
Choose one connected vocabulary list when you want a different setting. Carry the learning habit with you: identify a useful distinction, explain a relationship in ordinary English, then test whether you can use the term again without looking at its definition.