Small Groups Tuition Queenstown works best when three students can make their thinking visible, benefit from accurate peer comparison and still receive individual feedback. The tutor’s job is not to keep the room busy. It is to discover which mental step prevents each learner from understanding a problem and to test whether the correction can be used on a new one.
Queenstown families may be considering Primary 3 English or Mathematics, the transition to Secondary 1 algebra, or Secondary 4 Mathematics and Additional Mathematics. The most useful three-pax tutorial is designed around the student’s stage and readiness. Younger pupils often need concrete explanations; older students need to justify methods, handle unfamiliar conditions and check their working independently.
This guide provides a practical class-dynamics framework, worked subject examples, research context and parent progress checks. It does not claim that lessons are held in Queenstown, that a particular subject is available or that a class guarantees examination improvement. Those operational details must be confirmed directly.
Quick parent answers
- Primary 3: the group must build meaning before speed
- Secondary 1: show how arithmetic becomes algebraic structure
- Secondary 4: validity of methods matters more than the quantity of revision
- Peer explanations are helpful only when the tutor corrects misinformation
- Three-pax attention depends on task design, not equal time-slicing
- Parents should measure delayed independent performance and group fit
Navigate the article
- What matters for this estate and learner stage
- How three-pax tutorials work
- What happens in ninety minutes
- What education research says
- MOE/SEAB and the 2027 SEC
- How to evaluate improvement
- Frequently asked questions
Queenstown parents should separate a learning guide from an actual venue
An article bearing the name Queenstown helps families understand the choice of small-group tuition; it is not proof that a centre operates inside the estate. Before comparing advertised class sizes, parents need the actual teaching address, available subjects, tutor and timetable. A regular commute may be sensible for a specialist tutor, but it must fit school and family life.
Much of a child’s education occurs outside tuition: school, CCA, home reading, friendships, play, rest and independent problem-solving. Added lessons should earn their place by resolving a specific need. A child who understands school content and manages assignments independently may not benefit from more tuition simply because classmates attend.
The right starting point is a recent work sample. Ask what the learner did without help, which idea failed and whether a tutor could reasonably improve that issue through direct feedback. This guide examines the three-student model in those terms rather than treating the estate name as a substitute for proof of service.
Primary 3 Mathematics: equal groups before abstract number sentences
Lower-primary learners may calculate 4 × 6 correctly but misinterpret a word problem describing four groups of six. Another child might add the two numbers because the question contains an apparent clue word. A third may show a drawing with the wrong number of groups. These difficulties indicate incomplete understanding of quantity relationships, not merely slow arithmetic.
In a three-pax tutorial, ask each learner to draw groups or represent the relationship with simple objects before showing a worked example. The tutor checks whether the number of groups, items per group and total are distinguished. Learners then compare their drawings and explain why two representations are equivalent.
One child may need concrete manipulation, another may translate the diagram into a multiplication or division fact, and the third may face a changed word problem. A final independent task helps the tutor determine whether the child can choose the appropriate operation without guessing from keywords. A smaller room can make this visible if the tutor asks the right questions.
Primary 3 English: understanding a passage is more than sounding fluent
A child may read a short story smoothly yet struggle to explain why a character acted in a certain way. Another can identify key words but cannot describe the sequence of events. A third may invent a plausible explanation not supported by the passage. These are comprehension problems that fluency alone cannot diagnose.
A tutor can ask each of three pupils to identify an event, underline a clue and write one sentence about what it shows. Only then should the group compare. The tutor helps students distinguish information the text actually provides from a personal guess, while also correcting unfamiliar vocabulary where necessary.
A new passage provides a stronger check than the group copying the corrected answer. The learner should identify a clue without hearing a peer first. Parents can ask what detail made the student think something, rather than merely asking whether the passage was easy or difficult. This habit builds evidence-based reading long before major national examinations.
Primary 5–6 Mathematics: what a correct bar model still cannot prove
A polished bar model may represent an accurately understood relationship or a copied template. A child may shade and label a diagram correctly because the tutor announced the method. When the question changes from a fraction comparison to a reverse-percentage or ratio problem, the same learner may no longer know which quantity the model should represent.
An effective group begins with the quantities and unknown, not the diagram. Students independently propose representations and then compare why a bar, table or equation could work. The tutor asks whether the parts sum to the whole and which quantities remain constant. If two methods disagree, the students test the assumptions rather than voting for the neatest drawing.
Every learner needs a fresh variation completed alone. Parents can inspect whether the student now chooses and labels a model appropriately before calculating. This evidence is more useful than counting how many page-long problem sums were finished during a lesson. Complex questions should extend understanding, not conceal a weak foundation.
Primary Science: using evidence rather than repeating phrases
Science explanations often sound convincing because they contain familiar terms. A learner may refer to conduction, evaporation or an animal’s adaptation without connecting the concept to the observation in the question. Another may confuse a measured result with an explanation. A third may state an inference beyond what the data justifies.
Small groups can compare these responses after each child has written independently. The tutor asks which observation is given, which idea applies and why the information supports that conclusion. A peer might challenge a statement that relies on an unmentioned assumption. The tutor then makes the scientific boundary explicit and assigns a new question involving changed evidence.
The goal is neither rote keywords nor debate for its own sake. Each learner should be able to produce an accurate explanation under the current syllabus demands without another student’s sentence to copy. This develops the habit of reading experiments and figures critically as Science becomes more complex.
Secondary 1: the change from arithmetic answers to algebraic relationships
Secondary 1 Mathematics asks students to interpret letters and symbols in relationships that previously appeared as calculations. A pupil can know that 3 × 7 equals 21 yet hesitate at 3x = 21. Another may treat the equals sign as a command to move numbers and memorise a shortcut that later fails with negative terms or brackets.
In a three-student tutorial, all learners should attempt a simple equation and explain what x represents. The tutor checks whether they understand the balance principle and how substitution can test an answer. Peer explanations can reveal why one method is valid, but the tutor must correct an inaccurate rule before it spreads.
The follow-up should depend on the learner’s error. One might revisit directed numbers, another practise correct expansion and a third explore a new equation where the familiar shortcut is misleading. The class remains a coherent algebra lesson while acknowledging different levels of readiness. This is an efficient middle ground between three unrelated lessons and one-size-fits-all teaching.
Secondary 2 Mathematics: the same relationship in several representations
A linear relationship can be shown as a table, graph, equation or description. Some pupils can plot points but cannot interpret gradient. Others can rearrange symbols but confuse the intercept with the rate of change. A third may identify the correct relationship in words but have difficulty selecting a mathematical representation.
The tutor can ask each learner to work with a different representation and then compare the connections. Everyone should eventually translate between forms independently; otherwise, the group may create an attractive collective answer that one child cannot reproduce alone. The tutor needs to check axes, units, arithmetic and conceptual meaning separately.
For learners in G1, G2 or G3 Mathematics, the applications and formal demands should match the actual subject level. A shared idea does not require identical worksheets, but the tutor must have enough time to assess each student’s own work. Parents should look for correct interpretation, not only accurate plotting.
Secondary 4 Mathematics: paper practice should be guided by the earliest invalid step
Near an important examination, it is tempting to measure effort by the number of completed papers. But a student may repeat the same algebraic error across multiple questions. Another may understand methods but misread instructions, while a third may lose time because working is poorly organised. The tutor’s first responsibility is to classify the problem correctly.
After a timed independent attempt, the tutor can review where each learner’s reasoning first became invalid. For example, a minus sign might have been dropped during rearrangement, or a solution may have been substituted into the wrong expression. A suitable correction should include the legal operation and a check with another problem, not only the final answer.
Group discussion can reveal alternative valid methods, but each student needs subsequent independent work under appropriate timing. A student who knows when and why a method is valid is better prepared for unfamiliar questions than one who remembers a complete worked solution. The goal is to become reliable, not simply faster.
Secondary 4 Additional Mathematics: examine assumptions and counterexamples
Additional Mathematics often exposes an apparently elegant shortcut that is invalid under some conditions. A student may divide an equation by a factor that could be zero, cancelling away a possible solution. Another may confuse roots and turning-point properties or apply an algebraic identity to a form that does not meet its conditions.
In a small group, the tutor can invite students to identify the first step requiring justification. One might suggest a simple numerical test, another a counterexample, and another an alternative factorisation. The tutor checks each claim and explains the precise mathematical rule. Pupils then attempt an unfamiliar application independently.
This develops mathematical caution without discouraging confidence. A child ready for extension can explore why a tempting method fails; a child with weak foundations should receive simpler practice first. The group is efficient when the shared discussion creates deeper understanding and the individual tasks remain appropriately demanding.
Secondary English: clarity of reasoning before sophisticated expression
A secondary student may use polished vocabulary and write at length without answering the question. Another may quote textual evidence correctly but leave the connection to the inference unexplained. A third may have a valid idea but organise paragraphs poorly. These gaps require different tasks, even if a common sample essay is shown.
A tutor can ask every student to write a short claim and supporting detail alone, then use peers as careful readers. Do the examples actually support the argument? Is there a hidden assumption? Does the conclusion overstate what the evidence establishes? After discussion, each learner revises an independent response or writes for a changed prompt.
The tutor should not overwrite the student’s voice with an impressive model paragraph. Effective language instruction teaches choices—what to include, omit, justify and clarify. Parents can inspect whether those choices improve in fresh writing rather than simply count the sophisticated words in a corrected essay.
A three-pax class must protect the slower thinker from the fastest voice
One student may answer almost instantly while another needs time to sketch or read the question carefully. If the tutor praises speed above accuracy, the room can become a contest. The quick pupil may stop examining assumptions and the quieter pupil may stop trying. A group of three makes this pattern easy to detect but still requires the tutor to act.
Use private first attempts, deliberate speaking order and specific response roles. The confident learner can be asked to justify a shortcut or challenge a plausible mistake. A slower learner may be invited to explain the first important step after preparation. The tutor should ensure all three ultimately complete an individual final task.
Mistakes need to be safe to reveal. A child who becomes anxious in front of peers may need a different group or a period of one-to-one instruction. Respectful discussion is a teaching tool; public ranking is not. Parents can ask how the tutor notices participation that is quiet but cognitively productive.
A model ninety-minute lesson for the Queenstown Secondary 1 transition
A group could begin with a ten-minute retrieval check on directed numbers and simple equations. The tutor then introduces a short algebraic relationship and asks every learner to explain one step before showing the complete solution. The first attempts reveal which student has a notation problem, which has an arithmetic error and which can already justify the method.
During parallel practice, one learner gets concrete numerical support, another solves equations involving brackets, and a third explains why an invalid shortcut produces a wrong result. The students reconvene to compare the principle, then complete a new task independently. A brief check by substitution or estimation reveals whether the reasoning has transferred.
The lesson ends with a specific record of what each child should practise and an idea to retrieve next week. The exact timing and tasks are illustrative, not a guarantee about a particular tuition provider. The important efficiency is keeping all three engaged in productive work while the tutor makes accurate interventions.
What a parent should inspect after an initial tutorial
Ask the child what they attempted before receiving help and how the final task differed from the original problem. Ask the tutor what error was identified and what next question was chosen to repair it. An answer such as ‘we did twenty pages’ is less informative than a specific explanation of a changed method or misconception.
A short progress record might show an incorrect fraction representation, the tutor’s question about the whole and a successful new problem. For English, it could show a previously unsupported inference followed by precise textual evidence. For Mathematics, it could show how an equation was checked by substitution. The later question should be sufficiently different to reveal understanding.
School marks can be reviewed with these samples but should not be treated as perfect causal evidence. Papers vary and the learner also benefits from school teaching and home practice. Honest tuition feedback acknowledges what is known and what remains uncertain.
Group change and tutoring exit are part of good service
A learner who repairs a foundational problem may outgrow the group’s present pace. Another who develops anxiety or loses confidence may need a different structure. A student who is already handling schoolwork independently may benefit from fewer scheduled lessons. The tutor should not treat all such decisions as a failure of motivation.
Ask at the beginning how grouping is reviewed and what would cause a recommendation for individual tuition, another group or a break. Parents also need to know what happens after missed lessons; reading a peer’s notes cannot reveal whether a missing concept has been understood. A short independent check can guide the catch-up plan.
An effective tuition relationship works towards independence. The most valuable outcome may be a student who no longer needs continuous assistance to begin unfamiliar work or correct errors. The group exists to improve capability, not to become a permanent requirement of school life.
Twelve-week review: keep the teaching goal smaller than the marketing promise
During weeks one and two, inspect independent work and select one or two priorities. Weeks three and four teach the missing concept and test a close but new application. Weeks five to eight revisit the idea in changed contexts, checking whether the child can retrieve it without a worked model. The later weeks can connect it to appropriate current school tasks.
For an upper-primary learner, that might mean developing robust part–whole reasoning. For a Secondary 1 learner, it might mean securing equation balance and directed numbers. For a Secondary 4 learner, it may mean valid method selection under time pressure. Progress should be tied to the current school syllabus and the child’s actual subject level, not a generic forecast of examination success.
At the review, decide whether to continue, adjust the challenge, change the group, seek individual help or stop. Twelve weeks is an organisational framework, not a guarantee of a mark increase. The best outcome is a learner who handles more work independently and has more reliable ways of checking their own thinking.
A diagnostic comparison parents can recognise
| Learning difficulty | What the first attempt reveals | Tutor’s targeted response | Independent check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary 3 grouping | Confusing the number of groups with items in a group | Draw a concrete representation and discuss meaning | Solve a changed sharing problem |
| Secondary 1 algebra | Moving a symbol without a valid balancing operation | Explain equal operations and check by substitution | Solve a new equation independently |
| Secondary 2 graphs | Interpreting gradient as intercept | Compare the equation, table and graph | Explain a new relationship and its units |
| Additional Mathematics | Discarding a possible solution after division by a variable | Test the assumption and use a valid alternative | Find all solutions of a changed problem |
What tutorial efficiency means when there are three learners
Tutorial efficiency is not the number of pages finished or the amount of teacher talk in a ninety-minute room. An effective lesson gives each child a chance to think, makes their reasoning visible and changes instruction in response to the actual mistake. For three learners, this requires more planning than simply shrinking a classroom. The tutor has to maintain a shared concept and, within it, provide separate tasks or questions that address each learner’s starting point.
Three students need not receive thirty minutes each as if the session were three consecutive private lessons. They can all solve meaningful tasks at once while the tutor moves among their first attempts, selects a concise shared explanation and checks the reasoning behind their answers. During the peer phase, they compare methods and question assumptions. The session remains accountable to individual understanding: every learner must complete a new question after hearing the discussion, without a peer supplying the first step.
The danger is passive agreement. A confident student can answer before others have finished thinking, and a tutor can mistake the group’s enthusiasm for universal understanding. Silent first attempts, rotating responses and individual exit questions help prevent this. A smaller group can make these safeguards feasible, but neither the size nor the friendliness of the class guarantees they occur.
A ninety-minute tutorial: a planning example, not a rigid formula
Parents can ask how the tutor actually uses ninety minutes. The sample below illustrates one coherent learning cycle. The time allocation is flexible: an unanticipated prerequisite gap may require more explanation, while an assessment review may need a longer independent transfer task. No lesson should be judged by matching these minutes exactly. The important question is whether diagnosis, teaching, practice, feedback and retrieval all have a place.
All three pupils can work during the individual practice phase, but a tutor must check what they produce. A child left to repeat the same error while the tutor helps others is not receiving effective tuition. The tutor might use a visual prompt, a short question or a simpler example to keep someone productively engaged until a deeper intervention is possible. Another child may receive an extension task that requires justification, not merely more calculations.
At the end, each student should be able to identify one corrected misconception, one skill that still needs work and a manageable task to revisit before the next session. Parents can ask what the child can now do independently. The answer should refer to actual work rather than a generic claim that everyone was attentive or that the class covered many topics.
| Minutes | Possible activity | Evidence the tutor gathers |
|---|---|---|
| 0–10 min | Old skill retrieval without hints | Check what has survived since last week |
| 10–23 min | Shared core concept and diagnostic questions | Identify different individual starting points |
| 23–48 min | Parallel practice with tutor feedback | Repair errors while everyone remains active |
| 48–66 min | Compare methods and challenge assumptions | Develop reasoning without copying |
| 66–83 min | New independent application | Test transfer without the model answer |
| 83–90 min | Personal error log and realistic next task | Make follow-up purposeful and manageable |
How a tutor diagnoses an answer instead of calling it careless
A wrong answer is a symptom, not a diagnosis. A pupil might misread the question, choose the wrong relationship, misunderstand a technical word, make an arithmetic error or follow an invalid algebraic shortcut. These causes require different remedies. Telling every child to practise more or slow down can be ineffective when the underlying concept is wrong.
The tutor should inspect the first meaningful decision in the student’s work. Ask why that quantity was chosen, what the line of working represents, or what observation supports a Science conclusion. An accurate diagnosis produces a targeted next step: an easier bridging example for a missing prerequisite, a representation change for a concept error, or a checking routine for an otherwise secure procedure.
Feedback should end with a new independent attempt. A pupil who can repeat the tutor’s corrected answer while the model remains visible has not yet shown durable learning. A close variation followed by a delayed retrieval check gives stronger evidence. In a three-pax group, this process should happen for each student, even when the learners share the same introductory explanation.
What the Education Endowment Foundation actually found
The Education Endowment Foundation describes small-group tuition as one tutor, teacher or trained teaching assistant working with two to five pupils. Its evidence review reports an average impact equivalent to four additional months of progress over one year, supported by evidence rated moderate. That finding is a comparison across studies, not a statement that every student becomes four months ahead or that three is an ideal number in all circumstances.
The review reports stronger average effects for primary pupils than secondary pupils, with differences by subject. It also explains that frequent sessions—often around three times weekly, lasting up to one hour over approximately ten weeks—typically show some of the largest impacts. A private Singapore class meeting for ninety minutes once weekly is not the same intervention. It would be misleading to promise the same effect or turn the statistic into a PSLE Achievement Level, an SEC grade or a predicted change in school marks.
The transferable principle is targeted teaching supported by diagnostic assessment, trained tutors, quality feedback and lessons linked to classroom content. A smaller group can help make these mechanisms easier, but teaching quality and group composition can be as important as the exact headcount. Families should ask for evidence from the child’s own work rather than relying solely on a research statistic.
The MOE and SEAB boundaries for Singapore families
Supplementary tuition should support the child’s actual school curriculum. In Singapore, MOE sets the education framework while SEAB publishes the requirements and formats of national examinations. Referencing these sources does not imply that either organisation endorses a private tuition provider. A good tutor checks the current subject, level, school teaching sequence and year before assigning materials.
Full Subject-Based Banding was fully implemented from the 2024 Secondary 1 cohort, and learners may take subjects at G1, G2 or G3 levels. The Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate begins with graduating students in 2027. It replaces the earlier N- and O-Level certificates, but students still sit subjects at their respective levels. SEAB publishes 2027 subject-level syllabuses. The reform should not be described as one identical examination paper for every secondary student.
At primary level, the PSLE is taken at the end of Primary 6. The 2026 SEAB page identifies examination subjects and formats, including revised Mathematics and Science formats. Primary 3–5 school assessments are not national PSLE papers. Families should rely on the applicable current-year official information and school guidance rather than an old tuition handout. A younger pupil usually needs secure foundations before repeated timed examination practice.
When the group should be changed instead of the child being blamed
Group fit can change. A learner may repair a foundational problem and become ready for deeper application while the peers still need straightforward practice. Another may fall behind after an absence or become increasingly anxious about answering in front of others. The tutor should evaluate whether all three can still benefit from one coherent concept and from the peer activity.
One-to-one tuition may be preferable when a child needs uninterrupted support, an accommodation or help with a severe prerequisite gap. A larger group can suit a pupil who is already independent and chiefly needs structured review at a manageable cost. Sometimes the best next step is school support or no extra tuition at all. A small group is a teaching option, not a compulsory path to success.
Parents should ask what would cause a tutor to recommend a different format. A credible answer recognises limits and offers an evidence-based review, not a promise that everyone must stay indefinitely. If the child repeatedly leaves confused and the same error goes unaddressed, the small class is not effective simply because there are only three chairs.
A parent-friendly evidence record without false grade predictions
Keep one short before-and-after record for each priority skill. Save the child’s first independent response, identify the error, show a corrected attempt on a different question and repeat the underlying concept after several days. In Mathematics this could be an incorrect percentage base followed by a new word problem; in Science, an unsupported conclusion followed by evidence-based explanation; in English, an inference without textual support followed by a new passage.
A higher school mark may be encouraging but is not a controlled experiment. Papers differ in difficulty and content, and school teaching, home practice and maturation contribute. Do not interpret a single mark increase as proof that the tuition caused every improvement. Nor should a lower mark automatically erase progress in method selection or independence. Compare comparable tasks and look for repeated changes over time.
Protect student privacy. The tutor should report the child’s own errors and next steps without sharing other pupils’ marks or turning the group into a public leaderboard. An honest progress statement is specific: what the child now does without hints, what is still unstable, and what teaching will change if the same problem returns.
The family’s time budget is part of tutorial efficiency
The nominal ninety-minute lesson is only part of the commitment. A family also spends time travelling, preparing, eating, recovering from school activities and completing follow-up practice. A high-quality class may add little value when the child arrives exhausted and cannot retain the material. Conversely, a slightly less convenient journey may be worthwhile if the tutor addresses an important persistent gap and attendance remains sustainable.
Verify the real teaching venue, timetable, fees, available subjects and safety arrangements directly. An estate name in an informational title does not confirm the existence of a physical branch there. Compare the whole week, including CCA, homework, reading, physical activity and sleep. The child’s attention and wellbeing are educational resources, not afterthoughts.
Follow-up practice should be small enough to be completed independently and purposeful enough to test what was taught. Twenty repetitive exercises are not necessarily better than two unfamiliar tasks selected to check a corrected concept. If there is no room in the week for the child to use the skill again, rethink the tuition schedule or amount of assigned work.
A twelve-week review rather than a permanent subscription
A sensible review begins with a baseline. During the first two weeks, the tutor inspects independent work and identifies one or two high-priority misconceptions. Weeks three and four focus on correction and a fresh application. During weeks five to eight, the same idea is tested through changed wording, new representations and delayed retrieval so that memorisation alone is insufficient.
During weeks nine to twelve, the learner can integrate the repaired skills with current school content and, if appropriate, carefully selected assessment-style work. The tutor observes whether the child can start independently, select a valid method, justify a conclusion and check an answer without another person supplying the first step. Different subjects need different checks; no fixed schedule can guarantee a grade outcome.
At the review, the family should decide to continue with a clear new objective, change groups, use a short individual intervention, reduce support or stop if the student is functioning independently. A good programme seeks to make itself less necessary as the learner grows. Twelve weeks is an organisational example, not a scientific promise that marks will rise in that period.
Frequently asked questions about small-group tuition for Queenstown
Does a Queenstown title mean lessons take place in Queenstown?
No. This is an informational guide. Ask for the actual venue, schedule, tutor and subject availability.
Can Primary 3 pupils work in three-pax tutorials?
Yes, when the tutor uses age-appropriate concrete tasks and the children can work independently for short intervals. Not every child needs tuition.
Why do Secondary 1 learners struggle with algebra after doing well in PSLE?
Algebra changes the representation of mathematical relationships, making variables and valid transformations important.
Does small-group tuition mean each child gets thirty private minutes?
No. Good group teaching combines simultaneous work with targeted checks and shared reasoning.
How should a tutor help a quick student?
Challenge them to justify methods, compare representations and test assumptions, not merely assign more routine exercises.
Can Secondary 4 pupils from different subject levels attend together?
Only if there is a compatible shared concept and individual tasks follow the learner’s actual syllabus and readiness.
Will a small group guarantee a distinction?
No. Evidence supports targeted small-group teaching on average, but it cannot guarantee an individual’s grade.
What is the most useful evidence after one month?
A diagnosed first attempt, a fresh independent corrected task and a later retrieval check.
When might one-to-one tuition be better?
When a severe prerequisite gap or support need requires more uninterrupted individual help.
When should tuition stop?
When the child is learning independently and the class no longer adds observable educational value.
Helpful reading and authoritative evidence
- Primary 3 Mathematics small groups tuition Queenstown
- Primary 3 English small groups tuition Queenstown
- Secondary 1 Mathematics small groups tuition Queenstown
- Secondary 4 Mathematics small groups tuition Queenstown
- Secondary 1 Mathematics Clementi: the unchanged reference
- MOE 2023 Primary Science syllabus
- SEAB 2026 PSLE examination formats
- MOE Full Subject-Based Banding
- SEAB SEC examinations
- EEF small-group tuition evidence
Editorial boundary: This page serves Queenstown families researching small-group tuition. It does not claim that a physical venue is operating in the estate or that specific programmes, fees, vacancies or times are available. Example lessons illustrate possible teaching methods, not guarantees. The original Clementi reference has not been edited.