Understanding the Education System of Syria

Syria’s education system links nine years of basic school with general and vocational secondary certificates, technical diplomas, university degrees and research qualifications. This guide explains the actual routes, assessment distinctions and admission decisions, with particular attention to returning pupils and the current institutional transition.

Reviewed: 18 October 2026. National rules, dated exceptions and named programme requirements are separated. Announced reform does not establish uniform delivery. School operation, documentation, support and the rules for a particular intake should be checked with the authority making that decision.

Original AI-generated editorial illustration; imagined learning spaces, not a photograph of an actual institution.

Syria education at a glance

Stage or question	Short answer
Basic school	Nine years: primary Grades 1–6 and preparatory Grades 7–9
Compulsory duty	Six to fifteen, with continued basic completion beyond fifteen for enrolled children
Preschool	Noncompulsory provision before basic school
Secondary school	Three years, with general and vocational branches
School certificates	Basic certificate, followed by branch-specific secondary qualifications
Current language provision	Arabic; scoped optional Kurdish-language teaching
Technical routes	Vocational secondary and named post-secondary technical diplomas
Higher awards	Licence or bachelor’s, master’s and doctorate; programme durations vary
Current transition	Returnee equivalence and northern institutional arrangements require current checks

Choose your reading route

Follow the school stages, compare qualification routes, or go directly to recognition and practical decisions.

1. The school ladder and the current transition

Syria’s familiar school route comprises nine years of basic education, followed by three years of secondary education. Grades 1–6 form the primary stage and Grades 7–9 the preparatory stage. The basic certificate opens routes into general or vocational secondary education; general secondary study divides into scientific and literary branches after a common first year. Certificate names and branches matter because later admission considers the qualification actually held, not simply twelve years spent in classrooms. Nuffic: Syrian school qualifications.

The Ministry of Education and Teaching oversees school policy and national school examinations, while the higher-education authorities and individual institutions govern tertiary admission and awards. In September 2026 the ministry described a unified school-year opening across the provinces, but also reported textbook-production and distribution challenges. This is a statement of national policy and administrative intent; it does not establish that every locality has the same facilities, staffing or uninterrupted provision. September 2026 curriculum and textbook update.

For a family or applicant, the useful starting record has four entries: the school or awarding institution, the curriculum studied, the last successfully completed grade, and the certificate or transcript available. This is especially important after moving between countries or education administrations. A grade label alone cannot settle whether a pupil needs placement, certificate equivalence, an examination entry decision or a university admission decision.

This guide covers the Syrian national framework and identifies specific regional or institutional exceptions. The constitutional transition also matters: the March 2025 declaration protects children’s education and states that existing legislation continues until amended or repealed. Its UNHCR-hosted English version is an unofficial translation. Older legislation therefore needs checking against subsequent decisions rather than being dismissed solely because it predates 2025. 2025 declaration: unofficial English translation.

Back to reading routes · Next: Compulsory education, age and the end of the duty

2. Compulsory education, age and the end of the duty

Law 7 of 2012 requires parents of Syrian children aged six to fifteen to enrol them in basic education. Crucially, Article 2 also says children already enrolled must continue until completing basic education even if they pass fifteen. The law includes special classes for previously unenrolled children and dropouts aged eight to fifteen. Its age range should therefore not be reduced to an automatic fifteenth-birthday exit rule. Law 7/2012, Articles 2–3.

The same law’s January date concerns civil-register lists of children reaching six. It should not be substituted for the current school’s annual admission instructions. A parent establishing first-grade eligibility should obtain the applicable birth-date window and required documents from the education directorate, especially where a child’s registration or school history crosses national borders. Law 7/2012, Articles 2–3.

UNHCR’s school guidance describes public-school registration without registration fees, apart from specified identification-card and stamp costs. That does not mean every cost of attendance disappears. Transport, materials, clothing, connectivity and the practicality of reaching an operating school remain separate questions for the household. Nor does a free registration rule itself prove that a suitable place or support service is available locally. UNHCR: school registration and returnees.

Keep the legal entitlement and the practical enrolment plan together. If a child has missed years, ask for a documented placement or catch-up decision rather than quietly placing the child in a class chosen only by age. Retain the date, school name and grade assigned so later examination registration does not depend on reconstructing an informal arrangement.

Back to reading routes · Previous chapter · Next: Preschool, first entry and returning with overseas records

3. Preschool, first entry and returning with overseas records

Preschool is outside the compulsory basic cycle. UNICEF’s 2025 returnee information pack describes three age groups, beginning at three, four and five. It is preparation for school rather than the basic-school leaving qualification. Local availability and the child’s language experience still need checking. UNICEF: 2025 returnee information pack.

For returning pupils entering Grades 1–8, UNHCR explains the role of previous school records and placement testing when records are missing. Its separate May 2026 notice concerns pupils who completed Grade 8 in Türkiye: under the specified decision, they may enter age-appropriate Grade 9 and take the school’s transitional assessment, governed by Grade 8 promotion rules, before first-secondary entry. This exceptional route is different from the ordinary national Grade 9 certificate examination. UNHCR: school registration and returnees.

Equivalence of non-Syrian secondary certificates was updated in August 2026. The ministry required the original certificate and subject record, authenticated by the issuing country’s foreign ministry or that country’s embassy in Syria. Certificates from non-Arab countries also require Arabic translation and the prescribed Syrian authentication. Conditional acceptance can allow a file to proceed, but final equivalence awaits verification and completed authentication. Keep scans and originals separate, and confirm which office receives each. August 2026 secondary-certificate equivalence.

A further August clarification described year-round secondary-certificate equivalence applications and removal of some complementary examinations. It should not be read as exempting every overseas pupil from every assessment. Older returnee guides may still contain superseded examination instructions, so establish the current requirement for the particular country, certificate and proposed grade before paying for a course or booking travel. August 2026 equivalence clarification.

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4. Languages, textbooks and curriculum integration

Arabic is the official language under the current constitutional declaration. Language support nevertheless needs to consider the curriculum a child actually studied: conversational Arabic, written academic Arabic and the vocabulary of a science examination are different capabilities. Ask for a sample of the current textbook and a marked classroom task before deciding that a returning pupil is ready for an examination class. 2025 declaration: unofficial English translation.

The September 2026 ministry account said the 2025–26 textbooks used in Damascus would continue for 2026–27 while a new curriculum was being developed. National standards had been prepared, with textbook writing still ahead. Families should use the books assigned for the current cohort; an announcement of future curriculum renewal is not evidence that every new textbook is already in classrooms. September 2026 curriculum and textbook update.

Kurdish provision has a specific 2026 policy basis. The August implementation announcement provided for optional Kurdish study, two lessons weekly, in selected schools according to local need and available teachers. Marks are recorded but do not determine passing or failing. The arrangement followed the January decree recognising Kurdish as a national language. It is a scoped language provision, not evidence that every school teaches every subject through Kurdish. August 2026 Kurdish-language implementation.

For pupils previously following the former Autonomous Administration curriculum, a June 2026 decision allowed entry to national basic and secondary examinations for 2025–26 and 2026–27 under ministry criteria. Earlier certificates remain subject to approved handling procedures. This two-year examination-access arrangement should not be turned into an automatic equivalence decision for all past records or a permanent rule for later cohorts. June 2026 former-administration exam transition.

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5. Basic-school learning and classroom assessment

The current basic-examination models illustrate the breadth of learning expected by the end of Grade 9. The April 2026 ministry release covered Arabic, English and French; mathematics; history and geography; biology, physics and chemistry; and Islamic or Christian religious-education materials. These are published model subjects and alternatives, not a claim that each pupil takes both religious options. A useful revision plan combines written explanations, calculations and language comprehension rather than memorising a single question format. April 2026 basic-examination models.

An October 2026 change limited written classroom tests to one per semester in basic and secondary education. This is a rule about that classroom-test category, not a statement that a term contains only one assessment or that national certificate examinations have disappeared. Ask the school how participation, practical work, assignments and term examinations contribute to the report for the relevant class. October 2026 classroom-test change.

National marking is a separate process. In June 2026 the ministry described committees preparing common marking schemes, including basic-level general science and secondary physics and philosophy. The account explicitly discussed considering different valid solutions. When practising mathematics or science, pupils should therefore learn to show a coherent method and label the final answer, rather than assume that only one memorised wording can receive credit. June 2026 marking-standard preparation.

A practical home check is to select one current textbook exercise, one short reading passage and one explanation of an experiment. Have the pupil complete them independently, then compare the response with the teacher’s feedback. Record whether difficulty comes from subject knowledge, the language of the question or writing under time pressure. Those problems need different support; an overall report mark alone may conceal them.

Back to reading routes · Previous chapter · Next: The Grade 9 certificate and progression

6. The Grade 9 certificate and progression

The 2026 basic certificate examinations ran from 4 to 24 June, ending with Arabic. The preparatory Sharia timetable, for the Islamic religious-education route, continued into July. These dates illustrate the difference between a national certificate sitting and ordinary class promotion; neither should be confused with an informal placement test administered to a returning pupil. The examining authority’s current registration instructions determine which route applies. June 2026 basic-examination completion.

The ministry’s June examination instructions made the official answer book decisive: rough work is not assessed, and final answers must be transferred to the designated answer space. Identifying information belongs only in the prescribed area. Practising with an answer-book layout is therefore useful preparation, particularly for pupils accustomed to worksheets or digital assessment in another country. 2026 examination answer-book instructions.

The August 2026 first-secondary enrolment announcement addressed successful 2026 basic and preparatory Sharia candidates and published a registration window from 30 August to 17 September. Passing the certificate is one step; admission to the desired school, branch or selective programme remains another. The national announcement should not be converted into a single universal mark guaranteeing every upper-secondary place. August 2026 first-secondary enrolment.

Before accepting a progression decision, keep the certificate result, detailed subject marks, requested branch and school’s written placement together. If a result is disputed, use the relevant year’s formal objection procedure promptly. This guide does not supply an unverified universal numerical pass formula for the basic certificate; the current certificate instructions and the official result, rather than an overseas equivalence comparison, should control the decision.

Back to reading routes · Previous chapter · Next: Secondary branches, examinations and the pass rule

7. Secondary branches, examinations and the pass rule

General secondary education leads to a scientific or literary certificate; vocational routes have their own specialisms. The June 2026 national sitting included general, Sharia and vocational examinations, with industrial, commercial and women’s vocational branches identified in the official account. Branch choice should be checked against the later course sought, since a certificate’s subject preparation and admission eligibility are not interchangeable. June 2026 secondary examinations.

For the general-secondary and Sharia framework, Decree 1/2024 introduced one ordinary annual sitting from 2024–25. Its pass rule permits success in all subjects; or failure in one subject while passing Arabic; or failure in two while passing Arabic, provided the two failed marks together reach at least 25% of their combined maximum. That last percentage concerns the failed pair, not the overall certificate score. Use the current examination instructions for the candidate’s exact branch. Secondary Decree 1/2024, original reproduction.

A September 2025 ministry decision replaced the automated secondary-examination model with a mixture of essay and objective questions. Objective questions were not all abolished. Preparing only to recognise an answer is therefore insufficient: pupils also need practice producing organised written responses, explaining reasoning and managing the time needed for longer answers. September 2025 secondary-paper reform.

Exceptions must remain attached to their circumstances. The August 2026 extraordinary opportunity for Suwayda followed a specific decree addressing disruption there. It is not evidence of a routine nationwide second sitting available to every unsuccessful candidate. Before planning a repeat year or an additional examination, obtain the applicable notice rather than relying on arrangements from another province or earlier cohort. August 2026 Suwayda exceptional sitting.

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8. Vocational secondary schools and technical institutes

The new advanced technical secondary intake illustrates how selective routes can differ from ordinary vocational provision. October 2026 instructions covered 300 first-secondary places across Damascus, Aleppo and Homs, in digital and industrial tracks. Ordinary applicants needed 85% in the specified basic qualification; a 70% route applied to qualifying returnees with at least Grades 7–8 in a non-Arabic curriculum abroad. Applications closed on 17 October. The two-hour test was scheduled for 20 October, with successful candidates ranked using 40% certificate marks and 60% test marks. This is a first-cohort arrangement, not a nationwide replacement for secondary school. October 2026 advanced technical-school intake.

At post-secondary level, the Damascus Legal Technical Institute offers a concrete example. Its director’s October 2025 account described two years, four semesters and 28 legal and administrative courses, entered through the relevant secondary-certificate selection. Attendance of 90% in a course was required for its examination. A progression route to the University of Damascus law faculty applied to the top 3% with an average of at least 80%. Confirm the current intake and bridge conditions rather than treating the dated example as an entitlement for every technical graduate. Damascus Legal Technical Institute: 2025 account.

The Damascus Mechanical and Electrical Technical Institute’s November 2025 account described a two-year technical diploma and an exhibition of graduation projects, including an olive-harvesting machine and a three-dimensional printer. This shows why a technical award should be assessed through its practical work as well as its duration. Ask to see the workshop schedule, supervised project requirements and assessment record for the specific programme being considered. Damascus technical diploma and projects.

For either school-level vocational study or a technical institute, establish the award’s exact Arabic title and the next step it permits. A short occupational course, a vocational secondary certificate and a post-secondary technical diploma can all teach useful skills, but they do not necessarily confer the same university-entry or professional rights. Compare the written progression rule before choosing solely by the programme’s English translation.

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9. University admission and competitive placement

The national mufadala is a competitive allocation process. For 2026–27, the higher-education authorities announced a unified electronic application route covering categories including general admission, parallel admission, disability-related applications, and Arab or foreign applicants. The category matters: applicants should establish the relevant certificate, nationality or residence conditions and fee arrangements before using a score from another category as a prediction. 2026–27 unified higher-admission announcement.

The October application instructions required applicants to rank eligible preferences, complete the steps and confirm the application card. Some programmes also require a successful aptitude test. A sensible preference list contains courses the applicant would actually accept, in the intended order, after checking subject and branch eligibility. Saving a draft list or meeting a published minimum is not the same as receiving a confirmed allocation. October 2026 admission application instructions.

Medicine-related progression provides another distinct selection stage. The 15 October 2026 notice opened placement for the 2025–26 medical preparatory cohort from 18 to 25 October, leading into medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. This concerns students who have already followed the preparatory stage; a new secondary-school graduate should not mistake that window for ordinary first entry. October 2026 medical-preparatory progression.

The Higher Institute of Business Administration, commonly called HIBA, publishes its own undergraduate criteria. They require at least 50% in the secondary certificate, a successful four-domain entrance test and ranking within the available places. The published weighting is 40% secondary marks and 60% entrance-test marks. The test covers mathematics, computing, English and management/economic knowledge, with component conditions as well as the combined pass requirement. Check the current call for any authorised adjustment. HIBA undergraduate entry rules.

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10. First degrees: duration, coursework and completion

The first university award is often called an ijaza, translated as licence or bachelor’s degree. Nuffic’s credential account describes a usual four-year route, with five-year programmes in fields including engineering, architecture, dentistry, pharmacy and veterinary medicine, and six years for medicine. These are structural patterns, not a guarantee that every provider or professional programme uses an identical plan. Nuffic: Syrian higher qualifications.

HIBA is a useful counterexample to assuming that all business degrees take four years. Its preparatory management certificate follows three successful years. The management licence then comprises two years of specialisation, with routes including marketing, finance and banking, operations and information management, and human resources. The intermediate preparatory certificate and the completed licence are different awards within that five-year pathway. HIBA preparatory certificate, HIBA management licence.

Its study plan gives practical work a visible place: a month of training in the second year, a six-week project in the third, and a four-month graduation project in the fifth. Arabic is the teaching language, with some courses permitted in a foreign language. These requirements help explain what completing the programme involves beyond accumulating semesters; a project slot is not simply an optional extracurricular activity. HIBA undergraduate study plan.

HIBA’s undergraduate examination rules require at least 75% attendance to sit a course examination. The ordinary course-pass mark is 60%, with a conditional rule allowing marks from 40% when the annual average and the separate progression conditions are satisfied. Lower marks cannot simply be ignored: the rules also limit carried failures and regulate supplementary examinations. Students should obtain an individual progression calculation before assuming a satisfactory overall average clears every course. HIBA undergraduate assessment rules.

A national freshness point matters here. In June 2025, the Higher Education Council removed the national examination as a graduation condition, retaining it for quality and postgraduate purposes; sixth-year medicine instead involved the university’s final degree examination. Older university webpages may still reproduce the previous requirement. Check the current faculty rules rather than combining old and new requirements into an invented extra graduation hurdle. Higher Education Council: June 2025 decisions.

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11. Master’s and doctoral study: a concrete research route

Nuffic describes master’s study as usually two years, commonly combining coursework and a thesis, and doctorates as normally at least three years. Those labels alone are insufficient for an application. Establish whether a proposed master’s is research-oriented or professional, whether it qualifies for the intended doctorate, and whether the receiving department accepts the earlier specialisation. Nuffic: Syrian higher qualifications.

HIBA’s published finance-and-banking research master requires a relevant licence with at least a “good” classification, or an accepted equivalent, plus English, an academic file, a short paper and an interview. The two-year design places coursework first, followed by at least a year of research and a public thesis defence. Course success requires 60%, with neither assessment part below 40%. The final average weights coursework and thesis equally. These are the institute’s published programme rules; the current admission call controls available places and application dates. HIBA finance-and-banking master regulations.

Its management doctorate requires a relevant research master classified at least “good” or an accepted equivalent, English proficiency, a documented research file and an endorsed proposal. The regulation describes a three-year programme, permits no completion earlier than two years from registration, and allows a justified extension of up to one year. Completion requires original research, two peer-reviewed papers published or accepted, and a public defence; the thesis must receive at least 60%. This specific wording should not become a claim that every Syrian doctorate is a two-year course. HIBA management doctorate regulations.

A practical postgraduate enquiry should include the proposed supervisor, research facilities, attendance expectations and whether previous work can support the project. Request the exact award title and regulations before paying fees. Professional recognition, employment eligibility and entry to a later research degree may depend on the kind of master’s completed, not merely on the word “master” in a promotional description.

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12. Recognition, accreditation and institutional transition

Foreign-degree equivalence is a higher-education decision separate from school-certificate placement. A January 2026 ministry account described moving towards examination of academic credits and course content rather than relying only on nominal years of study. This does not make a degree automatically equivalent: the awarding institution, study record, programme level and purpose of recognition still need assessment. January 2026 foreign-degree equivalence.

The National Authority for Quality and Accreditation was reviewing institutional accreditation applications and operational conditions in June 2026. Accreditation, admission and professional permission answer different questions. A recognised institution may still impose selective entry, and a degree accepted academically may require additional steps before practice in a regulated occupation. Check the programme and awarding body rather than relying on a logo or general partnership announcement. June 2026 quality-and-accreditation authority.

Northern institutions were still undergoing transition in October. The ministry’s 16 October account said specialised committees would be formed following a forthcoming Higher Education Council decision, although the headline sounded more immediate. It discussed Al-Rai, Gaziantep branches and health-sciences branches, including curriculum and student-cohort review. Gaziantep graduates’ certification was to follow administrative and academic verification. The announcement should not be treated as blanket automatic recognition of every programme, transfer or previous certificate. October 2026 northern-institution transition.

For study abroad, obtain the receiving institution’s decision for the particular purpose: entry, transferred credit, employment or professional registration. Send the detailed transcript and programme information requested, not merely an English translation of the award name. Nuffic’s descriptions help explain the system, but a credential comparison is not an offer of admission or a licence to practise.

Back to reading routes · Previous chapter · Next: Access, catch-up learning and support

13. Access, catch-up learning and support

UNICEF’s October 2026 recovery account described damaged education infrastructure, pressure on services and the needs of returning families. It supports a careful distinction between a national school policy and a child’s actual opportunity to attend safely and consistently. Before committing to a placement, establish whether the school is operating, the timetable is usable, materials are available and the journey is feasible for that child. UNICEF: October 2026 recovery and access.

UNICEF’s returnee pack describes Curriculum B for children aged eight to fifteen with substantial missed schooling: two grades are covered in one year, across four levels, leading towards eligibility for the independent Grade 9 examination under its conditions. Placement and return to regular schooling depend on assessment and age compatibility. The pack also describes school-health assessment and referral for disability-related needs; availability must be checked locally. UNICEF: 2025 returnee information pack.

Dated exceptions show why current written instructions matter. A January 2026 circular allowed specified pupils whose registration had been cancelled, or whose attendance fell short, to return within fifteen days of the second term of 2025–26. It required a parent’s application and acceptable reasons for absence, and used second-term marks alone to decide promotion. That was a defined cohort measure, not a standing promise that absence or first-term results never matter. January 2026 school-return assessment exception.

Support planning should identify the immediate barrier: missed curriculum, examination-language difficulty, disability access, transport or a documentation gap. Ask for the person responsible, the next review date and the evidence needed to change the placement. For an older pupil, protect time for the actual qualification route; repeating disconnected short courses without a recognised progression plan may delay rather than restore access.

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14. Four practical decisions, worked through

Example 1: returning after Grade 8 in Türkiye. A family should ask whether the child falls within the specific 2026 returnee decision, present the school record and seek the directorate’s placement ruling. The decisive question is which assessment route applies. Registering for the ordinary national certificate simply because the new class is called Grade 9 could create an avoidable mismatch. Keep the written decision for later secondary admission.

Example 2: choosing between ordinary secondary school and an advanced technical place. An applicant who meets the new technical school’s certificate requirement still needs the applicable selection steps and a place in the relevant city. Compare the actual digital or industrial programme, travel arrangements and later award before abandoning another confirmed school place. A highly selective first cohort should be treated as one option within a broader plan.

Example 3: moving from a legal technical diploma towards law. Ask the institute to confirm the current bridge, how cohort rank is calculated and which average is used. Keep a fallback employment or further-study plan if the applicant is outside the eligible group. The existence of a bridge demonstrates possible progression; it does not mean the full technical cohort automatically enters the faculty.

Example 4: a business graduate considering research. Compare the exact first award with the master’s subject requirement, then check the proposed doctoral route’s research-master condition. Plan for supervision, publication and defence from the beginning. A shorter advertised programme or an English title resembling another qualification does not by itself establish equivalent research preparation. These examples illustrate decisions; they do not replace an institution’s individual admission ruling.

Back to reading routes · Previous chapter · Next: Frequently asked questions

15. Frequently asked questions

Does compulsory education end automatically at fifteen? No. The basic-school law includes continued study to completion for children already enrolled beyond that age. Obtain the applicable placement decision if schooling has been interrupted; an age label alone does not settle the route.

Are all Grade 9 pupils taking the same assessment? The ordinary national certificate and a school’s transitional assessment are different. Current returnee arrangements can create specific exceptions. Establish the pupil’s curriculum history and the written decision before registering for an examination.

Does the general-secondary/Sharia pass rule mean an overall 25% is enough? No. The percentage in the two-failed-subject provision concerns the combined maximum for those subjects, alongside the Arabic condition. It is not the overall certificate threshold.

Does the new curriculum announcement mean old books are unusable? Use the assigned current-cohort books. The September ministry statement retained the preceding school-year’s Damascus textbooks while new materials were being developed.

Is technical education a dead end? Some programmes have explicit progression arrangements, but they can depend on rank, grades and available places. Obtain the current rule for the exact award instead of assuming either automatic university transfer or no possible continuation.

Are all bachelor’s degrees four years? No. Professional fields and institutional designs differ. Check the complete award structure, including any preparatory stage and compulsory project, before comparing duration or cost.

Can an overseas secondary certificate be accepted before every document is ready? Current secondary-certificate equivalence procedures allow conditional handling in specified circumstances, while final equivalence still depends on verification. Conditional enrolment should not be represented as a completed equivalence certificate.

Where should the next enquiry go? Use the education directorate for school placement, the examining authority for certificate entry and results, the higher-admission authority for national allocation, and the institution for programme completion. For study or practice abroad, seek the receiving authority’s own decision.

Back to reading routes · Previous chapter · Sources

Sources and current-rule checks

Use the Ministry of Education and Teaching and the relevant education directorate for school placement, current examinations and school-certificate equivalence. Higher-education authorities and institutions govern tertiary selection, recognition and award requirements. The Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) notices below report official decisions or named institutional statements. Older rules and provider examples are dated; an overseas credential description does not itself confer admission.

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