THE GOLD STANDARD OF INTELLIGENCE · SPECIALIST STUDY
Treat a payment dispute as a participant remedy and sampling-quality event, not merely an accounting exception
Respondent-driven sampling payments can fail after a visit that was completed correctly. A voucher may never arrive, a card may be lost, a digital transfer may be reversed, or a referral reward may be attributed to the wrong chain. A fair system preserves the promised terms, offers a reachable appeal, separates identity from research data, prevents duplicate value without criminalising error and records how unresolved failures may shape recruitment and inference.
This guide belongs to the Intelligence subject root, the Gold Standard of Education, and the How X Works hub. It begins with a concrete decision, then tests whether the method still holds when the context changes.
Choose a reading route
Define promises and evidence · chapters 1, 2, 3
Receive and decide disputes · chapters 4, 5
Reissue without double harm · chapters 6, 7, 8
Measure sampling consequences · chapters 9, 10, 11
Govern remedy and learning · chapters 12, 13
The whole problem at a glance
| Question | Required evidence | Unsafe shortcut |
|---|---|---|
| What was promised? | Consent version, visit, amount, form and timing | Relying on staff memory |
| Did delivery fail? | Issue, provider, receipt, activation and use states | Treating sent as received |
| May value be reissued? | Status, revocation ability and risk rule | Automatically refusing every lost item |
| Was the participant remedied? | Decision, notice, usable value and closure | Closing when finance posts an entry |
Research, payment and contact records should be joined by a controlled case key, not a public identity field.
CHAPTER 1 OF 13 · Define promises and evidence
1. Write the payment promise as an auditable obligation
Store the consent-approved purpose, amount, form, earning condition, timing, partial-payment rule, expiry, fees, support route and responsible institution. FDA and HHS guidance stresses that payment terms should be clear and generally accrue as participation progresses rather than being held until completion. A dispute cannot be judged fairly when the original promise is ambiguous.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: Revise compensation halfway through recruitment; preserve the version that governed each completed activity. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 1 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 2 OF 13 · Define promises and evidence
2. Separate participant, referral and reimbursement claims
Classify whether the case concerns primary participation, peer recruitment, expenses, inconvenience or a provider error. Each has different earning evidence and privacy risk. Never expose a recruit’s participation status to a recruiter merely to explain a referral decision; provide the allowed outcome without revealing protected information.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: Add transport reimbursement after the visit; process it independently from referral incentives and study completion. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 2 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 3 OF 13 · Define promises and evidence
3. Create a privacy-preserving payment lineage
Join visit, entitlement, instrument issue, provider state, reissue and reconciliation with a controlled case identifier. Keep names, contact details, network ties and research responses in systems with appropriate access. Payment staff need enough evidence to remedy the obligation, not access to the participant’s full study record or recruitment graph.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: Outsource fulfilment to a provider; share the minimum verified instruction and retain an auditable institutional receipt. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 3 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 4 OF 13 · Receive and decide disputes
4. Offer reachable dispute intake without retaliation
Provide at least one channel that does not depend on the failed instrument, with language and accessibility support, hours, expected response time and emergency escalation. Accept good-faith reports without forcing participants to prove a negative. Separate remedy from future eligibility and make clear that raising a dispute does not affect care, study rights or earned amounts.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: A participant loses access to the registered phone; allow secure channel recovery rather than requiring the unavailable device. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 4 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 5 OF 13 · Receive and decide disputes
5. Triage failed delivery, loss, reversal and attribution
Use stable categories: never issued, sent but not received, received but unusable, lost or stolen, expired, fee-reduced, provider reversed, chargeback, wrong amount, wrong referral attribution and duplicate. Preserve unknown when evidence is incomplete. The category controls investigation and remedy, so staff should not collapse every complaint into participant loss.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: A provider changes status codes; validate the mapping before comparing dispute rates. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 5 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
Worked lost-voucher appeal
| Step | Evidence | Decision |
|---|---|---|
| Issue | £20 voucher sent to verified channel | Obligation created |
| Claim | Participant reports non-receipt | Open case without blame |
| Provider check | Code unused; revocation succeeds | Original value disabled |
| Reissue | Replacement delivered by chosen channel | Record linked lineage |
| Closure | Participant confirms usable value | Remedy complete |
If revocation is impossible, use a predefined risk rule and escalation rather than improvised suspicion.
CHAPTER 6 OF 13 · Reissue without double harm
6. Decide with evidence and a stated standard
Define what evidence is sufficient for ordinary approval, escalation or refusal. Provider logs can be wrong, delayed or unable to prove who controlled a device. Weight consent terms, visit completion, instrument state and credible account together. Record reasons in respectful language and avoid fraud labels unless a properly authorised process supports them.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: A provider shows delivery but no activation; treat delivery proof as one fact, not final proof of usable value. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 6 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 7 OF 13 · Reissue without double harm
7. Design an appeal independent enough to matter
Give the participant the decision, reason, evidence they may correct, deadline, accessible submission route and a reviewer not responsible for the initial refusal where feasible. Track overturns, new evidence and delay. An appeal that merely repeats the first reviewer’s conclusion without examining disputed facts is not a remedy mechanism.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: A field worker made the original attribution; route the appeal to a central reviewer with protected access. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 7 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 8 OF 13 · Reissue without double harm
8. Reissue lost or failed instruments safely
Check whether the original value can be revoked, whether it was used and whether reissue delay would cause disproportionate harm. Link replacement to the original lineage, never create an unrelated payment. If revocation is impossible, apply a predefined materiality and risk rule, with human escalation and a presumption that operational failure should not be shifted onto participants.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: Move from revocable digital cards to cash; redesign evidence and loss controls rather than pretending identical reversibility. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 8 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 9 OF 13 · Measure sampling consequences
9. Prevent double payment without treating error as misconduct
Use entitlement identifiers, instrument states, provider idempotency keys and reconciliation to detect repeated value. Distinguish duplicate system sends, staff correction, legitimate multiple entitlements and participant misuse. Freeze only the disputed amount when necessary, preserve undisputed earned payments and choose recovery steps proportionate to amount, evidence and participant welfare.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: A batch replay duplicates one provider file; classify the institutional fault before contacting participants. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 9 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
Remedy and sampling dashboard
| Measure | Slice | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Failed delivery | Site, channel, cohort and provider | Repair access |
| Time to usable remedy | Case stage and outcome | Remove bottleneck |
| Appeal overturn rate | Reason and reviewer | Calibrate decisions |
| Duplicate value | Cause and recovery path | Improve controls without participant harm |
| Recruitment after failures | Network and wave | Assess selection effects |
A balanced ledger can coexist with unresolved participant harm.
CHAPTER 10 OF 13 · Measure sampling consequences
10. Handle chargebacks and provider reversals
Map who initiated the reversal, why, when value became unavailable and whether the participant relied on it. Contest provider errors centrally where possible rather than asking participants to navigate payment networks. Reissue usable value when the study’s obligation remains, then recover from the provider separately so remedy does not wait for commercial settlement.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: A card issuer reverses a transaction after study close; keep a post-close contact and remedy route for the retained obligation. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 10 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 11 OF 13 · Measure sampling consequences
11. Measure how payment failures affect RDS recruitment
Disputes can change willingness to recruit peers, coupon return, wave depth, network composition and trust. Compare failures and remedy time by site, channel, cohort and recruitment position under privacy thresholds. Do not mechanically adjust RDS weights from complaints alone; treat them as evidence that inclusion and recruitment mechanisms may have shifted.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: Failures cluster in participants using shared phones; examine access and composition without exposing network identities. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 11 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 12 OF 13 · Govern remedy and learning
12. Close the case at usable value, not ledger movement
A case closes when the decision is communicated, remedy is delivered or refusal is appeal-ready, and any promised value is usable. Finance reconciliation is necessary but not sufficient. Preserve unresolved contact, returned mail and participant withdrawal separately; never mark silence as satisfaction merely to meet a closure target.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: The provider marks replacement delivered; confirm activation or a credible receipt before participant remedy is counted complete. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 12 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
CHAPTER 13 OF 13 · Govern remedy and learning
13. Govern trends, vendors and policy revision
Review dispute volume, reasons, remedy time, appeal overturns, duplicate causes, cohort gaps and recruitment effects with research, ethics, field, finance and privacy owners. Test provider outages and lost-instrument scenarios before launch. Update consent and operations prospectively, preserving prior terms, and report material patterns to oversight bodies under the approved plan.
Build the evidence record around the decision, not around the convenience of the software. Name the unit observed, the version or policy in force, the time boundary, the numerator and denominator, exclusions, missing cases and the person authorised to act. Preserve raw observations separately from interpretation. That separation lets a later reviewer distinguish a changed world from a changed judgement.
Convert the finding into a bounded action. Predefine the trigger, permitted response, owner, expiry, rollback and verification window. Keep one worked case that passes and one that fails. A system which stores only successful cases cannot demonstrate that its control detects the failure it was designed to contain.
Evidence discipline: record the observation, version or time boundary that supports this chapter’s conclusion. Preserve the rejected alternative as well as the selected action. That makes a later review able to distinguish a changed world from an undocumented change of mind.
Changed-context transfer: Switch vendors mid-study; run parallel reconciliation and compare usable-value failures before full migration. The method transfers only if the decision question and measurement meaning survive the change. If either changes, rebuild the comparison rather than copying the earlier threshold or weight.
Chapter 13 check · what should survive an audit
- State the decision and measurement unit in one sentence.
- Preserve version, timing, denominator, exclusions and missing-case evidence.
- Connect the finding to a bounded action, rollback and later verification.
Contents · Previous chapter · Return to the Intelligence guide
Verification lab: work the decision twice
A £20 digital voucher was issued, never activated and is revocable. Open the case, preserve evidence, revoke, reissue by the participant’s chosen channel and close only after usable value is confirmed.
A participant reports a lost cash card whose status cannot be checked. Apply a predefined materiality and welfare rule, explain escalation and avoid turning uncertainty into a fraud finding.
A provider replay produces twelve duplicate sends. Separate legitimate entitlements from duplicates, preserve undisputed payments, remedy participants and recover institutionally without contaminating the recruitment network.
Limits and misconceptions
Sent is not the same as received or usable
Delivery, activation, access, fees and control can all fail.
Duplicate value is not automatically participant misconduct
System, vendor and staff errors need separate classification.
A balanced ledger is not participant remedy
Closure requires a communicated, usable and appealable outcome.
Complaint rates are not direct RDS weights
They are evidence about access and recruitment mechanisms, not a mechanical estimator.
Questions readers ask
Who should hear a payment appeal?
- A trained reviewer with enough independence, evidence access and privacy safeguards to reconsider the first decision.
Can a lost voucher be reissued?
- Often, when status and revocation support it; otherwise apply a predefined risk and welfare rule.
What prevents double payment?
- Stable entitlement IDs, instrument lineage, provider idempotency and reconciliation.
Should a dispute affect study eligibility?
- No, unless a separately approved and justified rule applies; good-faith complaints must not invite retaliation.
What if the provider says delivered?
- Treat that as evidence, not proof of receipt, control or usable value.
Why monitor recruitment?
- Payment failures and remedies can change trust, referrals and sample composition.
Practise, verify and continue
Write a dispute workflow for one visit payment and one referral reward: promise, lineage, intake, evidence, decision, appeal, revocation, reissue, duplicate control, usable-value closure and network-safe monitoring.
Move from revocable digital vouchers to cash and shared-phone mobile credit. Rebuild evidence, privacy, reversibility and participant choice rather than carrying the original risk rule unchanged.
Practical evidence check
Before implementation, write a one-page evidence map with the decision, unit of analysis, version or time boundary, inputs, outcomes, uncertainty, authority and stop rule. Attach one worked case that passes and one that fails. A reviewer should be able to reproduce the reasoning without relying on the memory of the person who built the system.
Run one changed-context rehearsal before approval. Alter a mechanism rather than a cosmetic detail, then identify which calculation, safeguard or governance gate must change. Record any conclusion that does not transfer. This short rehearsal is often the fastest way to expose a hidden assumption before it becomes an operational dependency.
Related eduKate reading
RDS non-cash and digital incentive delivery
RDS dual-incentive calibration
RDS field fraud, audit trails and participant safeguards
Authoritative sources and scope
HHS OHRP informed-consent FAQ on remuneration
FDA payment and reimbursement to research subjects
FDA investigator responsibilities for participant welfare
OHRP compliance oversight and payment concerns
The sources support clear, progressive and non-coercive payment terms and participant-welfare responsibilities. Dispute states, thresholds and worked incidents are illustrative; studies must follow their IRB-approved protocol, consent, local law, provider contract and privacy controls.