Top 100 PSLE Vocabulary | Common English Collocations & Phrases

Top 100 PSLE Vocabulary List resources become more useful when students learn words in the combinations that fluent English actually prefers. This guide focuses on common English collocations, word partnerships, useful phrases, PSLE vocabulary phrases, Primary 6 English vocabulary and Grade 6 vocabulary. A collocation is a combination that sounds natural because English speakers repeatedly use the words together: make an effort, draw a conclusion, serious risk, deeply worried, keep a promise.

Students searching for common English collocations or vocabulary phrases for writing often discover that knowing each word separately is not enough. A learner may understand both make and decision but still produce do a decision. They may know truth yet write say the truth instead of tell the truth. Collocation knowledge makes vocabulary faster to retrieve, more natural in composition and easier to recognise in cloze passages.

This article owns the narrow job of common collocations and useful word partnerships for PSLE Primary 6 and Grade 6. It connects to the Context Clues and Comprehension Cloze list, the Strong Action Verbs list, the Transition and Linking Words list, the Synonyms, Antonyms and Shades of Meaning list, the PSLE English Vocabulary AL1 Training System and the Vocabulary Learning Hub. It is an independent teaching resource, not an official prescribed vocabulary list.

Why Collocations Matter

Vocabulary is not stored and used as a bag of isolated pieces. Many useful expressions are partly predictable and partly conventional. We say make an effort, pay attention, take responsibility and reach an agreement. Another verb may be grammatically possible, yet sound unnatural. Learning these partnerships reduces the number of decisions a student must make during writing.

Collocations also support comprehension. If a cloze passage contains “___ a conclusion”, a student who has repeatedly met draw a conclusion and reach a conclusion has a smaller search space. If a passage says “deeply ___”, familiar combinations such as deeply worried, deeply concerned, deeply disappointed can guide prediction.

The goal is not to memorise frozen phrases without understanding. Students should know which part can vary and which part is conventional. Make a decision can become make a difficult decision; serious risk can become a serious safety risk. Collocation is a framework for flexible language, not a cage.

The Six Collocation Patterns to Notice

Pattern	Examples	What to learn
Verb + noun	make an effort, take responsibility	Which verb naturally partners the noun?
Adjective + noun	serious risk, gradual increase	Which adjective expresses the expected degree or type?
Adverb + adjective	deeply worried, genuinely sorry	Which intensifier sounds natural with the adjective?
Verb + preposition	reach for, rush towards	Which preposition completes the meaning?
Fixed or semi-fixed phrase	burst into tears, come to a halt	Which words tend to occur together as a unit?
Noun phrase / compound	turning point, emergency exit	Which nouns commonly combine to name one concept?

Words 1–10: Emotion and Feeling

For each phrase, say it aloud as one unit, notice the grammatical pattern, and then vary the surrounding sentence without breaking the partnership. Retrieval should become phrase-sized rather than word-by-word.

1. feel relieved

Pattern: verb + adjective. Meaning: experience relief after worry or difficulty ends.

Model sentence: Alicia felt relieved when the lost wallet was returned. Do not use relieved unless there was an earlier source of worry.

Collocation test: Keep the key noun or adjective but change its partner. Does the new combination still sound natural? For example, English accepts make an effort but normally rejects do an effort. The point is not that the rejected form is logically impossible; it is that fluent English has conventional preferences.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving feel relieved. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

2. deeply worried

Pattern: adverb + adjective. Meaning: very concerned about a serious possibility.

Model sentence: Kai Kai was deeply worried when his younger cousin did not return on time. Deeply works naturally with worried; strongly worried is less idiomatic.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving deeply worried. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

3. genuinely sorry

Pattern: adverb + adjective. Meaning: sincerely regretful rather than merely polite.

Model sentence: Tricia was genuinely sorry for blaming her friend too quickly. Genuinely stresses sincerity.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving genuinely sorry. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

4. bitterly disappointed

Pattern: adverb + adjective. Meaning: extremely disappointed, often after strong hopes.

Model sentence: Alicia was bitterly disappointed when the final was cancelled. Bitterly is natural with disappointed but not with every emotion adjective.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving bitterly disappointed. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

5. extremely grateful

Pattern: adverb + adjective. Meaning: very thankful for help or kindness.

Model sentence: Kai Kai was extremely grateful to the stranger who returned his bag. Grateful normally takes to someone and for something.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving extremely grateful. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

6. remain calm

Pattern: verb + adjective. Meaning: continue to be composed despite pressure.

Model sentence: Tricia remained calm while everyone else argued. Remain describes continuity of state.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving remain calm. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

7. lose patience

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: become unable to stay patient.

Model sentence: Alicia began to lose patience after the fourth unexplained delay. We normally say lose patience, not lose the patience.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving lose patience. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

8. burst into tears

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: suddenly begin crying.

Model sentence: The child burst into tears when he realised he was lost. Burst into naturally combines with tears, laughter and similar sudden reactions.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving burst into tears. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

9. overcome fear

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: successfully manage or move beyond fear.

Model sentence: Kai Kai overcame his fear of public speaking through repeated practice. Overcome fear implies progress against a real difficulty.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving overcome fear. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

10. sense of relief

Pattern: noun phrase. Meaning: a feeling that worry has ended.

Model sentence: A sense of relief spread through the group when the missing student was found. This noun phrase is useful in reflective writing.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving sense of relief. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 11–20: Movement and Action

11. take a step

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: move one pace or take one stage in a process.

Model sentence: Alicia took a step backwards when the shelf shifted. Take, not make, is the usual verb here.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving take a step. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

12. make an effort

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: try seriously to do something.

Model sentence: Kai Kai made an effort to include the quieter members of the group. We make an effort, not do an effort.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving make an effort. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

13. catch sight of

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: suddenly notice someone or something visually.

Model sentence: Tricia caught sight of the missing sign behind the tree. Catch sight of means notice visually, often briefly.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving catch sight of. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

14. lose balance

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: become unstable and nearly fall.

Model sentence: Alicia lost her balance on the wet step. No article is normally needed before balance in this expression.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving lose balance. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

15. rush towards

Pattern: verb + preposition. Meaning: move quickly in the direction of something.

Model sentence: Kai Kai rushed towards the gate when he heard the child call for help. Towards shows direction; do not add unnecessary to after it.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving rush towards. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

16. come to a halt

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: stop moving completely.

Model sentence: The bicycle came to a halt beside the fence. This is more formal than stop but useful for narrative variety.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving come to a halt. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

17. break into a run

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: suddenly change from slower movement to running.

Model sentence: Tricia broke into a run when the bus appeared at the corner. The phrase marks a change of pace.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving break into a run. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

18. keep pace with

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: move or progress at the same speed as someone or something.

Model sentence: Alicia struggled to keep pace with the older hikers. With is required in this pattern.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving keep pace with. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

19. reach for

Pattern: verb + preposition. Meaning: stretch a hand towards something to take it.

Model sentence: Kai Kai reached for the falling cup. Reach for is an attempt to take; reach can also mean arrive at.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving reach for. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

20. move aside

Pattern: verb + adverb. Meaning: move away from a position to make space.

Model sentence: Tricia moved aside so the medic could pass. Aside means out of the way.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving move aside. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 21–30: Communication and Dialogue

21. ask permission

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: request approval before doing something.

Model sentence: Alicia asked permission before borrowing the equipment. We ask permission, not request for permission in this simple pattern.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving ask permission. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

22. give advice

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: offer guidance about what someone should do.

Model sentence: Kai Kai gave his friend advice on preparing for the presentation. Advice is uncountable in standard English.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving give advice. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

23. make a request

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: ask for something in a formal or deliberate way.

Model sentence: Tricia made a polite request for more time. We make a request, not do a request.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving make a request. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

24. raise a concern

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: bring a possible problem to attention.

Model sentence: Alicia raised a concern about the damaged cable. Raise is natural with concern, issue and question.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving raise a concern. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

25. express an opinion

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: state what one thinks or believes.

Model sentence: Kai Kai expressed his opinion clearly but respectfully. Express fits formal speaking and writing.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving express an opinion. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

26. offer an apology

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: present a spoken or written apology.

Model sentence: Tricia offered an apology after realising her mistake. Offer an apology is slightly more formal than apologise.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving offer an apology. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

27. give an explanation

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: explain why or how something happened.

Model sentence: Alicia gave a clear explanation of the delay. Give is a common delexical verb here.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving give an explanation. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

28. tell the truth

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: state what is true rather than deceive.

Model sentence: Kai Kai decided to tell the truth before the misunderstanding grew worse. We tell the truth, not say the truth in this standard collocation.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving tell the truth. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

29. keep a promise

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: do what one said one would do.

Model sentence: Tricia kept her promise to return the book on Friday. Keep a promise contrasts naturally with break a promise.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving keep a promise. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

30. reach an agreement

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: successfully agree after discussion.

Model sentence: The two groups reached an agreement about how to share the space. We reach an agreement, not arrive an agreement.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving reach an agreement. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 31–40: Problems, Decisions and Responsibility

31. solve a problem

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: find an effective answer to a difficulty.

Model sentence: Alicia solved the problem by replacing the damaged part. Solve applies to the problem; find applies to a solution.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving solve a problem. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

32. make a decision

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: choose between possibilities.

Model sentence: Kai Kai made a decision after comparing both routes. We make a decision, not do a decision.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving make a decision. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

33. take responsibility

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: accept duty for one’s actions or role.

Model sentence: Tricia took responsibility for forgetting the key. Take responsibility is a high-value phrase for character development.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving take responsibility. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

34. face a challenge

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: deal with a difficult task or situation.

Model sentence: Alicia faced the challenge calmly and divided it into smaller steps. Face means confront rather than avoid.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving face a challenge. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

35. consider an option

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: think carefully about one possible choice.

Model sentence: Kai Kai considered an alternative option before committing to the route. Avoid redundant alternative option if simply option is enough.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving consider an option. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

36. find a solution

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: discover a way to solve a problem.

Model sentence: Tricia found a practical solution to the storage problem. We find a solution to a problem.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving find a solution. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

37. make a plan

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: decide in advance what actions to take.

Model sentence: The group made a plan before entering the exhibition hall. Make, not do, is the usual verb.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving make a plan. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

38. change course

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: alter direction or strategy.

Model sentence: Alicia changed course when new evidence appeared. Can be literal movement or figurative strategy.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving change course. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

39. deal with difficulty

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: manage a problem or challenging situation.

Model sentence: Kai Kai learned to deal with difficulty without giving up immediately. Deal with is a common multiword verb.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving deal with difficulty. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

40. learn from a mistake

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: use an error to improve future action.

Model sentence: Tricia learned from her mistake and checked the address next time. From marks the mistake as the source of learning.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving learn from a mistake. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 41–50: Learning and Thinking

41. pay attention

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: focus one’s mind carefully.

Model sentence: Alicia paid attention to the connector at the start of the sentence. We pay attention, not give attention in this ordinary classroom expression.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving pay attention. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

42. draw a conclusion

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: decide what follows from evidence.

Model sentence: Kai Kai drew a conclusion only after checking two clues. A conclusion should follow evidence rather than guesswork.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving draw a conclusion. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

43. make an inference

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: reach an unstated idea from clues.

Model sentence: Tricia made an inference from the character’s repeated glances at the door. Inference is an evidence-based reading move.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving make an inference. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

44. identify a clue

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: recognise a detail that helps solve meaning or a problem.

Model sentence: Alicia identified a clue in the final sentence. Identify asks what exactly the clue is.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving identify a clue. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

45. recall information

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: bring learned information back to mind.

Model sentence: Kai Kai recalled the meaning without looking at his notes. Recall is stronger evidence of learning than recognition alone.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving recall information. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

46. apply knowledge

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: use what one knows in a new task or situation.

Model sentence: Tricia applied her knowledge of context clues to an unfamiliar passage. Apply knowledge often takes to plus the new context.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving apply knowledge. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

47. build understanding

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: develop deeper comprehension over time.

Model sentence: Repeated explanation helped Alicia build understanding. Build suggests gradual development.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving build understanding. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

48. develop a skill

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: improve an ability through learning and practice.

Model sentence: Kai Kai developed the skill through short daily practice. Develop works well with skill, habit and ability.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving develop a skill. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

49. ask a question

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: request information or clarification.

Model sentence: Tricia asked a question when the instruction was ambiguous. We ask a question, not make a question.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving ask a question. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

50. check an answer

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: verify that a response is accurate and complete.

Model sentence: Alicia checked her answer against the passage. Check often takes against when comparing with evidence.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving check an answer. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 51–60: Evidence and Analysis

51. gather evidence

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: collect facts or details that support reasoning.

Model sentence: Kai Kai gathered evidence before deciding what had happened. Evidence is usually uncountable in this use.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving gather evidence. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

52. support a claim

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: provide reasons or evidence for a statement.

Model sentence: Tricia supported her claim with two details from the passage. Support should connect directly to the claim.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving support a claim. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

53. provide an example

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: give a specific case that illustrates a point.

Model sentence: Alicia provided an example to clarify her explanation. Provide is more formal than give but natural here.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving provide an example. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

54. explain a reason

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: state why something happened or is believed.

Model sentence: Kai Kai explained the reason for choosing the safer route. Reason for is a useful noun pattern.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving explain a reason. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

55. compare results

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: examine outcomes to identify similarities or differences.

Model sentence: The students compared results before changing the method. Compare can take with or to depending on meaning.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving compare results. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

56. interpret data

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: explain what information or results mean.

Model sentence: Tricia interpreted the data carefully instead of reading one number alone. Interpret is about meaning, not merely copying.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving interpret data. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

57. evaluate evidence

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: judge the strength, relevance and quality of evidence.

Model sentence: Alicia evaluated the evidence before accepting the explanation. Evaluate goes beyond collecting.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving evaluate evidence. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

58. verify information

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: check that information is accurate.

Model sentence: Kai Kai verified the information using the official notice. Verify needs a reliable reference point.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving verify information. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

59. identify a pattern

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: recognise a repeated or organised relationship.

Model sentence: Tricia identified a pattern in the repeated errors. Pattern recognition can support prediction.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving identify a pattern. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

60. state a fact

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: express information that can be checked as true or false.

Model sentence: Alicia stated a fact before giving her opinion. Distinguish facts from interpretations or preferences.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving state a fact. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 61–70: Time, Change and Development

61. sudden change

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a rapid unexpected shift.

Model sentence: A sudden change in weather forced the group indoors. Sudden should match abrupt timing.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving sudden change. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

62. gradual increase

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a rise that happens in small stages.

Model sentence: The graph showed a gradual increase in attendance. Gradual implies development over time.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving gradual increase. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

63. steady decline

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a consistent decrease over a period.

Model sentence: The battery showed a steady decline in power. Steady describes pattern, not speed.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving steady decline. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

64. brief delay

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a short period of waiting.

Model sentence: A brief delay occurred while the gate was checked. Brief should not describe a long interruption.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving brief delay. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

65. long-term effect

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a consequence that continues well into the future.

Model sentence: Regular reading can have a long-term effect on vocabulary growth. Hyphenate long-term before a noun in standard usage.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving long-term effect. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

66. immediate response

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a reaction that happens without meaningful delay.

Model sentence: The alarm produced an immediate response from the staff. Immediate is stronger than quick.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving immediate response. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

67. final outcome

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: the result at the end of a process.

Model sentence: The final outcome depended on whether the repair held. Outcome already implies a result; final adds emphasis on end-state.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving final outcome. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

68. turning point

Pattern: noun phrase. Meaning: a moment after which events or attitudes change direction.

Model sentence: The apology became a turning point in their friendship. A true turning point changes what follows.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving turning point. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

69. growing concern

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: worry that increases over time.

Model sentence: There was growing concern about the rising water level. Growing signals an upward trend.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving growing concern. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

70. repeated attempt

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: another effort made after earlier attempts.

Model sentence: After repeated attempts, Kai Kai finally loosened the lid. Repeated suggests more than one try.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving repeated attempt. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 71–80: Risk and Safety

71. serious risk

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: a meaningful possibility of major harm.

Model sentence: The exposed wire posed a serious risk. Serious modifies the level of danger.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving serious risk. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

72. potential danger

Pattern: adjective + noun. Meaning: something that may become harmful.

Model sentence: The loose railing was a potential danger. Potential means possible, not certain.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving potential danger. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

73. safety precaution

Pattern: noun + noun. Meaning: an action taken in advance to reduce risk.

Model sentence: Wearing gloves was a sensible safety precaution. A precaution happens before the harm.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving safety precaution. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

74. emergency exit

Pattern: noun + noun. Meaning: a route designed for leaving during danger.

Model sentence: The students kept the emergency exit clear. Emergency exit is a fixed compound phrase.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving emergency exit. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

75. follow instructions

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: do what directions require.

Model sentence: Alicia followed the instructions before switching on the device. Follow naturally collocates with instructions, rules and advice.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving follow instructions. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

76. avoid injury

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: prevent oneself or others from being hurt.

Model sentence: Kai Kai moved the cable aside to avoid injury. Avoid is followed by a noun or -ing form.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving avoid injury. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

77. prevent damage

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: stop harm to an object, place or system before it occurs.

Model sentence: The waterproof cover helped prevent damage to the equipment. Prevent means the damage is stopped, not merely reduced.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving prevent damage. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

78. seek help

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: actively look for assistance.

Model sentence: Tricia sought help when the smoke detector sounded. Seek is more formal than look for.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving seek help. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

79. remain alert

Pattern: verb + adjective. Meaning: continue paying careful attention to possible danger.

Model sentence: The hikers remained alert near the slippery crossing. Remain describes a continuing state.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving remain alert. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

80. take care

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: act cautiously or look after someone or something.

Model sentence: Alicia took care when carrying the fragile model. Take care can mean be cautious or provide care; context decides.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving take care. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 81–90: Relationships and Community

81. show respect

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: behave in a way that recognises another person’s worth or rights.

Model sentence: Kai Kai showed respect by listening without interrupting. Respect becomes visible through behaviour.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving show respect. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

82. earn trust

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: gain confidence from others through reliable actions.

Model sentence: Tricia earned trust by keeping her promises. Trust is often earned over repeated actions.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving earn trust. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

83. lose confidence

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: become less sure of one’s ability or judgement.

Model sentence: Alicia began to lose confidence after several careless mistakes. Lose confidence can refer to oneself or confidence in another person.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving lose confidence. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

84. offer support

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: give help, encouragement or resources.

Model sentence: Kai Kai offered support when his teammate became discouraged. Support can be emotional or practical.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving offer support. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

85. lend a hand

Pattern: idiomatic phrase. Meaning: help someone with a task.

Model sentence: Tricia lent a hand with the heavy boxes. This idiom means help, not literally lend a body part.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving lend a hand. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

86. work together

Pattern: verb + adverb. Meaning: cooperate towards a shared goal.

Model sentence: The three students worked together to organise the materials. Simple, natural and often stronger than forced teamwork jargon.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving work together. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

87. keep in touch

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: continue communicating over time.

Model sentence: Alicia and her exchange partner kept in touch after the trip. Fixed expression; do not add unnecessary with unless naming the person.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving keep in touch. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

88. settle a disagreement

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: resolve a conflict between people.

Model sentence: Kai Kai helped settle a disagreement about the shared equipment. Settle means bring the dispute to resolution.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving settle a disagreement. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

89. accept responsibility

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: acknowledge duty for an action or result.

Model sentence: Tricia accepted responsibility for the damaged poster. Accept responsibility often follows recognition of fault.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving accept responsibility. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

90. rebuild trust

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: restore confidence after it has been damaged.

Model sentence: Alicia rebuilt trust by being honest and reliable over time. Trust usually returns through repeated behaviour, not one sentence.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving rebuild trust. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

Words 91–100: Writing and Examination

91. write clearly

Pattern: verb + adverb. Meaning: communicate ideas in an easy-to-understand way.

Model sentence: Kai Kai wrote clearly and kept each paragraph focused. Clearly refers to communication, not handwriting alone.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving write clearly. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

92. choose precise words

Pattern: verb + adjective + noun. Meaning: select vocabulary that matches exact meaning.

Model sentence: Tricia chose precise words instead of forcing difficult ones. Precision matters more than difficulty.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving choose precise words. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

93. organise ideas

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: arrange thoughts in a logical order.

Model sentence: Alicia organised her ideas before beginning the composition. Organise precedes fluent drafting.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving organise ideas. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

94. develop a paragraph

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: expand one main idea with relevant support.

Model sentence: Kai Kai developed the paragraph with an example and explanation. Develop means add meaningful support, not simply more length.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving develop a paragraph. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

95. support an answer

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: use evidence or reasoning to justify a response.

Model sentence: Tricia supported her answer with a phrase from the passage. Support links evidence to the response.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving support an answer. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

96. answer in context

Pattern: verb phrase. Meaning: respond according to the meaning and situation of the passage.

Model sentence: Alicia answered in context instead of giving a memorised definition. Context limits what counts as a good answer.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving answer in context. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

97. check grammar

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: review sentence structure and word forms for correctness.

Model sentence: Kai Kai checked grammar after finishing the first draft. Separate meaning revision from surface checking when possible.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving check grammar. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

98. correct a mistake

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: repair an error.

Model sentence: Tricia corrected a mistake before submitting the paper. Correct is the verb; correction is the noun.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving correct a mistake. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

99. manage time

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: use available time deliberately across tasks.

Model sentence: Alicia managed time by leaving five minutes for checking. Time management is part of examination execution.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving manage time. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

100. review work

Pattern: verb + noun. Meaning: look back over completed work to improve or verify it.

Model sentence: Kai Kai reviewed his work before handing in the paper. Review should have a purpose: meaning, evidence, grammar or completeness.

Transfer practice: Rewrite the model in a different setting with Alicia, Tricia or Kai Kai while preserving review work. Then expand the phrase with one useful modifier, such as an adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase, without making the sentence heavy. Finally, remove the key word and retrieve it from memory after a delay.

The Make, Do, Take, Give, Keep and Reach Problem

Some of the most difficult collocations use very common verbs whose meaning becomes light or general inside a phrase. Students may know every individual word but still choose the wrong partner. English says make a plan, make a decision, make an effort; take responsibility, take care, take a step; give advice, give an explanation; keep a promise, keep in touch; and reach an agreement.

These patterns are worth learning as whole units because translating word-by-word from another language can produce combinations that are understandable but nonstandard. A short daily retrieval drill with ten phrases is often more effective than another page of isolated definitions.

20 Common Collocation Repairs

Unnatural or wrong	Natural collocation	Why
do an effort	make an effort	English convention pairs make with effort.
do a decision	make a decision	Decision normally takes make.
say the truth	tell the truth	Tell is the conventional verb with truth in this meaning.
do a plan	make a plan	Plan commonly takes make.
give a promise	make a promise / keep a promise	Make creates the promise; keep fulfils it.
get an agreement	reach an agreement	Reach highlights successful conclusion after discussion.
strongly worried	deeply worried / very worried	Deeply is a common intensifier with worried.
big risk	serious risk / high risk	Serious or high is more idiomatic in formal risk language.
make attention	pay attention	Pay attention is the fixed collocation.
do a conclusion	draw a conclusion / reach a conclusion	English pairs conclusion with draw or reach.
make evidence	gather evidence / provide evidence	Evidence is collected or provided, not made in this sense.
say an example	give/provide an example	Example pairs naturally with give or provide.
do a mistake	make a mistake	Mistake pairs with make.
repair a mistake	correct a mistake	Correct is the normal verb when changing an error in work.
make responsibility	take/accept responsibility	Take or accept expresses assuming responsibility.
strong rain	heavy rain	Heavy is the usual adjective with rain.
big concern	serious/growing concern	Concern commonly takes serious, major or growing.
do a question	ask a question	Ask is the conventional verb.
make advice	give advice	Advice is given, offered, sought or followed.
do time	manage time / spend time	Choose the verb according to the intended meaning.

Collocations in Comprehension Cloze

Collocation is one of the fastest ways to reduce the number of possible answers in a cloze passage. If the sentence reads “The team finally ___ an agreement”, many verbs are semantically related to success, but reached is strongly expected. If a student sees “___ attention to the warning”, pay should become highly available.

This does not mean collocation alone decides every answer. Grammar, wider context and meaning still matter. The best strategy is layered: predict the meaning, check the grammatical slot, notice the phrase pattern, and then confirm that the whole paragraph remains coherent.

Collocations in Composition Writing

Natural phrases improve fluency because they allow the writer to express complex ideas without constructing every combination from scratch. Take responsibility, offer support, overcome fear, rebuild trust are especially useful at turning points because they name meaningful actions and relationships.

The warning is the same as with all vocabulary: do not force phrases into a story simply because they were learned. A collocation is valuable when the event deserves it. Rebuild trust requires damaged trust and a repair process; catastrophic damage requires extreme harm. Context must earn the phrase.

Four-Week Collocation Plan

Week	Focus	Practice
1	Emotion, movement, communication	Learn 30 phrases as chunks; practise spoken retrieval and sentence variation.
2	Problems, learning, evidence	Sort by grammatical pattern and repair wrong verb-noun combinations.
3	Time, risk, relationships	Use phrases inside short passages and cloze tasks.
4	Writing and mixed retrieval	Revise one composition and one comprehension set for phrase accuracy and naturalness.

Final Collocation Checklist

Can I say the phrase quickly as one unit?
Do I know the grammatical pattern?
Do I know which word in the phrase can change and which partnership is conventional?
Can I recognise a common wrong combination?
Can I use the phrase in a new sentence without copying the model?
Can I retrieve the missing partner in a cloze sentence?
Does the phrase fit the intensity and situation of the passage?
Would a simpler natural phrase be better than a forced formal one?

Next Steps in the eduKate PSLE Vocabulary Lane

Use this page when the job is natural English word partnerships and phrase-level vocabulary. Use the Synonyms, Antonyms and Shades of Meaning list for semantic precision, the Transition and Linking Words list for cohesion, the Strong Action Verbs list for narrative action and the Context Clues and Comprehension Cloze list for reading. Return to the Vocabulary Learning Hub for the wider system.

The central principle is simple: learn useful words with the company they keep. Phrase-sized knowledge is faster to retrieve, harder to misuse and easier to transfer into real reading and writing.

Deep Retrieval Workshop: 100 Phrase Decisions

1. feel relieved: Start from the model—Alicia felt relieved when the lost wallet was returned. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using feel relieved, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Do not use relieved unless there was an earlier source of worry. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

2. deeply worried: Start from the model—Kai Kai was deeply worried when his younger cousin did not return on time. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adverb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using deeply worried, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Deeply works naturally with worried; strongly worried is less idiomatic. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

3. genuinely sorry: Start from the model—Tricia was genuinely sorry for blaming her friend too quickly. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adverb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using genuinely sorry, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Genuinely stresses sincerity. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

4. bitterly disappointed: Start from the model—Alicia was bitterly disappointed when the final was cancelled. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adverb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using bitterly disappointed, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Bitterly is natural with disappointed but not with every emotion adjective. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

5. extremely grateful: Start from the model—Kai Kai was extremely grateful to the stranger who returned his bag. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adverb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using extremely grateful, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Grateful normally takes to someone and for something. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

6. remain calm: Start from the model—Tricia remained calm while everyone else argued. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using remain calm, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Remain describes continuity of state. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

7. lose patience: Start from the model—Alicia began to lose patience after the fourth unexplained delay. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using lose patience, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We normally say lose patience, not lose the patience. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

8. burst into tears: Start from the model—The child burst into tears when he realised he was lost. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using burst into tears, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Burst into naturally combines with tears, laughter and similar sudden reactions. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

9. overcome fear: Start from the model—Kai Kai overcame his fear of public speaking through repeated practice. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using overcome fear, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Overcome fear implies progress against a real difficulty. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

10. sense of relief: Start from the model—A sense of relief spread through the group when the missing student was found. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: noun phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using sense of relief, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. This noun phrase is useful in reflective writing. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

11. take a step: Start from the model—Alicia took a step backwards when the shelf shifted. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using take a step, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Take, not make, is the usual verb here. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

12. make an effort: Start from the model—Kai Kai made an effort to include the quieter members of the group. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using make an effort, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We make an effort, not do an effort. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

13. catch sight of: Start from the model—Tricia caught sight of the missing sign behind the tree. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using catch sight of, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Catch sight of means notice visually, often briefly. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

14. lose balance: Start from the model—Alicia lost her balance on the wet step. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using lose balance, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. No article is normally needed before balance in this expression. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

15. rush towards: Start from the model—Kai Kai rushed towards the gate when he heard the child call for help. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + preposition. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using rush towards, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Towards shows direction; do not add unnecessary to after it. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

16. come to a halt: Start from the model—The bicycle came to a halt beside the fence. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using come to a halt, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. This is more formal than stop but useful for narrative variety. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

17. break into a run: Start from the model—Tricia broke into a run when the bus appeared at the corner. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using break into a run, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. The phrase marks a change of pace. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

18. keep pace with: Start from the model—Alicia struggled to keep pace with the older hikers. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using keep pace with, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. With is required in this pattern. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

19. reach for: Start from the model—Kai Kai reached for the falling cup. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + preposition. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using reach for, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Reach for is an attempt to take; reach can also mean arrive at. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

20. move aside: Start from the model—Tricia moved aside so the medic could pass. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adverb. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using move aside, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Aside means out of the way. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

21. ask permission: Start from the model—Alicia asked permission before borrowing the equipment. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using ask permission, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We ask permission, not request for permission in this simple pattern. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

22. give advice: Start from the model—Kai Kai gave his friend advice on preparing for the presentation. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using give advice, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Advice is uncountable in standard English. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

23. make a request: Start from the model—Tricia made a polite request for more time. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using make a request, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We make a request, not do a request. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

24. raise a concern: Start from the model—Alicia raised a concern about the damaged cable. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using raise a concern, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Raise is natural with concern, issue and question. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

25. express an opinion: Start from the model—Kai Kai expressed his opinion clearly but respectfully. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using express an opinion, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Express fits formal speaking and writing. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

26. offer an apology: Start from the model—Tricia offered an apology after realising her mistake. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using offer an apology, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Offer an apology is slightly more formal than apologise. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

27. give an explanation: Start from the model—Alicia gave a clear explanation of the delay. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using give an explanation, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Give is a common delexical verb here. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

28. tell the truth: Start from the model—Kai Kai decided to tell the truth before the misunderstanding grew worse. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using tell the truth, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We tell the truth, not say the truth in this standard collocation. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

29. keep a promise: Start from the model—Tricia kept her promise to return the book on Friday. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using keep a promise, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Keep a promise contrasts naturally with break a promise. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

30. reach an agreement: Start from the model—The two groups reached an agreement about how to share the space. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using reach an agreement, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We reach an agreement, not arrive an agreement. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

31. solve a problem: Start from the model—Alicia solved the problem by replacing the damaged part. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using solve a problem, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Solve applies to the problem; find applies to a solution. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

32. make a decision: Start from the model—Kai Kai made a decision after comparing both routes. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using make a decision, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We make a decision, not do a decision. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

33. take responsibility: Start from the model—Tricia took responsibility for forgetting the key. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using take responsibility, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Take responsibility is a high-value phrase for character development. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

34. face a challenge: Start from the model—Alicia faced the challenge calmly and divided it into smaller steps. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using face a challenge, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Face means confront rather than avoid. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

35. consider an option: Start from the model—Kai Kai considered an alternative option before committing to the route. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using consider an option, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Avoid redundant alternative option if simply option is enough. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

36. find a solution: Start from the model—Tricia found a practical solution to the storage problem. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using find a solution, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We find a solution to a problem. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

37. make a plan: Start from the model—The group made a plan before entering the exhibition hall. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using make a plan, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Make, not do, is the usual verb. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

38. change course: Start from the model—Alicia changed course when new evidence appeared. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using change course, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Can be literal movement or figurative strategy. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

39. deal with difficulty: Start from the model—Kai Kai learned to deal with difficulty without giving up immediately. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using deal with difficulty, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Deal with is a common multiword verb. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

40. learn from a mistake: Start from the model—Tricia learned from her mistake and checked the address next time. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using learn from a mistake, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. From marks the mistake as the source of learning. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

41. pay attention: Start from the model—Alicia paid attention to the connector at the start of the sentence. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using pay attention, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We pay attention, not give attention in this ordinary classroom expression. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

42. draw a conclusion: Start from the model—Kai Kai drew a conclusion only after checking two clues. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using draw a conclusion, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. A conclusion should follow evidence rather than guesswork. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

43. make an inference: Start from the model—Tricia made an inference from the character’s repeated glances at the door. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using make an inference, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Inference is an evidence-based reading move. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

44. identify a clue: Start from the model—Alicia identified a clue in the final sentence. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using identify a clue, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Identify asks what exactly the clue is. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

45. recall information: Start from the model—Kai Kai recalled the meaning without looking at his notes. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using recall information, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Recall is stronger evidence of learning than recognition alone. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

46. apply knowledge: Start from the model—Tricia applied her knowledge of context clues to an unfamiliar passage. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using apply knowledge, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Apply knowledge often takes to plus the new context. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

47. build understanding: Start from the model—Repeated explanation helped Alicia build understanding. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using build understanding, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Build suggests gradual development. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

48. develop a skill: Start from the model—Kai Kai developed the skill through short daily practice. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using develop a skill, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Develop works well with skill, habit and ability. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

49. ask a question: Start from the model—Tricia asked a question when the instruction was ambiguous. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using ask a question, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. We ask a question, not make a question. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

50. check an answer: Start from the model—Alicia checked her answer against the passage. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using check an answer, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Check often takes against when comparing with evidence. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

51. gather evidence: Start from the model—Kai Kai gathered evidence before deciding what had happened. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using gather evidence, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Evidence is usually uncountable in this use. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

52. support a claim: Start from the model—Tricia supported her claim with two details from the passage. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using support a claim, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Support should connect directly to the claim. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

53. provide an example: Start from the model—Alicia provided an example to clarify her explanation. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using provide an example, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Provide is more formal than give but natural here. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

54. explain a reason: Start from the model—Kai Kai explained the reason for choosing the safer route. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using explain a reason, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Reason for is a useful noun pattern. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

55. compare results: Start from the model—The students compared results before changing the method. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using compare results, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Compare can take with or to depending on meaning. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

56. interpret data: Start from the model—Tricia interpreted the data carefully instead of reading one number alone. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using interpret data, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Interpret is about meaning, not merely copying. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

57. evaluate evidence: Start from the model—Alicia evaluated the evidence before accepting the explanation. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using evaluate evidence, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Evaluate goes beyond collecting. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

58. verify information: Start from the model—Kai Kai verified the information using the official notice. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using verify information, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Verify needs a reliable reference point. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

59. identify a pattern: Start from the model—Tricia identified a pattern in the repeated errors. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using identify a pattern, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Pattern recognition can support prediction. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

60. state a fact: Start from the model—Alicia stated a fact before giving her opinion. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using state a fact, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Distinguish facts from interpretations or preferences. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

61. sudden change: Start from the model—A sudden change in weather forced the group indoors. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using sudden change, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Sudden should match abrupt timing. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

62. gradual increase: Start from the model—The graph showed a gradual increase in attendance. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using gradual increase, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Gradual implies development over time. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

63. steady decline: Start from the model—The battery showed a steady decline in power. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using steady decline, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Steady describes pattern, not speed. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

64. brief delay: Start from the model—A brief delay occurred while the gate was checked. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using brief delay, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Brief should not describe a long interruption. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

65. long-term effect: Start from the model—Regular reading can have a long-term effect on vocabulary growth. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using long-term effect, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Hyphenate long-term before a noun in standard usage. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

66. immediate response: Start from the model—The alarm produced an immediate response from the staff. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using immediate response, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Immediate is stronger than quick. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

67. final outcome: Start from the model—The final outcome depended on whether the repair held. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using final outcome, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Outcome already implies a result; final adds emphasis on end-state. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

68. turning point: Start from the model—The apology became a turning point in their friendship. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: noun phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using turning point, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. A true turning point changes what follows. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

69. growing concern: Start from the model—There was growing concern about the rising water level. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using growing concern, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Growing signals an upward trend. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

70. repeated attempt: Start from the model—After repeated attempts, Kai Kai finally loosened the lid. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using repeated attempt, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Repeated suggests more than one try. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

71. serious risk: Start from the model—The exposed wire posed a serious risk. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using serious risk, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Serious modifies the level of danger. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

72. potential danger: Start from the model—The loose railing was a potential danger. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using potential danger, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Potential means possible, not certain. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

73. safety precaution: Start from the model—Wearing gloves was a sensible safety precaution. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: noun + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using safety precaution, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. A precaution happens before the harm. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

74. emergency exit: Start from the model—The students kept the emergency exit clear. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: noun + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using emergency exit, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Emergency exit is a fixed compound phrase. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

75. follow instructions: Start from the model—Alicia followed the instructions before switching on the device. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using follow instructions, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Follow naturally collocates with instructions, rules and advice. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

76. avoid injury: Start from the model—Kai Kai moved the cable aside to avoid injury. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using avoid injury, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Avoid is followed by a noun or -ing form. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

77. prevent damage: Start from the model—The waterproof cover helped prevent damage to the equipment. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using prevent damage, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Prevent means the damage is stopped, not merely reduced. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

78. seek help: Start from the model—Tricia sought help when the smoke detector sounded. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using seek help, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Seek is more formal than look for. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

79. remain alert: Start from the model—The hikers remained alert near the slippery crossing. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adjective. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using remain alert, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Remain describes a continuing state. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

80. take care: Start from the model—Alicia took care when carrying the fragile model. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using take care, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Take care can mean be cautious or provide care; context decides. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

81. show respect: Start from the model—Kai Kai showed respect by listening without interrupting. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using show respect, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Respect becomes visible through behaviour. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

82. earn trust: Start from the model—Tricia earned trust by keeping her promises. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using earn trust, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Trust is often earned over repeated actions. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

83. lose confidence: Start from the model—Alicia began to lose confidence after several careless mistakes. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using lose confidence, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Lose confidence can refer to oneself or confidence in another person. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

84. offer support: Start from the model—Kai Kai offered support when his teammate became discouraged. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using offer support, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Support can be emotional or practical. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

85. lend a hand: Start from the model—Tricia lent a hand with the heavy boxes. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: idiomatic phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using lend a hand, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. This idiom means help, not literally lend a body part. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

86. work together: Start from the model—The three students worked together to organise the materials. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adverb. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using work together, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Simple, natural and often stronger than forced teamwork jargon. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

87. keep in touch: Start from the model—Alicia and her exchange partner kept in touch after the trip. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using keep in touch, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Fixed expression; do not add unnecessary with unless naming the person. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

88. settle a disagreement: Start from the model—Kai Kai helped settle a disagreement about the shared equipment. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using settle a disagreement, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Settle means bring the dispute to resolution. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

89. accept responsibility: Start from the model—Tricia accepted responsibility for the damaged poster. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using accept responsibility, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Accept responsibility often follows recognition of fault. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

90. rebuild trust: Start from the model—Alicia rebuilt trust by being honest and reliable over time. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using rebuild trust, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Trust usually returns through repeated behaviour, not one sentence. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

91. write clearly: Start from the model—Kai Kai wrote clearly and kept each paragraph focused. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adverb. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using write clearly, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Clearly refers to communication, not handwriting alone. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

92. choose precise words: Start from the model—Tricia chose precise words instead of forcing difficult ones. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + adjective + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using choose precise words, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Precision matters more than difficulty. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

93. organise ideas: Start from the model—Alicia organised her ideas before beginning the composition. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using organise ideas, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Organise precedes fluent drafting. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

94. develop a paragraph: Start from the model—Kai Kai developed the paragraph with an example and explanation. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using develop a paragraph, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Develop means add meaningful support, not simply more length. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

95. support an answer: Start from the model—Tricia supported her answer with a phrase from the passage. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using support an answer, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Support links evidence to the response. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

96. answer in context: Start from the model—Alicia answered in context instead of giving a memorised definition. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb phrase. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using answer in context, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Context limits what counts as a good answer. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

97. check grammar: Start from the model—Kai Kai checked grammar after finishing the first draft. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using check grammar, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Separate meaning revision from surface checking when possible. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

98. correct a mistake: Start from the model—Tricia corrected a mistake before submitting the paper. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using correct a mistake, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Correct is the verb; correction is the noun. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

99. manage time: Start from the model—Alicia managed time by leaving five minutes for checking. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using manage time, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Time management is part of examination execution. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

100. review work: Start from the model—Kai Kai reviewed his work before handing in the paper. Say the phrase three times as one unit, then identify its pattern: verb + noun. Explain why the key words naturally belong together and invent one common-sense but non-idiomatic alternative. Next, build a new sentence in a different context using review work, add one modifier without breaking the phrase, and turn the sentence into a cloze item for delayed retrieval. Review should have a purpose: meaning, evidence, grammar or completeness. The objective is automatic, precise phrase selection rather than word-by-word assembly.

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