AGES 7–9 · MAGNETS AND MATERIALS
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Name the material, read the facing poles and connect each conclusion to its observation.
Chapter index · Worked correction · Discussion and checking · Vocabulary articles
A shiny object may fail to move towards a magnet, while a dull iron sample is attracted. That surprise gives children aged roughly 7–9 a useful reason to learn precise words. This guide links material, magnetic pole, attraction and observation through a small imagined investigation. Begin with five words if that suits the learner; the age range is a guide and the story can be read aloud.
All four editions share word numbers, meanings, examples and the original story. Use a card’s language links to open the same meaning in English, Mandarin, Hindi or Russian. Explain the idea in a familiar language, then practise a short expression in another. Some natural translations are phrases. We match the scientific context rather than claiming one translation fits every sentence.
Mandarin uses Simplified Chinese and pinyin with tones. Hindi and Russian include approximate Roman reading aids; Russian stress marks are learning supports normally omitted in everyday writing. The investigation below is fictional and can be studied entirely on paper. For any optional demonstration, an adult should choose suitable large enclosed classroom magnets and supervise; loose small magnets are unsuitable for this activity.
Chapter index
1–4 · Name the material and the facing poles
5–8 · Samples and separation: words 11–15
9–12 · A gentle seven-day practice plan
Begin with two questions: what material is present, and which magnetic poles face each other? An unmagnetised iron sample is attracted to either pole of our ordinary bar magnet. Two magnets are a different comparison: like facing poles repel and unlike facing poles attract. Keep the object-to-magnet comparison distinct from the magnet-to-magnet comparison, because the same explanation does not fit both.
Worked correction
Worked correction: “Every shiny metal is attracted, so the shiny aluminium sample must move towards the magnet.” Keep the correct observation that it looks shiny and is a metal. Now read the material record: iron and our specified carbon steel show attraction, while aluminium shows no noticeable attraction in this ordinary-magnet comparison. Shine is not the tested property. Replace the all-metals claim with “some materials, including iron and ordinary carbon steel, are readily attracted”.
A force can act across a gap. Our thin paper sheet separates iron and magnet while attraction remains in the fictional record. The paper itself need not be attracted for an interaction to act through it. This does not prove every barrier of any thickness is ineffective: material, thickness and separation all matter. First describe the given result; only then make a conclusion that fits its limits.
Read the map in pairs: attract and repel, magnetic and non-magnetic, predict and observe. A prediction states an expectation before the event; an observation reports what happened. Keep both if they differ. A mistaken prediction can reveal a useful question about the material or the facing poles without making the observation wrong.
North and south here name magnetic pole types, labelled N and S in every edition. Turning a bar changes where a pole sits; it does not exchange the pole’s identity. Our lesson does not use paint colour to identify poles, because colours on teaching magnets vary. Read a reliable label or the stated model. The simplified material words magnetic and non-magnetic refer to noticeable attraction with an ordinary magnet, not every weak magnetic effect studied in advanced physics.
1. magnet · 磁铁
English: magnet
An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract certain materials or interact with other magnets.
Our bar magnet attracts the iron sample.
中文（普通话）: 磁铁 (cítiě)
能产生磁场、吸引某些材料并与其他磁铁作用的物体。
本课条形磁铁吸引铁样品。
हिन्दी: चुंबक (cumbak)
चुंबकीय क्षेत्र बनाने वाली वस्तु, जो कुछ पदार्थ खींचती और दूसरे चुंबकों से क्रिया करती है।
हमारा छड़ चुंबक लोहे का नमूना खींचता है।
Русский: магни́т (magnit)
Предмет, создающий магнитное поле и взаимодействующий с некоторыми материалами и другими магнитами.
Наш полосовой магнит притягивает образец железа.
Try it: Name what the magnet attracts in the record.
2. pole · 磁极
English: pole
A magnetic region called north or south; our bar magnet has one of each near its ends.
Check which poles face each other.
中文（普通话）: 磁极 (cíjí)
称北极或南极的磁性区域；本课条形磁铁两端附近各一极。
检查面对面是哪两磁极。
हिन्दी: चुंबकीय ध्रुव (cumbakīya dhruv)
उत्तर या दक्षिण कहलाने वाला चुंबकीय भाग; हमारी छड़ के सिरों पास एक-एक।
देखें कौन-से ध्रुव आमने-सामने हैं।
Русский: магни́тный по́люс (magnitnyy polyus)
Магнитная область северного или южного типа; у нашей полосы по одной возле каждого конца.
Проверьте, какие полюса обращены друг к другу.
Try it: Name both facing poles before choosing a result.
3. north pole · 北极
English: north pole
The north-seeking pole of a magnet, labelled N here; its name does not tell where it sits on the page.
N faces N in the first pair.
中文（普通话）: 北极 (běijí)
磁铁的指北极，本课标N；名称不表示纸上位置。
第一对N面对N。
हिन्दी: उत्तर ध्रुव (uttar dhruv)
चुंबक का उत्तर खोजने वाला ध्रुव, यहाँ N; नाम पन्ने की जगह नहीं बताता।
पहली जोड़ी में N के सामने N है।
Русский: се́верный по́люс (severnyy polyus)
Северный, или североискательный, полюс магнита, здесь N; название не задаёт места на листе.
В первой паре N обращён к N.
Try it: Find N after rotating the drawing.
4. south pole · 南极
English: south pole
The other magnetic pole type, labelled S here; a bar magnet has both pole types.
Turning one bar makes N face S.
中文（普通话）: 南极 (nánjí)
另一类磁极，本课标S；条形磁铁有两类极。
转动一根条形磁铁使N面对S。
हिन्दी: दक्षिण ध्रुव (dakṣiṇ dhruv)
दूसरा ध्रुव प्रकार, यहाँ S; छड़ चुंबक में दोनों प्रकार होते हैं।
एक छड़ घुमाने से N के सामने S आया।
Русский: ю́жный по́люс (yuzhnyy polyus)
Другой тип магнитного полюса, здесь S; у полосового магнита есть оба типа.
Поворот одной полосы обращает N к S.
Try it: Explain why turning does not turn S into N.
5. attract · 吸引
English: attract
Pull towards one another; attraction describes the force direction, even if an object is held still.
Unlike facing poles attract.
中文（普通话）: 吸引 (xīyǐn)
相互拉近；吸引说力方向，即使物体被固定不动。
异名磁极相对会吸引。
हिन्दी: आकर्षित करना (ākarṣit karnā)
एक-दूसरे की ओर खींचना; वस्तु रुकी हो तब भी बल की दिशा यही।
विपरीत आमने-सामने ध्रुव आकर्षित करते हैं।
Русский: притя́гивать (prityagivat)
Тянуть друг к другу; это направление силы, даже если предмет удерживают неподвижно.
Разноимённые обращённые полюса притягиваются.
Try it: Describe the direction of attraction.
6. repel · 排斥
English: repel
Push away from one another; here this occurs between like facing magnetic poles.
N facing N repels; S facing S also repels.
中文（普通话）: 排斥 (páichì)
互相推开；本课同名磁极相对时发生。
N对N排斥，S对S也排斥。
हिन्दी: प्रतिकर्षित करना (pratikarṣit karnā)
एक-दूसरे से दूर धकेलना; यहाँ समान आमने-सामने ध्रुवों में।
N-N प्रतिकर्षित करते हैं; S-S भी।
Русский: отта́лкивать (ottalkivat)
Толкать друг от друга; здесь между одноимёнными обращёнными полюсами.
N к N отталкивается; S к S тоже.
Try it: Give two like-pole examples of repulsion.
7. magnetic · 磁性的
English: magnetic
In this material-sorting lesson, readily attracted by our ordinary magnet; this does not mean every such sample is a permanent magnet.
The iron sample is magnetic in our comparison.
中文（普通话）: 磁性的 (cíxìng de)
本课材料分类指容易被普通磁铁吸引，不代表每样品都是永久磁铁。
本课比较中铁样品有磁性。
हिन्दी: चुंबकीय (cumbakīya)
यहाँ पदार्थ-छँटाई में साधारण चुंबक से आसानी से खिंचने वाला; हर नमूना स्थायी चुंबक नहीं।
हमारी तुलना में लोहा चुंबकीय है।
Русский: магни́тный (magnitnyy)
В этой сортировке — заметно притягиваемый обычным магнитом; образец не обязательно постоянный магнит.
Образец железа в нашем сравнении магнитный.
Try it: Distinguish an attracted material from a permanent magnet.
8. non-magnetic · 非磁性的
English: non-magnetic
Here, showing no noticeable attraction in the stated ordinary-magnet comparison; a classroom description rather than a claim of zero magnetic response in all science.
The plain plastic sample is non-magnetic in this lesson.
中文（普通话）: 非磁性的 (fēi cíxìng de)
此处指给定普通磁铁比较中无明显吸引，是课堂描述，不断言所有科学条件反应为零。
本课普通塑料样品归非磁性。
हिन्दी: अचुंबकीय (acumbakīya)
यहाँ तय साधारण-चुंबक तुलना में खिंचाव न दिखना; हर वैज्ञानिक परिस्थिति में शून्य प्रतिक्रिया का दावा नहीं।
इस पाठ में सादा प्लास्टिक अचुंबकीय है।
Русский: немагни́тный (nemagnitnyy)
Здесь без заметного притяжения в заданной пробе; учебное описание, не утверждение полного отсутствия магнитного отклика.
Обычный пластик здесь немагнитный.
Try it: Explain the limited meaning of non-magnetic here.
9. iron · 铁
English: iron
A metallic element readily attracted by ordinary magnets.
Either pole of our magnet attracts the unmagnetised iron sample.
中文（普通话）: 铁 (tiě)
容易被普通磁铁吸引的金属元素。
本磁铁任一极都吸引未磁化铁样品。
हिन्दी: लोहा (lohā)
धातु तत्व जो साधारण चुंबक से आसानी से खिंचता है।
हमारे चुंबक का कोई भी ध्रुव बिना चुंबकित लोहे को खींचता है।
Русский: желе́зо (zhelezo)
Металлический элемент, заметно притягиваемый обычными магнитами.
Любой полюс нашего магнита притягивает ненамагниченный образец железа.
Try it: Say what either pole does to unmagnetised iron.
10. steel · 钢
English: steel
An iron-based alloy; ordinary carbon steel is commonly attracted, while some kinds of stainless steel behave differently.
Our specified carbon-steel sample is attracted.
中文（普通话）: 钢 (gāng)
以铁为基础的合金；普通碳钢常被吸引，有些不锈钢表现不同。
给定碳钢样品被吸引。
हिन्दी: इस्पात (ispāt)
लोहे पर आधारित मिश्रधातु; साधारण कार्बन इस्पात खिंचता है, कुछ स्टेनलेस प्रकार अलग।
तय कार्बन-इस्पात नमूना खिंचा।
Русский: сталь (stal)
Сплав на основе железа; обычная углеродистая сталь притягивается, некоторые нержавеющие виды ведут себя иначе.
Заданный образец углеродистой стали притягивается.
Try it: Name the steel type specified in our record.
11. material · 材料
English: material
What an object is made from; its material can matter more than its colour or shine.
Name the material before making a prediction.
中文（普通话）: 材料 (cáiliào)
物体由什么制成；比颜色光泽更能决定本课反应。
预测前说材料。
हिन्दी: पदार्थ (padārth)
वस्तु किससे बनी है; रंग या चमक से अधिक उपयोगी जानकारी हो सकती है।
पूर्वानुमान से पहले पदार्थ बताएँ।
Русский: материа́л (material)
То, из чего сделан предмет; материал может быть важнее цвета и блеска.
Перед прогнозом назовите материал.
Try it: Explain why shine alone is insufficient.
12. plastic · 塑料
English: plastic
A broad group of manufactured materials; our example is plain plastic without magnetic fillers or hidden metal.
The plain plastic sample is not noticeably attracted.
中文（普通话）: 塑料 (sùliào)
一大类人造材料；本例普通塑料无磁填料或暗藏金属。
普通塑料样品无明显吸引。
हिन्दी: प्लास्टिक (plāsṭik)
निर्मित पदार्थों का बड़ा समूह; यहाँ बिना चुंबकीय भराव या छिपी धातु का सादा प्लास्टिक।
सादा प्लास्टिक नमूना स्पष्ट नहीं खिंचा।
Русский: пла́стик (plastik)
Большая группа искусственных материалов; здесь обычный пластик без магнитных наполнителей или скрытого металла.
Образец обычного пластика заметно не притягивается.
Try it: State the no-hidden-metal condition for plastic.
13. wood · 木材
English: wood
Material from trees; our sample contains no metal fasteners.
A hidden steel screw would make the wood-object test harder to interpret.
中文（普通话）: 木材 (mùcái)
来自树的材料；本样品没有金属固定件。
暗藏钢螺丝会令木物测试难解释。
हिन्दी: लकड़ी (lakṛī)
पेड़ों से मिलने वाला पदार्थ; हमारे नमूने में धातु के जोड़ नहीं।
छिपा इस्पात पेंच लकड़ी की जाँच समझना कठिन करेगा।
Русский: древеси́на (drevesina)
Материал деревьев; в нашем образце нет металлических креплений.
Скрытый стальной винт усложнил бы объяснение пробы деревянного предмета.
Try it: Explain why a hidden screw matters in a wood object.
14. paper · 纸
English: paper
A thin sheet material; ordinary paper is not readily attracted, yet a magnetic interaction can act through it.
The paper sheet separates the magnet and iron without stopping this attraction.
中文（普通话）: 纸 (zhǐ)
薄片材料，普通纸不容易被吸引，但磁作用可穿过它。
纸隔开磁铁与铁，本例吸引仍存在。
हिन्दी: कागज़ (kāgaz)
पतली चादर वाला पदार्थ; सामान्य कागज़ आसानी से नहीं खिंचता, फिर भी चुंबकीय क्रिया उसके आर-पार हो सकती है।
कागज़ चुंबक-लोहे को अलग रखता है, यह आकर्षण फिर भी है।
Русский: бума́га (bumaga)
Тонкий листовой материал; обычная бумага не притягивается заметно, но магнитное взаимодействие действует через неё.
Лист разделяет магнит и железо, сохраняя это притяжение.
Try it: Explain how paper can be un-attracted while the interaction passes through.
15. distance · 距离
English: distance
How far apart things are; specify the points or faces being compared.
We keep the facing surfaces at the same distance in the paired comparison.
中文（普通话）: 距离 (jùlí)
相隔多远，须说比较哪些点或面。
成对比较保持相对面同距离。
हिन्दी: दूरी (dūrī)
चीज़ें कितनी अलग; कौन-से बिंदु या चेहरे, स्पष्ट करें।
जोड़ी तुलना में आमने-सामने सतहों की दूरी वही है।
Русский: расстоя́ние (rasstoyaniye)
Насколько объекты удалены; уточняйте сравниваемые точки или поверхности.
В парном сравнении расстояние между обращёнными поверхностями одинаково.
Try it: Name the two surfaces whose separation stays fixed.
16. barrier · 隔层
English: barrier
Something placed between objects; a physical separator does not automatically block magnetic interaction.
Our thin paper barrier is not a magnetic shield.
中文（普通话）: 隔层 (gécéng)
放在物体之间的东西，物理隔开不自动阻断磁作用。
本课薄纸隔层不是磁屏蔽。
हिन्दी: बीच की परत (bīc kī parat)
वस्तुओं बीच रखी चीज़; भौतिक अलगाव अपने-आप चुंबकीय क्रिया नहीं रोकता।
हमारी पतली कागज़ परत चुंबकीय ढाल नहीं।
Русский: прегра́да (pregrada)
То, что помещено между предметами; физическое разделение не обязательно прерывает магнитное взаимодействие.
Тонкая бумажная преграда здесь не магнитный экран.
Try it: Limit the barrier conclusion to this thin paper arrangement.
17. contact · 接触
English: contact
Touching; magnetic attraction or repulsion can occur before the objects touch.
There is attraction without direct contact in this record.
中文（普通话）: 接触 (jiēchù)
互相碰到；磁吸引排斥可在碰到前发生。
本记录有无直接接触的吸引。
हिन्दी: संपर्क (sampark)
छूना; चुंबकीय आकर्षण-प्रतिकर्षण छूने से पहले हो सकते हैं।
इस अभिलेख में सीधे संपर्क बिना आकर्षण है।
Русский: соприкоснове́ние (soprikosnoveniye)
Касание; магнитное притяжение и отталкивание возможны до касания.
В записи есть притяжение без прямого соприкосновения.
Try it: Describe an interaction before contact.
18. predict · 预测
English: predict
Say what you expect before observing, with a reason you can check.
I predict attraction for the iron because of its material.
中文（普通话）: 预测 (yùcè)
观察前给预期和可检查理由。
按铁材料预测会吸引。
हिन्दी: पूर्वानुमान लगाना (pūrvānumān lagānā)
देखने से पहले जाँचे जा सकने वाले कारण सहित उम्मीद कहना।
पदार्थ लोहा होने से आकर्षण का पूर्वानुमान है।
Русский: предска́зывать (predskazyvat)
До наблюдения назвать ожидаемое и проверяемую причину.
Я предсказываю притяжение железа по его материалу.
Try it: Give a prediction with a material reason.
19. observe · 观察
English: observe
Notice and describe what happens, including a result different from your prediction.
Observe a movement towards the magnet before explaining it.
中文（普通话）: 观察 (guānchá)
留意描述发生什么，包括不同于预测结果。
先观察朝磁铁移动，再解释。
हिन्दी: अवलोकन करना (avlokan karnā)
जो हुआ देखें और बताएँ, अनुमान से अलग परिणाम भी।
पहले चुंबक की ओर गति देखें, फिर समझाएँ।
Русский: наблюда́ть (nablyudat)
Замечать и описывать происходящее, включая результат, отличный от прогноза.
Сначала наблюдайте движение к магниту, затем объясняйте.
Try it: Keep an observation different from the prediction.
20. compare · 比较
English: compare
Examine similarities and differences while naming what is changed and what stays the same.
Compare facing poles while keeping the same two magnets.
中文（普通话）: 比较 (bǐjiào)
说清改变和不变条件，查看相同不同。
保持同两磁铁比较相对磁极。
हिन्दी: तुलना करना (tulnā karnā)
क्या बदला, क्या समान रहा बताकर समानता-अंतर देखना।
वही दो चुंबक रखकर आमने-सामने ध्रुव तुलना करें।
Русский: сра́внивать (sravnivat)
Сопоставлять сходства и различия, называя изменённые и сохранённые условия.
Сравните обращённые полюса у той же пары магнитов.
Try it: Name what changes and stays the same in the pole comparison.
The tables and story are original fictional teaching records. The samples are specified as iron, ordinary carbon steel, aluminium, plain plastic and plain wood, without hidden magnets or metal fasteners. They are positioned suitably for this qualitative comparison using the same magnet and approach procedure. No force values, exact detection distances or measured classroom results are claimed. The pole table concerns two labelled bar magnets.
A second comparison replaces an air gap with a thin paper separator while keeping the magnet-to-iron separation the same in the stated model. Attraction is present in both cases. This supports the limited conclusion that this paper separator does not stop the interaction in this arrangement. The record does not measure whether the force is exactly equal in the two cases. Simply seeing no motion would also be insufficient to prove zero force: a held object or friction can prevent motion.
| Specified sample | Fictional observation |
|---|---|
| Iron | Attraction |
| Ordinary carbon steel | Attraction |
| Aluminium | No noticeable attraction |
| Plain plastic | No noticeable attraction |
| Plain wood | No noticeable attraction |
| Facing pole labels | Interaction |
|---|---|
| N facing N | Repulsion |
| N facing S | Attraction |
English · The Shiny Sample
Mina and Ivo read an imaginary investigation. The adult’s record used one ordinary bar magnet and samples of iron, carbon steel, aluminium, plain plastic and plain wood. None of the samples hid a screw or another magnet.
“The shiny aluminium will be attracted,” Mina predicted. “It looks like metal.” Ivo wrote down the prediction before they opened the result column. The record showed attraction for iron and the chosen carbon steel, and no noticeable attraction for aluminium, plastic or wood.
Mina kept her observation about the shine. “That part was true,” she said. “My rule about all metals was too broad.” They changed the rule to say that some materials, including iron and ordinary carbon steel, are readily attracted by an ordinary magnet. They kept the unexpected result rather than changing it to match the prediction.
A second record used two bar magnets with clear N and S labels. N facing N gave repulsion. After one magnet was turned, N faced S and gave attraction. “The magnets did not stop being magnets,” Ivo said. “We changed which poles faced.”
Mina pointed to the red end of an illustrated bar. Ivo covered the paint colour and read its N label. They agreed to use the stated pole labels, because different teaching magnets can have different colours. Turning the page changed left and right, but not N and S.
Their last record placed a thin paper separator between iron and magnet at the same stated separation as an air-gap comparison. Attraction remained in both arrangements. The paper was not itself readily attracted, yet it did not stop this interaction. “So every barrier does nothing?” Mina asked. “We only tested this thin paper arrangement,” Ivo replied. “We haven’t measured all materials or thicknesses.”
They finished with S facing S and then S facing N. Mina explained repulsion and attraction using the facing labels. Ivo added that an unmagnetised iron sample was a different comparison: either pole of their magnet attracted it.
Their final note was simple: “Name what is present, say what changed and describe what the record shows.”
中文（普通话） · 光亮的样品
米娜与伊沃读一份想象探究。成人记录用同一普通条形磁铁，以及铁、碳钢、铝、普通塑料和纯木样品，没有暗藏螺丝或另一磁铁。
“亮铝会被吸引，因为它像金属。”米娜预测。伊沃先记预测，再开结果栏。记录显示铁和选定碳钢吸引，铝塑料木无明显吸引。
米娜保留光亮观察：“这部分对，我的所有金属规则太广。”他们改成一些材料如铁与普通碳钢容易被普通磁铁吸引。意外结果保留，不为了吻合预测改记录。
第二记录用两根清楚N、S标注磁铁。N对N排斥，转一根后N对S吸引。伊沃说：“磁铁仍为磁铁，改的是面对哪极。”
米娜指图上的红端，伊沃盖涂色读N标签。不同教具色可不同，所以按给定磁极。转纸使左右变，不使N、S身份变。
最后记录中薄纸放铁磁之间，与空气隙例保持给定同间隔，两例都有吸引。纸本身不易被吸引，却没阻断作用。“所以所有隔层都无效？”米娜问。伊沃说：“只查这薄纸排列，没有量所有材料厚度，也没量两例力恰好相同。”
结尾他们看S对S再S对N，米娜按相对标签解释斥与吸。伊沃加：未磁化铁样品是另一比较，磁铁任一极都吸引它。
最后笔记：“说有什么，改什么，记录显示什么。”他们把材料、磁极和观察一起保存，再用另一语同号词卡练一个意思。
हिन्दी · चमकीला नमूना
मीना और इवो ने कल्पित जाँच पढ़ी। वयस्क के अभिलेख में एक साधारण छड़ चुंबक और लोहा, कार्बन इस्पात, एल्युमिनियम, सादा प्लास्टिक और लकड़ी थे। किसी नमूने में छिपा पेंच या दूसरा चुंबक नहीं था।
‘चमकीला एल्युमिनियम खिंचेगा, धातु लगता है,’ मीना बोली। इवो ने परिणाम खोलने से पहले पूर्वानुमान लिखा। अभिलेख में लोहा और चुना कार्बन इस्पात खिंचे; एल्युमिनियम, प्लास्टिक और लकड़ी में स्पष्ट आकर्षण नहीं।
मीना ने चमक का अवलोकन रखा। ‘यह सही था, पर सभी धातुओं वाला नियम बड़ा था।’ नया नियम था: कुछ पदार्थ, जैसे लोहा और साधारण कार्बन इस्पात, साधारण चुंबक से आसानी से खिंचते हैं। अप्रत्याशित परिणाम अनुमान से मिलाने के लिए नहीं बदला।
दूसरे अभिलेख में साफ N-S वाली दो छड़ें थीं। N-N में प्रतिकर्षण। एक घुमाने पर N-S में आकर्षण। इवो बोला, ‘वे चुंबक ही हैं; हमने आमने-सामने ध्रुव बदले।’
मीना ने तस्वीर का लाल सिरा दिखाया। इवो ने रंग ढककर N पढ़ा। अलग शिक्षण चुंबक अलग रंग के हो सकते, इसलिए तय नाम लें। कागज़ घुमाने से बायाँ-दायाँ बदला, N-S की पहचान नहीं।
आखिरी अभिलेख में चुंबक-लोहे के बीच पतला कागज़ था। हवा वाली तुलना जितनी तय दूरी रखी; दोनों में आकर्षण रहा। कागज़ स्वयं आसानी से नहीं खिंचता, फिर भी क्रिया नहीं रुकी। ‘तो हर परत बेअसर?’ मीना ने पूछा। ‘केवल यह पतला कागज़ देखा,’ इवो बोला। ‘हर पदार्थ-मोटाई नहीं मापी, न दोनों बल ठीक बराबर।’
अंत में S-S, फिर S-N देखे। मीना ने आमने-सामने नाम से प्रतिकर्षण-आकर्षण समझाया। इवो ने जोड़ा: बिना चुंबकित लोहा दूसरी तुलना, जिसे दोनों ध्रुव खींचते हैं।
आखिरी नोट था: ‘क्या है, क्या बदला और अभिलेख क्या दिखाता है, बताओ।’
Русский · Блестящий образец
Мина и Иво читали вымышленное исследование. В записи взрослого использовались один обычный полосовой магнит и образцы железа, углеродистой стали, алюминия, простого пластика и древесины. Скрытых винтов и магнитов не было.
«Блестящий алюминий притянется: он похож на металл», — предсказала Мина. Иво записал прогноз до открытия результатов. Железо и выбранная сталь притягивались, алюминий, пластик и древесина заметно не притягивались.
Мина сохранила наблюдение о блеске. «Оно верное, но правило обо всех металлах слишком широкое». Они записали: некоторые материалы, включая железо и обычную углеродистую сталь, заметно притягиваются обычным магнитом. Неожиданный результат оставили, не подгоняя под прогноз.
Во второй записи были две полосы с ясными N и S. N к N давало отталкивание. Одну полосу повернули: N к S — притяжение. «Они остались магнитами, — сказал Иво. — Изменились обращённые полюса».
Мина показала красный конец рисунка. Иво прикрыл цвет и прочитал N. Цвета разных учебных магнитов различаются, поэтому они выбрали заданные подписи. Поворот листа менял левое и правое, но не идентичность N и S.
В последней записи между железом и магнитом была тонкая бумага при том же заданном расстоянии, что в пробе с воздухом. Притяжение сохранялось в обоих случаях. Бумага сама заметно не притягивалась, но не прекратила взаимодействие. «Значит, любая преграда бесполезна?» — спросила Мина. «Проверена только эта тонкая бумага, — ответил Иво. — Не все материалы и толщины; равенство сил тоже не измерено».
В конце они разобрали S к S, затем S к N. Мина объяснила отталкивание и притяжение по подписям. Иво добавил: ненамагниченное железо — другое сравнение, его притягивает любой полюс их магнита.
Последняя заметка гласила: «Назови присутствующее, изменённое и показанное записью».
Explain aloud, point to a record or sketch the facing labels. Try “I expected ___ because ___; the record shows ___.” Give time to name the material or pole pair before using a rule. A familiar-language explanation is welcome. The visible checking guide below helps compare the reasoning as well as the final word.
1. Does shiny aluminium have to be attracted?
2. Which samples show attraction in the material table?
3. What happens for N facing N, and N facing S?
4. Must the north pole always be on the left of a diagram?
5. Does being attracted prove the iron sample is a permanent magnet?
6. Does the thin paper stop the given interaction?
7. Do the air and paper records prove exactly equal forces?
8. Why check a wooden object’s components?
9. What do S facing S and S facing N do?
10. If an object stays still, can we conclude no magnetic force acts?
Discussion guide
No. The record shows no noticeable attraction with this ordinary magnet. Shine and being a metal are insufficient to predict this result.
Iron and the specified ordinary carbon steel. The statement concerns these given samples and procedure.
N–N repels; N–S attracts. These are facing pole comparisons for two magnets.
No. Rotate the diagram or magnet and its position changes; the label still identifies the same pole type.
No. Unmagnetised iron can be attracted to either pole of our magnet. Attraction alone does not establish permanent magnet status.
No. Attraction remains across the paper in this record. The paper itself need not be attracted.
No. They record attraction qualitatively and do not measure force magnitude. Equal separation supports the comparison but does not turn it into a force measurement.
A metal fastener or hidden magnet can cause an object’s response. That would not show that the plain wood itself is readily attracted.
S–S repels and S–N attracts. The rule follows pole types, not the letters’ position on the page.
Not from stillness alone. Holding or friction can prevent motion. Describe the observation, then examine the setup before concluding.
Use five to ten calm minutes and stop earlier if the child is ready to pause. This flexible seven-day plan does not promise a fixed learning speed. Paper diagrams and the supplied records are enough; no equipment purchase or physical experiment is required. Keep a small contrast steady while changing language, rather than copying all twenty definitions daily.
| Day | Words | Small activity | What to notice |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1–5 | Name the magnet and facing pole labels. | Attraction describes a force direction. |
| 2 | 6–10 | Compare the pole and material records. | Two magnets differ from iron plus magnet. |
| 3 | 11–15 | Describe samples and separation. | Hidden components can matter. |
| 4 | 16–20 | Explain the thin paper comparison. | Limit the conclusion to the recorded arrangement. |
| 5 | 1–20 | Read the shared story aloud. | Keep an unexpected observation. |
| 6 | Selected five | Open matching cards in a second language. | The expression changes; the meaning stays. |
| 7 | Review | Explain S–S, S–N and unmagnetised iron. | Choose the right comparison before the rule. |
If the learner says all metals attract, keep the aluminium result beside the iron result. Both are metals, but their recorded responses differ. Ask which feature actually separates the examples. If a wooden object is attracted in a later real demonstration, investigate its components: a steel screw or hidden magnet may be involved. Describe the whole object carefully before assigning a result to the wood itself.
If the learner says magnets always attract, draw two N labels facing and then N facing S. Keep the same two magnets; change only the facing orientation in the model. State repulsion for N–N and attraction for N–S. If the child uses left or right as the rule, turn the drawing: the labels and their relationship, rather than page position, determine the answer.
If the explanation is accurate but a translated word is slow, preserve the reasoning and practise that language link. If the vocabulary is fluent but a conclusion exceeds the observation, return to the table and ask what it actually measured. A language retrieval gap and an evidence gap need different next steps; these are teaching observations about a task, not labels for a child.
Transfer to a fresh pair of labelled magnets. S facing S gives repulsion; S facing N gives attraction. The rule applies to the facing pole types even when the drawing is rotated or colours change. For an unmagnetised iron sample, by contrast, either pole attracts in our ordinary setup. Ask the child to name which of these two comparisons is being made before giving the result.
A useful progress sentence is “I can name the material or facing poles, describe the observation and limit my conclusion.” Explain one case in a familiar language and find the matching words in another. More words are useful when they make an explanation more precise; a well-explained example matters more than a fast list of twenty labels.
| Facing pole labels | Interaction |
|---|---|
| S facing S | Repulsion |
| S facing N | Attraction |
| Either pole with unmagnetised iron | Attraction |
Do magnets attract every metal?
No. Our iron and carbon steel are readily attracted; aluminium is not noticeably attracted with this ordinary magnet. Material identity matters more than shine.
Does every magnet-to-magnet comparison attract?
No. Like facing poles repel, unlike facing poles attract. State both facing labels before applying the rule.
Is steel always the same in a magnet test?
No. Steel is an iron-based alloy with different compositions and structures. Our example specifies ordinary carbon steel; some stainless steels respond differently. Do not identify an unknown household item from shine alone.
Can magnets act without touching?
Yes. Magnetic forces act across a gap. Whether an object moves also depends on the arrangement, separation, other forces and whether it is free to move.
Does paper block magnetism?
Our thin paper separator does not stop the attraction in the stated arrangement. This result does not cover every thickness or material and does not measure equal force in the air and paper cases.
Do pole colours have one universal meaning?
No. Teaching designs vary. Use reliable N and S labels or the given description. In this lesson N means north-seeking pole, S south-seeking pole; page orientation does not determine their identity.
Does non-magnetic mean absolutely no magnetic response?
Here it means no noticeable attraction in our ordinary-magnet material comparison. Advanced physics studies weaker responses beyond this practical sorting description. Keep the word’s lesson context visible.
How can children learn four languages calmly?
Keep one meaning steady, explain it in a familiar language and open the same numbered card in another. A short phrase and five understood words can be enough for one session. Completing every edition at once is optional.
Background reading for adults
Adult background references on magnetic interactions and material comparisons. The Institute of Physics activity is adult background, not an instruction to reproduce its apparatus with young children. Our word cards, samples and records are original fictional teaching examples, without claims of real classroom measurements or national curriculum requirements.
- Institute of Physics · Experiments with magnets
- University of Wisconsin–Madison · Magnetism
- Brookhaven National Laboratory · Marvelous Magnets