San Juan travel vocabulary for English learners and Chinese-speaking travellers. Learn 100 English words and expressions for visiting and touring San Juan, Puerto Rico, with clear meanings, Simplified Chinese, Mandarin pinyin and worked examples. Explore Old San Juan’s walls and gates, El Morro, San Cristóbal, paving and façades, plazas, heritage interpretation, mofongo and practical visitor questions.
San Juan becomes easier to describe when you ask how its places connect. A wall and gate reveal different parts of a defensive system. Two forts raise different questions about geography and design. A plaza invites a comparison between visible arrangement and historical meaning, while a food name encourages a precise ingredient question. Choose one relationship that interests you and build your language around it.
圣胡安旅行英语：以旧圣胡安为重点，学习城墙、城门、堡垒、街道、广场、历史阐释和饮食的词语。中文与拼音帮助理解，英语例句帮助表达。每次选一个场景，先学十个词，再把观察、资料与推断分开。
Choose a reading route
The ten teaching chapters stay expanded. Open the chapter index for a direct jump, or choose the route closest to your purpose. The pinyin reads the Chinese gloss, not the English word. Examples are classroom scenes, not reports of a visit or confirmed services.
- 01 · Chapters 1–2: Locate the district and walls — understand the setting and system.
- 02 · Chapters 3–4: Compare the forts — connect design with a sourced function.
- 03 · Chapters 5–7: Read streets, plazas and heritage — distinguish visible details from interpretation.
- 04 · Chapters 8–9: Practise visitor English — ask about food and arrangements.
- 05 · Chapter 10: Write and revise — keep a clear boundary around each claim.
Full chapter index · Short practice routine · Puerto Rico Travel Vocabulary Hub
Chapter index: one hundred words in ten lessons
Open the chapter index
- 1. San Juan, Puerto Rico and the Historic Setting — words 1–10
- 2. City Walls and Gates: Understand a Connected System — words 11–20
- 3. El Morro: Position, Levels and Changing Technology — words 21–30
- 4. San Cristóbal: Layers, Rooms and Water Storage — words 31–40
- 5. Paving, Façades and the Streetscape — words 41–50
- 6. Plazas and Promenades: Read a Public Place — words 51–60
- 7. World Heritage and Historical Interpretation — words 61–70
- 8. Mofongo: Components and Clear Food Questions — words 71–80
- 9. Visitor Arrangements: Ask Before Assuming — words 81–90
- 10. Evidence and Revision: Explain One Relationship — words 91–100
CHAPTER 1 OF 10 · Find your place
1. San Juan, Puerto Rico and the Historic Setting
This guide centres on Old San Juan and its fortifications, rather than every part of the wider city. Discover Puerto Rico’s landmark introduction offers named places for orientation, while the National Park Service’s visit-planning pages provide routes to maps and practical checks. Keep the city, historic district and island scale distinct.
Begin with one clear location sentence and a named source. Then ask what your map establishes: position, boundary or relationship. A location description should not become a transport promise. The U.S. Department of the Interior’s terminology identifies Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory; that political context is separate from whether an individual site is within your intended walking route.
1. capital
Meaning: A city serving as a territory’s or country’s centre of government. Capital describes a political role, not the whole geographical area surrounding a city.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 首府 — shǒu fǔ.
Use it: Our introduction names San Juan as Puerto Rico’s capital, then distinguishes the city from Old San Juan so readers understand the scope of the heritage lesson.
2. island
Meaning: Land surrounded by water. Island is a geographical term and should be kept separate from city, district and political status.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 岛屿 — dǎo yǔ.
Use it: The learner labels Puerto Rico on the regional map and San Juan on the city map, avoiding a paragraph that treats those two scales as identical.
3. territory
Meaning: A geographical or political area; here it helps distinguish Puerto Rico’s status from an independent-country label. Use the relevant context when choosing a Chinese gloss.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 属地；领土 — shǔ dì; lǐng tǔ.
Use it: In the location exercise, I describe Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory and keep that statement separate from the city’s particular streets, neighbourhoods and visitor activities.
4. historic district
Meaning: An area valued for its historical character or associations. A historic district has a scope that should not be extended to every modern part of a city.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 历史街区 — lì shǐ jiē qū.
Use it: The pupil introduces Old San Juan as the guide’s principal historic setting, then avoids applying a feature seen there to every neighbourhood elsewhere in San Juan.
5. islet
Meaning: A small island, often distinguished from a larger nearby landmass. Islet describes landform and scale rather than the practical route or service needed to reach it.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 小岛 — xiǎo dǎo.
Use it: Our map-reading discussion uses islet to clarify the old city’s setting, while leaving journey arrangements to current directions rather than guessing from the map alone.
6. bay
Meaning: A coastal indentation or part of the sea extending into land. Identify a named bay through a reliable map instead of relying only on a photograph.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 海湾 — hǎi wān.
Use it: The learner locates San Juan Bay on a checked map, then explains how the bay entrance relates to El Morro without inventing a sailing route.
7. harbour
Meaning: A water area used to shelter vessels. Harbour identifies a maritime setting, not the precise berth, terminal or meeting point used by a particular service.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 港湾 — gǎng wān.
Use it: Our imaginary arrival enquiry asks which terminal to use, recognising that the word harbour is too broad to establish the group’s exact meeting instructions.
8. headland
Meaning: Land projecting into a body of water. A headland’s position can matter historically, but its importance needs an explanation rather than a dramatic adjective.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 海岬 — hǎi jiǎ.
Use it: The pupil describes a headland on the diagram and asks how the position relates to the bay entrance, keeping geography separate from an unsupported military conclusion.
9. coastline
Meaning: The boundary where land meets the sea. A coastline does not automatically form an open, continuous or suitable pedestrian route.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 海岸线 — hǎi àn xiàn.
Use it: In the route exercise, I trace the coastline for orientation but consult access information before describing any section beside the historic walls as a visitor path.
10. orientation
Meaning: Working out where you are and how places relate. Orientation combines named reference points with a suitable map rather than relying on one broad destination label.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 方位辨认 — fāng wèi biàn rèn.
Use it: Before writing a walking dialogue, the learner locates two verified landmarks and explains their relationship, leaving exact travel time open until appropriate route information is available.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Label a learning map City, Historic District and Bay. Write one sentence locating the guide’s focus, then another connecting a headland with the bay entrance. Leave route timing out unless an appropriate current source supports it.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain island, islet and coastline. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 2 OF 10 · Read the boundary
2. City Walls and Gates: Understand a Connected System
The National Park Service’s city-walls account explains walls, projecting bastions and gates as parts of San Juan’s defensive development. The enclosure grew over time. Do not treat a surviving section as proof that the whole original circuit remains unchanged, or use a historical gate’s role as a current access instruction.
Ask how each part relates to the rest. A wall can define a boundary; a gate provides passage; a projecting feature can alter defensive coverage. A plan helps you see relationships a photograph may hide. Keep form and function distinct until a source connects them, and avoid describing every old wall with the same specialised term.
11. fortification
Meaning: A structure or system built for defence. Fortification can refer to connected works, so do not reduce an entire defensive system to one building.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 防御工事 — fáng yù gōng shì.
Use it: The pupil describes walls and forts as parts of a fortification system, then asks how they worked together instead of treating each landmark as an unrelated sightseeing stop.
12. city wall
Meaning: A wall constructed around or alongside a settlement, often historically for defence. A surviving section is not evidence that the entire original enclosure remains intact.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 城墙 — chéng qiáng.
Use it: Our Old San Juan paragraph names a city wall in the source account and distinguishes present remains from an assumption that every historical section still survives.
13. bastion
Meaning: A projecting part of a fortification that supports defensive coverage. Identify a bastion through a plan or qualified account rather than labelling any wall projection that way.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 棱堡 — léng bǎo.
Use it: The learner compares the plan’s angled bastion with the surrounding wall, explaining the relationship only as far as the diagram and source allow.
14. gate
Meaning: An opening controlling passage through a boundary such as a wall. A historical gate’s role and today’s access arrangements answer different questions.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 城门；入口 — chéng mén; rù kǒu.
Use it: In the heritage enquiry, I ask what the San Juan Gate historically connected, then check current visitor directions separately rather than treating that function as a route instruction.
15. masonry
Meaning: Construction using units such as stone or brick joined together. Confirm a material description when a distant image does not establish it reliably.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 砖石砌体 — zhuān shí qì tǐ.
Use it: The pupil notices joints in a wall photograph but credits the source for its masonry identification, keeping visible detail and documented material information distinct.
16. rampart
Meaning: A defensive wall or raised barrier. Rampart is a functional architectural term, not simply another name for any old boundary wall.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 城防壁垒 — chéng fáng bì lěi.
Use it: The learner asks whether a plan identifies the raised defensive feature as a rampart, avoiding a precise label based only on its impressive appearance.
17. parapet
Meaning: A low protective wall along an edge, with different uses in architecture. Explain the context rather than assuming every parapet has the same historical purpose.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 胸墙；矮护墙 — xiōng qiáng; ǎi hù qiáng.
Use it: Our vocabulary diagram shows a parapet above a wall, and I describe its position before discussing a source-supported role in the particular structure.
18. embrasure
Meaning: An opening associated with firing through a defensive wall. Identify its function through suitable information, and treat it as a heritage feature rather than a place to climb.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 射击孔；炮口 — shè jī kǒng; pào kǒu.
Use it: The pupil uses embrasure in a labelled teaching diagram and keeps the explanation separate from any suggestion that visitors should enter or sit in the opening.
19. enclosure
Meaning: An area bounded or surrounded by a barrier. Enclosure describes spatial organisation and does not necessarily mean a complete barrier survives today.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 围合区域 — wéi hé qū yù.
Use it: In the history paragraph, I discuss the former enclosure through a sourced account, then avoid claiming that its entire original boundary can be followed without interruption.
20. defensive system
Meaning: A set of related arrangements designed for protection. Explain the connection between components rather than treating the phrase as a label for a large single object.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 防御体系 — fáng yù tǐ xì.
Use it: The learner draws a simple defensive system diagram linking walls, gates and forts, marking it as a classroom explanation rather than a reconstruction of every historical detail.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Use a teacher-provided fortification plan. Identify wall, gate and bastion, then explain one relationship. State which term needs historical information rather than only a visual outline. Mark the diagram as a learning aid, not a precise reconstruction of every San Juan defence.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain city wall, masonry and enclosure. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 3 OF 10 · Connect geography with design
3. El Morro: Position, Levels and Changing Technology
The National Park Service’s El Morro history places Castillo San Felipe del Morro at the bay entrance and describes its development through several periods. Its military role changed as technology changed. Use the setting to connect promontory, levels and artillery without treating a long construction history as a single unchanged moment.
Start with where the fortress stands, then discuss a source-supported function. An impressive shape is not an explanation of effectiveness. The term obsolete is useful because it separates suitability for one military purpose from continuing heritage significance. A lighthouse or later addition should not automatically receive the date of the earliest fort construction.
21. fortress
Meaning: A fortified stronghold designed for defence. Fortress indicates a role and form, while its effectiveness in a particular period requires historical evidence.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 要塞 — yào sài.
Use it: Our El Morro introduction uses fortress as a starting term, then asks how changes over time affected its role instead of calling it permanently invincible.
22. promontory
Meaning: Raised land projecting beyond its surroundings, often beside water. Promontory draws attention to position without establishing a route’s gradient or accessibility.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 海岬；突出的高地 — hǎi jiǎ; tū chū de gāo dì.
Use it: The pupil uses promontory for El Morro’s sourced setting and keeps the landform description separate from whether a particular approach suits an actual visitor.
23. artillery
Meaning: Large weapons used to fire projectiles, considered collectively. Artillery describes equipment and military activity, not a complete explanation of a fort’s history.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 火炮 — huǒ pào.
Use it: In the classroom discussion, I identify artillery as a topic in the fort’s design account but do not infer the date of every displayed cannon from appearance.
24. battery
Meaning: An arrangement or position for artillery in this context. Battery has other meanings, so the fort setting should make the military use clear.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 炮台；炮组 — pào tái; pào zǔ.
Use it: The learner explains battery through a teacher-provided plan, avoiding confusion with an electrical battery and crediting the source for the feature’s historical role.
25. level
Meaning: A distinct floor or tier within a structure. A level’s presence does not confirm that every visitor can reach it or that all routes between levels are identical.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 层；层面 — céng; céng miàn.
Use it: Our El Morro notes describe multiple levels from the source, then leave current access to official information instead of promising unrestricted movement through every part.
26. esplanade
Meaning: An open area near a fort, waterfront or other setting. Its historical and present uses may differ and should be checked separately.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 开阔场地 — kāi kuò chǎng dì.
Use it: The pupil compares an esplanade image across two periods, describing visible changes without assuming that every historical activity continues in the same open space today.
27. lookout
Meaning: A position used for observing an area, or a viewing point in some visitor contexts. Clarify whether the use is historical or present-day.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 瞭望点 — liào wàng diǎn.
Use it: In the fort paragraph, I ask about a lookout’s former role before describing the view, preventing a historical observation position from becoming an invented current visitor arrangement.
28. lighthouse
Meaning: A tower or structure with a navigational light. A lighthouse’s appearance in a fort setting does not imply that it dates from the fort’s earliest construction.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 灯塔 — dēng tǎ.
Use it: The learner uses the National Park Service’s comparison images to ask about lighthouse changes, distinguishing the feature’s history from the much longer development of El Morro.
29. strategic
Meaning: Important to achieving a stated objective. Strategic needs a purpose and historical context rather than functioning as vague praise for a dramatic location.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 具有战略意义的 — jù yǒu zhàn lüè yì yì de.
Use it: Our sentence connects a strategic position with the bay entrance according to the source, then asks whose interests that defensive arrangement served in the period discussed.
30. obsolete
Meaning: No longer suitable for a purpose because conditions or technology have changed. Obsolete describes a relationship to use, not a loss of historical significance.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 过时的；不再适用的 — guò shí de; bù zài shì yòng de.
Use it: The pupil explains that a military feature can become obsolete while remaining valuable for heritage learning, avoiding the idea that old and useless must mean the same thing.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Compare one early and one later image from the NPS Then and Now collection. Identify a visible change and a feature you cannot date from the pictures alone. Explain why heritage value and military usefulness are different questions.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain promontory, level and strategic. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 4 OF 10 · Follow the internal relationships
4. San Cristóbal: Layers, Rooms and Water Storage
The official San Cristóbal account describes a landward defensive role, layered works, tunnels and water storage. That context distinguishes it from El Morro’s bay-entrance position. The historical account is a reading source, not confirmation that every passage or level is currently open to visitors.
The strongest explanation links a feature to a stated purpose without overextending it. A cistern stores water; that does not prove complete independence from outside resources. A magazine’s military meaning differs from its publishing meaning. When a term has more than one use, write a sentence that makes the setting clear rather than relying on the reader to guess.
31. landward
Meaning: Facing or directed towards the land, especially contrasted with seaward. Landward explains orientation rather than a particular date or current use.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 朝陆地的 — cháo lù dì de.
Use it: Our comparison describes San Cristóbal’s landward defensive context through the official account, keeping it distinct from El Morro’s position at the bay entrance.
32. defence in depth
Meaning: Protection organised in successive layers or positions. The phrase explains a strategy, not merely a very thick wall.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 纵深防御 — zòng shēn fáng yù.
Use it: The learner describes defence in depth with a simple layered diagram, then credits the source for applying the approach to San Cristóbal rather than inventing its layout.
33. dry moat
Meaning: A defensive ditch designed without standing water. A moat does not have to be water-filled, so context matters when interpreting a fort plan.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 干壕 — gān háo.
Use it: The pupil learns dry moat from the official fort description and revises her earlier drawing, which had added water based only on stories about castles.
34. tunnel
Meaning: A passage through or beneath another structure or landform. A historical tunnel’s function does not guarantee that its entire length is open to visitors.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 隧道 — suì dào.
Use it: In the source-reading task, I ask what a tunnel was used for, then consult current access information rather than treating the history account as an invitation to explore freely.
35. casemate
Meaning: A protected room associated with a fortification. Its exact design and use should be explained through a relevant historical account.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 拱顶防护室 — gǒng dǐng fáng hù shì.
Use it: The learner uses casemate when the source identifies the room and asks about its different functions, avoiding a guess based only on the shape of one doorway.
36. vault
Meaning: An arched overhead structure in architecture. Vault has other meanings, so identify the building context and describe the form carefully.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 拱顶 — gǒng dǐng.
Use it: Our teaching diagram labels a vault above a room, helping the pupil distinguish its curved ceiling structure from a secure storage vault in a modern bank.
37. magazine
Meaning: A storage place for ammunition or explosives in a military context. This meaning differs from a printed periodical, despite the identical spelling.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 弹药库 — dàn yào kù.
Use it: In the fort vocabulary exercise, I explain magazine as storage and make the military context explicit so the reader does not imagine a collection of travel publications.
38. cistern
Meaning: A container or chamber for storing water. A cistern’s historical role should be distinguished from any unsupported claim about present drinking-water arrangements.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 蓄水池 — xù shuǐ chí.
Use it: The pupil explains a cistern as water storage in the source account, then avoids suggesting that visitors may collect or drink water from a heritage feature.
39. rainwater collection
Meaning: Gathering rainwater for storage or use. The phrase explains a process without certifying the water’s quality or the suitability of a particular system today.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 雨水收集 — yǔ shuǐ shōu jí.
Use it: Our San Cristóbal lesson connects rainwater collection with the historical design account, keeping the explanation separate from instructions for building or using a modern system.
40. self-sufficiency
Meaning: The ability to meet specified needs using one’s own resources. State which needs are meant rather than claiming that a place required no outside support at all.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 自给能力 — zì jǐ néng lì.
Use it: The learner discusses water-related self-sufficiency cautiously, recognising that a storage system does not establish complete independence from every external supply or service.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
On a simple classroom diagram, place a water-storage label and a passage label. Explain cistern and tunnel separately, then discuss the phrase defence in depth. Do not turn the diagram into instructions for entering restricted areas or using historical water systems.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain defence in depth, casemate and rainwater collection. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 5 OF 10 · Describe what the image supports
5. Paving, Façades and the Streetscape
Discover Puerto Rico’s architecture introduction discusses Old San Juan’s paving, building fronts and historic setting. Travel language often uses cobblestones broadly; look closely at the actual units and pattern before claiming their material origin or manufacture. A historic street also includes everyday uses and private spaces.
Describe a relationship, not only a colour: an opening above a frontage, a balcony projecting from a façade, paving beside the building line. Do not infer an interior layout from an exterior view. Restoration and residential use require documentation or appropriate identification; a photogenic doorway is not an invitation to enter.
41. cobblestone
Meaning: A stone used in a paved surface; travel descriptions sometimes use the word broadly for historic paving. Describe the actual surface without assuming every unit is naturally rounded.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 铺路石 — pū lù shí.
Use it: The pupil preserves cobblestone as the tourism source’s familiar term, then describes the visible paving pattern rather than deriving its manufacturing history from the word alone.
42. paving
Meaning: Material laid to form a surface for movement. Paving describes construction or surface type, while its condition and accessibility require separate attention.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 铺面；铺路材料 — pū miàn; pū lù cái liào.
Use it: In our street photograph exercise, I describe the paving through visible joints and shape, without promising that every route has the same surface or walking conditions.
43. façade
Meaning: The front or outward face of a building. A façade image can support visible arrangement, but not the interior’s layout or every phase of construction.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 建筑正面 — jiàn zhù zhèng miàn.
Use it: The learner compares two façades through openings and colour placement, keeping the observation distinct from any source-based claim about the age or use of the buildings.
44. balcony
Meaning: A projecting or recessed platform associated with an upper part of a building. An attractive balcony is not automatically a public viewpoint.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 阳台 — yáng tái.
Use it: Our imagined walk describes a balcony from the street and respects the residence’s boundary instead of treating its appearance as permission to enter or photograph the interior.
45. courtyard
Meaning: An open space enclosed or partly enclosed by buildings or walls. A courtyard’s layout and access should be established rather than guessed from an entrance view.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 庭院 — tíng yuàn.
Use it: The pupil asks whether the visible opening leads to a courtyard, leaving the answer unresolved until a reliable description or authorised view supports it.
46. shutter
Meaning: A panel or fitted covering associated with a window. Its function and material vary, so describe what is visible before assigning a design explanation.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 窗板；百叶窗 — chuāng bǎn; bǎi yè chuāng.
Use it: In the architecture paragraph, I identify shutters where the image supports the term, then ask about their use rather than assuming every panel works in the same way.
47. streetscape
Meaning: The combined character of a street’s buildings, surfaces and features. Streetscape connects elements rather than describing a single building in isolation.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 街道景观 — jiē dào jǐng guān.
Use it: The learner explains the streetscape through frontage, paving and openings, avoiding a list of colours that gives no sense of how the parts relate.
48. frontage
Meaning: The portion of a property facing a street or open space. Frontage describes a spatial relationship rather than the whole perimeter of a building.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 临街面 — lín jiē miàn.
Use it: Our comparison examines how two frontages meet the street, so each description answers the same question rather than comparing one building’s entrance with another’s roof.
49. restoration
Meaning: Work intended to recover or repair valued features. Restoration is not proof that every visible surface has remained unchanged since initial construction.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 修复 — xiū fù.
Use it: The pupil asks what a documented restoration aimed to retain and what changed, rather than calling a freshly repaired façade completely original from an old photograph.
50. residential
Meaning: Connected with homes or living accommodation. A historic area may contain residential uses alongside visitor activity, so identify use through suitable information.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 住宅的 — zhù zhái de.
Use it: In the imagined heritage scene, I respect a residential doorway as someone’s space and avoid assuming that every colourful building in Old San Juan welcomes visitors inside.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Compare two credited street images using the same feature. Write one sentence about paving and one about frontage. Ask what source would establish a restoration date, then remove any statement that assumes every building has an identical history.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain paving, courtyard and restoration. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 6 OF 10 · Connect place with use
6. Plazas and Promenades: Read a Public Place
The official landmarks guide identifies Plaza de Armas and other named Old San Juan settings. Proper names help you keep the place clear; plaza describes a type of space. A public place’s historical role and present arrangements should be checked separately before planning a gathering or an activity.
Notice how movement, stopping places and surrounding buildings relate. If a monument is present in your chosen image, identify its subject through a label or source. A shaded area in a photograph is a condition at that moment, not a permanent guarantee. Keep people’s motives out of the description unless you have appropriate evidence for them.
51. plaza
Meaning: A public square or open urban space, especially in a Spanish-language context. Keep a named plaza’s proper name rather than replacing it with a vague location.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 广场 — guǎng chǎng.
Use it: The learner writes Plaza de Armas in full and explains plaza for classmates, then adds a visible feature from a credited image to make the setting clearer.
52. fountain
Meaning: A feature designed to issue or circulate water, often decoratively. A fountain’s presence in an image does not confirm that it operates continuously.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 喷泉 — pēn quán.
Use it: Our classroom description names a fountain only where the photograph shows it and avoids promising water flow or the same appearance on a future visit.
53. monument
Meaning: A structure or object associated with remembrance or significance. A monument’s subject should be identified through a label or reliable account.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 纪念碑；纪念物 — jì niàn bēi; jì niàn wù.
Use it: The pupil describes the monument’s form first, then checks what it commemorates rather than assigning a historical story from appearance alone.
54. commemorate
Meaning: To remember or honour a person or event through a place, object or activity. Explain the subject and source of the commemoration.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 纪念 — jì niàn.
Use it: In the plaza paragraph, I credit the account that explains what an object commemorates, keeping that information separate from my own response to its design.
55. inscription
Meaning: Words marked on an object or surface. An inscription should be read accurately and interpreted in context rather than treated as a complete history.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 铭文；题字 — míng wén; tí zì.
Use it: The learner transcribes a short teacher-provided inscription carefully and asks what it states, then distinguishes the wording from any broader conclusion about the event.
56. promenade
Meaning: A route or space intended for walking, often in a pleasant public setting. A named promenade still needs current directions and access checks for an actual plan.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 散步道 — sàn bù dào.
Use it: Our exercise uses promenade as a spatial term, then leaves the practical route unresolved rather than claiming that every waterfront section is continuously open.
57. shade
Meaning: Shelter from direct sunlight, or the sheltered area itself. Shade depends on position and time rather than a permanent condition guaranteed by a photograph.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 阴凉处；遮阴 — yīn liáng chù; zhē yīn.
Use it: The pupil describes shade in the chosen image and qualifies the statement, avoiding a promise that the same stopping point is shaded throughout the day.
58. public space
Meaning: An area used by the public under relevant arrangements. Public does not mean that every activity, event or form of recording is unrestricted.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 公共空间 — gōng gòng kōng jiān.
Use it: In the imaginary plaza scene, I keep the path clear and follow posted guidance, recognising that shared use involves consideration as well as access.
59. gathering place
Meaning: A place where people meet or assemble. Describe a specific use without assuming that every person present shares the same purpose.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 聚会场所 — jù huì chǎng suǒ.
Use it: The learner calls the plaza a gathering place in the source’s context but does not invent a common mood or motive for everyone shown in a crowd photograph.
60. civic
Meaning: Relating to public community life or institutions. Civic function and historic appearance are separate aspects of a place.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 公共事务的；市民的 — gōng gòng shì wù de; shì mín de.
Use it: Our discussion asks about a plaza’s civic role and its visible arrangement separately, preventing an attractive setting from becoming the entire explanation of its significance.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Write a short introduction to a named plaza. Include a visible spatial relationship and an attributed historical fact. Draft a question about an inscription or commemorative object without inventing the answer. Explain why public space does not mean unrestricted activity.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain fountain, inscription and gathering place. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 7 OF 10 · Keep the designation precise
7. World Heritage and Historical Interpretation
UNESCO lists La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico as a World Heritage property with defined components, including forts and substantial portions of the historic walls. Use that exact scope rather than extending the designation to every building in the modern city. Recognition is a starting point for understanding significance, not a substitute for explanation.
Heritage accounts ask several questions: what survives, how it changed, why it matters and whose experiences are included. A chronology separates stages. An archive can provide records, but those records still need interpretation. A well-supported paragraph can appreciate engineering while recognising the colonial power relationships and conflict associated with defensive construction.
61. World Heritage Site
Meaning: A property recognised through UNESCO’s World Heritage system. Use the official property name and scope rather than extending the designation to an entire region.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 世界遗产地 — shì jiè yí chǎn dì.
Use it: The learner names La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico accurately, avoiding the claim that every neighbourhood or building in San Juan is included.
62. heritage
Meaning: Valued places, practices or works inherited from the past. Explain the particular heritage and its context rather than using the word as general praise.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 遗产；文化传承 — yí chǎn; wén huà chuán chéng.
Use it: Our paragraph links heritage with the documented defensive structures and their changing history, instead of treating age alone as a complete explanation of significance.
63. preservation
Meaning: Work to retain and protect valued material or character. Preservation concerns continuing care and does not mean a site never changes.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 保存；维护 — bǎo cún; wéi hù.
Use it: The pupil asks how preservation manages wear and visitor use, recognising that maintaining a historic place can require decisions rather than leaving every surface untouched.
64. interpretation
Meaning: An explanation of meaning supported by details and context. Heritage interpretation selects an account, so ask whose experience and evidence it presents.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 阐释；解读 — chǎn shì; jiě dú.
Use it: The learner compares two interpretations of a defensive feature, identifying the questions each answers rather than assuming one short panel tells the entire history.
65. colonial
Meaning: Connected with colonial rule and its institutions or relationships. Use the term with historical context, not merely as a decorative architectural label.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 殖民时期的；殖民的 — zhí mín shí qī de; zhí mín de.
Use it: Our fort paragraph uses colonial for the sourced political setting and acknowledges that a visitor’s appreciation of the structure does not erase the conflict behind it.
66. chronology
Meaning: The order of events through time. A chronology separates initial construction, alterations and later uses instead of treating a site as one unchanging moment.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 时间顺序 — shí jiān shùn xù.
Use it: The pupil gives each checked date its own event label, avoiding a sentence that assigns the earliest foundation date to every feature visible today.
67. archive
Meaning: A collection of preserved records or the place holding them. An archive can support research, but the meaning of a record still needs context.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 档案库；档案 — dàng àn kù; dàng àn.
Use it: In the classroom task, I ask which archive supplies a historical image and distinguish its recorded date from an assumption about the building’s current condition.
68. perspective
Meaning: A position from which something is viewed or understood. Perspective can concern a camera angle or the interests shaping a historical account.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 视角；观点 — shì jiǎo; guān diǎn.
Use it: The learner distinguishes photographic perspective from historical perspective, explaining why a broad view of a fort does not supply every community’s account of the past.
69. adaptation
Meaning: A change made to suit particular conditions or needs. Explain what changed and why through appropriate evidence rather than assuming every difference was intentional adaptation.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 适应性调整 — shì yìng xìng tiáo zhěng.
Use it: Our paragraph asks how defensive design was adapted to the harbour setting, attributing the explanation instead of inventing a purpose for each architectural detail.
70. authenticity
Meaning: The quality of being genuine in a relevant context. Heritage authenticity involves evidence and careful judgement, not simply an old-looking surface.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 真实性；原真性 — zhēn shí xìng; yuán zhēn xìng.
Use it: The pupil asks what information supports an authenticity claim, recognising that attractive wear or a traditional appearance does not establish an object’s origin or age.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Make a three-column note: Feature, Source and Claim. Include one fort and one wall-related feature. Check that each claim stays within the source’s scope. Write a question about perspective rather than inventing testimony from a community whose account you have not read.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain heritage, colonial and adaptation. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 8 OF 10 · Order with understanding
8. Mofongo: Components and Clear Food Questions
Discover Puerto Rico’s food guide introduces mofongo through mashed fried green plantains and describes variations. Learn the local name, then ask about the actual preparation. A general dish account is not a complete ingredient list for every provider, and a serving photograph cannot confirm dietary suitability.
Separate component, method, texture and accompaniment. A mortar and pestle describes a tool pair; a bowl on the table may be a serving vessel instead. Ask whether broth or filling is part of the particular dish. Keep any important ingredient question direct, and let the provider’s answer guide the choice rather than assuming one familiar recipe is universal.
71. mofongo
Meaning: A Puerto Rican dish commonly based on fried green plantains mashed with other ingredients. Preparations vary, so the name alone does not establish a complete ingredient list.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 捣大蕉料理 — dǎo dà jiāo liào lǐ.
Use it: In our menu dialogue, I ask how the mofongo is prepared and what accompanies it, keeping the local name while avoiding an assumption that every serving is identical.
72. plantain
Meaning: A banana-like fruit commonly used in cooking. Plantain, banana and ripeness describe related but distinct aspects that should be explained in a food context.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 大蕉 — dà jiāo.
Use it: The learner identifies plantain as the ingredient named in the source, then asks about ripeness and preparation rather than assuming every banana-like fruit is used the same way.
73. mashed
Meaning: Crushed into smaller pieces or a softer mass. Mashed describes preparation and texture, not every flavour or ingredient in a dish.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 捣碎的；压成泥的 — dǎo suì de; yā chéng ní de.
Use it: Our food description uses mashed for the plantain component and asks separately about additions, showing why a preparation word cannot replace a full ingredient enquiry.
74. mortar and pestle
Meaning: A bowl-like tool and matching implement used to pound or grind material. The pair’s function should be distinguished from a serving vessel’s appearance.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 研钵与杵 — yán bō yǔ chǔ.
Use it: The pupil explains mortar and pestle through a teaching diagram, then asks the demonstrator about the actual method rather than treating every wooden bowl as the same tool.
75. garlic
Meaning: A plant used as a flavouring ingredient. Garlic’s presence in a general recipe does not prove that every restaurant prepares the dish identically.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 大蒜 — dà suàn.
Use it: In the imagined enquiry, I ask whether garlic is used in the particular serving, rather than relying on a familiar recipe as confirmation of another provider’s ingredients.
76. broth
Meaning: A liquid prepared through cooking ingredients in water. A broth’s contents need clarification when they matter to a food choice.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 汤汁；清汤 — tāng zhī; qīng tāng.
Use it: The learner asks what the broth contains and whether it is served separately, recognising that its appearance does not establish its ingredients or suitability.
77. filling
Meaning: Food placed inside another component. Filling names a structural role, while ingredient includes everything used in preparing the dish.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 馅料 — xiàn liào.
Use it: Our menu question asks about the filling and then the sauce separately, avoiding the assumption that one answer necessarily covers every part of the serving.
78. portion
Meaning: An amount of food served for a meal or occasion. Portion is not a universal fixed size, so clarify what the listing includes.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 一份；分量 — yī fèn; fèn liàng.
Use it: The pupil asks what comes with the portion before the imaginary order, using a precise question instead of guessing quantity from a close-up photograph.
79. accompaniment
Meaning: Food served alongside a main component. An accompaniment may be included or optional depending on the actual menu.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 配菜；搭配食物 — pèi cài; dā pèi shí wù.
Use it: In the role-play, I check whether the pictured accompaniment is included, keeping the classroom exchange clear without inventing a real restaurant’s pricing or serving policy.
80. ingredient
Meaning: A component used in preparing food. Ingredient information is different from a dish’s name, presentation or general cultural description.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 食材；成分 — shí cái; chéng fèn.
Use it: The learner asks the provider about a relevant ingredient directly, rather than certifying a dish for a dietary requirement from the vocabulary guide’s brief explanation.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Create a three-turn dialogue: ask how the mofongo is prepared, clarify a filling or accompaniment, and state a preference where available. Mark the exchange as fictional. Explain why mashed describes preparation without supplying every ingredient.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain plantain, garlic and accompaniment. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 9 OF 10 · Build a manageable plan
9. Visitor Arrangements: Ask Before Assuming
The National Park Service’s planning pages provide links for current conditions, access and practical information about its sites. Confirm the specific activity and relevant provider separately. This vocabulary guide does not establish today’s fees, availability or travel rules, and it does not provide a safety assessment for an individual itinerary.
A plan can be useful with only two activities. Match the intended date and location to each confirmation. Ask specific accessibility questions about steps, paving or routes. Keep a contingency for changed arrangements, and check the scope of a closure notice rather than treating an old announcement as permanent. Permission should address the action you intend to take.
81. itinerary
Meaning: A planned sequence of activities and journeys. A useful itinerary includes checked arrangements and space between activities rather than collecting every attraction name.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 行程安排 — xíng chéng ān pái.
Use it: Our Old San Juan classroom itinerary combines one fort-reading task with one plaza description, leaving time between them instead of promising the entire guide as a morning route.
82. admission
Meaning: Entry to a place or, in some contexts, the charge for entry. Check what a stated admission arrangement covers before making a plan.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 入场；入场费 — rù chǎng; rù chǎng fèi.
Use it: The pupil asks whether admission includes a guided activity and which sites it concerns, avoiding a cost claim based on an old or unrelated article.
83. reservation
Meaning: An advance arrangement for a place or service. A reservation needs current confirmation, not merely a page describing an activity.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 预订 — yù dìng.
Use it: In our visitor dialogue, I ask whether a reservation is required and keep the reply separate from the general destination introduction used for background reading.
84. accessibility
Meaning: How a place or service can be reached and used by people with different needs. Specific access questions are more useful than an unsupported broad label.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 无障碍可及性 — wú zhàng ài kě jí xìng.
Use it: The learner asks about steps, surfaces and available routes, allowing the provider to address a particular need rather than guessing what accessible means for this group.
85. gradient
Meaning: The steepness of a slope, often related to horizontal distance. Gradient is distinct from elevation and does not establish every aspect of a route’s usability.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 坡度 — pō dù.
Use it: Our enquiry asks about gradient and paving separately, recognising that height alone cannot show whether the proposed route suits the imagined visitor.
86. forecast
Meaning: A prediction of weather for a stated period and area. A forecast is changeable and should not be replaced by a general climate description.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 天气预报 — tiān qì yù bào.
Use it: The pupil checks the relevant forecast near the intended outing and leaves room for changed conditions rather than claiming that a typical season settles one day’s weather.
87. confirmation
Meaning: A statement verifying an arrangement or detail. Check that the confirmation’s date, location and service match the intended plan.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 确认信息 — què rèn xìn xī.
Use it: In the exercise, I notice a different meeting time in the confirmation and correct the draft itinerary before treating the imaginary booking as ready.
88. closure
Meaning: A period when a place or service is unavailable. A closure notice is tied to its date and scope and should be read accordingly.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 关闭；暂停开放 — guān bì; zàn tíng kāi fàng.
Use it: The learner checks whether a closure announcement concerns the intended date and area, avoiding a current-access claim from a notice about an earlier event.
89. permission
Meaning: Approval for a particular action from the relevant person or authority. Permission for entry is not automatic permission for recording or touching.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 许可 — xǔ kě.
Use it: Our role-play asks permission before a photograph and respects the response, rather than treating an attractive heritage setting as unrestricted space for any activity.
90. contingency
Meaning: An alternative prepared for a possible change. A contingency helps a plan remain useful without pretending that all arrangements are certain.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 应变安排 — yìng biàn ān pái.
Use it: If the imagined activity is unavailable, our contingency is a credited image-comparison task, allowing learning to continue without demanding entry to a closed area.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Draft a classroom enquiry about a heritage activity. Include the date, an admission question and one precise access need. Exchange drafts and check whether the provider could answer without guessing. Do not send the exercise as a real booking.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain admission, gradient and permission. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
CHAPTER 10 OF 10 · Use words independently
10. Evidence and Revision: Explain One Relationship
You can work from official sources, credited images and clearly labelled imagined scenes. No learner needs to pretend to have visited San Juan. The aim is a paragraph that separates observation, researched information and inference, then uses vocabulary to make one relationship clear rather than to decorate a vague description.
Try five sentence jobs: locate the scene, describe a feature, explain a relationship, attribute a relevant fact and finish with a thoughtful question. Check the scope of each claim. A photograph showing one street does not establish every surface in the district; a fort history does not establish today’s visitor route.
91. observation
Meaning: A detail noticed directly through attention. Keep an observation within the evidence available instead of expanding it into a claim about an entire place.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 观察所得 — guān chá suǒ dé.
Use it: My observation concerns the paving in one photograph, not every street in San Juan or the condition of the same surface on a future visit.
92. inference
Meaning: A conclusion drawn from evidence rather than directly seen. Mark an inference as such and seek confirmation where the stronger claim matters.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 推断 — tuī duàn.
Use it: The pupil suggests that an opening may serve a defensive role, keeping the statement tentative until a relevant plan or account confirms the feature’s function.
93. evidence
Meaning: Information relevant to supporting a claim. Choose evidence that answers the particular question rather than something merely connected with the destination.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 证据；依据 — zhèng jù; yī jù.
Use it: To support a construction date, I use a historical source rather than a dramatic view, because the photograph does not establish that event’s chronology.
94. attribution
Meaning: Identifying who supplied information or an interpretation. Attribution separates researched material from a writer’s own observations and conclusions.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 注明来源 — zhù míng lái yuán.
Use it: The learner credits the National Park Service for the fort’s role, then writes her own comparison of visible features without presenting borrowed history as personal discovery.
95. comparison
Meaning: An examination of similarities or differences using a shared basis. A clear comparison keeps the question consistent across its examples.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 比较 — bǐ jiào.
Use it: Our comparison examines the defensive orientation of two forts through sources, rather than comparing one building’s appearance with another’s visitor popularity.
96. function
Meaning: The purpose or role of something. Function differs from form, and a feature’s intended use may require documentation rather than visual guesswork.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 功能；用途 — gōng néng; yòng tú.
Use it: The pupil describes a cistern’s form in a teaching diagram before explaining its source-supported function, avoiding the assumption that every underground room stored water.
97. scope
Meaning: The extent of what a statement, task or source covers. Scope prevents information about one feature from being applied to every setting.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 范围 — fàn wéi.
Use it: I state the paragraph’s scope as Old San Juan’s fortifications, so the reader does not mistake it for a description of every modern neighbourhood in the city.
98. paraphrase
Meaning: An accurate restatement in your own words with appropriate credit. Paraphrasing requires understanding, not merely replacing a few words from a source.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 改述 — gǎi shù.
Use it: After reading a short fact, the learner closes the page and writes a paraphrase, then checks its meaning and names the source before using it.
99. retrieve
Meaning: Bring learned information back to mind without immediately checking the answer. Retrieval practice reveals independent use rather than familiarity with an open list.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 回忆提取 — huí yì tí qǔ.
Use it: The pupil closes the entries and retrieves three words for a fresh photograph, attempting an original explanation before reopening the guide to check the meanings.
100. revise
Meaning: Improve work by checking accuracy, clarity and organisation. Revision can remove a weak claim as well as add a useful detail.
中文 / Mandarin pinyin: 修改；修订 — xiū gǎi; xiū dìng.
Use it: I revise the San Juan paragraph by replacing vague praise with a clear relationship and deleting a historical assertion that the selected source does not support.
Try it: create a fresh explanation
Write a paragraph about a wall, plaza or food question. Mark an observation, an attributed fact and an inference. Retrieve three words without looking and use them in a fresh sentence. Revise one claim that exceeds the evidence and explain the improvement aloud.
Recall check: Close the entries and explain inference, comparison and retrieve. Make a new sentence for each before checking. Correct the meaning of any uncertain term instead of simply repeating the worked example.
Contents ↑ · Previous chapter · Continue to paragraph practice →
The Fencing Method: grow a sentence within its evidence
Begin with a statement you can support, then add one useful detail at a time. Each addition should clarify the relationship without extending the claim beyond the evidence. This is the Fencing Method: expression grows within a clear boundary. A sentence becomes stronger through accuracy and meaning, not simply through length.
- Name the view: “The teaching image shows a fort wall.” Identify the kind of evidence you have.
- Add a visible feature: “The teaching image shows an opening in a fort wall.” Include only what the image supports.
- Ask about function: “The opening raises a question about the wall’s defensive function.” A question is useful when identification remains uncertain.
- Attribute a checked explanation: Name a suitable source before giving the feature a specialised label. Do not transfer an explanation from another fort or period.
- Retrieve and revise: Close the guide and describe a different feature. Check its meaning, scope and source, then remove any unsupported assertion.
Try the same process with a food sentence: name the dish, identify a source-supported component, then ask about the actual serving. For heritage writing, separate the site’s earliest construction from later additions. A short accurate sentence with a clear job is often more useful than a long sentence carrying several unverified claims.
A small revision routine
Choose one ten-word chapter. Read the meanings and write three original sentences. Close the list and recall five terms before checking. In a later session, return with a different image or enquiry. Reusing words across settings gives you a better picture of understanding than repeatedly reading an example until it looks familiar.
A teacher can extend the task through a distinction: city versus district, dry moat versus water-filled moat, or heritage recognition versus current access. A parent can ask which sentence needs a source and what kind of evidence would answer it. Keep the task small enough that the learner actually revises a sentence rather than only adding more vocabulary.
Source reading: preserve context and scope
The NPS city-walls account, El Morro history and San Cristóbal history supply fortification context. UNESCO’s property page establishes the World Heritage name and components. Discover Puerto Rico’s landmarks introduction, architecture account and food guide support the other destination settings. Definitions, worked examples and practice tasks are teaching material.
A source can answer one question without settling another. History supports a feature’s role; current planning information concerns access. A dish description introduces components; the actual provider answers preparation questions. Use the NPS visit-planning pages and current official information for a real visit. This vocabulary guide is not a timetable, legal-advice page or safety assessment.
Frequently asked questions
Does the guide cover every part of San Juan?
No. Its main teaching setting is Old San Juan and its fortifications, with selected food and visitor-language tasks. Keep those details separate from claims about every modern district in the wider city.
Are El Morro and San Cristóbal the same fort?
No. They are distinct structures within the historic defensive setting. The official accounts describe El Morro’s position at the bay entrance and San Cristóbal’s landward defensive context. Compare them using the same question rather than blending their features.
Is the entire city a World Heritage property?
Use UNESCO’s precise name and defined scope: La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico. Do not extend that designation to every street, modern neighbourhood or building merely because it is in San Juan.
Does the pinyin show English pronunciation?
No. It represents the Chinese meaning gloss. Some Chinese glosses offer more than one equivalent because context matters. Learn the English term through a sentence that makes its particular use clear.
Can I use this guide without travelling?
Yes. Use credited photographs, official reading and clearly labelled imagined scenes. Describe one relationship, attribute a relevant fact and retrieve words before checking. Do not claim a personal visit or confirmation of a service.
Keep exploring
The Puerto Rico Travel Vocabulary Hub helps you choose a manageable scene-based lesson. The Top 100 Travel Vocabulary City Directory offers another destination when you want a fresh comparison. Carry general words such as scope and attribution forward while keeping each place’s own history attached to the correct source.