Top 100 Vocabulary for Visiting and Touring EU | Brno brings together heredity, plants, modernist homes and the language of careful observation. Each entry has English IPA, simplified Chinese, Mandarin pinyin, an original definition, an example and an individual usage note.
A seed in a pod. A question in a notebook. A window that changes the feeling of a room. Brno gives you lovely reasons to slow down and ask how things work. Let’s find the words that turn a small discovery into a happy conversation!
You do not need a science degree or an architecture textbook. Choose five words, connect each with a visible part or a clear idea, and ask one friendly follow-up question. Understanding one thing well is a wonderful start.
城市：Brno — 布尔诺 (bù ěr nuò). Czech-style pronunciation: /ˈbr̩.no/, with a syllabic r. The city is in Czechia. The EU country profile identifies the Czech koruna as its currency; EU membership does not mean a country uses the euro. For the wider country route, see eduKate’s Czechia vocabulary guide.
Visitor notice, checked 2 October 2026: the 5 August 2026 notice says the Old Brno Abbey Museum is temporarily closed for renovation, with no reopening date announced. It explicitly says the Mendel Museum and other abbey tours remain open. These are different visitor attractions. Check the route you actually want, rather than treating the whole abbey as closed.
中文行程提示：老布尔诺修道院博物馆因整修暂时关闭，但公告明确说明，孟德尔博物馆与修道院的其他导览仍开放。先确认场馆名称，再确认日期与路线。
About “Top 100”: this is eduKate’s teaching selection, not an official frequency or search-volume ranking. These headwords were checked against the existing twenty-one-city register. Ordinary words naturally recur in sentences, but the numbered teaching entries are distinct. Everyday transport, hotel and meal language is available in the Berlin travel foundations.
Pronunciation: vocabulary entries use broad American English IPA, with British spellings such as fertilisation. ˈ marks primary stress and ˌ secondary stress. The city pronunciation is separately identified as Czech-style. Pinyin represents the Chinese meaning, not the English sound. Dictionary tones are shown; connected speech may change how a tone is realised.
给中文读者：先理解概念，再读例句，最后提出自己的问题。把“我看见什么”“资料说明什么”“我还想知道什么”分开，英语会更清楚，旅行也会更有趣。
1–25: Heredity and genetics · 26–50: Plants and observation · 51–75: Homes and materials · 76–100: Evidence and clear explanations · Brno places and history · Bilingual conversations · Learning practice · Worked examples and self-check
1–10: heredity to recessive
11–20: homozygous to offspring
21–30: segregation to germination
31–40: root to ovule
41–50: cotyledon to trowel
51–60: functionalism to linoleum
61–70: duvet to radiator
71–80: thermostat to hypothesis
81–90: data to estimate
91–100: approximate to classification
Brno vocabulary 1–25 | Heredity and genetics: separate the levels
A gene, an allele and a chromosome name different things. Start with a diagram and one comparison. Modern DNA explanations help us understand inheritance today; they are not discoveries Mendel himself made.
| No. | Word or expression | Pronunciation (IPA) | 简体中文 | Mandarin pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | heredity | /həˈredəti/ | 遗传 | yí chuán |
| 2 | genetics | /dʒəˈnetɪks/ | 遗传学 | yí chuán xué |
| 3 | gene | /dʒiːn/ | 基因 | jī yīn |
| 4 | allele | /əˈliːl/ | 等位基因 | děng wèi jī yīn |
| 5 | chromosome | /ˈkroʊməsoʊm/ | 染色体 | rǎn sè tǐ |
| 6 | DNA | /ˌdiː en ˈeɪ/ | 脱氧核糖核酸 | tuō yǎng hé táng hé suān |
| 7 | genotype | /ˈdʒiːnətaɪp/ | 基因型 | jī yīn xíng |
| 8 | phenotype | /ˈfiːnətaɪp/ | 表型 | biǎo xíng |
| 9 | dominant | /ˈdɑːmɪnənt/ | 显性的 | xiǎn xìng de |
| 10 | recessive | /rɪˈsesɪv/ | 隐性的 | yǐn xìng de |
| 11 | homozygous | /ˌhoʊməˈzaɪɡəs/ | 纯合的 | chún hé de |
| 12 | heterozygous | /ˌhetərəˈzaɪɡəs/ | 杂合的 | zá hé de |
| 13 | gamete | /ˈɡæmiːt/ | 配子 | pèi zǐ |
| 14 | meiosis | /maɪˈoʊsɪs/ | 减数分裂 | jiǎn shù fēn liè |
| 15 | mitosis | /maɪˈtoʊsɪs/ | 有丝分裂 | yǒu sī fēn liè |
| 16 | fertilisation | /ˌfɜːrtələˈzeɪʃən/ | 受精 | shòu jīng |
| 17 | zygote | /ˈzaɪɡoʊt/ | 合子 | hé zǐ |
| 18 | mutation | /mjuːˈteɪʃən/ | 突变 | tū biàn |
| 19 | hybrid | /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ | 杂交后代 | zá jiāo hòu dài |
| 20 | offspring | /ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ | 后代 | hòu dài |
| 21 | segregation | /ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃən/ | 分离 | fēn lí |
| 22 | independent assortment | /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt əˈsɔːrtmənt/ | 自由组合 | zì yóu zǔ hé |
| 23 | probability | /ˌprɑːbəˈbɪləti/ | 概率 | gài lǜ |
| 24 | ratio | /ˈreɪʃioʊ/ | 比 | bǐ |
| 25 | nucleotide | /ˈnuːkliətaɪd/ | 核苷酸 | hé gān suān |
Use the words in clear sentences
1. heredity
Meaning: the passing of biological characteristics from parents to offspring. 中文：遗传 (yí chuán).
Say it: “How did Mendel investigate heredity using plants?”
Use it well: This is biological inheritance, rather than inheriting a house or a family business.
2. genetics
Meaning: the field of science concerned with genes, heredity and variation. 中文：遗传学 (yí chuán xué).
Say it: “Which part of the exhibition introduces modern genetics?”
Use it well: Genetics names a field of study and normally takes a singular verb despite its final s.
3. gene
Meaning: a unit of hereditary information encoded in DNA. 中文：基因 (jī yīn).
Say it: “How does this diagram show the relationship between a gene and a chromosome?”
Use it well: A gene is not a whole chromosome. Its effects can depend on other genes and the environment.
4. allele
Meaning: one of the alternative DNA versions at a particular genetic location. 中文：等位基因 (děng wèi jī yīn).
Say it: “Which allele is represented by the capital letter in this example?”
Use it well: Alleles are versions at a location, rather than entirely different genes for unrelated features.
5. chromosome
Meaning: a structure containing a long DNA molecule and associated proteins. 中文：染色体 (rǎn sè tǐ).
Say it: “Where are the chromosomes shown in this cell diagram?”
Use it well: The visible shapes in a division diagram are a representation, not the appearance of chromosomes at every stage.
6. DNA
Meaning: the molecule carrying genetic information in cells and many viruses. 中文：脱氧核糖核酸 (tuō yǎng hé táng hé suān).
Say it: “Could you explain what this DNA model represents?”
Use it well: Read the three letter names. The full English name is deoxyribonucleic acid; Mendel’s pea experiments preceded the modern molecular account.
7. genotype
Meaning: an organism’s genetic makeup, often specified for a particular location or set of locations. 中文：基因型 (jī yīn xíng).
Say it: “Does this symbol describe the genotype or the visible seed colour?”
Use it well: State which location or characteristic is being discussed. A visible appearance does not always identify the genotype uniquely.
8. phenotype
Meaning: an organism’s observable or measurable characteristics arising from genes and environmental influences. 中文：表型 (biǎo xíng).
Say it: “Which phenotype was counted in this plant experiment?”
Use it well: Phenotype is not limited to appearance; a measured biological characteristic can also be part of it.
9. dominant
Meaning: describing an allele whose effect is expressed in a heterozygote for the characteristic considered. 中文：显性的 (xiǎn xìng de).
Say it: “Why is this allele described as dominant in the model?”
Use it well: Dominant does not mean better, more common or more likely to be inherited. It describes a relationship between alleles and a characteristic.
10. recessive
Meaning: describing an allele whose characteristic effect is masked by another allele in a simple dominance relationship. 中文：隐性的 (yǐn xìng de).
Say it: “Can a recessive allele be passed on without the corresponding visible trait appearing?”
Use it well: Recessive does not mean absent or unimportant. This explanation concerns a simple model, not every inheritance pattern.
11. homozygous
Meaning: having matching alleles at a particular genetic location in a diploid organism. 中文：纯合的 (chún hé de).
Say it: “Is this plant homozygous at the location shown?”
Use it well: Always specify the location or characteristic. An organism need not have matching alleles at every location.
12. heterozygous
Meaning: having different alleles at a particular genetic location in a diploid organism. 中文：杂合的 (zá hé de).
Say it: “How does the diagram represent a heterozygous plant?”
Use it well: The term describes the allele combination. It does not by itself tell you which visible effect will occur.
13. gamete
Meaning: a reproductive cell that can unite with another during fertilisation. 中文：配子 (pèi zǐ).
Say it: “Which gamete combinations are possible in this example?”
Use it well: In a diploid life cycle, gametes usually carry one chromosome set. Plants and animals produce them through different life-cycle arrangements.
14. meiosis
Meaning: cell division that reduces chromosome sets and contributes to sexual reproduction. 中文：减数分裂 (jiǎn shù fēn liè).
Say it: “Why is meiosis important for the chromosome number in the next generation?”
Use it well: In flowering plants, meiosis produces spores; gametes develop later. Avoid applying an animal-only life-cycle description to peas.
15. mitosis
Meaning: division of a cell nucleus that usually produces two nuclei with corresponding chromosome sets. 中文：有丝分裂 (yǒu sī fēn liè).
Say it: “How does mitosis differ from meiosis in this diagram?”
Use it well: Mitosis is associated with growth and other cell production. Division of the nucleus and separation of the whole cell are related but distinct events.
16. fertilisation
Meaning: the union of reproductive cells and their genetic material to begin a new organism’s development. 中文：受精 (shòu jīng).
Say it: “What happens after pollination but before the seed develops?”
Use it well: American spelling is fertilization. Pollination transfers pollen; it is not the same event as fertilisation.
17. zygote
Meaning: a cell formed by the union of gametes during fertilisation. 中文：合子 (hé zǐ).
Say it: “Where does the diagram show the zygote beginning to divide?”
Use it well: The term identifies an early developmental cell, not a fully formed seed or adult plant.
18. mutation
Meaning: a change in a DNA sequence. 中文：突变 (tū biàn).
Say it: “Does the panel explain how a mutation can arise?”
Use it well: A mutation is a change, not a guarantee of harm or benefit. Its effect depends on the particular change and context.
19. hybrid
Meaning: an organism produced by crossing genetically different parents or lines. 中文：杂交后代 (zá jiāo hòu dài).
Say it: “Why were these plant hybrids useful for studying heredity?”
Use it well: This is a biological cross. Hybrid can also describe a vehicle or technology combining different systems.
20. offspring
Meaning: the young or descendants produced by an organism. 中文：后代 (hòu dài).
Say it: “Which features were counted in the offspring?”
Use it well: The singular and plural forms are the same: one offspring, several offspring. It applies to plants as well as animals.
21. segregation
Meaning: the separation of paired hereditary factors during reproductive-cell formation. 中文：分离 (fēn lí).
Say it: “How does segregation explain the allele combinations in the model?”
Use it well: Here the word has a genetics meaning. Social segregation is a different use and should not be confused with the biological process.
22. independent assortment
Meaning: the independent distribution of hereditary factors when the relevant locations are not linked in the model. 中文：自由组合 (zì yóu zǔ hé).
Say it: “Which assumption allows independent assortment in this exercise?”
Use it well: Nearby locations on the same chromosome can be inherited together. Do not assume all genes assort independently.
23. probability
Meaning: a numerical expression of how likely an event is under specified conditions. 中文：概率 (gài lǜ).
Say it: “What probability does the model assign to that outcome?”
Use it well: A probability is not a promise about each small sample. State the assumptions before applying the number.
24. ratio
Meaning: a comparison of quantities expressed in relation to one another. 中文：比 (bǐ).
Say it: “Does this ratio describe observed counts or an expected pattern?”
Use it well: A ratio such as three to one compares two groups. It does not mean exactly one of every four successive plants must show a particular feature.
25. nucleotide
Meaning: a molecular building unit of DNA or RNA containing a sugar, phosphate and base. 中文：核苷酸 (hé gān suān).
Say it: “Which part of the model represents one nucleotide?”
Use it well: A nucleotide is a building unit, not a complete gene. DNA and RNA contain different kinds of sugar.
Brno vocabulary 26–50 | Plants and observation: follow the part and its purpose
A flower, a developing seed and a young plant offer different questions. Use a diagram or a permitted garden observation. These words are a learning selection, not a promise that every plant part is on the visitor route.
| No. | Word or expression | Pronunciation (IPA) | 简体中文 | Mandarin pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26 | legume | /ˈleɡjuːm/ | 豆科植物 | dòu kē zhí wù |
| 27 | pod | /pɑːd/ | 荚果 | jiá guǒ |
| 28 | seed | /siːd/ | 种子 | zhǒng zi |
| 29 | seedling | /ˈsiːdlɪŋ/ | 幼苗 | yòu miáo |
| 30 | germination | /ˌdʒɜːrmɪˈneɪʃən/ | 萌发 | méng fā |
| 31 | root | /ruːt/ | 根 | gēn |
| 32 | stem | /stem/ | 茎 | jīng |
| 33 | leaf | /liːf/ | 叶 | yè |
| 34 | petal | /ˈpetəl/ | 花瓣 | huā bàn |
| 35 | sepal | /ˈsepəl/ | 萼片 | è piàn |
| 36 | stamen | /ˈsteɪmən/ | 雄蕊 | xióng ruǐ |
| 37 | pistil | /ˈpɪstəl/ | 雌蕊 | cí ruǐ |
| 38 | pollen | /ˈpɑːlən/ | 花粉 | huā fěn |
| 39 | pollination | /ˌpɑːləˈneɪʃən/ | 传粉 | chuán fěn |
| 40 | ovule | /ˈoʊvjuːl/ | 胚珠 | pēi zhū |
| 41 | cotyledon | /ˌkɑːtəˈliːdən/ | 子叶 | zǐ yè |
| 42 | tendril | /ˈtendrəl/ | 卷须 | juǎn xū |
| 43 | stomata | /ˈstoʊmətə/ | 气孔 | qì kǒng |
| 44 | chlorophyll | /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/ | 叶绿素 | yè lǜ sù |
| 45 | photosynthesis | /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ | 光合作用 | guāng hé zuò yòng |
| 46 | annual | /ˈænjuəl/ | 一年生的 | yī nián shēng de |
| 47 | perennial | /pəˈreniəl/ | 多年生的 | duō nián shēng de |
| 48 | pruning | /ˈpruːnɪŋ/ | 修剪 | xiū jiǎn |
| 49 | watering can | /ˈwɔːtərɪŋ kæn/ | 浇水壶 | jiāo shuǐ hú |
| 50 | trowel | /ˈtraʊəl/ | 园艺小铲 | yuán yì xiǎo chǎn |
Use the words in clear sentences
26. legume
Meaning: a plant in the pea family, or the pod-type fruit characteristic of that family. 中文：豆科植物 (dòu kē zhí wù).
Say it: “What makes the pea a legume?”
Use it well: The word can name the plant group or its characteristic fruit. In food discussions it often refers to edible seeds from that group.
27. pod
Meaning: a seed-containing fruit case, especially that of a pea-family plant. 中文：荚果 (jiá guǒ).
Say it: “Could you point out the seeds inside the pod in this picture?”
Use it well: Pod is not simply another name for a seed. This entry uses the botanical sense rather than an electronic device or spacecraft module.
28. seed
Meaning: a reproductive structure containing a plant embryo and protective covering. 中文：种子 (zhǒng zi).
Say it: “Which feature of the seed was measured?”
Use it well: A seed contains an embryo. The pod surrounding several seeds is a different structure.
29. seedling
Meaning: a young plant that has developed from a seed. 中文：幼苗 (yòu miáo).
Say it: “How can we recognise this seedling in the diagram?”
Use it well: This is a stage of plant growth, not merely a smaller seed. Use an illustration when touching a living plant is not permitted.
30. germination
Meaning: the beginning of growth from a seed or similar reproductive structure. 中文：萌发 (méng fā).
Say it: “Which conditions are needed for germination in this demonstration?”
Use it well: Conditions vary by species. Germination is the start of growth, rather than the whole process of becoming a mature plant.
31. root
Meaning: a plant organ that commonly anchors the plant and takes up water and minerals. 中文：根 (gēn).
Say it: “Where does the first root appear in this seed diagram?”
Use it well: Roots have several forms and jobs. A root vegetable is a food category, not a complete definition of the organ.
32. stem
Meaning: a plant axis that supports organs and carries substances between them. 中文：茎 (jīng).
Say it: “How does this stem support the leaves?”
Use it well: Not every stem is upright or above ground. Identify the part by its structure and function, not position alone.
33. leaf
Meaning: a plant organ commonly involved in photosynthesis and gas exchange. 中文：叶 (yè).
Say it: “Is this a complete leaf or one leaflet of a larger leaf?”
Use it well: The plural is leaves. In peas, a compound leaf can contain several smaller leaflets.
34. petal
Meaning: one of the often-coloured parts of a flower surrounding its reproductive structures. 中文：花瓣 (huā bàn).
Say it: “Which petal has the shape shown in the diagram?”
Use it well: Petals vary greatly in colour and form; being brightly coloured is not an absolute requirement.
35. sepal
Meaning: a flower part that commonly encloses and protects the developing bud. 中文：萼片 (è piàn).
Say it: “Are the green parts beneath the petals sepals?”
Use it well: Sepals often look leaf-like, but they are parts of the flower. They need not always be green.
36. stamen
Meaning: a flower’s pollen-producing structure, usually consisting of an anther and filament. 中文：雄蕊 (xióng ruǐ).
Say it: “Where is the stamen marked on this flower diagram?”
Use it well: The anther produces pollen. The filament supports it and is not the entire stamen.
37. pistil
Meaning: a flower’s seed-producing female structure, made from one or more carpels. 中文：雌蕊 (cí ruǐ).
Say it: “Which parts make up the pistil in this illustration?”
Use it well: A typical diagram shows stigma, style and ovary. Real flowers may have different arrangements or several pistils.
38. pollen
Meaning: grains containing the male gametophytes of seed plants. 中文：花粉 (huā fěn).
Say it: “What happens to the pollen after it reaches the stigma?”
Use it well: Pollen is not simply a loose sperm cell. In flowering plants, the grain develops a tube that helps deliver the sperm cells.
39. pollination
Meaning: the transfer of pollen to a receptive part of a seed plant. 中文：传粉 (chuán fěn).
Say it: “How did the experiment control pollination?”
Use it well: For flowering plants, transfer is to a stigma. Pollination and fertilisation are different stages.
40. ovule
Meaning: a seed-plant structure that contains the female gametophyte and can develop into a seed. 中文：胚珠 (pēi zhū).
Say it: “Where is the ovule inside the flower diagram?”
Use it well: An ovule develops into a seed after the appropriate reproductive process; the surrounding ovary can develop into fruit.
41. cotyledon
Meaning: an embryonic leaf in a seed plant. 中文：子叶 (zǐ yè).
Say it: “How many cotyledons does a pea embryo have?”
Use it well: A pea has two. Cotyledons are not necessarily the same shape or function as the later leaves.
42. tendril
Meaning: a slender plant structure that coils around a support. 中文：卷须 (juǎn xū).
Say it: “How does this tendril help the pea plant climb?”
Use it well: A tendril can develop from different organs in different plants. In peas it is associated with the leaf.
43. stomata
Meaning: small adjustable openings on plant surfaces that allow gas exchange. 中文：气孔 (qì kǒng).
Say it: “Does this enlarged diagram show the stomata open or closed?”
Use it well: Stomata is plural; the singular is stoma. They are openings regulated by surrounding cells, not tiny roots.
44. chlorophyll
Meaning: green pigments that absorb light used in photosynthesis. 中文：叶绿素 (yè lǜ sù).
Say it: “Why is chlorophyll important to the leaf’s work?”
Use it well: The pigment is not the whole cell structure containing it, and plants can contain other pigments too.
45. photosynthesis
Meaning: the process in which light energy is used to make organic substances, in plants from carbon dioxide and water. 中文：光合作用 (guāng hé zuò yòng).
Say it: “How does photosynthesis connect the plant to sunlight?”
Use it well: A plant transforms energy and builds substances; it does not obtain all of its mass by taking in soil.
46. annual
Meaning: describing a plant that completes its life cycle within one growing season. 中文：一年生的 (yī nián shēng de).
Say it: “Is this plant grown as an annual?”
Use it well: In gardening, the term concerns the life cycle. A plant may also be treated as an annual in a climate where it cannot survive longer.
47. perennial
Meaning: describing a plant that can live for more than two years. 中文：多年生的 (duō nián shēng de).
Say it: “Which plants in this garden are perennial?”
Use it well: The word does not mean flowering continuously or keeping all its leaves throughout the year.
48. pruning
Meaning: the selective removal of plant parts to manage growth, shape or condition. 中文：修剪 (xiū jiǎn).
Say it: “Why is pruning carried out at this time of year?”
Use it well: The right approach depends on the plant and purpose. A museum garden is not an invitation for visitors to cut anything.
49. watering can
Meaning: a portable container with a spout used to water plants. 中文：浇水壶 (jiāo shuǐ hú).
Say it: “What does the perforated end of the watering can do?”
Use it well: The rose is the perforated attachment that spreads water. The tool is designed for controlled watering, rather than being any ordinary bucket.
50. trowel
Meaning: a small hand tool with a shaped blade used for gardening or building work. 中文：园艺小铲 (yuán yì xiǎo chǎn).
Say it: “Is this trowel intended for planting seedlings?”
Use it well: This example concerns the gardening tool. A mason’s trowel has a related name but a different working shape.
Brno vocabulary 51–75 | Homes and materials: ask how a space works
Some terms help you discuss modernist design; others describe general furniture, minerals or household systems. They do not claim that every listed material or object is present at Villa Tugendhat. Confirm the actual exhibit label.
| No. | Word or expression | Pronunciation (IPA) | 简体中文 | Mandarin pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | functionalism | /ˈfʌŋkʃənəlɪzəm/ | 功能主义 | gōng néng zhǔ yì |
| 52 | tubular | /ˈtuːbjələr/ | 管状的 | guǎn zhuàng de |
| 53 | open plan | /ˌoʊpən ˈplæn/ | 开放式布局 | kāi fàng shì bù jú |
| 54 | partition | /pɑːrˈtɪʃən/ | 隔断 | gé duàn |
| 55 | floor slab | /ˈflɔːr slæb/ | 楼板 | lóu bǎn |
| 56 | chrome | /kroʊm/ | 镀铬层 | dù gè céng |
| 57 | calcite | /ˈkælsaɪt/ | 方解石 | fāng jiě shí |
| 58 | ebony | /ˈebəni/ | 乌木 | wū mù |
| 59 | travertine | /ˈtrævərtiːn/ | 石灰华 | shí huī huá |
| 60 | linoleum | /ləˈnoʊliəm/ | 亚麻油地板材料 | yà má yóu dì bǎn cái liào |
| 61 | duvet | /duːˈveɪ/ | 填充式被子 | tián chōng shì bèi zi |
| 62 | armchair | /ˈɑːrmtʃer/ | 扶手椅 | fú shǒu yǐ |
| 63 | chaise longue | /ˌʃez ˈlɔːŋ/ | 躺椅 | tǎng yǐ |
| 64 | ottoman | /ˈɑːtəmən/ | 软垫脚凳 | ruǎn diàn jiǎo dèng |
| 65 | curtain | /ˈkɜːrtən/ | 窗帘 | chuāng lián |
| 66 | blind | /blaɪnd/ | 遮光帘 | zhē guāng lián |
| 67 | floor-to-ceiling | /ˌflɔːr tə ˈsiːlɪŋ/ | 从地板到天花板的 | cóng dì bǎn dào tiān huā bǎn de |
| 68 | retractable | /rɪˈtræktəbəl/ | 可收回的 | kě shōu huí de |
| 69 | double glazing | /ˌdʌbəl ˈɡleɪzɪŋ/ | 双层玻璃 | shuāng céng bō lí |
| 70 | radiator | /ˈreɪdieɪtər/ | 暖气片 | nuǎn qì piàn |
| 71 | thermostat | /ˈθɜːrməstæt/ | 恒温控制器 | héng wēn kòng zhì qì |
| 72 | boiler | /ˈbɔɪlər/ | 锅炉 | guō lú |
| 73 | utility room | /juːˈtɪləti ruːm/ | 家务设备间 | jiā wù shè bèi jiān |
| 74 | duct | /dʌkt/ | 风管 | fēng guǎn |
| 75 | opaque | /oʊˈpeɪk/ | 不透明的 | bù tòu míng de |
Use the words in clear sentences
51. functionalism
Meaning: an approach to design that gives a central role to practical purpose and use. 中文：功能主义 (gōng néng zhǔ yì).
Say it: “How does functionalism influence the arrangement of this house?”
Use it well: The term names a design approach, not a claim that every object made in it is automatically comfortable for everyone.
52. tubular
Meaning: having the form of a hollow tube. 中文：管状的 (guǎn zhuàng de).
Say it: “Why was tubular metal useful for this furniture design?”
Use it well: Tubular describes form. It does not identify the metal, its coating or the strength of the object by itself.
53. open plan
Meaning: an interior arrangement with fewer fixed divisions between major areas. 中文：开放式布局 (kāi fàng shì bù jú).
Say it: “How does the open plan connect the sitting and dining areas?”
Use it well: Spaces can be defined by furniture or partial dividers even without a full wall between them.
54. partition
Meaning: a structure dividing an interior into separate areas. 中文：隔断 (gé duàn).
Say it: “Is this partition movable or fixed?”
Use it well: A partition divides space. It is not necessarily part of the structure carrying the building’s weight.
55. floor slab
Meaning: a broad structural element forming a building floor. 中文：楼板 (lóu bǎn).
Say it: “Which supports carry the floor slab in this drawing?”
Use it well: The slab is a structural element, not simply the visible floor finish or a thin tile.
56. chrome
Meaning: a bright finish made by applying chromium to a surface. 中文：镀铬层 (dù gè céng).
Say it: “Is this shine produced by chrome plating?”
Use it well: Chrome describes the plated finish here. The material underneath may be a different metal.
57. calcite
Meaning: a mineral form of calcium carbonate found in many decorative and building stones. 中文：方解石 (fāng jiě shí).
Say it: “Does the label identify calcite in this decorative stone?”
Use it well: A stone can contain a mineral without being a single pure crystal. Commercial stone names and mineral names need not match exactly.
58. ebony
Meaning: hard, often very dark wood obtained from certain trees. 中文：乌木 (wū mù).
Say it: “Which part of this fitting is described as ebony?”
Use it well: Ebony is a wood name, not simply any timber painted black. Some varieties show contrasting stripes.
59. travertine
Meaning: a form of limestone deposited from mineral-rich water, often used in buildings. 中文：石灰华 (shí huī huá).
Say it: “How is travertine used in this interior?”
Use it well: Its holes and banding relate to formation and finishing. It is not interchangeable with every stone that looks pale.
60. linoleum
Meaning: a floor-covering material traditionally made with linseed oil and other ingredients on a backing. 中文：亚麻油地板材料 (yà má yóu dì bǎn cái liào).
Say it: “Is this floor covering linoleum or a different material?”
Use it well: Linoleum and vinyl are different materials, even when their surface patterns look similar.
61. duvet
Meaning: a soft bed covering filled with down, feathers or another insulating material. 中文：填充式被子 (tián chōng shì bèi zi).
Say it: “Could you tell me what filling is used in this duvet?”
Use it well: A duvet usually has a removable cover. The word does not by itself mean the filling is down.
62. armchair
Meaning: a chair with supports for the arms. 中文：扶手椅 (fú shǒu yǐ).
Say it: “How does this armchair balance support and appearance?”
Use it well: An armchair is a whole piece of furniture. Its arms can have different forms and materials.
63. chaise longue
Meaning: a long chair designed to support a reclining person’s legs. 中文：躺椅 (tǎng yǐ).
Say it: “What makes this chaise longue different from the other seats?”
Use it well: The term is borrowed from French. American English also uses chaise lounge; identify the actual furniture rather than correcting someone’s familiar variant.
64. ottoman
Meaning: a padded seat or footrest, usually without a back or arms. 中文：软垫脚凳 (ruǎn diàn jiǎo dèng).
Say it: “Is this ottoman intended as a footrest or an extra seat?”
Use it well: Some designs include storage, but the word does not guarantee it. Ottoman with a capital can refer to a historical empire in another context.
65. curtain
Meaning: a hanging piece of material used to screen a window or divide space. 中文：窗帘 (chuāng lián).
Say it: “How does the curtain change the feel of this room?”
Use it well: A curtain can screen a whole area, not only a window. Ask before moving any museum fitting.
66. blind
Meaning: a window covering raised, lowered or adjusted to control light and privacy. 中文：遮光帘 (zhē guāng lián).
Say it: “How is this blind adjusted?”
Use it well: This noun names a furnishing. It is different from the adjective about sight and from a fabric curtain that hangs freely.
67. floor-to-ceiling
Meaning: extending through the full height of a room. 中文：从地板到天花板的 (cóng dì bǎn dào tiān huā bǎn de).
Say it: “How do the floor-to-ceiling windows connect the room with the garden?”
Use it well: Use the expression before a noun as a compound adjective. It describes height, not permission to open the window.
68. retractable
Meaning: able to be drawn back into a less extended position. 中文：可收回的 (kě shōu huí de).
Say it: “How does the retractable window mechanism work?”
Use it well: Retractable describes movement. It does not mean removable, collapsible or safe for visitors to operate.
69. double glazing
Meaning: a window arrangement using two panes separated by a sealed space. 中文：双层玻璃 (shuāng céng bō lí).
Say it: “Does this window use double glazing?”
Use it well: This is a general building term. Do not assume every historic window uses it without checking the explanation.
70. radiator
Meaning: a device that transfers heat into a room, often using circulating hot water. 中文：暖气片 (nuǎn qì piàn).
Say it: “Is this radiator part of the building’s original heating system?”
Use it well: The word has other uses, including vehicle cooling equipment. State that you mean room heating.
71. thermostat
Meaning: a device that controls a system in response to temperature. 中文：恒温控制器 (héng wēn kòng zhì qì).
Say it: “What temperature does the thermostat respond to?”
Use it well: A thermostat controls a system; a thermometer merely measures temperature. The two jobs are different.
72. boiler
Meaning: equipment that heats water for a building or another system. 中文：锅炉 (guō lú).
Say it: “What does the boiler supply in this diagram?”
Use it well: Despite the name, some heating boilers provide hot water without boiling it into steam.
73. utility room
Meaning: a room used for practical household tasks or equipment, such as laundry. 中文：家务设备间 (jiā wù shè bèi jiān).
Say it: “Which functions belong in the utility room?”
Use it well: The term names a type of room, not every technical space. A historic house may use more specific names for its rooms.
74. duct
Meaning: a passage that carries air or another substance through a system. 中文：风管 (fēng guǎn).
Say it: “Where does the duct take the air next?”
Use it well: The duct is the passage. Ventilation is the wider process of supplying and removing air.
75. opaque
Meaning: not allowing light to pass through. 中文：不透明的 (bù tòu míng de).
Say it: “Why is an opaque surface useful in this part of the room?”
Use it well: Opaque is different from translucent: the latter lets light through without a clear view of what lies beyond.
Brno vocabulary 76–100 | Evidence and clear explanations: show how you know
A good travel question makes room for uncertainty. Record what you see, distinguish a checked fact from an inference, and explain a comparison clearly. These skills work in a museum, a garden and an ordinary conversation.
| No. | Word or expression | Pronunciation (IPA) | 简体中文 | Mandarin pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 76 | notebook | /ˈnoʊtbʊk/ | 笔记本 | bǐ jì běn |
| 77 | record | /rɪˈkɔːrd/ | 记录 | jì lù |
| 78 | compare | /kəmˈper/ | 比较 | bǐ jiào |
| 79 | infer | /ɪnˈfɜːr/ | 推断 | tuī duàn |
| 80 | hypothesis | /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/ | 假设 | jiǎ shè |
| 81 | data | /ˈdeɪtə/ | 数据 | shù jù |
| 82 | evidence | /ˈevɪdəns/ | 证据 | zhèng jù |
| 83 | variable | /ˈveriəbəl/ | 变量 | biàn liàng |
| 84 | control group | /kənˈtroʊl ɡruːp/ | 对照组 | duì zhào zǔ |
| 85 | replicate | /ˈreplɪkeɪt/ | 重复进行 | chóng fù jìn xíng |
| 86 | vague | /veɪɡ/ | 含糊的 | hán hú de |
| 87 | detailed | /dɪˈteɪld/ | 详细的 | xiáng xì de |
| 88 | consistent | /kənˈsɪstənt/ | 一致的 | yī zhì de |
| 89 | contradiction | /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃən/ | 矛盾 | máo dùn |
| 90 | estimate | /ˈestəmeɪt/ | 估计 | gū jì |
| 91 | approximate | /əˈprɑːksɪmət/ | 近似的 | jìn sì de |
| 92 | fraction | /ˈfrækʃən/ | 分数 | fēn shù |
| 93 | percentage | /pərˈsentɪdʒ/ | 百分比 | bǎi fēn bǐ |
| 94 | average | /ˈævərɪdʒ/ | 平均值 | píng jūn zhí |
| 95 | total | /ˈtoʊtəl/ | 总数 | zǒng shù |
| 96 | frequency | /ˈfriːkwənsi/ | 频次 | pín cì |
| 97 | predict | /prɪˈdɪkt/ | 预测 | yù cè |
| 98 | uncertainty | /ʌnˈsɜːrtənti/ | 不确定性 | bù què dìng xìng |
| 99 | exception | /ɪkˈsepʃən/ | 例外 | lì wài |
| 100 | classification | /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | 分类 | fēn lèi |
Use the words in clear sentences
76. notebook
Meaning: a book of pages used to keep notes. 中文：笔记本 (bǐ jì běn).
Say it: “May I use a notebook while listening to the guide?”
Use it well: A notebook need not be a diary or a research publication. In technology contexts, the word can also mean a small computer.
77. record
Meaning: to set down information so that it can be consulted later. 中文：记录 (jì lù).
Say it: “How did the researcher record each plant’s features?”
Use it well: This entry is the verb, stressed on the second syllable. The noun record normally has first-syllable stress.
78. compare
Meaning: to examine two or more things for similarities and differences. 中文：比较 (bǐ jiào).
Say it: “Could we compare the two diagrams before deciding?”
Use it well: State which feature you are comparing. Two objects can match in colour while differing in structure.
79. infer
Meaning: to reach a conclusion from evidence or reasoning. 中文：推断 (tuī duàn).
Say it: “What can we infer from these counts?”
Use it well: An inference goes beyond the directly recorded details. Explain the reasoning instead of presenting the conclusion as something simply seen.
80. hypothesis
Meaning: a proposed explanation or relationship that can be examined through evidence. 中文：假设 (jiǎ shè).
Say it: “Which observation would help test the hypothesis?”
Use it well: A scientific hypothesis should have consequences that can be checked. It is not merely any imaginative suggestion.
81. data
Meaning: recorded observations or measurements used for analysis. 中文：数据 (shù jù).
Say it: “Which data support this part of the explanation?”
Use it well: The pronunciation /ˈdætə/, with a first vowel like cat, is also common. Use recorded numbers with their labels, units and conditions.
82. evidence
Meaning: information that supports or challenges a claim. 中文：证据 (zhèng jù).
Say it: “What evidence would distinguish these two explanations?”
Use it well: Evidence is usually uncountable: some evidence, not an evidence. A confident voice is not itself supporting evidence.
83. variable
Meaning: a factor whose value or state can change. 中文：变量 (biàn liàng).
Say it: “Which variable was changed between the two plant groups?”
Use it well: Name the factor rather than saying everything changed. A useful comparison also identifies what was kept similar.
84. control group
Meaning: a comparison group used to help assess the effect being investigated. 中文：对照组 (duì zhào zǔ).
Say it: “Why was a control group included in this demonstration?”
Use it well: A control group is chosen to make a relevant comparison. It is not simply whichever group receives less attention.
85. replicate
Meaning: to repeat a study or procedure to examine whether comparable findings occur. 中文：重复进行 (chóng fù jìn xíng).
Say it: “How could another researcher replicate this experiment?”
Use it well: This verb describes repeating a procedure. A replica in a museum is a copied object, a different use of the word family.
86. vague
Meaning: not sufficiently clear or specific. 中文：含糊的 (hán hú de).
Say it: “The description is a little vague; could we name the part?”
Use it well: Use vague to identify missing clarity politely, rather than as an insult to the speaker.
87. detailed
Meaning: containing many specific pieces of information. 中文：详细的 (xiáng xì de).
Say it: “Could we look at the detailed drawing of the mechanism?”
Use it well: Detailed does not guarantee correct. A precise-looking drawing still needs a reliable source and an understood purpose.
88. consistent
Meaning: agreeing with a pattern or remaining compatible across comparisons. 中文：一致的 (yī zhì de).
Say it: “Are these results consistent with the proposed explanation?”
Use it well: Consistent with means compatible with, not necessarily proof of. Other explanations may fit too.
89. contradiction
Meaning: a conflict between statements or findings that cannot both hold in the same stated sense. 中文：矛盾 (máo dùn).
Say it: “Is this a contradiction, or do the labels refer to different dates?”
Use it well: Check the context first. A change over time can explain different statements without either being false when originally made.
90. estimate
Meaning: to judge a quantity approximately using available information. 中文：估计 (gū jì).
Say it: “Could we estimate the distance without claiming an exact measurement?”
Use it well: This is the verb, ending in the sound of mate. The noun an estimate normally ends with an unstressed vowel.
91. approximate
Meaning: close to the intended value or description without being exact. 中文：近似的 (jìn sì de).
Say it: “Is this an approximate size or a measured one?”
Use it well: This adjective ends with an unstressed vowel. The verb approximate has a different final vowel sound.
92. fraction
Meaning: a number expressed as one quantity divided by another. 中文：分数 (fēn shù).
Say it: “What fraction of the plants belongs to this group?”
Use it well: In a part-of-a-whole interpretation, name both the group counted and the total. Fractions can also exceed one.
93. percentage
Meaning: a proportion expressed in parts per hundred. 中文：百分比 (bǎi fēn bǐ).
Say it: “What percentage of the counted plants has this feature?”
Use it well: Ask what the denominator includes. A percentage without the underlying group can be misleading.
94. average
Meaning: a value used to summarise a set, often its arithmetic mean. 中文：平均值 (píng jūn zhí).
Say it: “Does this average describe the mean height of the plants?”
Use it well: Average can refer to different summaries. Specify mean, median or another measure when the distinction matters.
95. total
Meaning: the complete amount or number obtained by combining the relevant parts. 中文：总数 (zǒng shù).
Say it: “Does this total include every plant that was counted?”
Use it well: A total needs a stated scope. It may include all recorded items rather than every item that originally existed.
96. frequency
Meaning: how often an event or characteristic occurs in a set or interval. 中文：频次 (pín cì).
Say it: “Does the table show a count or a relative frequency?”
Use it well: Frequency can mean a count, a proportion or a rate depending on context. In wave physics it has another more specific use.
97. predict
Meaning: to state what is expected to happen using a model or available information. 中文：预测 (yù cè).
Say it: “What does the model predict for a large group?”
Use it well: A prediction is not the same as a recorded result. Compare the expectation with what was actually found.
98. uncertainty
Meaning: the limits on how precisely or confidently something is known. 中文：不确定性 (bù què dìng xìng).
Say it: “What uncertainty remains after this measurement?”
Use it well: Naming uncertainty helps communicate the boundary of the claim. It does not mean nothing useful is known.
99. exception
Meaning: a case that does not follow the pattern or rule being discussed. 中文：例外 (lì wài).
Say it: “How should we investigate this exception?”
Use it well: An exception can reveal a limit, a different condition or an error. It deserves investigation rather than automatic dismissal.
100. classification
Meaning: the grouping of things according to chosen characteristics or rules. 中文：分类 (fēn lèi).
Say it: “Which classification is used for these plants?”
Use it well: Different purposes can use different grouping systems. State the basis before claiming two objects belong together.
Brno places, history and useful questions
Mendel: a patient question becomes a new explanation
The Mendel Museum biography describes Gregor Johann Mendel’s plant experiments and his studies in Vienna. He presented his results in 1865 and published them in 1866. Counting and comparing patterns mattered: an interesting plant was a beginning, not the whole explanation.
Modern terms such as DNA, nucleotide and chromosome help explain inheritance today. Do not put that modern molecular knowledge into Mendel’s own account. You can enjoy both stories by asking, “What did he observe?” and then, “How do we explain it now?”
中文理解：孟德尔于 1865 年报告研究结果，并于 1866 年发表。把当时的观察与今天的分子解释分开，历史和科学都会更准确。
Genetics: precise words make the picture clearer
The NHGRI allele explanation helps distinguish a gene from a version of that gene. Its dominant and recessive entries describe expression patterns, not superiority. Dominant does not mean better, more common or more likely to be inherited.
Independent assortment needs a careful boundary. Genes close together on one chromosome can be linked; the NHGRI linkage entry explains that connection. This is a learning guide, not a tool for predicting an individual’s health or interpreting a medical test.
中文理解：显性不等于更优越。独立分配也不代表所有基因都彼此独立遗传。用词准确，问题才会准确。
Plants: a small diagram can start a big conversation
Use the RHS flower diagram to locate parts before describing processes. Pollination transfers pollen; fertilisation joins gametes. An ovule can develop into a seed after fertilisation. These are connected steps, not interchangeable names.
The museum’s current visitor page includes garden, apiary and greenhouse routes. Its notice announces shorter opening hours from 1 October: Tuesday–Sunday, 10:00–17:00. Recheck the current page and the arrangements for your chosen tour. Do not pick plants, handle exhibits or operate equipment without permission.
Try “Which part is the pod?” Then ask “Where do the seeds develop?” If you are looking only at a photograph, say so. A photograph supports some observations but not a claim about the plant’s present condition.
中文理解：传粉与受精是不同过程。参观前确认路线和当日安排；观察植物时不擅自采摘或触碰。
Villa Tugendhat: explore relationships, not just furniture
The official house introduction dates its construction to 1929–1930 and identifies Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s design and collaborators. UNESCO’s listing records its inscription in 2001 and explains the significance of its modernist spatial and structural ideas.
Notice how a room is divided, how daylight enters and how the view relates to the interior. Ask which element carries a load and which separates spaces. A partition and a floor slab do different jobs. General vocabulary such as calcite or duvet is useful elsewhere too; its inclusion here is not an inventory of the villa.
中文理解：看空间之间的关系，不只背家具名称。分隔空间与支撑结构是不同功能。词表不是住宅展品清单。
Choose the route and the language before booking
The official tour page distinguishes basic, extended and exterior routes. The extended route includes technical areas. Capacity is limited, so use the official ticket system and check your date rather than assuming an interior visit will be available on arrival.
The page normally lists Czech and English tours and provides a downloadable Chinese written guide. Written Chinese information does not establish that a live tour or audio guide is offered in Mandarin. Ask about the actual arrangement.
Dated notice: checked on 2 October 2026, the tour page announces closure from 15:00 on 17 October 2026 for a concert. Recheck before booking. Future event notices are date-specific, not normal opening rules.
中文理解：中文书面导览不等于中文现场讲解或中文语音导览。确认语言、具体路线与预约日期。
Give your day room for one good discovery
For the Mendel Museum, the Mendel Museum and Mendel’s Room route connects his life with an exhibition on modern genetics. Confirm booking and language arrangements directly. A website in English is not a promise that every departure uses English.
Choose one main visit, allow time to travel between places and keep a short notebook. Write one observation, one checked explanation and one question. You can fill the rest of the day with a relaxed meal and your own discoveries, without turning the trip into a test.
中文理解：每天记一项观察、一条查证后的解释和一个问题。学习帮助旅行，不必把旅行变成考试。
Bilingual conversations for a curious visitor
These are imagined learning conversations, not statements from venue staff or promises about access. Confirm actual arrangements directly.
Checking which museum is open
You: “Is the Mendel Museum open while the Abbey Museum is closed?”
中文：修道院博物馆关闭期间，孟德尔博物馆开放吗？
Practice reply: “The notice distinguishes them; let’s check the route for your date.”
中文：公告把它们区分开了；我们确认你当天的路线。
Follow-up: “Does this tour need an advance booking?”
中文：这个导览需要提前预约吗？
Comparing a genetics diagram
You: “Do these two labels show different alleles of one gene?”
中文：这两个标签显示的是同一基因的不同等位基因吗？
Practice reply: “Let’s read the diagram key before drawing a conclusion.”
中文：我们先读图例，再下结论。
Follow-up: “Which part of the diagram supports that explanation?”
中文：图中的哪部分支持这个解释？
Finding a plant part
You: “Is this the pod or a seed?”
中文：这是豆荚，还是种子？
Practice reply: “The pod contains the seeds; the label identifies both.”
中文：豆荚内有种子；标签标出了两者。
Follow-up: “Can I compare them using the diagram?”
中文：我可以通过图示比较它们吗？
Asking about a window
You: “Is this window retractable?”
中文：这扇窗可以收起吗？
Practice reply: “Please check the explanation or ask the guide how it works.”
中文：请查看说明，或问导览员它怎样运作。
Follow-up: “Is its mechanism included in our route?”
中文：我们的路线包含它的机械装置吗？
Checking the tour language
You: “Is the Chinese guide a written document?”
中文：中文导览是书面资料吗？
Practice reply: “The official page offers a downloadable Chinese text.”
中文：官方网站提供可下载的中文资料。
Follow-up: “Which language will the live tour use?”
中文：现场导览会使用哪种语言？
Make five Brno words part of your English
Choose five words you can explain
Try pod, seed, seedling, pollination and fertilisation. Point to a diagram, explain each term and make one comparison. For a home, choose partition, floor slab, blind, thermostat and duct.
Keep the explanation small enough to say comfortably. “A thermostat controls temperature” is already a useful sentence. Add detail when it answers a real question.
The Fencing Method: build around a clear relationship
Begin with “The pod contains seeds.” Add a source: “The diagram shows that the pod contains seeds.” Add your question: “How many seeds developed in this pod?” Each addition has a job.
For a room, start with “The blind controls light.” Add the location and your reason for asking. Continue with eduKate’s Fencing Method and English synthesis.
A 90-minute practice session for three learners
Spend ten minutes recalling five words, fifteen comparing two ideas, twenty rotating visitor, helper and observer, ten taking a break, twenty changing the situation, ten sharing feedback and five planning the next review. That totals 90 minutes.
Give the helper an information card about a route, a diagram or a booking language. The visitor asks for a missing detail. The observer checks that the answer addresses the question and separates evidence from a guess. Rotate roles.
Write an observation, a checked fact and a question
An imagined practice paragraph might read: “The photograph showed a long window beside the living space. The official explanation described the design’s spatial relationships. I wanted to ask how the window mechanism worked.” Keep it labelled as imagined practice until you have your own experience.
中文写作：把观察、已查证的信息与推测分开。说明信息来源，让读者知道你亲眼看到什么、从资料中读到什么。
Review one useful correction
Hide the table and explain your five words again a few days later. Can you distinguish a gene from an allele, or pollination from fertilisation? Write a fresh sentence that makes the difference visible.
Ask a friend what they would like to understand next. A warm, curious conversation is a lovely way to keep vocabulary alive after the trip.
From knowing a word to using it happily
You recognise the word on a label. Lovely! Now comes the useful part: can you explain it, ask a question with it and understand the reply? A vocabulary list gives you names. A conversation gives those names a job.
Choose the starting point that feels comfortable today. You can move between the routes. There is no prize for choosing the hardest one before the earlier step makes sense.
Three starting points for your Brno English
Make the meaning clear
If two words keep blending together, use one picture and one contrast. Try pod and seed: point to the surrounding fruit, then to the structures inside. Explain the difference without checking the English table. Return to the Chinese meaning if that helps you rebuild the idea.
中文：如果两个词总混在一起，先用一张图分清概念，再说英文。不必从头背完整词表。
Make the sentence dependable
If you understand a word but hesitate when speaking, practise a short question with a partner. Ask “Which variable changed?” Change only the subject next: “Which feature changed?” Then remove the written prompt. Keep a sentence you can actually say, rather than a longer one you can only read.
中文：理解词义以后，练一个短问题，换一个细节，再离开文字提示。目标是能独立使用。
Make the explanation more precise
If the basics feel easy, explain where a claim stops. A diagram may support an inference without proving every possible explanation wrong. Use evidence, consistent and uncertainty in three separate sentences. Then ask your partner what information would change your conclusion.
中文：基础稳定以后，练习说明结论的边界：哪些信息支持它，哪些问题仍未解决。
Worked example 1: turn a label into a visitor’s question
Starting sentence: “This is a seed.” It names something, but leaves the conversation waiting. Add the relationship: “The pod contains seeds.” Now ask for the part you want to understand: “Where does each seed develop?”
Your partner may reply, “The diagram shows the ovules inside the ovary.” If ovule is unfamiliar, ask “Could you point to one?” You have stayed with the same topic and made the explanation easier to follow. Pointing, asking and listening can carry the conversation further than adding more difficult words.
中文推进：“这是种子。” → “豆荚里面有种子。” → “每颗种子在哪里发育？”听到不熟悉的词，可以问：“能在图上指给我看吗？”这是练习对话，不是任何场馆工作人员的实际答复。
Worked example 2: describe counts without inventing a rule
Imagine a practice card showing 18 plants in one category and 6 in another. These are invented teaching numbers, not Mendel’s recorded results. The total is 24. The ratio is 18:6, which simplifies to 3:1. The second category is 6/24, or one quarter of the total: 25%.
A clear sentence is “In this practice set, 25% of the counted plants belong to the second category.” It names the group and the scope. “One in four plants must always have this feature” would make a much stronger claim that these counts do not establish.
中文检查：先确定总数 24，再计算 6/24 = 25%。这描述练习数据，不代表所有植物都必须按同样比例出现。比、分数与百分比是同一组数量关系的不同表达。
Worked example 3: ask about access without making a promise
“The building has a technical area” and “Our ticket includes the technical area” are different statements. A useful question is “Does our booked route include the window mechanism?” If the answer is unclear, add “Could you show me where that is stated in the route description?”
For language arrangements, separate the medium from the language: “Is the Chinese guide a written document, an audio guide or a live tour?” A document in Chinese answers one question. It does not automatically answer the other two.
中文检查：建筑有某个区域，不等于自己的票包含该区域。中文资料也不等于中文现场导览。把“内容、路线、语言形式”分别问清楚。
Correct the kind of mistake you actually made
Meaning confusion: if you treat pollination and fertilisation as the same event, return to their definitions and draw two labelled steps. Repeating the same mistaken sentence more quickly will not repair the concept.
Pronunciation confusion: if record sounds like the noun when you mean the verb, practise “Please record the result,” placing the stronger stress on the second syllable. Listen, repeat inside the sentence, then use it in a new question.
Grammar confusion: if you say “an evidence,” change it to “some evidence” or “a piece of evidence.” Keep the correction in a complete sentence: “What evidence supports this explanation?”
Claim confusion: if you write “This proves the explanation” when your source only shows that a finding is consistent with it, adjust the claim. Say what the finding supports and what remains uncertain. Accuracy belongs to the sentence, not just the vocabulary label.
中文纠错：概念错、读音错、语法错与结论过强，需要不同的练习。找到具体问题，改一个地方，再独立说一次。
A small independent check
Try these without looking at the table. They test whether the words can do useful work, not how many difficult terms you can repeat.
A. A practice card lists 12 plants in one group and 8 in another. State the total and the percentage in the second group. Keep the scope in your sentence.
B. Rewrite “A Chinese document means the tour is in Mandarin” as a question that checks the actual arrangement.
C. Correct “I found an evidence that proves everything.” Keep the new claim modest and clear.
Open the suggested checks after trying
A: “The total is 20. In this practice set, 40% of the counted plants are in the second group.” The calculation is 8/20 × 100 = 40%.
B: “Which language will the live tour use, and is the Chinese information provided separately as a written document?”
C: “I found some evidence that supports this explanation.” Name the evidence and its limits in the next sentence. Other careful answers are possible; the point is to avoid the countable-noun error and the unsupported universal claim.
What useful progress looks like
You can explain five chosen words without reading. You can ask a fresh question, listen to a reply and ask for clarification. You notice when a label describes a diagram rather than the real object, or when a visitor notice applies to one route rather than a whole site. Those are useful changes, even before you learn another twenty words.
For your next review, mix an earlier plant word with a building word and an explanation word. Make a new sentence for each. Keep it cheerful and brief: the goal is language that comes with you into a real conversation.
Back to the word index · Return to the five-word practice plan · Check Brno places and visitor notes
Frequently asked questions about Brno vocabulary
Do I need specialist knowledge?
No. Choose a small set, use the definitions and ask about one part or relationship at a time. The more technical words support understanding; they are not an entrance test.
Are all these objects on the visitor route?
No. The banks include concepts, processes, general materials and explanation skills. Check the actual label and booked route; this is not an exhibit inventory.
Does dominant mean better or more common?
No. It describes an expression relationship between alleles in the relevant context, not quality, population frequency or an advantage in inheritance.
Are pollination and fertilisation the same?
No. Pollination transfers pollen. Fertilisation joins gametes. In flowering plants, meiosis produces spores, with gametes developing later; avoid applying a simplified animal life cycle to every plant.
Is the entire abbey closed?
The notice checked on 2 October 2026 closes the Old Brno Abbey Museum for renovation, but explicitly says the Mendel Museum and other abbey tours remain open. Confirm the particular route.
Is a Mandarin tour guaranteed?
No. The villa provides a Chinese written guide, while its normal tour languages listed on the official page are Czech and English. Ask directly about any additional language arrangement.
Why do IPA and pinyin look different?
IPA describes the English word, or the separately identified Czech city name. Pinyin describes the Mandarin translation. They are different systems for different languages.
Continue through the eduKate learning ecosystem
Continue country-wide with Czechia vocabulary. Compare scientific collections with Bologna and Dresden, or another route into explaining how things work with Toulouse.
For different plant and home-design conversations, explore Ljubljana and Helsinki. Their numbered vocabularies complement this guide rather than repeating its list.
Use the Vocabulary Learning Hub, adult collocations guide and adult vocabulary review guide to choose, combine and remember useful words.
Families can explore eduKate Singapore, eduKatePunggol, eduKateSengkang, BukitTimahTutor and eduKateOrchard. Check current course information directly and choose what suits your family.
Official sources and language references
Visitor information was checked on 2 October 2026. Definitions, examples, imagined dialogues and learning activities are original teaching material. Check current official pages before booking. Selected pronunciation-sensitive terms were checked with dictionary recordings; IPA is a broad learning guide, not a substitute for listening.
Mendel Museum: current visitor information
Abbey Museum: dated renovation notice
Museum and Mendel’s Room route
Villa Tugendhat: house introduction
Villa Tugendhat: routes, tickets and language arrangements
Villa Tugendhat: Chinese written guide
Cambridge: English pronunciation
Cambridge: stomata pronunciation
Cambridge: meiosis pronunciation
Enjoy Brno one good question at a time. Notice a plant, follow a diagram, look across a room and leave space for a surprise. A small discovery you can explain happily is a wonderful thing to bring home.