Top 100 Vocabulary for Visiting and Touring EU | Bologna

Top 100 Vocabulary for Visiting and Touring EU | Bologna is an English–Chinese travel vocabulary guide for covered walking routes, university life, structural questions and pasta making. Every numbered entry has a pronunciation guide, simplified Chinese, Mandarin pinyin, a plain-English meaning and a practical example.

Ready to look a little closer at Bologna? This list gives you words for academic life and pasta, rather than repeating the same travel list used for every city. Learn a handful before you go, then let a real object, conversation or view help the meaning stick. English-speaking readers can use the definitions to sharpen their descriptions; Chinese-speaking readers can use the translations as a bridge into English.

Bologna is in Italy, an EU member state. English is a helpful shared language for many visitor conversations, while local names and signs also use Italian. Keep original place spellings on your map. This is an English–Chinese learning guide. Save local-language phrases separately when you need them, and check which languages a visitor service offers.

城市：Bologna /bəˈləʊnjə/ — 博洛尼亚 (Bó luò ní yà). Currency: euros (EUR). “Top 100” is our teaching selection, not an official word-frequency ranking. The numbered list contains exactly 100 English entries; place names introduced later are extra cultural references.

Pronunciation: slashes show an IPA guide, with ˈ marking primary stress and ˌ secondary stress. British and American English forms may differ. Local food and cultural names may use local-style pronunciation. Pinyin reads the Mandarin meaning; it is not an English sound substitution. Check a dictionary or local recording, then practise the whole example sentence.

Choose your starting point: the four banks divide the 100 entries into manageable groups of 25. Open a ten-word index below to jump directly to a lesson. These examples are learning scenarios, not promises about a venue’s services or current visitor rules.

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Bologna vocabulary bank 1: words 1–25

Begin with architrave and continue to roundabout. Use the table for a quick meaning check, then read the example lessons beneath it. You do not need to use every word in one conversation.

No.	Word or expression	Pronunciation (IPA)	简体中文	Mandarin pinyin
1	architrave	/ˈɑrkəˌtreɪv/	横梁	héng liáng
2	entablature	/enˈtæblətʃər/	柱顶楣构	zhù dǐng méi gòu
3	capital carving	/ˈkæpɪtəl ˈkɑrvɪŋ/	柱头雕刻	zhù tóu diāo kè
4	arcading	/ɑːrˈkeɪdɪŋ/	连续拱廊结构	lián xù gǒng láng jié gòu
5	vaulted ceiling	/ˈvɔltɪd ˈsilɪŋ/	拱顶天花板	gǒng dǐng tiān huā bǎn
6	rib vault	/rɪb vɔlt/	肋拱顶	lē gǒng dǐng
7	load-bearing	/loʊd ˈbɛrɪŋ/	承重的	chéng zhòng de
8	structural	/ˈstrəkʧərəl/	结构的	jié gòu de
9	subsidence	/səbˈsaɪdəns/	地面下沉	dì miàn xià chén
10	settlement	/ˈsɛtəlmənt/	沉降	chén jiàng
11	reinforcement	/ˌriɪnˈfɔrsmənt/	加固	jiā gù
12	scaffolding	/ˈskæfəldɪŋ/	脚手架	jiǎo shǒu jià
13	mortar	/ˈmɔrtər/	砌筑砂浆	qì zhù shā jiāng
14	brick	/brɪk/	砖	zhuān
15	red-brick	/rɛd brɪk/	红砖的	hóng zhuān de
16	architectural survey	/ˌɑrkəˈtɛkʧərəl ˈsərˌveɪ/	建筑勘测	jiàn zhù kān cè
17	heritage protection	/ˈhɛrɪtɪʤ prəˈtɛkʃən/	遗产保护	yí chǎn bǎo hù
18	covered route	/ˈkəvərd rut/	有顶路线	yǒu dǐng lù xiàn
19	long-distance walk	/lɔŋ ˈdɪstəns wɔk/	长距离步行	cháng jù lí bù xíng
20	wayfinding	/ˈweɪfaɪndɪŋ/	寻路指引	xún lù zhǐ yǐn
21	trail marker	/treɪl ˈmɑrkər/	路线标记	lù xiàn biāo jì
22	rest stop	/rɛst stɑp/	休息点	xiū xī diǎn
23	accessible entrance	/ækˈsɛsəbəl ˈɛntrəns/	无障碍入口	wú zhàng ài rù kǒu
24	walking distance	/ˈwɔkɪŋ ˈdɪstəns/	步行距离	bù xíng jù lí
25	roundabout	/ˈraʊndəˌbaʊt/	环岛	huán dǎo

Use these words in clear sentences

1. architrave

Meaning: the beam resting above columns. 中文：横梁 (héng liáng).

Say it: “The architrave spans the columns.”

Use it well: An architrave is the lowest main part of a classical entablature resting above columns. It is not the whole entablature.

2. entablature

Meaning: the horizontal structure above classical columns. 中文：柱顶楣构 (zhù dǐng méi gòu).

Say it: “The guide identified the entablature.”

Use it well: An entablature is the horizontal architectural structure above columns, commonly including architrave, frieze and cornice. Keep the whole assembly distinct from its individual parts.

3. capital carving

Meaning: decoration at the top of a column. 中文：柱头雕刻 (zhù tóu diāo kè).

Say it: “Notice the capital carving.”

Use it well: Use “capital carving” for decoration at the top of a column. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

4. arcading

Meaning: a series of adjacent arches. 中文：连续拱廊结构 (lián xù gǒng láng jié gòu).

Say it: “The arcading continues along the street.”

Use it well: Use “arcading” for a series of adjacent arches. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

5. vaulted ceiling

Meaning: an overhead surface shaped as an arch. 中文：拱顶天花板 (gǒng dǐng tiān huā bǎn).

Say it: “The vaulted ceiling rises above us.”

Use it well: Use “vaulted ceiling” for an overhead surface shaped as an arch. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

6. rib vault

Meaning: a vault supported by intersecting ribs. 中文：肋拱顶 (lē gǒng dǐng).

Say it: “The rib vault has visible supports.”

Use it well: A rib vault uses projecting ribs to support or organise the vault surface. A vaulted ceiling can exist without being a rib vault.

7. load-bearing

Meaning: supporting structural weight. 中文：承重的 (chéng zhòng de).

Say it: “Is this wall load-bearing?”

Use it well: Load-bearing describes a structural element that carries weight from above. Do not identify a wall as load-bearing from appearance alone in a visitor setting.

8. structural

Meaning: relating to a building’s supporting framework. 中文：结构的 (jié gòu de).

Say it: “The inspection checks structural stability.”

Use it well: Use “structural” for relating to a building’s supporting framework. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

9. subsidence

Meaning: the sinking of ground or a structure. 中文：地面下沉 (dì miàn xià chén).

Say it: “The display explains subsidence.”

Use it well: Subsidence is downward movement of the ground or structure. It is different from ordinary settlement and should not be diagnosed from a visible crack without technical evidence.

10. settlement

Meaning: downward movement of a foundation. 中文：沉降 (chén jiàng).

Say it: “Uneven settlement can affect a tower.”

Use it well: Settlement is movement as soil or a structure adjusts under load. It can be normal or problematic depending on degree and cause; do not use it as a diagnosis from photographs alone.

11. reinforcement

Meaning: added strength or supporting material. 中文：加固 (jiā gù).

Say it: “The tower required reinforcement.”

Use it well: Use “reinforcement” for added strength or supporting material. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

12. scaffolding

Meaning: a temporary framework for building work. 中文：脚手架 (jiǎo shǒu jià).

Say it: “Scaffolding surrounds the facade.”

Use it well: Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support workers or access during construction and conservation. Its presence does not by itself reveal the exact repair being done.

13. mortar

Meaning: a binding mixture between bricks or stones. 中文：砌筑砂浆 (qì zhù shā jiāng).

Say it: “The mortar joins the bricks.”

Use it well: Use “mortar” for a binding mixture between bricks or stones. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

14. brick

Meaning: a shaped block used in construction. 中文：砖 (zhuān).

Say it: “This brick bears a maker’s mark.”

Use it well: Use “brick” for a shaped block used in construction. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

15. red-brick

Meaning: built with red-coloured bricks. 中文：红砖的 (hóng zhuān de).

Say it: “The red-brick wall glows at sunset.”

Use it well: Use “red-brick” for built with red-coloured bricks. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

16. architectural survey

Meaning: a systematic examination of a building. 中文：建筑勘测 (jiàn zhù kān cè).

Say it: “The architectural survey records changes.”

Use it well: An architectural survey records and assesses a building’s form or condition. It is a documented investigation, not a casual visual impression.

17. heritage protection

Meaning: measures safeguarding historic places. 中文：遗产保护 (yí chǎn bǎo hù).

Say it: “What does heritage protection require?”

Use it well: Heritage protection refers to legal, planning or conservation measures for significant places. The exact protection status comes from the relevant authority.

18. covered route

Meaning: a path sheltered from weather. 中文：有顶路线 (yǒu dǐng lù xiàn).

Say it: “Is there a covered route to the square?”

Use it well: A covered route protects part of a walking path from weather but does not guarantee step-free access. Check the full route if accessibility matters.

19. long-distance walk

Meaning: a walking journey covering many kilometres. 中文：长距离步行 (cháng jù lí bù xíng).

Say it: “We planned a long-distance walk.”

Use it well: Use “long-distance walk” for a walking journey covering many kilometres. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

20. wayfinding

Meaning: helping people understand a route. 中文：寻路指引 (xún lù zhǐ yǐn).

Say it: “The wayfinding signs are clear.”

Use it well: Wayfinding is the system people use to orient themselves and navigate. Signs are one part; landmarks, maps and spatial layout can also contribute.

21. trail marker

Meaning: a sign identifying a walking path. 中文：路线标记 (lù xiàn biāo jì).

Say it: “Follow the next trail marker.”

Use it well: Use “trail marker” for a sign identifying a walking path. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

22. rest stop

Meaning: a designated place to pause. 中文：休息点 (xiū xī diǎn).

Say it: “Where is the next rest stop?”

Use it well: Use “rest stop” for a designated place to pause. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

23. accessible entrance

Meaning: an entrance usable by people with differing mobility needs. 中文：无障碍入口 (wú zhàng ài rù kǒu).

Say it: “Where is the accessible entrance?”

Use it well: Use “accessible entrance” for an entrance usable by people with differing mobility needs. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

24. walking distance

Meaning: the length of a route on foot. 中文：步行距离 (bù xíng jù lí).

Say it: “What is the walking distance?”

Use it well: Use “walking distance” for the length of a route on foot. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

25. roundabout

Meaning: a circular road junction. 中文：环岛 (huán dǎo).

Say it: “Use the crossing near the roundabout.”

Use it well: Use “roundabout” for a circular road junction. In Bologna’s built environment, point to the actual structural, walking or conservation feature before using the label, and separate visible form from engineering diagnosis.

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Bologna vocabulary bank 2: words 26–50

Begin with academic and continue to illuminated manuscript. Use the table for a quick meaning check, then read the example lessons beneath it. You do not need to use every word in one conversation.

No.	Word or expression	Pronunciation (IPA)	简体中文	Mandarin pinyin
26	academic	/ˌækəˈdɛmɪk/	学术的	xué shù de
27	faculty	/ˈfækəlti/	学院	xué yuàn
28	rector	/ˈrɛktər/	大学校长	dà xué xiào zhǎng
29	undergraduate	/ˌəndərˈgræʤəwət/	本科生	běn kē shēng
30	graduate	/ˈɡrædʒuət/	毕业生	bì yè shēng
31	alumni	/əˈləmˌnaɪ/	校友	xiào yǒu
32	curriculum	/kərˈɪkjələm/	课程体系	kè chéng tǐ xì
33	syllabus	/ˈsɪləbəs/	教学大纲	jiào xué dà gāng
34	dissertation	/ˌdɪsərˈteɪʃən/	学位论文	xué wèi lùn wén
35	thesis	/ˈθiˌsɪs/	论文论点	lùn wén lùn diǎn
36	seminar	/ˈsɛməˌnɑr/	研讨课	yán tǎo kè
37	scholarly	/ˈskɑlərli/	学术研究的	xué shù yán jiū de
38	research	/ˈrisərʧ/	研究	yán jiū
39	annotation	/ˌænəˈteɪʃən/	批注	pī zhù
40	marginalia	/ˌmɑːrdʒɪˈneɪliə/	页边批注	yè biān pī zhù
41	anatomy	/əˈnætəmi/	解剖学	jiě pōu xué
42	dissection	/ˈdaɪsɛkʃən/	解剖	jiě pōu
43	specimen	/ˈspɛsəmən/	标本	biāo běn
44	skeleton	/ˈskɛlətən/	骨骼	gǔ gé
45	medical teaching	/ˈmɛdɪkəl ˈtiʧɪŋ/	医学教学	yī xué jiào xué
46	observation	/ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən/	观察	guān chá
47	empirical	/ˌɛmˈpɪrɪkəl/	基于实证的	jī yú shí zhèng de
48	debate hall	/dəˈbeɪt hɔl/	辩论厅	biàn lùn tīng
49	Latin motto	/ˈlætən ˈmɑtoʊ/	拉丁文格言	lā dīng wén gé yán
50	illuminated manuscript	/ˌɪˈluməˌneɪtəd ˈmænjəˌskrɪpt/	彩饰手稿	cǎi shì shǒu gǎo

Use these words in clear sentences

26. academic

Meaning: relating to study and scholarship. 中文：学术的 (xué shù de).

Say it: “The exhibition explores academic life.”

Use it well: Academic can describe scholarship, institutions or study. In a university context, distinguish the adjective from the noun referring to a scholar or teacher.

27. faculty

Meaning: a university division for a field of study. 中文：学院 (xué yuàn).

Say it: “Which faculty used this room?”

Use it well: Faculty can mean an academic division or, especially in American English, teaching staff. Use the local institutional context to avoid ambiguity.

28. rector

Meaning: the head of some universities. 中文：大学校长 (dà xué xiào zhǎng).

Say it: “The portrait depicts a former rector.”

Use it well: A rector is a senior university office in many European systems. The role differs by institution and should not be assumed identical to a school principal or company director.

29. undergraduate

Meaning: a student studying for a first degree. 中文：本科生 (běn kē shēng).

Say it: “The undergraduate showed us the campus.”

Use it well: Use “undergraduate” for a student studying for a first degree. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

30. graduate

Meaning: someone who completed a qualification. 中文：毕业生 (bì yè shēng).

Say it: “The graduate returned for the ceremony.”

Use it well: Use “graduate” for someone who completed a qualification. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

31. alumni

Meaning: former students of an institution. 中文：校友 (xiào yǒu).

Say it: “The display features notable alumni.”

Use it well: Use “alumni” for former students of an institution. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

32. curriculum

Meaning: a structured course of study. 中文：课程体系 (kè chéng tǐ xì).

Say it: “How did the curriculum change?”

Use it well: Curriculum is the planned content and structure of study across a programme. It is broader than a single syllabus for one course.

33. syllabus

Meaning: an outline of a course’s content. 中文：教学大纲 (jiào xué dà gāng).

Say it: “The old syllabus lists several subjects.”

Use it well: A syllabus outlines a particular course’s topics, requirements or schedule. It is narrower than the overall curriculum.

34. dissertation

Meaning: an extended academic research text. 中文：学位论文 (xué wèi lùn wén).

Say it: “The scholar wrote a dissertation.”

Use it well: A dissertation is an extended academic research work. Usage differs by country and degree level, so check the institution’s terminology.

35. thesis

Meaning: an argued position or research document. 中文：论文论点 (lùn wén lùn diǎn).

Say it: “What was the thesis about?”

Use it well: A thesis can mean the central argument of a work or a substantial degree research document. Context determines which sense applies.

36. seminar

Meaning: a small discussion-based academic session. 中文：研讨课 (yán tǎo kè).

Say it: “The seminar encouraged questions.”

Use it well: Use “seminar” for a small discussion-based academic session. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

37. scholarly

Meaning: based on careful academic study. 中文：学术研究的 (xué shù yán jiū de).

Say it: “This is a scholarly edition.”

Use it well: Use “scholarly” for based on careful academic study. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

38. research

Meaning: systematic investigation of a question. 中文：研究 (yán jiū).

Say it: “The archive supports historical research.”

Use it well: Use “research” for systematic investigation of a question. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

39. annotation

Meaning: an explanatory note added to a text. 中文：批注 (pī zhù).

Say it: “The annotation explains a difficult passage.”

Use it well: An annotation is a note added to explain, comment on or mark a text. It differs from the original text itself.

40. marginalia

Meaning: notes written in a text’s margins. 中文：页边批注 (yè biān pī zhù).

Say it: “The marginalia reveal a reader’s thoughts.”

Use it well: Marginalia are notes or marks written in the margins of a text. They can be historically valuable, but they are separate from the main printed or manuscript content.

41. anatomy

Meaning: the study of bodily structures. 中文：解剖学 (jiě pōu xué).

Say it: “The room was used to teach anatomy.”

Use it well: Anatomy is the study or structure of body parts. In historical teaching contexts, keep descriptive anatomy separate from modern medical advice.

42. dissection

Meaning: examining internal structure by cutting. 中文：解剖 (jiě pōu).

Say it: “The exhibit discusses historical dissection.”

Use it well: Dissection is the careful cutting apart of a body or specimen for study. In museums, discuss the historical teaching practice rather than treating it as a visitor activity.

43. specimen

Meaning: an example kept for study. 中文：标本 (biāo běn).

Say it: “Please do not touch the specimen.”

Use it well: Use “specimen” for an example kept for study. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

44. skeleton

Meaning: the supporting framework of bones. 中文：骨骼 (gǔ gé).

Say it: “The model shows a skeleton.”

Use it well: Use “skeleton” for the supporting framework of bones. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

45. medical teaching

Meaning: instruction in medicine. 中文：医学教学 (yī xué jiào xué).

Say it: “How did medical teaching develop?”

Use it well: Use “medical teaching” for instruction in medicine. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

46. observation

Meaning: careful looking to gather information. 中文：观察 (guān chá).

Say it: “Observation was central to the lesson.”

Use it well: Use “observation” for careful looking to gather information. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

47. empirical

Meaning: based on evidence from observation. 中文：基于实证的 (jī yú shí zhèng de).

Say it: “The explanation uses empirical evidence.”

Use it well: Empirical means based on observation or experiment. It does not mean unquestionably true; evidence still requires interpretation and method.

48. debate hall

Meaning: a room used for formal discussion. 中文：辩论厅 (biàn lùn tīng).

Say it: “May we enter the debate hall?”

Use it well: Use “debate hall” for a room used for formal discussion. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

49. Latin motto

Meaning: a short guiding phrase in Latin. 中文：拉丁文格言 (lā dīng wén gé yán).

Say it: “What does the Latin motto mean?”

Use it well: Use “Latin motto” for a short guiding phrase in Latin. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

50. illuminated manuscript

Meaning: a handwritten book with decorative images. 中文：彩饰手稿 (cǎi shì shǒu gǎo).

Say it: “The illuminated manuscript is behind glass.”

Use it well: Use “illuminated manuscript” for a handwritten book with decorative images. In university and historical teaching contexts, attach the term to the specific document, role, object or method rather than treating academic words as interchangeable.

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Bologna vocabulary bank 3: words 51–75

Begin with ragù and continue to expiry date. Use the table for a quick meaning check, then read the example lessons beneath it. You do not need to use every word in one conversation.

No.	Word or expression	Pronunciation (IPA)	简体中文	Mandarin pinyin
51	ragù	/raˈɡu/	意式肉酱	yì shì ròu jiàng
52	tortellini	/ˌtɔːrtəˈliːni/	意式小馅饺	yì shì xiǎo xiàn jiǎo
53	tortelloni	/ˌtɔːrtəˈloʊni/	意式大馅饺	yì shì dà xiàn jiǎo
54	lasagne	/ləˈzɑnjə/	千层面	qiān céng miàn
55	mortadella	/ˌmɔːrtəˈdelə/	莫塔德拉香肠	mò tǎ dé lā xiāng cháng
56	Parmigiano	/ˌpɑːrmɪˈdʒɑːnoʊ/	帕尔马硬奶酪	pà ěr mǎ yìng nǎi lào
57	ricotta	/rɪˈkɑːtə/	乳清奶酪	rǔ qīng nǎi lào
58	semolina	/ˌsɛməˈlinə/	粗粒硬麦粉	cū lì yìng mài fěn
59	knead	/nid/	揉面	róu miàn
60	roll out	/roʊl aʊt/	擀开	gǎn kāi
61	rolling pin	/ˈroʊlɪŋ pɪn/	擀面杖	gǎn miàn zhàng
62	pasta sheet	/ˈpɑstə ʃit/	面皮	miàn pí
63	fold	/foʊld/	折叠	zhé dié
64	pinch	/pɪnʧ/	捏合	niē hé
65	stuffing	/ˈstəfɪŋ/	馅料	xiàn liào
66	al dente	/æl ˈdɛnˌteɪ/	有嚼劲的	yǒu jué jìn de
67	drained	/dreɪnd/	沥干的	lì gàn de
68	grated	/ˈgreɪtɪd/	磨碎的	mó suì de
69	freshly made	/ˈfrɛʃli meɪd/	现做的	xiàn zuò de
70	salted water	/ˈsɔltɪd ˈwɔtər/	盐水煮液	yán shuǐ zhǔ yè
71	cheese rind	/ʧiz raɪnd/	奶酪外皮	nǎi lào wài pí
72	salumeria	/salumeˈriːa/	意式熟肉店	yì shì shú ròu diàn
73	thinly sliced	/ˈθɪnli slaɪst/	薄切的	báo qiē de
74	vacuum-packed	/ˈvækjum pækt/	真空包装的	zhēn kōng bāo zhuāng de
75	expiry date	/ˌɛkˈspaɪri deɪt/	到期日	dào qī rì

Use these words in clear sentences

51. ragù

Meaning: a sauce made by slowly cooking meat. 中文：意式肉酱 (yì shì ròu jiàng).

Say it: “Is this pasta served with ragù?”

Use it well: Ragù is an Italian meat-based sauce category with regional forms. In Bologna, keep ragù alla bolognese distinct from generic international “Bolognese sauce.”

52. tortellini

Meaning: small ring-shaped filled pasta. 中文：意式小馅饺 (yì shì xiǎo xiàn jiǎo).

Say it: “What is inside the tortellini?”

Use it well: Tortellini are small ring-shaped filled pasta. Keep them distinct from tortelloni, which are generally larger and may use different fillings.

53. tortelloni

Meaning: larger folded filled pasta. 中文：意式大馅饺 (yì shì dà xiàn jiǎo).

Say it: “Are the tortelloni filled with cheese?”

Use it well: Tortelloni are larger filled pasta than tortellini. Use the menu’s exact name because size, filling and serving style can differ.

54. lasagne

Meaning: a baked dish using layered pasta sheets. 中文：千层面 (qiān céng miàn).

Say it: “Does the lasagne contain meat?”

Use it well: Use “lasagne” for a baked dish using layered pasta sheets. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

55. mortadella

Meaning: a finely ground cooked pork sausage. 中文：莫塔德拉香肠 (mò tǎ dé lā xiāng cháng).

Say it: “May I try the mortadella?”

Use it well: Mortadella is a cooked Italian sausage strongly associated with Bologna. It is not the same product as generic luncheon meat despite superficial similarities.

56. Parmigiano

Meaning: a hard Italian cheese often grated. 中文：帕尔马硬奶酪 (pà ěr mǎ yìng nǎi lào).

Say it: “Could I have some Parmigiano?”

Use it well: Parmigiano usually refers to Parmigiano Reggiano in this context. Use the full protected name when provenance matters.

57. ricotta

Meaning: a soft cheese made from whey. 中文：乳清奶酪 (rǔ qīng nǎi lào).

Say it: “Is the filling ricotta?”

Use it well: Use “ricotta” for a soft cheese made from whey. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

58. semolina

Meaning: coarsely milled durum wheat. 中文：粗粒硬麦粉 (cū lì yìng mài fěn).

Say it: “Is this pasta made with semolina?”

Use it well: Use “semolina” for coarsely milled durum wheat. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

59. knead

Meaning: to work dough by pressing and folding. 中文：揉面 (róu miàn).

Say it: “How long do you knead the dough?”

Use it well: Use “knead” for to work dough by pressing and folding. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

60. roll out

Meaning: to flatten dough with a roller. 中文：擀开 (gǎn kāi).

Say it: “Please show us how to roll out the dough.”

Use it well: Use “roll out” for to flatten dough with a roller. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

61. rolling pin

Meaning: a cylinder for flattening dough. 中文：擀面杖 (gǎn miàn zhàng).

Say it: “May I try the rolling pin?”

Use it well: Use “rolling pin” for a cylinder for flattening dough. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

62. pasta sheet

Meaning: a thin flattened layer of pasta dough. 中文：面皮 (miàn pí).

Say it: “The pasta sheet is almost translucent.”

Use it well: Use “pasta sheet” for a thin flattened layer of pasta dough. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

63. fold

Meaning: to bend one part over another. 中文：折叠 (zhé dié).

Say it: “Fold the pasta around the filling.”

Use it well: Use “fold” for to bend one part over another. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

64. pinch

Meaning: to press edges together with fingers. 中文：捏合 (niē hé).

Say it: “Pinch the edges firmly.”

Use it well: Use “pinch” for to press edges together with fingers. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

65. stuffing

Meaning: food placed inside another food. 中文：馅料 (xiàn liào).

Say it: “What is in the stuffing?”

Use it well: Use “stuffing” for food placed inside another food. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

66. al dente

Meaning: cooked while retaining firmness. 中文：有嚼劲的 (yǒu jué jìn de).

Say it: “I like pasta al dente.”

Use it well: Al dente describes pasta cooked so it remains firm to the bite. It is a texture description, not an exact cooking time.

67. drained

Meaning: having excess liquid removed. 中文：沥干的 (lì gàn de).

Say it: “The pasta is drained before serving.”

Use it well: Use “drained” for having excess liquid removed. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

68. grated

Meaning: reduced to small pieces with a grater. 中文：磨碎的 (mó suì de).

Say it: “Would you like grated cheese?”

Use it well: Use “grated” for reduced to small pieces with a grater. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

69. freshly made

Meaning: prepared very recently. 中文：现做的 (xiàn zuò de).

Say it: “Is the pasta freshly made?”

Use it well: Use “freshly made” for prepared very recently. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

70. salted water

Meaning: water seasoned with salt for cooking. 中文：盐水煮液 (yán shuǐ zhǔ yè).

Say it: “Boil the pasta in salted water.”

Use it well: Use “salted water” for water seasoned with salt for cooking. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

71. cheese rind

Meaning: the outer layer of a cheese. 中文：奶酪外皮 (nǎi lào wài pí).

Say it: “Is the cheese rind edible?”

Use it well: Use “cheese rind” for the outer layer of a cheese. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

72. salumeria

Meaning: an Italian shop specialising in cured meats. 中文：意式熟肉店 (yì shì shú ròu diàn).

Say it: “What can we buy at this salumeria?”

Use it well: A salumeria is a shop specialising in cured meats and related foods. It is not simply any grocery store.

73. thinly sliced

Meaning: cut into fine flat pieces. 中文：薄切的 (báo qiē de).

Say it: “Could it be thinly sliced?”

Use it well: Use “thinly sliced” for cut into fine flat pieces. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

74. vacuum-packed

Meaning: sealed after air has been removed. 中文：真空包装的 (zhēn kōng bāo zhuāng de).

Say it: “Is the sausage vacuum-packed?”

Use it well: Use “vacuum-packed” for sealed after air has been removed. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

75. expiry date

Meaning: the last date recommended for use. 中文：到期日 (dào qī rì).

Say it: “Where is the expiry date?”

Use it well: Use “expiry date” for the last date recommended for use. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

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Bologna vocabulary bank 4: words 76–100

Begin with refrigerated and continue to cured meat. Use the table for a quick meaning check, then read the example lessons beneath it. You do not need to use every word in one conversation.

No.	Word or expression	Pronunciation (IPA)	简体中文	Mandarin pinyin
76	refrigerated	/rɪˈfrɪʤərˌeɪtɪd/	冷藏的	lěng cáng de
77	room temperature	/rum ˈtɛmpərəʧər/	室温	shì wēn
78	shelf life	/ʃɛlf laɪf/	保质期	bǎo zhì qī
79	customs declaration	/ˈkəstəmz ˌdɛklərˈeɪʃən/	海关申报	hǎi guān shēn bào
80	portico	/ˈpɔːtɪkəʊ/	柱廊	zhù láng
81	column	/ˈkɒləm/	柱子	zhù zi
82	covered walkway	/ˌkʌvəd ˈwɔːkweɪ/	有顶步道	yǒu dǐng bù dào
83	public realm	/ˌpʌblɪk ˈrelm/	公共空间体系	gōng gòng kōng jiān tǐ xì
84	civic	/ˈsɪvɪk/	城市公共事务的	chéng shì gōng gòng shì wù de
85	fountain	/ˈfaʊntɪn/	喷泉	pēn quán
86	medieval tower	/ˌmediˈiːvəl ˈtaʊə/	中世纪塔楼	zhōng shì jì tǎ lóu
87	lean	/liːn/	倾斜	qīng xié
88	skyline	/ˈskaɪlaɪn/	天际线	tiān jì xiàn
89	university	/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/	大学	dà xué
90	scholar	/ˈskɒlə/	学者	xué zhě
91	lecture	/ˈlektʃə/	讲座	jiǎng zuò
92	anatomical theatre	/ˌænəˈtɒmɪkəl ˈθɪətə/	解剖教学剧场	jiě pōu jiào xué jù chǎng
93	manuscript	/ˈmænjʊskrɪpt/	手稿	shǒu gǎo
94	fresh pasta	/ˌfreʃ ˈpæstə/	新鲜意面	xīn xiān yì miàn
95	tagliatelle	/ˌtæljəˈteli/	宽条意面	kuān tiáo yì miàn
96	meat sauce	/ˈmiːt sɔːs/	肉酱	ròu jiàng
97	filled pasta	/ˌfɪld ˈpæstə/	带馅意面	dài xiàn yì miàn
98	broth	/brɒθ/	清汤	qīng tāng
99	delicatessen	/ˌdelɪkəˈtesən/	熟食店	shú shí diàn
100	cured meat	/ˌkjʊəd ˈmiːt/	腌制肉品	yān zhì ròu pǐn

Use these words in clear sentences

76. refrigerated

Meaning: kept at a low temperature. 中文：冷藏的 (lěng cáng de).

Say it: “Does this need to stay refrigerated?”

Use it well: Use “refrigerated” for kept at a low temperature. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

77. room temperature

Meaning: the ordinary temperature of an indoor space. 中文：室温 (shì wēn).

Say it: “Can it be served at room temperature?”

Use it well: Use “room temperature” for the ordinary temperature of an indoor space. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

78. shelf life

Meaning: the period a product can be stored under stated conditions. 中文：保质期 (bǎo zhì qī).

Say it: “What is its shelf life?”

Use it well: Use “shelf life” for the period a product can be stored under stated conditions. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

79. customs declaration

Meaning: a statement of goods carried across a border. 中文：海关申报 (hǎi guān shēn bào).

Say it: “Does this food require a customs declaration?”

Use it well: Use “customs declaration” for a statement of goods carried across a border. For Bolognese food, keep pasta shape, ingredient, preparation and serving method separate, and use the menu’s exact name when regional precision matters.

80. portico

Meaning: a roofed space supported by columns, here associated with covered walking routes. 中文：柱廊 (zhù láng).

Say it: “We followed a portico towards Piazza Maggiore.”

Use it well: A portico is a roofed structure supported by columns or arches, often attached to a building. In Bologna, distinguish a single portico from the wider network of porticoes.

81. column

Meaning: a vertical structural or architectural support. 中文：柱子 (zhù zi).

Say it: “We compared the columns in two stretches of portico.”

Use it well: Use “column” for a vertical structural or architectural support. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

82. covered walkway

Meaning: a pedestrian route sheltered by a roof. 中文：有顶步道 (yǒu dǐng bù dào).

Say it: “The covered walkway made the route easier to follow.”

Use it well: Use “covered walkway” for a pedestrian route sheltered by a roof. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

83. public realm

Meaning: spaces of public movement and interaction in a city. 中文：公共空间体系 (gōng gòng kōng jiān tǐ xì).

Say it: “We discussed how the porticoes shape the public realm.”

Use it well: Use “public realm” for spaces of public movement and interaction in a city. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

84. civic

Meaning: connected with a city and its public affairs. 中文：城市公共事务的 (chéng shì gōng gòng shì wù de).

Say it: “Piazza Maggiore introduced us to civic life.”

Use it well: Use “civic” for connected with a city and its public affairs. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

85. fountain

Meaning: a structure through which water flows or is projected. 中文：喷泉 (pēn quán).

Say it: “We used the fountain area as a landmark.”

Use it well: Use “fountain” for a structure through which water flows or is projected. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

86. medieval tower

Meaning: a tower associated with the Middle Ages. 中文：中世纪塔楼 (zhōng shì jì tǎ lóu).

Say it: “The medieval towers helped us recognise the city’s skyline.”

Use it well: Use “medieval tower” for a tower associated with the Middle Ages. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

87. lean

Meaning: to incline away from a vertical position. 中文：倾斜 (qīng xié).

Say it: “We read the explanation of the tower’s lean.”

Use it well: Use “lean” for to incline away from a vertical position. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

88. skyline

Meaning: the outline of buildings or landscape against the sky. 中文：天际线 (tiān jì xiàn).

Say it: “The towers changed the skyline.”

Use it well: Use “skyline” for the outline of buildings or landscape against the sky. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

89. university

Meaning: an institution of advanced teaching and research. 中文：大学 (dà xué).

Say it: “We explored Bologna’s university history.”

Use it well: Use “university” for an institution of advanced teaching and research. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

90. scholar

Meaning: a person engaged in advanced study or research. 中文：学者 (xué zhě).

Say it: “The display introduced a scholar’s work.”

Use it well: Use “scholar” for a person engaged in advanced study or research. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

91. lecture

Meaning: a structured talk explaining a subject. 中文：讲座 (jiǎng zuò).

Say it: “We imagined how a lecture used the historic teaching space.”

Use it well: Use “lecture” for a structured talk explaining a subject. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

92. anatomical theatre

Meaning: a teaching space designed for observing anatomical demonstration. 中文：解剖教学剧场 (jiě pōu jiào xué jù chǎng).

Say it: “We read the history of the anatomical theatre.”

Use it well: An anatomical theatre is a purpose-built teaching space historically used for anatomy demonstrations. It is not a modern operating theatre.

93. manuscript

Meaning: a text written by hand or an author’s pre-publication text. 中文：手稿 (shǒu gǎo).

Say it: “The exhibit showed how a manuscript preserves knowledge.”

Use it well: Use “manuscript” for a text written by hand or an author’s pre-publication text. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

94. fresh pasta

Meaning: pasta made and used fresh rather than dried for long storage. 中文：新鲜意面 (xīn xiān yì miàn).

Say it: “Which dishes use fresh pasta?”

Use it well: Use “fresh pasta” for pasta made and used fresh rather than dried for long storage. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

95. tagliatelle

Meaning: a type of ribbon-shaped pasta. 中文：宽条意面 (kuān tiáo yì miàn).

Say it: “Could you explain the sauce served with the tagliatelle?”

Use it well: Use “tagliatelle” for a type of ribbon-shaped pasta. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

96. meat sauce

Meaning: a sauce containing meat. 中文：肉酱 (ròu jiàng).

Say it: “What meat is used in this meat sauce?”

Use it well: Use “meat sauce” for a sauce containing meat. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

97. filled pasta

Meaning: pasta enclosing a filling. 中文：带馅意面 (dài xiàn yì miàn).

Say it: “Which filling is used in this filled pasta?”

Use it well: Use “filled pasta” for pasta enclosing a filling. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

98. broth

Meaning: a liquid made by cooking ingredients in water. 中文：清汤 (qīng tāng).

Say it: “Is the filled pasta served in broth?”

Use it well: Use “broth” for a liquid made by cooking ingredients in water. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

99. delicatessen

Meaning: a shop selling prepared or specialised foods. 中文：熟食店 (shú shí diàn).

Say it: “We asked about local products in the delicatessen.”

Use it well: Use “delicatessen” for a shop selling prepared or specialised foods. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

100. cured meat

Meaning: meat preserved using methods such as salting or drying. 中文：腌制肉品 (yān zhì ròu pǐn).

Say it: “Could you identify the cured meat in this dish?”

Use it well: Use “cured meat” for meat preserved using methods such as salting or drying. Connect this city-context term to a named Bologna place, institution or food tradition so it remains part of a real explanation rather than an isolated label.

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What to visit and understand in Bologna

The porticoes: a building feature becomes a city system

Bologna’s porticoes offer a lovely way to begin exploring. Portico, arcade, column and covered walkway describe the architecture that shelters and connects movement along streets. The UNESCO property is a serial site comprising twelve groups of porticoes and their surrounding built areas. Do not assume that the designation applies identically to every covered space you pass.

Look at one stretch and ask what it connects: homes, shops, institutions or public squares. Public realm helps you discuss the spaces of movement and interaction without confusing public use with property ownership. A sheltered route can still contain steps, uneven surfaces or obstacles. Choose a path suitable for your group and keep the actual walking conditions in view.

Piazza Maggiore: notice the different jobs around a square

Piazza Maggiore gives civic, basilica and public square useful settings. A square can gather religious life, administration, commerce and meeting in one place. Identify the building before describing its role. San Petronio is a basilica; do not automatically substitute cathedral as though the two titles meant the same thing.

Use the surrounding spaces to practise clear meeting instructions. Name a particular entrance or visible landmark and choose a position that does not obstruct movement. Then write two sentences: one describing a feature, the other explaining a checked historical or institutional function. The result is a more informative travel note than simply calling the square lively or impressive.

The Two Towers: recognise a symbol without assuming access

Asinelli and Garisenda are well-known symbols of Bologna. Medieval tower, skyline and lean give you a vocabulary for observing them. You can describe an inclination away from vertical without inventing its cause. For historical or engineering explanations, use the official account and separate observation from interpretation.

Check the official page for the current access and safety arrangements before building an itinerary around climbing a tower. A famous structure is not automatically available as a visitor route. If one experience is unavailable, choose another part of the city walk. The word itinerary describes an adaptable plan; it is not a promise that every feature in an old guide will be open.

The Archiginnasio: education becomes visible in a room

The Archiginnasio was a historic seat of the University of Bologna and includes the Anatomical Theatre. University, lecture, scholar and anatomical theatre help explain the relationship between an institution and the spaces used for teaching. Theatre here means an arranged setting for observing anatomical demonstration, rather than a stage for drama.

Read how the room has been preserved, restored and presented. The current visit is a way to learn about a historical teaching space, not to observe the original event. Ask what the arrangement allowed students to see and how information was communicated. Manuscript and archive extend the same question to records: how knowledge is made, kept and passed to another generation.

Food streets and fresh pasta: keep shape, filling and sauce separate

Bologna’s food traditions give fresh pasta, tagliatelle, filled pasta, broth and meat sauce practical work. The pasta’s shape and its sauce are separate parts of the dish. A filling can introduce another set of ingredients. Ask what meat is used, what is in the filling and whether the pasta is served in broth.

In a delicatessen, clarify whether a price is per item or weight. Cured meat describes a preservation process and should not be treated as a complete preparation or ingredient explanation. Italy uses the euro. A cheerful food conversation can be simple: identify the product, ask one precise question and confirm the quantity. Leave time to enjoy the answer and the meal.

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English–Chinese conversation practice for Bologna

Try these short exchanges aloud. One person asks, another answers, and a third checks whether the reply actually addresses the question. The replies below illustrate language use; actual staff, rules and services may be different. If a detail matters, ask again rather than filling the gap with a guess.

Walking under cover

You: “Is there a covered route to the square?”
中文：去广场有遮顶路线吗？

Practice reply: “Use the map to follow the sheltered sections.”
中文：请用地图找到有遮蔽的路段。

Making pasta

You: “Please show us how to roll out the dough.”
中文：请教我们如何擀开面团。

Practice reply: “Use the rolling pin to make an even sheet.”
中文：请用擀面杖擀出均匀的面皮。

Looking at an old text

You: “What does the annotation explain?”
中文：这条批注解释了什么？

Practice reply: “It helps the reader understand a difficult passage.”
中文：它帮助读者理解难懂的段落。

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Turn Bologna vocabulary into useful English

A lovely travel moment starts with noticing. Point to a real feature, name it and explain what you mean in one ordinary sentence. Then ask a question that lets you learn something new. If you are visiting with a child, let the child choose the object and question. Curiosity makes a much better starting point than a test of how many words someone remembers.

The Fencing Method: expand without losing meaning

Start with this sentence from the list: “The architrave spans the columns.” Identify its subject, verb and purpose. Now add one detail you have actually checked. You might explain which object you mean, why you are asking or what choice depends on the answer. Read the expanded sentence aloud. If it has become harder to understand, shorten it and rebuild.

Keep three kinds of statement separate: what you observed, what a reliable source explained and what you inferred. A view does not establish a building’s date. A food name does not confirm every ingredient. An attractive old-looking object is not automatically an original. Clear English helps you express curiosity while leaving space for uncertainty.

For the wider approach, explore eduKate’s Fencing Method and vocabulary synthesis.

Practise in a 90-minute session

Use ten minutes to recall five words without the Chinese column; fifteen minutes to repair two meaning confusions; twenty minutes for the bilingual exchanges above; a ten-minute break; twenty minutes to solve a new visitor situation; ten minutes to reflect on corrections; and five minutes to choose the next review task. That adds up to 90 minutes. In a three-person group, rotate traveller, helper and observer so everyone speaks and listens.

For the unfamiliar task, change one condition rather than merely repeat a script: the requested item is unavailable, the sign uses a different word, or the explanation is too fast. The traveller must choose a follow-up question. Ask for clarification politely, check the answer and say what you will do next. Successful communication is a conversation, not a memorised performance.

Write a Bologna travel note

Choose three words from this guide and connect them to one place or experience. Write one sentence describing what you noticed, one explaining a checked fact and one reflecting on a question you still have. If you have not travelled, label the piece an imagined visit or a plan. Do not write an invented scene as a personal memory.

Read the note again a few days later. Can you explain each selected word without looking at the translation? Does the example still sound natural? Record one useful correction and try it aloud. You are building language you can retrieve, not merely a page you have copied. Leave room for a laugh, a pause and another good question.

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Frequently asked questions

Must I learn all 100 words?

No. Choose five that fit your next Bologna activity. Use their examples, then add another small group when you have a reason to use it. The list includes words and useful expressions, not a compulsory exam syllabus.

Are these the same words as the other EU city guides?

No. Bologna keeps its own protected set of 100 numbered headwords or expressions within the expanding EU branch. Familiar words can recur naturally in examples, but the numbered bank is built around Bologna’s porticoes, university history, fresh pasta and civic heritage.

Is this a local-language phrasebook?

It teaches English with simplified Chinese meanings and pinyin. Local names and cultural terms help you recognise what you are visiting, but this is not a substitute for local-language learning. Save original place names from official sources.

Does pinyin pronounce the English?

No. Pinyin represents the Mandarin translation. Use the IPA guide and an appropriate recording for the English or borrowed cultural term. Different accents and local-language forms can sound different.

Can I rely on examples for prices, access or safety?

No. Example questions practise communication. Check the official sources, current signs and staff guidance for your actual date and situation. For dietary requirements, ask about the complete ingredients and preparation rather than relying on a translated dish name.

How does this support school English?

The transferable habits are precise definitions, natural sentences, careful listening and honest factual writing. A student can use a travel observation to practise description and explanation; an adult can use the same word to ask a better question.

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Continue through the eduKate learning ecosystem

For your next learning step, visit the Vocabulary Learning Hub. The adult collocations guide helps turn isolated words into natural combinations such as booking confirmation, departure board and temporary exhibition. The adult vocabulary review guide supports practice after the first reading.

For the wider country context, continue to the Italy travel vocabulary guide. Its country overview complements the particular Bologna situations taught here.

Travel also makes Mathematics and Science feel wonderfully concrete. Estimate journey time, compare quantities and prices, or explain how a transport mechanism works. Explore eduKate’s learning hubs to connect clear language with these wider learning goals.

Families seeking teaching support can explore eduKate Singapore. The wider estate includes eduKatePunggol, eduKateSengkang, BukitTimahTutor and eduKateOrchard. Choose a relevant learning route and check the current information directly with the centre.

Official sources for your visit

The city and visitor information was checked for this guide on 2 October 2026. The vocabulary selection and practice examples are eduKate teaching material. Use these official sources for the specific history and visitor arrangements; consult the live pages again before travel.

Bologna’s UNESCO porticoes

Municipal porticoes guide

The Two Towers

Archiginnasio Palace

The Anatomical Theatre

Bologna visitor sights

Enjoy Bologna one clear conversation at a time. Learn a word, ask a useful question and give yourself time to notice the answer. That is how a vocabulary list becomes a day you can understand, share and remember.

For further pronunciation listening, use Cambridge Dictionary or Collins Dictionary. Definitions and example sentences in this guide are eduKate teaching material; local food and cultural terms may need local recordings as well.