Top 100 SEC (Singapore Education Vocabulary) Vocabulary List | Composition Theme: Media, News and Information Literacy

Here are 100 SEC-ready vocabulary words for the composition theme Media, News and Information Literacy. This eduKate-curated list is for Singapore secondary English composition practice rather than an official SEAB prescribed word list. Start with the 100 words immediately, then move into meanings, composition use and transfer work.

Media
News
Journalism
Journalist
Source
Evidence
Fact
Opinion
Claim
Verification
Accuracy
Credibility
Reliability
Bias
Objectivity
Impartiality
Context
Headline
Article
Report
Commentary
Editorial
Interview
Witness
Attribution
Citation
Publication
Broadcast
Platform
Algorithm
Feed
Trend
Viral
Engagement
Audience
Misinformation
Disinformation
Rumour
Propaganda
Manipulation
Persuasion
Sensationalism
Clickbait
Deepfake
Fabrication
Hoax
Scam
Satire
Parody
Transparency
Accountability
Correction
Retraction
Fact-checking
Corroboration
Primary source
Secondary source
Expert
Authority
Conflict of interest
Agenda
Framing
Narrative
Representation
Stereotype
Polarisation
Echo chamber
Filter bubble
Confirmation bias
Media literacy
Information literacy
Digital literacy
Critical thinking
Scepticism
Nuance
Interpretation
Inference
Data
Statistic
Graph
Survey
Sample
Methodology
Research
Privacy
Surveillance
Ethics
Copyright
Plagiarism
Defamation
Freedom of expression
Censorship
Regulation
Public interest
Trust
Reputation
Attention
Distraction
Information overload
Newsworthiness

Top 100 SEC Vocabulary Words: Media, News and Information Literacy — Meanings and Composition Use

Why Media, News and Information Literacy Is a High-Value SEC Composition Theme

Media and news themes are increasingly useful because students constantly meet claims through headlines, feeds, short videos, messages and search results. A strong composition distinguishes fact from opinion, source from evidence, misinformation from deliberate disinformation, and scepticism from cynicism. These distinctions make both narrative and argumentative writing more precise.

Information literacy adds the decision-making layer. Readers need to verify, corroborate, inspect methodology, recognise framing and understand how algorithms shape attention. The strongest essays do not simply tell people to “be careful online”. They explain how credibility is built, how false information spreads and what responsible audiences and publishers can do about it.

Folded Into the Wider eduKate Ecosystem

Media and Information Literacy owns the deeper source-evaluation system. Secondary 2 Media Literacy Vocabulary owns the Grade 8 level-specific route. Social Media, Technology and Human Relationships remains the relationship-centred technology composition owner.

The wider network continues through eduKateSG, eduKateSingapore, eduKateYishun, eduKatePunggol, eduKateSengkang, BukitTimahTutor and SETC. This article remains the exact SEC composition-theme vocabulary owner.

Word-by-Word SEC Composition Application Guide

1. Media

Working meaning: channels and organisations used to communicate information to large audiences. Use Media only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Precision test: Replace the target term with simpler English. If nothing important changes, keep the simpler version. If a useful distinction disappears, restore the target word and keep the surrounding sentence clear.

Transfer: Use Media in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

Editing move: Ask what job the word performs—naming a source, quality, process, relationship, choice or outcome. If the job is unclear, strengthen the underlying idea before adding more vocabulary.

2. News

Working meaning: reported information about recent or important events. Use News only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use News in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

3. Journalism

Working meaning: the professional practice of gathering, verifying and reporting information. Use Journalism only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Journalism in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

4. Journalist

Working meaning: a person who researches, verifies and reports news or public information. Use Journalist only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Journalist in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

5. Source

Working meaning: a person, document or dataset from which information is obtained. Use Source only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Source in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

6. Evidence

Working meaning: information used to support or test a claim. Use Evidence only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Evidence in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

7. Fact

Working meaning: a statement that can be checked against evidence. Use Fact only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Fact in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

8. Opinion

Working meaning: a belief or judgement that may not be objectively verifiable. Use Opinion only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Opinion in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

9. Claim

Working meaning: a statement presented as true and requiring support. Use Claim only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Claim in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

10. Verification

Working meaning: the process of checking whether information is accurate or genuine. Use Verification only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Verification in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

11. Accuracy

Working meaning: the quality of being correct and free from factual error. Use Accuracy only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Accuracy in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

12. Credibility

Working meaning: the quality of being believable and trustworthy. Use Credibility only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Credibility in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

13. Reliability

Working meaning: the degree to which a source or method is consistently dependable. Use Reliability only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Reliability in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

14. Bias

Working meaning: a tendency that unfairly favours one interpretation or outcome. Use Bias only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Bias in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

15. Objectivity

Working meaning: an effort to base judgement on evidence rather than personal preference. Use Objectivity only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Objectivity in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

16. Impartiality

Working meaning: fairness that avoids favouring one side without proper reason. Use Impartiality only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Impartiality in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

17. Context

Working meaning: the surrounding circumstances needed to understand meaning accurately. Use Context only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Context in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

18. Headline

Working meaning: the title of a news report designed to summarise or attract attention. Use Headline only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Headline in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

19. Article

Working meaning: a written piece published for an audience. Use Article only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Article in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

20. Report

Working meaning: a structured account of information, events or findings. Use Report only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Report in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

21. Commentary

Working meaning: analysis or opinion about events, issues or ideas. Use Commentary only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Commentary in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

22. Editorial

Working meaning: an article expressing the view of an editor or publication. Use Editorial only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Editorial in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

23. Interview

Working meaning: a structured conversation used to gather information or viewpoints. Use Interview only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Interview in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

24. Witness

Working meaning: a person who saw, heard or knows something relevant to an event. Use Witness only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Witness in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

25. Attribution

Working meaning: identifying where information, words or ideas came from. Use Attribution only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Attribution in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

26. Citation

Working meaning: a reference showing the source of information or ideas. Use Citation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Citation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

27. Publication

Working meaning: the process or product of making information available to the public. Use Publication only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Publication in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

28. Broadcast

Working meaning: the transmission of audio or video content to an audience. Use Broadcast only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Broadcast in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

29. Platform

Working meaning: a service or system through which content is published or shared. Use Platform only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Platform in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

30. Algorithm

Working meaning: a set of rules used by a system to rank, recommend or process information. Use Algorithm only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Algorithm in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

31. Feed

Working meaning: a stream of content presented to a user on a digital platform. Use Feed only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Feed in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

32. Trend

Working meaning: a general direction of attention, behaviour or change over time. Use Trend only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Trend in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

33. Viral

Working meaning: spreading rapidly through online sharing and attention. Use Viral only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Viral in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

34. Engagement

Working meaning: measurable audience interaction such as reading, liking, sharing or commenting. Use Engagement only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Engagement in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

35. Audience

Working meaning: the people receiving a media message. Use Audience only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Audience in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

36. Misinformation

Working meaning: false or inaccurate information shared without necessarily intending harm. Use Misinformation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Misinformation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

37. Disinformation

Working meaning: false information deliberately created or shared to mislead. Use Disinformation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Disinformation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

38. Rumour

Working meaning: unverified information passed from person to person. Use Rumour only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Rumour in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

39. Propaganda

Working meaning: communication designed to influence attitudes using selective or manipulative methods. Use Propaganda only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Propaganda in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

40. Manipulation

Working meaning: hidden or unfair influence used to shape another person’s judgement. Use Manipulation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Manipulation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

41. Persuasion

Working meaning: the process of influencing beliefs or decisions through reasons or communication. Use Persuasion only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Persuasion in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

42. Sensationalism

Working meaning: presentation that exaggerates drama or emotion to attract attention. Use Sensationalism only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Sensationalism in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

43. Clickbait

Working meaning: a headline or presentation designed mainly to attract clicks rather than inform accurately. Use Clickbait only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Clickbait in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

44. Deepfake

Working meaning: synthetic media altered or generated to imitate a real person or event convincingly. Use Deepfake only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Deepfake in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

45. Fabrication

Working meaning: the invention of false information, evidence or quotations. Use Fabrication only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Fabrication in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

46. Hoax

Working meaning: a deliberately created deception presented as genuine. Use Hoax only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Hoax in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

47. Scam

Working meaning: a deceptive scheme designed to obtain money, information or advantage. Use Scam only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Scam in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

48. Satire

Working meaning: humorous or critical imitation used to expose flaws in people or society. Use Satire only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Satire in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

49. Parody

Working meaning: comic imitation of a style, work or person. Use Parody only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Parody in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

50. Transparency

Working meaning: openness about methods, sources, interests or decisions. Use Transparency only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Transparency in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

51. Accountability

Working meaning: the duty to explain decisions and take ownership of errors. Use Accountability only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Accountability in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

52. Correction

Working meaning: a published change that fixes an error. Use Correction only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Correction in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

53. Retraction

Working meaning: formal withdrawal of a claim or publication because it is unreliable or wrong. Use Retraction only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Retraction in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

54. Fact-checking

Working meaning: systematic verification of factual claims. Use Fact-checking only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Fact-checking in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

55. Corroboration

Working meaning: confirmation of a claim using independent supporting evidence. Use Corroboration only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Corroboration in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

56. Primary source

Working meaning: original evidence created by a participant, witness or direct record. Use Primary source only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Primary source in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

57. Secondary source

Working meaning: analysis or interpretation based on primary or other sources. Use Secondary source only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Secondary source in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

58. Expert

Working meaning: a person with advanced knowledge or skill in a field. Use Expert only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Expert in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

59. Authority

Working meaning: a source recognised as having legitimate expertise or official responsibility. Use Authority only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Authority in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

60. Conflict of interest

Working meaning: a situation in which personal interests could improperly affect judgement. Use Conflict of interest only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Conflict of interest in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

61. Agenda

Working meaning: a set of priorities or goals that may shape what is emphasised. Use Agenda only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Agenda in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

62. Framing

Working meaning: the way information is selected and presented to influence interpretation. Use Framing only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Framing in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

63. Narrative

Working meaning: an organised account that gives events a particular sequence and meaning. Use Narrative only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Narrative in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

64. Representation

Working meaning: the way people, groups or issues are portrayed. Use Representation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Representation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

65. Stereotype

Working meaning: an oversimplified belief about a group or type of person. Use Stereotype only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Stereotype in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

66. Polarisation

Working meaning: movement towards strongly divided opposing positions. Use Polarisation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Polarisation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

67. Echo chamber

Working meaning: an environment where people repeatedly encounter views similar to their own. Use Echo chamber only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Echo chamber in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

68. Filter bubble

Working meaning: a personalised information environment that limits exposure to differing material. Use Filter bubble only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Filter bubble in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

69. Confirmation bias

Working meaning: the tendency to favour information that supports existing beliefs. Use Confirmation bias only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Confirmation bias in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

70. Media literacy

Working meaning: the ability to access, analyse, evaluate and create media critically. Use Media literacy only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Media literacy in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

71. Information literacy

Working meaning: the ability to find, evaluate and use information effectively. Use Information literacy only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Information literacy in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

72. Digital literacy

Working meaning: the ability to use digital tools and information critically and responsibly. Use Digital literacy only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Digital literacy in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

73. Critical thinking

Working meaning: careful evaluation of claims, evidence and alternatives. Use Critical thinking only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Critical thinking in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

74. Scepticism

Working meaning: a questioning attitude that seeks sufficient evidence before acceptance. Use Scepticism only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Scepticism in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

75. Nuance

Working meaning: a small but important difference in meaning or interpretation. Use Nuance only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Nuance in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

76. Interpretation

Working meaning: the meaning a person gives to information or evidence. Use Interpretation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Interpretation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

77. Inference

Working meaning: a conclusion reached from evidence and context rather than direct statement. Use Inference only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Inference in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

78. Data

Working meaning: recorded information used for analysis or decision-making. Use Data only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Data in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

79. Statistic

Working meaning: a numerical measure used to summarise or compare data. Use Statistic only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Statistic in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

80. Graph

Working meaning: a visual display used to show numerical relationships or trends. Use Graph only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Graph in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

81. Survey

Working meaning: a method of collecting information from a group of respondents. Use Survey only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Survey in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

82. Sample

Working meaning: a subset selected to represent a larger population. Use Sample only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Sample in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

83. Methodology

Working meaning: the methods and procedures used to gather and analyse information. Use Methodology only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Methodology in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

84. Research

Working meaning: systematic investigation undertaken to answer questions or create knowledge. Use Research only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Research in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

85. Privacy

Working meaning: the ability to control access to personal information. Use Privacy only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Privacy in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

86. Surveillance

Working meaning: systematic observation or monitoring. Use Surveillance only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Surveillance in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

87. Ethics

Working meaning: principles used to judge responsible conduct. Use Ethics only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Ethics in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

88. Copyright

Working meaning: legal protection for original creative works. Use Copyright only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Copyright in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

89. Plagiarism

Working meaning: presenting another person’s words or ideas as one’s own without acknowledgement. Use Plagiarism only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Plagiarism in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

90. Defamation

Working meaning: a false statement that unjustly damages another person’s reputation. Use Defamation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Defamation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

91. Freedom of expression

Working meaning: the principle that people may communicate ideas within lawful limits. Use Freedom of expression only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Freedom of expression in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

92. Censorship

Working meaning: restriction or suppression of information, speech or creative expression. Use Censorship only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Censorship in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

93. Regulation

Working meaning: rules created by authorities to control important or risky activity. Use Regulation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Regulation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

94. Public interest

Working meaning: the wellbeing or benefit of the wider community. Use Public interest only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Public interest in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

95. Trust

Working meaning: confidence that information or institutions are honest and dependable. Use Trust only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Trust in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

96. Reputation

Working meaning: the general opinion others hold about a person or organisation. Use Reputation only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Reputation in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

97. Attention

Working meaning: focused awareness directed towards information or content. Use Attention only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Attention in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

98. Distraction

Working meaning: something that pulls attention away from a task or message. Use Distraction only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Distraction in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

99. Information overload

Working meaning: difficulty caused by receiving more information than can be processed effectively. Use Information overload only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Information overload in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

100. Newsworthiness

Working meaning: the degree to which an event is considered important or interesting enough to report. Use Newsworthiness only when that distinction genuinely matters to the paragraph. The reader should be able to infer the idea from the evidence, action, setting or consequence.

Transfer: Use Newsworthiness in one narrative sentence, one reflective sentence and one argumentative sentence. Then write one sentence where the term would be inaccurate or too strong. This negative example teaches the boundary of meaning.

Ten Vocabulary Clusters for Fast Planning

Cluster 1: Media, News, Journalism

Media — channels and organisations used to communicate information to large audiences
News — reported information about recent or important events
Journalism — the professional practice of gathering, verifying and reporting information
Journalist — a person who researches, verifies and reports news or public information
Source — a person, document or dataset from which information is obtained
Evidence — information used to support or test a claim
Fact — a statement that can be checked against evidence
Opinion — a belief or judgement that may not be objectively verifiable
Claim — a statement presented as true and requiring support
Verification — the process of checking whether information is accurate or genuine

Choose four to six terms and organise them as context → pressure → response → consequence → reflection. If the paragraph becomes a glossary, remove some vocabulary and add a concrete example or scene.

Cluster 2: Accuracy, Credibility, Reliability

Accuracy — the quality of being correct and free from factual error
Credibility — the quality of being believable and trustworthy
Reliability — the degree to which a source or method is consistently dependable
Bias — a tendency that unfairly favours one interpretation or outcome
Objectivity — an effort to base judgement on evidence rather than personal preference
Impartiality — fairness that avoids favouring one side without proper reason
Context — the surrounding circumstances needed to understand meaning accurately
Headline — the title of a news report designed to summarise or attract attention
Article — a written piece published for an audience
Report — a structured account of information, events or findings

Cluster 3: Commentary, Editorial, Interview

Commentary — analysis or opinion about events, issues or ideas
Editorial — an article expressing the view of an editor or publication
Interview — a structured conversation used to gather information or viewpoints
Witness — a person who saw, heard or knows something relevant to an event
Attribution — identifying where information, words or ideas came from
Citation — a reference showing the source of information or ideas
Publication — the process or product of making information available to the public
Broadcast — the transmission of audio or video content to an audience
Platform — a service or system through which content is published or shared
Algorithm — a set of rules used by a system to rank, recommend or process information

Cluster 4: Feed, Trend, Viral

Feed — a stream of content presented to a user on a digital platform
Trend — a general direction of attention, behaviour or change over time
Viral — spreading rapidly through online sharing and attention
Engagement — measurable audience interaction such as reading, liking, sharing or commenting
Audience — the people receiving a media message
Misinformation — false or inaccurate information shared without necessarily intending harm
Disinformation — false information deliberately created or shared to mislead
Rumour — unverified information passed from person to person
Propaganda — communication designed to influence attitudes using selective or manipulative methods
Manipulation — hidden or unfair influence used to shape another person’s judgement

Cluster 5: Persuasion, Sensationalism, Clickbait

Persuasion — the process of influencing beliefs or decisions through reasons or communication
Sensationalism — presentation that exaggerates drama or emotion to attract attention
Clickbait — a headline or presentation designed mainly to attract clicks rather than inform accurately
Deepfake — synthetic media altered or generated to imitate a real person or event convincingly
Fabrication — the invention of false information, evidence or quotations
Hoax — a deliberately created deception presented as genuine
Scam — a deceptive scheme designed to obtain money, information or advantage
Satire — humorous or critical imitation used to expose flaws in people or society
Parody — comic imitation of a style, work or person
Transparency — openness about methods, sources, interests or decisions

Cluster 6: Accountability, Correction, Retraction

Accountability — the duty to explain decisions and take ownership of errors
Correction — a published change that fixes an error
Retraction — formal withdrawal of a claim or publication because it is unreliable or wrong
Fact-checking — systematic verification of factual claims
Corroboration — confirmation of a claim using independent supporting evidence
Primary source — original evidence created by a participant, witness or direct record
Secondary source — analysis or interpretation based on primary or other sources
Expert — a person with advanced knowledge or skill in a field
Authority — a source recognised as having legitimate expertise or official responsibility
Conflict of interest — a situation in which personal interests could improperly affect judgement

Cluster 7: Agenda, Framing, Narrative

Agenda — a set of priorities or goals that may shape what is emphasised
Framing — the way information is selected and presented to influence interpretation
Narrative — an organised account that gives events a particular sequence and meaning
Representation — the way people, groups or issues are portrayed
Stereotype — an oversimplified belief about a group or type of person
Polarisation — movement towards strongly divided opposing positions
Echo chamber — an environment where people repeatedly encounter views similar to their own
Filter bubble — a personalised information environment that limits exposure to differing material
Confirmation bias — the tendency to favour information that supports existing beliefs
Media literacy — the ability to access, analyse, evaluate and create media critically

Cluster 8: Information literacy, Digital literacy, Critical thinking

Information literacy — the ability to find, evaluate and use information effectively
Digital literacy — the ability to use digital tools and information critically and responsibly
Critical thinking — careful evaluation of claims, evidence and alternatives
Scepticism — a questioning attitude that seeks sufficient evidence before acceptance
Nuance — a small but important difference in meaning or interpretation
Interpretation — the meaning a person gives to information or evidence
Inference — a conclusion reached from evidence and context rather than direct statement
Data — recorded information used for analysis or decision-making
Statistic — a numerical measure used to summarise or compare data
Graph — a visual display used to show numerical relationships or trends

Cluster 9: Survey, Sample, Methodology

Survey — a method of collecting information from a group of respondents
Sample — a subset selected to represent a larger population
Methodology — the methods and procedures used to gather and analyse information
Research — systematic investigation undertaken to answer questions or create knowledge
Privacy — the ability to control access to personal information
Surveillance — systematic observation or monitoring
Ethics — principles used to judge responsible conduct
Copyright — legal protection for original creative works
Plagiarism — presenting another person’s words or ideas as one’s own without acknowledgement
Defamation — a false statement that unjustly damages another person’s reputation

Cluster 10: Freedom of expression, Censorship, Regulation

Freedom of expression — the principle that people may communicate ideas within lawful limits
Censorship — restriction or suppression of information, speech or creative expression
Regulation — rules created by authorities to control important or risky activity
Public interest — the wellbeing or benefit of the wider community
Trust — confidence that information or institutions are honest and dependable
Reputation — the general opinion others hold about a person or organisation
Attention — focused awareness directed towards information or content
Distraction — something that pulls attention away from a task or message
Information overload — difficulty caused by receiving more information than can be processed effectively
Newsworthiness — the degree to which an event is considered important or interesting enough to report

20 SEC Composition Prompts for Media, News and Information Literacy

Prompt 1: Write about a rumour that spread before anyone checked it.

Plan the response before selecting vocabulary. For narrative writing, make the central choice or turning point visible. For reflective writing, show how understanding changes. For argumentative writing, explain the mechanism behind the claim, use a specific example and answer a serious counterargument.

Prompt 2: “People should verify before they share.” What are your views?

Prompt 3: Describe a headline that created a misleading impression.

Prompt 4: Write about a person who changed an opinion after checking evidence.

Prompt 5: “Algorithms shape what people notice.” Discuss.

Prompt 6: Describe a situation involving misinformation.

Prompt 7: Write about a source that appeared credible but was not.

Prompt 8: “Media literacy is an essential life skill.” What are your views?

Prompt 9: Describe a correction that came too late.

Prompt 10: Write about a conflict caused by a viral post.

Prompt 11: “Scepticism is healthier than cynicism.” Discuss.

Prompt 12: Describe someone comparing several sources before deciding what to believe.

Prompt 13: Write about a deepfake or fabricated image and its consequences.

Prompt 14: “Freedom of expression requires responsibility.” What are your views?

Prompt 15: Describe a journalist or student reporter handling conflicting evidence.

Prompt 16: Write about information overload and attention.

Prompt 17: “A popular claim is not necessarily a reliable claim.” Discuss.

Prompt 18: Describe the effect of framing on how an event was understood.

Prompt 19: Write about a time when context changed the meaning of a story.

Prompt 20: “Trust in media must be earned through transparency and correction.” What are your views?

100 Retrieval and Transfer Checks

Practice 1: Media

Define Media from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 2: News

Define News from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 3: Journalism

Define Journalism from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 4: Journalist

Define Journalist from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 5: Source

Define Source from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 6: Evidence

Define Evidence from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 7: Fact

Define Fact from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 8: Opinion

Define Opinion from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 9: Claim

Define Claim from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 10: Verification

Define Verification from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 11: Accuracy

Define Accuracy from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 12: Credibility

Define Credibility from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 13: Reliability

Define Reliability from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 14: Bias

Define Bias from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 15: Objectivity

Define Objectivity from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 16: Impartiality

Define Impartiality from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 17: Context

Define Context from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 18: Headline

Define Headline from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 19: Article

Define Article from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 20: Report

Define Report from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 21: Commentary

Define Commentary from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 22: Editorial

Define Editorial from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 23: Interview

Define Interview from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 24: Witness

Define Witness from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 25: Attribution

Define Attribution from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 26: Citation

Define Citation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 27: Publication

Define Publication from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 28: Broadcast

Define Broadcast from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 29: Platform

Define Platform from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 30: Algorithm

Define Algorithm from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 31: Feed

Define Feed from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 32: Trend

Define Trend from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 33: Viral

Define Viral from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 34: Engagement

Define Engagement from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 35: Audience

Define Audience from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 36: Misinformation

Define Misinformation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 37: Disinformation

Define Disinformation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 38: Rumour

Define Rumour from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 39: Propaganda

Define Propaganda from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 40: Manipulation

Define Manipulation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 41: Persuasion

Define Persuasion from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 42: Sensationalism

Define Sensationalism from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 43: Clickbait

Define Clickbait from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 44: Deepfake

Define Deepfake from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 45: Fabrication

Define Fabrication from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 46: Hoax

Define Hoax from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 47: Scam

Define Scam from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 48: Satire

Define Satire from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 49: Parody

Define Parody from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 50: Transparency

Define Transparency from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 51: Accountability

Define Accountability from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 52: Correction

Define Correction from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 53: Retraction

Define Retraction from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 54: Fact-checking

Define Fact-checking from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 55: Corroboration

Define Corroboration from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 56: Primary source

Define Primary source from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 57: Secondary source

Define Secondary source from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 58: Expert

Define Expert from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 59: Authority

Define Authority from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 60: Conflict of interest

Define Conflict of interest from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 61: Agenda

Define Agenda from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 62: Framing

Define Framing from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 63: Narrative

Define Narrative from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 64: Representation

Define Representation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 65: Stereotype

Define Stereotype from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 66: Polarisation

Define Polarisation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 67: Echo chamber

Define Echo chamber from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 68: Filter bubble

Define Filter bubble from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 69: Confirmation bias

Define Confirmation bias from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 70: Media literacy

Define Media literacy from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 71: Information literacy

Define Information literacy from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 72: Digital literacy

Define Digital literacy from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 73: Critical thinking

Define Critical thinking from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 74: Scepticism

Define Scepticism from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 75: Nuance

Define Nuance from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 76: Interpretation

Define Interpretation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 77: Inference

Define Inference from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 78: Data

Define Data from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 79: Statistic

Define Statistic from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 80: Graph

Define Graph from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 81: Survey

Define Survey from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 82: Sample

Define Sample from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 83: Methodology

Define Methodology from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 84: Research

Define Research from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 85: Privacy

Define Privacy from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 86: Surveillance

Define Surveillance from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 87: Ethics

Define Ethics from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 88: Copyright

Define Copyright from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 89: Plagiarism

Define Plagiarism from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 90: Defamation

Define Defamation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 91: Freedom of expression

Define Freedom of expression from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 92: Censorship

Define Censorship from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 93: Regulation

Define Regulation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 94: Public interest

Define Public interest from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 95: Trust

Define Trust from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 96: Reputation

Define Reputation from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 97: Attention

Define Attention from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 98: Distraction

Define Distraction from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 99: Information overload

Define Information overload from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Practice 100: Newsworthiness

Define Newsworthiness from memory. Write one fresh sentence that shows its meaning through action, evidence or consequence. Replace it with a weaker alternative and explain what precision is lost. Then write one inaccurate use and repair it.

Extended SEC Composition Drill 1

Work with Opinion, Feed, Authority and Ethics. Define them from memory, then assign each one a role in the composition: cause, evidence, response, consequence or reflection.