CIVILISATION ATLAS CHRONOLOGY CAUCASUS DEEP GEOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE TO 28 JULY 2026

Canonical title:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Caucasus | Deep Substrate–2026

Specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
Specification status: Canonical Working Standard
Parent clock: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER
Coverage object: 15 of 60
Machine ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.CAUCASUS.V1.1
Record namespace: CA.CAUC
Source namespace: CAUC.S
Graph namespace: CAUC.G
Connector namespace: CAUC.C
Version: 1.1
Cut-off: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026
Format: UTF-8 plain text
Reader format: World-Master-enriched, Scaffold-V1.1-bound
CAT Scan role: high-resolution regional longitudinal spine, evidence surface
and connector launch point for CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1
Scaffold bindings:
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001.V1.1 — Universal Scaffold
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1 — Civilisation CAT Scan
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.003.V1.1 — Genome, Pressure Field and Ouroboros
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.004.V1.1 — Portable Civilisation, Simulation and Fission
Architecture source keys: CAUC.S001; CAUC.S002; CAUC.S003.

V1.1 INITIAL RELEASE NOTE

This first release implements Coverage Object 15 in the canonical sixty-spine
World Coverage Queue. It follows the Caucasus human-geographic coordinate from
planetary and tectonic substrate through Dmanisi and other Palaeolithic
occupations, post-glacial foragers, early farming and wine-making, Kura–Araxes,
Maykop and Trialeti–Vanadzor material worlds, Colchis, Diauehi, Urartu
interfaces, Armenian, Iberian/Kartlian and Caucasian Albanian polities, Persian,
Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Khazar, Turkic, Mongol, Ottoman, Iranian and
Russian interactions, imperial annexation and forced migration, Soviet
reorganisation, post-Soviet wars, state formation, energy and transport
corridors, digital systems and AI policy through the frozen cut-off.

The parent World clock remains frozen at 28 July 2026. Publications or events
after that instant are outside this release even when they concern earlier
history. Announcements, signatures, initialling, ratification, construction,
operation and measured outcome remain different states.

==============================================================================
0. REGIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STATEMENT
==============================================================================

THIS IS NOT THE HISTORY OF ONE TIMELESS “CAUCASIAN CIVILISATION.”

THIS IS NOT A SUCCESSION LADDER IN WHICH KURA–ARAXES “BECOMES” URARTU, URARTU
“BECOMES” ARMENIA, COLCHIS “BECOMES” GEORGIA, CAUCASIAN ALBANIA “BECOMES”
AZERBAIJAN, OR IMPERIAL PROVINCES “BECOME” MODERN NATION-STATES.

THIS IS NOT PERMISSION TO PROJECT PRESENT BORDERS, ETHNICITIES, LANGUAGES,
RELIGIONS, SOVEREIGNTY CLAIMS OR HERITAGE OWNERSHIP INTO DEEP TIME.

The coordinate changes through:

Tethyan oceans, terrane collision, mountain uplift, volcanism and faulting
-> Black Sea, Caspian, Kura–Aras, Rioni and highland ecological systems
-> early Homo dispersals and repeated Palaeolithic corridor/refugium use
-> Neanderthal and Homo sapiens occupations with shifting social networks
-> post-glacial foraging, obsidian exchange and highland–lowland mobility
-> cultivation, herding, villages, pottery and early grape fermentation
-> Kura–Araxes, Maykop, kurgan and Trialeti–Vanadzor material worlds
-> metallurgical, pastoral, farming and fortified settlement networks
-> Diauehi, Colchis, Urartu, Armenian, Iberian and Albanian formations
-> Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Roman, Parthian and Sasanian interfaces
-> Christian institutions, scripts, monasteries and translated knowledge
-> Arab, Khazar, Byzantine, Bagratid, Shirvanshah and Georgian systems
-> Seljuk, Kipchak, Mongol, Ilkhanid, Timurid and Turkmen transformations
-> Ottoman–Safavid–Russian frontier, tribute, war and coerced movement
-> Russian imperial annexation, Caucasian War and industrial Baku/Tbilisi
-> genocide, revolution, short-lived republics and Soviet state geometry
-> collectivisation, deportation, urban industry, literacy and late-Soviet fracture
-> independent Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia and unresolved status conflicts
-> wars, mass displacement, pipelines, corridors, platforms and AI plans

Geographic continuity is not biological, linguistic, ethnic, religious,
material-cultural, dynastic, institutional or political continuity.

ONTOLOGICAL GUARDRAILS

• CAUCASUS is a mountain–corridor–sea coordinate between Black and Caspian
systems, not an actor. “South Caucasus”, “North Caucasus”, “Transcaucasia”
and “Ciscaucasia” are period- and observer-dependent partitions.

• The mountains can impede movement and preserve local differentiation while
passes, valleys, coasts and steppe margins transmit people and practices.
“Barrier” and “bridge” are testable relations, not regional essences.

• DMANISI securely anchors early Homo outside Africa at approximately
1.85–1.77 Ma. The number and names of represented species remain debated;
variation among fossils is not silently converted into several migrations.

• Archaeological assemblages—SHULAVERI–SHOMU, KURA–ARAXES, MAYKOP,
TRIALETI–VANADZOR, LCHASHEN–METSAMOR and KOBAN—are not ethnic groups,
languages, nations or unitary states.

• KURA–ARAXES describes heterogeneous material and social traditions across
many places and centuries. Pottery similarity alone does not establish one
population movement, political centre or language.

• URARTU/BIAINILI was a multilingual Iron Age kingdom. It is neither simply
“Armenia before Armenia” nor unrelated to all later highland histories.
Political, linguistic, demographic, cultural and memory lineages are tested
separately.

• ARMENIA can denote a geographic highland, Achaemenid designation, ancient
and medieval polities, communities, church networks, diasporas or the modern
Republic. Every use requires ENTITY_SCOPE and NAME_INTERVAL.

• GEORGIA is the modern exonym for SAKARTVELO and its state. COLCHIS,
LAZICA/EGRISI, IBERIA/KARTLI, ABKHAZIA, KAKHETI, IMERETI and united Georgian
kingdoms retain distinct clocks. The Argonaut story is mythic reception,
not a contemporary voyage log.

• CAUCASIAN ALBANIA is an ancient eastern-Caucasus polity and ecclesiastical
field, not Balkan Albania. It is not projected unchanged into any one modern
identity or territorial claim.

• AZERBAIJAN names a modern republic and wider historical toponym with
changing intervals. Ancient Albania, Atropatene, Arran, Shirvan and later
khanates are related historical objects, not aliases.

• The conventional dates for Armenia’s and Kartli’s Christianisation express
processes compressed into royal narratives. Conversion, church formation,
rural practice, script, law and political alliance have separate clocks.

• Armenian, Georgian and Caucasian Albanian scripts and manuscript cultures
are distinct. Invention, adaptation, teaching, copying, translation and
institutional survival remain separate capability-provenance edges.

• Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Khazar, Seljuk, Mongol, Ottoman and Russian
“control” can be POINT, LINE, SURFACE, NETWORK or STACK. Claim, garrison,
tribute, tax, dynastic marriage and everyday local rule are not synonyms.

• “Tatar” in many imperial Russian records is a historical administrative
label and is not automatically the preferred modern name “Azerbaijani”.

• Russian annexation was a sequence of treaties, conquests, administrative
absorptions and local accommodations. The CAUCASIAN WAR and Circassian
expulsion were not neutral incorporation; death, forced migration and
Ottoman resettlement are explicitly typed.

• ARMENIAN GENOCIDE names the Ottoman destruction of Armenians in 1915–1916
and its wider implementation. Caucasus refuge, warfare and republic-era
survival are connected without moving the genocide’s Ottoman command
history into a different object.

• NAGORNO-KARABAKH, ARTSAKH, KARABAKH and surrounding districts require
date-bounded naming. International legal status, effective control,
self-government claims, population, cultural custody and displacement are
separately represented.

• ABKHAZIA and SOUTH OSSETIA/TSKHINVALI REGION require the same separation:
internationally recognised sovereignty, effective control, recognition by
a limited set of states, local authority, displacement and right-of-return
claims are different relations.

• A ceasefire, agreed text, initialled treaty, signed declaration,
ratification, opened border, operating railway and lived reconciliation are
different states. As of the cut-off, the Armenia–Azerbaijan peace agreement
is INITIALLED, not silently promoted to signed and ratified.

• Heritage inscription, excavation, legal title, custody, display, ritual
authority, community memory and public access remain distinct rights.

• Glaciers, forests, soils, rivers, vineyards, pasture, Caucasian leopard,
European bison, Caspian seal and sturgeon are living Atlas objects, not
scenery or unpriced inputs.

==============================================================================

GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE, OVERLAPS AND EXCLUSIONS

CORE HUMAN-GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE

the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountain systems and their piedmonts;
the Colchis/Rioni lowland and Black Sea coast;
the Kura/Mtkvari–Aras/Araxes catchments and Kur–Araz lowland;
Lake Sevan, volcanic Armenian highlands and eastern Anatolian interfaces;
eastern Caucasus and western Caspian shore;
principal passes including Darial and Derbent;
present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia at high resolution;
Abkhazia, Adjara, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh/Artsakh and the
South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region as date-bounded geographic/political objects;
the North Caucasus republics and peoples within the Russian Federation where
mountain, steppe, imperial and modern systems require them;
northeastern Türkiye and northwestern Iran only through controlled overlaps.

The modern borders are geographic aids at the cut-off, not deep-time containers.

CONTROLLED OVERLAPS

OBJECT 13 — ANATOLIA
Urartu, Armenian highlands, Pontus, Trebizond, Laz, Seljuk, Ottoman,
genocide, border and pipeline histories are shared. Anatolian cores remain
in Object 13.

OBJECT 14 — IRANIAN PLATEAU / PERSIA
Median/Achaemenid, Parthian/Arsacid, Sasanian, Safavid, Qajar and modern
Iranian relations enter where they transform Caucasus systems.

OBJECT 16 — ARABIAN PENINSULA / ISLAMIC NETWORKS
caliphal conquest, Islamisation, pilgrimage, Arabic scholarship and wider
religious networks are connectors, not one territorial takeover.

OBJECT 17 — CENTRAL ASIA / OXUS
Turkic, Persianate, Timurid, caravan and later transport/data corridors are
shared through explicit carriers.

OBJECT 18 — EURASIAN STEPPE
Yamnaya-related, Cimmerian, Scythian/Saka, Sarmatian, Alan, Hun, Khazar,
Kipchak, Mongol and Nogai histories enter at the Caucasus interface.

OBJECT 41 — AEGEAN / GREEK WORLD
Black Sea colonies, Hellenistic kingdoms, mythic reception and Greek
communities remain cross-object connectors.

OBJECT 42 — ITALY / ROMAN WORLD
Roman imperial chronology is inherited; Armenian, Iberian, Albanian,
Colchian/Lazican and frontier effects are resolved here.

OBJECT 43 — BALKANS / SOUTHEAST EUROPE
Byzantine, Ottoman, Black Sea, refugee and diaspora systems overlap.

RUSSIAN / EAST EUROPEAN SYSTEMS
Muscovite diplomacy, imperial conquest, Soviet rule and the Russian
Federation enter only where they act on or depend upon Caucasus objects.

EXCLUSIONS

Continental labels “Europe” and “Asia” do not assign civilisational essence.
A modern nation is not the owner of every earlier object in its territory.
Pottery, genes, language, religion, polity and self-identification keep
independent evidence clocks.
Myth, epic and later national memory are not contemporary event records.
Imperial maps do not by themselves prove uniform effective control.
Treaty text does not prove local implementation.
Future plans are not observed outcomes.

==============================================================================
2. INHERITED TIME, RECORD AND EVIDENCE RULES
==============================================================================

UNIVERSAL CLOCK

Every chronology record maps to one or more World Master W000–W068
synchronisation bands. Absolute or approximate time remains primary. A W-band
is an index, not a claim of shared causation.

INHERITED CANONICAL W-BANDS

W000 4.54–4.0 Ga
W001 4.0–2.5 Ga
W002 2.5 Ga–541 Ma
W003 541–66 Ma
W004 66–7 Ma
W005 7–3.3 Ma
W006 3.3–2.6 Ma
W007 2.6–1.8 Ma
W008 1.8 Ma–800 ka
W009 800–300 ka
W010 300–130 ka
W011 130–70 ka
W012 70–50 ka
W013 50–20 ka
W014 20–11.7 ka
W015 9700–8000 BCE
W016 8000–6000 BCE
W017 6000–5000 BCE
W018 5000–4000 BCE
W019 4000–3500 BCE
W020 3500–3000 BCE
W021 3000–2500 BCE
W022 2500–2000 BCE
W023 2000–1500 BCE
W024 1500–1200 BCE
W025 1200–1000 BCE
W026 1000–800 BCE
W027 800–600 BCE
W028 600–500 BCE
W029 500–300 BCE
W030 300–100 BCE
W031 100 BCE–1 CE
W032 1–200 CE
W033 200–400 CE
W034 400–600 CE
W035 600–800 CE
W036 800–1000 CE
W037 1000–1200 CE
W038 1200–1300 CE
W039 1300–1400 CE
W040 1400–1500 CE
W041 1500–1600 CE
W042 1600–1700 CE
W043 1700–1750 CE
W044 1750–1800 CE
W045 1800–1850 CE
W046 1850–1870 CE
W047 1870–1900 CE
W048 1900–1914 CE
W049 1914–1918 CE
W050 1918–1929 CE
W051 1929–1939 CE
W052 1939–1945 CE
W053 1945–1950 CE
W054 1950–1960 CE
W055 1960–1970 CE
W056 1970–1980 CE
W057 1980–1990 CE
W058 1990–2000 CE
W059 2000–2008 CE
W060 2008–2014 CE
W061 2014–2019 CE
W062 2020
W063 2021
W064 2022
W065 2023
W066 2024
W067 2025
W068 1 January–28 July 2026

TIME ZOOM

ZTIME0 geological deep time
ZTIME1 deep human time
ZTIME2 late Palaeolithic / early Holocene
ZTIME3 food production and early complex society
ZTIME4 early historical civilisation
ZTIME5 medieval / early modern historical time
ZTIME6 modern / contemporary time

ENTITY ZOOM — INDEPENDENT FROM TIME ZOOM AND DEPTH

Z0 Component
Z1 Organism or Individual
Z2 Immediate Group
Z3 Organisation or Institution
Z4 Settlement or Local System
Z5 Country or Regional System
Z6 Civilisational Network
Z7 Planetary System
Z8 Multi-World System

DATE STATUS

RECORD CLASS

EVENT | CONDITION | PROCESS | TRANSITION

CONFIDENCE

A very high: multiple strong independent sources
B high: well-supported scholarly interpretation
C moderate: reasonable interpretation with material uncertainty
D low: limited or substantially contested evidence
E speculative: hypothesis only
U unknown or insufficient

EVIDENCE TYPES

THREE PRIMARY AXES — NEVER COLLAPSE INTO ONE SCORE

CAPABILITY
What accumulated operating capacity is materially reproduced?

LIFECYCLE
Is that bounded system forming, rising, maintaining, drifting, breaking or
repairing?

HABITAT INDEPENDENCE
Where can that bounded system continue surviving and reproducing operations?

CAPABILITY STAGES — LATEST ARCHITECTURE LADDER

FOUNDATION 0 Adaptive Human Worlds
STAGE 1 Settlement and Surplus Civilisation
STAGE 2 Administrative and Recorded Civilisation
STAGE 3 Industrial and Mass-Institution Civilisation
STAGE 4 Planetary Network Civilisation
STAGE 5 Regenerative and Self-Correcting Civilisation
STAGE 6 Multi-World Extension Civilisation
STAGE 7 Autonomous Multi-World Civilisation
STAGE 8 Distributed Interplanetary Civilisation

Stage position applies to a bounded object and scale. One imported device,
satellite service, literate court, mine, railway, data centre or AI model does
not assign that stage to every household, institution or ecosystem.

LIFECYCLE

BASEFLOOR

BASEFLOOR STATE

CONTROL GEOMETRY

SOVEREIGNTY GEOMETRY

POINT | LINE | SURFACE | NETWORK | STACK

MOTION VECTOR

PARENT-MASTER HABITAT CROSSWALK

LATEST ARCHITECTURE HABITAT NOTE

Present global humanity is provisionally H1 — EARTH-DEPENDENT PLANETARY
CIVILISATION, crosswalking to PLANETARY_DEPENDENT. A distinct regional
survivable-range ladder may use:
H0 SITE_BOUND
H1 LOCAL_ECOSYSTEM
H2 ECOREGIONAL
H3 MULTI_ECOZONE
H4 TRANSREGIONAL
H5 DIASPORIC_DIGITAL
The two uses are versioned and never silently merged. H6–H8 habitat labels
remain a research extension pending canonical registry.

STAIRCASE REMOVAL TEST

If Earth support disappeared, could the target maintain human life, repair
infrastructure, reproduce industry, educate children, govern itself,
preserve knowledge and continue developing across generations?

No Caucasus historical or 2026 state passes autonomous multi-world closure.
Satellites, cloud systems and remote services add capability and dependency;
they do not make the region habitat-independent.

SYNCHRONY IS NOT CAUSALITY

A relationship edge requires source, target, interval, carrier or mechanism,
direction, evidence, confidence and controversy. Shared date, style, genetic
affinity, language classification or proximity alone does not create an edge.

==============================================================================
3. REGIONAL RECORD SCHEMA AND SCAFFOLD BINDINGS
==============================================================================

SCAFFOLD V1.1 UNIVERSAL RECORD

RECORD {
RECORD_ID
ENTITY
ENTITY_TYPE
ENTITY_SCALE
ENTITY_SCOPE
NAME_INTERVAL
TIME
TIME_ZOOM
ENTITY_ZOOM
DEPTH
SPACE
STATE
EVENT_PROCESS
FUNCTION
USE
PURPOSE
MOTIVE
DEMAND
RELATIONSHIPS[]
PART_WHOLE[]
FLOWS[]
LINEAGE[]
DEPENDENCIES[]
HOSTS[]
SYSTEM_TRACKS[]
EVIDENCE[]
EPISTEMIC_STATUS
QUALITY
RESOLUTION
ACTIONABILITY
PRESERVATION_POTENTIAL
SURVEY_EXPOSURE
RESEARCH_DENSITY
ARCHIVE_LOSS
CONFIDENCE
CONTROVERSY
ASSERTIONS[]
CROSSWALK_TAGS[]
GRAPH_SEEDS[]
MEMORY_CHARTER
COERCION_ATTRIBUTE
HERITAGE_RIGHTS_STACK[]
FISSION_TYPE
PORTABLE_RESIDUE[]
FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF
}

READER PROJECTION

File-level Version and Cut-off are inherited by every record. Missing values
must be EMPTY, NOT_APPLICABLE or UNKNOWN; blank ambiguity is forbidden.

ZOOM IS NOT DEPTH

Scale = operating extent.
Entity Zoom = object level selected.
Time Zoom = chronological resolution.
Depth = internal explanatory detail.

A planetary comparison can be shallow; a household history can be deep.

FUNCTION IS NOT MOTIVE

FUNCTION: what the object causally does.
USE: how an actor employs it.
PURPOSE: stated or designed objective.
MOTIVE: actor’s inferred or documented reason.
DEMAND: pressure or need selecting for the capability.

CAPABILITY PROVENANCE

No civilisational capability has only an inventor.

CAPABILITY =
SUBSTRATE + KNOWLEDGE + TECHNIQUE + ORGANISATION + SCALE + TRANSMISSION

Allowed provenance edges:

PERSON / LABOUR MOVEMENT

VOLUNTARY | COERCED | MIXED | UNKNOWN

HERITAGE RIGHTS STACK

MEMORY CHARTER

Every contested high-value object may carry:

name intervals;
maker and user plurality;
destruction, removal and repair history;
legal title and physical custody;
ritual authority and community memory;
public access;
archive bias;
unresolved claims;
correction and review triggers.

ARCHIVE-BIAS FIELDS

PRESERVATION_POTENTIAL
SURVEY_EXPOSURE
RESEARCH_DENSITY
ARCHIVE_LOSS

Stone, metal, elite inscriptions, monasteries and state archives often survive
better than timber, textiles, oral life, children’s work, women’s labour,
seasonal camps, coerced people, destroyed villages and living ecologies.

THE NOBODY LENS

For every scan ask:

Who built, mined, carried, herded, planted, cooked, copied, translated,
cleaned, cared, fought, fled and repaired?
Who was taxed, conscripted, enslaved, deported, exchanged, imprisoned,
censored, dispossessed or omitted?
Which language, household, species, soil, river or archive is absent because
it had low preservation, survey exposure or political value?
Which future population inherits debt, mines, contamination, border closure,
trauma, infrastructure risk or memory loss?

No CAT Scan is complete when only the sovereign, monument, army or capital is
visible.

LIVING OBJECTS

Animals, plants, fungi, soils, waters, glaciers and ecosystems are typed Atlas
objects. Human use, protection, extinction risk, ritual authority, legal
personality, ecological function and museum custody are separate relations.

FISSION AND PORTABILITY

FISSION_TYPE
PORTABLE_RESIDUE

A state can end while households, language, law, manuscripts, liturgy, craft,
routes, recipes, architecture, diaspora networks and memory persist or
recombine. Survival does not erase dispossession or violence.

FUTURE CONTROL

FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF

A plan or scheduled event may be stored but cannot be promoted to observed
result. Initialled agreements, funding announcements, proposed corridors,
strategies and construction targets retain their actual implementation state.

ARCHITECTURE OPERATIONS USED BY THIS FILE

LOCATE(X)
CLASSIFY(X)
COMPARE(X,Y)
PATH(A,B)
TRACE(X)
GRADE(edge)
ZOOM(level)
DECOMPOSE(X)
SURVIVAL_TRACE(X)
LINEAGE_FORWARD(X)
LINEAGE_BACKWARD(X)
DETECT_BREAK(X)

RUNTIME ORDER

Resolve boundary, identity, name interval, time, place, Zoom and Depth.
Assign provisional Capability, Lifecycle, Habitat and Motion coordinates.
Map BaseFloor, organs, infrastructure, memory, information quality,
dependencies, buffers and bottlenecks.
Diagnose fracture, cost distribution and Nobody exclusions.
Produce repair or next-route sequencing only after evidence and
dependencies are visible.
State confidence, missing evidence, conflict, abstention, review need and
human escalation.

CIVILISATION CAT SCAN MODES

LONGITUDINAL: follow one entity/system through time.
CROSS_SECTION: compare all subsystems at a selected time.
DEPENDENCY: reveal host, resource, route and institutional dependencies.
PRESSURE: map endogenous and exogenous pressures.
FLOW: map people, matter, energy, information and value.
LINEAGE: separate biological, linguistic, institutional and claimed descent.
CONTROL: map authority, coercion, ownership and decision geometry.
BASEFLOOR: test survival and continuity thresholds.
OUROBOROS: detect reinforcing capability–cost loops.
FISSION: test what splits, persists, migrates or recombines under stress.

GENOME/PRESSURE/OUROBOROS BINDING

CIVILISATION GENOME fields:
substrate; population; food; water; energy; settlement; governance;
knowledge; belief; exchange; coercion; reproduction; waste; memory.

PRESSURE FIELD:
source; target; magnitude; duration; transmission; buffering; lag;
distribution; externalised cost; evidence; confidence.

OUROBOROS LOOP:
capability -> extraction/control -> benefit -> externalised cost ->
degraded basefloor/legitimacy -> adaptation, coercion, fragmentation
or collapse.

PORTABLE CIVILISATION / SIMULATION / FISSION BINDING

PORTABILITY TEST:
Which identity, knowledge, institution, archive, crop, craft or network
survives relocation, conquest, conversion, language shift or state loss?

SIMULATION:
Variables are evidence-bound ranges, never fictional forecasts.

FISSION:
A broken polity does not imply population disappearance; successor states,
diasporas, religious institutions, households and archives are tracked
separately.

==============================================================================
4. COMPRESSED REGIONAL SPINE
==============================================================================

4.54 Ga–7 Ma planetary, Tethyan and Caucasus geological substrate
7–1.85 Ma Greater/Lesser Caucasus uplift, basins and corridors
c. 1.85–1.77 Ma repeated early Homo occupation at Dmanisi
c. 1.8 Ma Orozmani early Homo, fauna and stone-tool context
800–300 ka Lower–Middle Palaeolithic occupations and climate oscillation
c. 325 ka Nor Geghi 1 technological transition
300–130 ka Azokh and other Middle Pleistocene records
130–50 ka Neanderthal occupations and highland mobility
57–27 ka changing Middle/Upper Palaeolithic population networks
50–20 ka Homo sapiens occupations, obsidian and social transmission
20–11.7 ka Last Glacial Maximum, refugia and post-glacial re-expansion
13.3–9.5 ka Satsurblia/Kotias Klde Caucasus hunter-gatherer genomes
9700–6000 BCE forager, cultivation, herd and village transitions
c. 6000–5800 BCE Shulaveri–Shomu villages and earliest secure wine residues
5000–4000 BCE Chalcolithic mobility, metallurgy and Areni cave use
c. 4300–3400 BCE Areni-1 footwear, fermentation and mortuary/ritual contexts
c. 4000–2000 BCE diverse Kura–Araxes material and social traditions
c. 3700–3000 BCE Maykop and North Caucasus kurgan/metallurgy networks
c. 2500–1500 BCE Trialeti–Vanadzor and related Middle Bronze Age systems
c. 1500–800 BCE Lchashen–Metsamor, Koban, Colchian and fortified landscapes
c. 1200–760 BCE Diauehi, Nairi and early Colchian formations
c. 860–590 BCE Urartu/Biainili and highland interface systems
8th–6th c BCE Cimmerian/Scythian mobility and Black Sea Greek settlements
550–330 BCE Achaemenid Armenia and Caucasus frontier/satrapal networks
4th–1st c BCE Colchis, Iberia/Kartli, Albania and Armenian dynastic states
95–55 BCE Tigranes II and Roman–Parthian reconfiguration
1st–3rd c CE Arsacid, Roman, Iranian and local Caucasus systems
4th–6th c CE Christianisation, scripts, churches and Roman–Sasanian division
7th–8th c CE Arab conquest, caliphal administration and Khazar frontier
9th–11th c CE Bagratid, Abkhazian/Georgian, Armenian and Shirvanshah states
11th–12th c CE Seljuk pressure, migration and Georgian recovery
12th–early 13th c Georgian high monarchy; Armenian Zakarian and Cilician links
1220s–1405 Mongol, Ilkhanid, post-Ilkhanid and Timurid transformations
15th–18th c fragmented kingdoms/khanates and Ottoman–Safavid rivalry
1783–1829 Russian protectorate, annexation and treaty expansion
1817–1864 Caucasian War, Russian conquest and Circassian mass expulsion
1860s–1914 Baku oil, rail, urbanisation, migration and imperial politics
1905–1917 revolution, Armenian–Tatar violence, reform and world war
1917–1921 imperial collapse, war, genocide survival and republics
1920–1939 Sovietisation, border-making, collectivisation and purges
1939–1953 world war, mass mobilisation and deportations
1953–1987 urban industry, education, ecological stress and late-Soviet order
1988–1994 earthquakes, pogroms, Soviet fracture and regional wars
1994–2008 ceasefires, state consolidation, pipelines and frozen conflicts
2008 Russia–Georgia war and recognition/control fracture
2009–2019 connectivity, authoritarian/democratic divergence and protest
2020 pandemic and Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
2021–2022 border crises, mediation and Russia–Ukraine shock transmission
2023 Azerbaijani offensive and Armenian population exodus from Karabakh
2024 border delimitation, COP29 and Georgian electoral/EU-path crisis
2025 peace text agreement/initialling, Orozmani and ancient-DNA releases
Jan–28 Jul 2026 Armenia election, TRIPP frameworks, Georgia rights review,
AI/digital plans, connectivity funding and unresolved treaty status

==============================================================================
5. CHRONOLOGY RECORDS — SUBSTRATE AND DEEP HUMAN TIME
==============================================================================

CA.CAUC.0012 — [DARBAND PASSAGE] CASPIAN GATE GEOMETRY
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME0 | GEOGRAPHIC_SYSTEM.
Quaternary–present | W007–W068 | narrow western Caspian coastal corridor.
Mountain and sea constrain movement into a narrow passage later fortified by
states; geology creates an opportunity, not inevitable imperial control.
TOPOGRAPHY; MOVEMENT; SECURITY | GEOLOGICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S005; CAUC.S059.

CA.CAUC.0013 — [DARIAL PASS] CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CORRIDOR
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME0 | GEOGRAPHIC_SYSTEM.
Quaternary–present | W007–W068 | Terek valley, central Greater Caucasus.
A steep north–south route channels seasonal mobility, armies and transport but
is repeatedly closed by weather, conflict and infrastructure failure.
TOPOGRAPHY; MOVEMENT; INFRASTRUCTURE | GEOLOGICAL; HISTORICAL | A/B | CAUC.S005.

CA.CAUC.0014 — [LATE PLIOCENE–QUATERNARY] GLACIAL–INTERGLACIAL OSCILLATION
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME1 | CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
3.3 Ma–present | W006–W068 | Caucasus.
Late-Pliocene cooling and Quaternary oscillations shift glacier extent,
vegetation, water and habitable elevations; human responses remain contingent
and socially mediated.
CLIMATE; HABITAT; WATER | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | A | CAUC.S006; CAUC.S021.

CA.CAUC.0025 — [PLEISTOCENE BASINS] PRESERVATION FILTERS THE RECORD
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME1 | EVIDENCE_SYSTEM.
1.8 Ma–300 ka | W008–W009 | volcanic basins, caves and river terraces.
Burial, erosion, lava and excavation history make some corridors visible and
others silent; research density must not be mistaken for population density.
EVIDENCE; ARCHIVE_BIAS | GEOLOGICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S013.

CA.CAUC.0026 — [AZOKH] MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE CAVE SEQUENCE
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME1 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
Middle Pleistocene onward | W009–W013 | Azokh Cave, Lesser Caucasus.
Fauna, stone tools and hominin remains preserve intermittent occupations over
long intervals; changing excavations and contested territory affect access.
HUMAN_EVOLUTION; EVIDENCE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | B | CAUC.S012.

CA.CAUC.0039 — [OBSIDIAN] LONG-DISTANCE RAW-MATERIAL NETWORKS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME1 | EXCHANGE_NETWORK.
Middle–Upper Palaeolithic | W010–W014 | Armenian highland and adjoining zones.
Geochemical sourcing traces stone across substantial distances, revealing
mobility or exchange without proving direct face-to-face transfer at every link.
MATERIAL; EXCHANGE; INFORMATION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | A | CAUC.S020.

CA.CAUC.0040 — [SOUTHERN CAUCASUS NETWORKS] LOW DENSITY, WIDE SOCIAL REACH
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME1 | SOCIAL_NETWORK.
c. 57–27 ka | W012–W013 | Armenia, Georgia and adjoining highlands.
Comparative 2026 synthesis links climatic oscillation, small populations,
mobility and shared technical knowledge while retaining local variability.
SOCIALITY; INFORMATION; RESILIENCE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | B | CAUC.S013.

CA.CAUC.0056 — [FARMING INTERFACE] CULTIVATION AND HERDING ARRIVE UNEVENLY
TRANSITION | RANGE | ZTIME3 | FOOD_SYSTEM.
8th–7th millennia BCE | W016 | southern Caucasus.
Domestic crops and animals appear through interaction with Anatolia, Upper
Mesopotamia and Iran while local foraging and mobility continue.
FOOD; EXCHANGE; CAPABILITY_PROVENANCE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | A/B | CAUC.S023; CAUC.S026.

CA.CAUC.0060 — [WINE CAPABILITY] MULTI-PART PROVENANCE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME3 | CAPABILITY.
6th millennium BCE onward | W017–W068 | southern Caucasus and wider networks.
Grapes, microbes, vessels, storage, seasonal labour, knowledge and exchange
jointly create fermentation; “invention” is decomposed into its capability stack.
FOOD; CAPABILITY_PROVENANCE; LABOUR | BOTANICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S024.

==============================================================================
6. CHRONOLOGY RECORDS — NEOLITHIC, CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE WORLDS
==============================================================================

CA.CAUC.0082 — [QARAÇINAR] CULINARY VESSELS HOLD MULTIPLE USES
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME3 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
c. 2860–1780 BCE deposits | W021–W023 | Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan.
Use-wear and biomolecular evidence distinguish cooking, dairy, fats, fruits,
resins and beverages within vessels rather than treating pottery as decoration.
FOOD; CRAFT; FUNCTION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | A/B | CAUC.S028.

CA.CAUC.0083 — [QARAÇINAR BEVERAGES] GRAPE AND MILLET SIGNALS
CONDITION | APPROXIMATE | ZTIME3 | FOOD_TECHNOLOGY.
Kura–Araxes occupation, studied 2026 | W021–W023; W068 | Qaraçinar.
Residues support grape-based and possible millet food/drink practices; the 2026
publication event is separate from the ancient activity.
FOOD; EXCHANGE; EVIDENCE_HISTORY | SCIENTIFIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S028.

CA.CAUC.0084 — [KURA–ARAXES DISPERSAL] TRADITIONS MOVE OUTWARD
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME3 | TRANSMISSION_SYSTEM.
late 4th–3rd millennia BCE | W019–W021 | Anatolia, Iran, Levant and Caucasus.
People, pots, techniques and identities move through several mechanisms;
material adoption and migration are graded separately.
MOVEMENT; CRAFT; EXCHANGE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; GENETIC | B | CAUC.S027; CAUC.S031.

CA.CAUC.0090 — [MAYKOP METALLURGY] WIDE MATERIAL NETWORK
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME3 | TECHNOLOGY.
late 4th millennium BCE | W019–W020 | North Caucasus and adjacent regions.
Complex metal objects depend on ores, alloys, furnaces, fuel, craft and
exchange links extending toward steppe and southwest Asia.
METALLURGY; CAPABILITY_PROVENANCE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | A/B | CAUC.S029; CAUC.S037.

CA.CAUC.0093 — [WHEELED TRANSPORT] VEHICLE KNOWLEDGE SPREADS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME3 | TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
late 4th–3rd millennia BCE | W019–W021 | Caucasus–steppe–southwest Asia.
Wheels, draught animals, roads and repair knowledge expand carrying capacity;
origins and routes are multi-centred and contested.
TRANSPORT; ANIMAL; CAPABILITY_PROVENANCE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | B/C | CAUC.S029; CAUC.S032.

CA.CAUC.0107 — [SOCIAL STRATIFICATION] BIOLOGICAL AND MORTUARY SIGNALS ALIGN
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME3 | SOCIAL_SYSTEM.
Late Bronze Age | W023–W024 | sampled Georgia and Armenia.
Population growth, grave differentiation and kin structures indicate
stratification while sampling and cemetery access constrain generalisation.
INEQUALITY; POPULATION; EVIDENCE | GENETIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | B | CAUC.S031.

CA.CAUC.0113 — [COLCHIAN BRONZE HORIZON] WESTERN NETWORKS COHERE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME3 | CULTURE.
late 2nd–early 1st millennium BCE | W024–W027 | western Georgia and Black Sea hinterland.
Distinctive metal and settlement traditions precede historical Colchis; the
archaeological horizon is not automatically the later polity.
METALLURGY; SETTLEMENT; LINEAGE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S036.

CA.CAUC.0120 — [c. 1200 BCE TRANSFORMATION] REGIONAL SYSTEMS RECOMBINE
TRANSITION | RANGE | ZTIME3 | REGIONAL_SYSTEM.
c. 1200–1000 BCE | W024–W025 | Caucasus and neighbouring zones.
Settlement, metal and political configurations change unevenly; no single Sea
Peoples, climate or invasion cause explains every local sequence.
FISSION; PRESSURE; SETTLEMENT | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | B | CAUC.S033; CAUC.S036.

==============================================================================
7. CHRONOLOGY RECORDS — IRON AGE, CLASSICAL AND LATE-ANTIQUE CAUCASUS
==============================================================================

CA.CAUC.0131 — [URARTIAN MULTILINGUALISM] STATE IS NOT ONE LANGUAGE COMMUNITY
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME4 | POPULATION.
9th–6th centuries BCE | W026–W028 | Urartian territories.
Urartian royal writing coexists with Hurro-Urartian, Armenian-related and other
speech communities whose distributions cannot be mapped directly from texts.
LANGUAGE; STATE; ONTOLOGY | EPIGRAPHIC; LINGUISTIC | B | CAUC.S040; CAUC.S049.

CA.CAUC.0132 — [URARTU–ASSYRIA] COMPETING IMPERIAL NETWORKS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | INTERNATIONAL_SYSTEM.
9th–7th centuries BCE | W026–W027 | Upper Mesopotamia and Armenian highlands.
War, tribute, fortification and diplomatic intelligence link rivals; neither
controls every mountain community continuously.
WAR; TRIBUTE; INFORMATION | EPIGRAPHIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A | CAUC.S040; CAUC.S042.

CA.CAUC.0143 — [GREEK BLACK SEA SETTLEMENTS] COASTAL NODES FORM
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | SETTLEMENT_NETWORK.
6th–4th centuries BCE | W028–W029 | Phasis, Dioscurias and eastern Black Sea.
Greek-speaking merchant settlements join existing coastal communities; trade,
intermarriage and conflict coexist without an empty-land colonisation model.
SETTLEMENT; EXCHANGE; MOVEMENT | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | A/B | CAUC.S043; CAUC.S045.

CA.CAUC.0152 — [ATROPATENE] SOUTHERN CASPIAN–ARAS KINGDOM
TRANSITION | APPROXIMATE | ZTIME4 | KINGDOM.
late 4th century BCE onward | W029–W033 | northwest Iranian plateau.
An Iranian dynastic state emerges after Alexander; its name later contributes
to “Azerbaijan” through a long toponymic history, not direct state continuity.
STATE; NAME_INTERVAL; IRAN_INTERFACE | TEXTUAL; NUMISMATIC | A/B | CAUC.S048.

CA.CAUC.0154 — [HELLENISTIC TRANSFORMATION] NEW COURT FORMS ENTER
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | REGIONAL_SYSTEM.
late 4th–2nd centuries BCE | W029–W030 | southern Caucasus.
Macedonian conquest and successor competition transmit coinage, urban forms
and Greek prestige alongside Iranian and local institutions.
GOVERNANCE; EXCHANGE; CAPABILITY_PROVENANCE | TEXTUAL; NUMISMATIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S050.

CA.CAUC.0167 — [LONG-DISTANCE ROUTES] SILK-ROAD LABEL HIDES MANY PATHS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | EXCHANGE_NETWORK.
1st century BCE–late antiquity | W031–W034 | Caspian, Black Sea and highland routes.
Merchants, animals, roads, ports and credit link Mediterranean, Iran and
steppe; there is no single Silk Road or uninterrupted flow.
EXCHANGE; TRANSPORT; INFORMATION | TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S053; CAUC.S059.

CA.CAUC.0168 — [CHRISTIAN NETWORKS] NEW RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES APPEAR
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | RELIGION.
1st–3rd centuries CE | W032–W033 | Armenia, Kartli, Albania and Black Sea coast.
Traditions and scattered evidence precede royal conversion; community growth,
doctrine and state establishment retain separate clocks.
BELIEF; NETWORK; EVIDENCE | TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | B/C | CAUC.S055; CAUC.S056.

CA.CAUC.0170 — [ARMENIAN CHURCH] INSTITUTIONAL HOST FORMS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | RELIGIOUS_INSTITUTION.
4th–5th centuries CE | W033–W034 | Armenia and connected communities.
Bishops, liturgy, property and schools make Christianity reproducible beyond
one ruler; local pre-Christian practices persist and recombine.
BELIEF; INSTITUTION; PORTABILITY | TEXTUAL; ARCHITECTURAL | A/B | CAUC.S055.

CA.CAUC.0180 — [LATE-ANTIQUE RECOMBINATION] CHURCHES OUTLIVE DYNASTIES
TRANSITION | RANGE | ZTIME4 | REGIONAL_SYSTEM.
5th–mid-7th centuries CE | W034–W035 | Caucasus.
Roman–Sasanian war, Lazic conflict, fortress building and political division
reshape states while scripts, churches, villages and routes persist.
FISSION; PORTABILITY; WAR | TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S056; CAUC.S059; CAUC.S060.

==============================================================================
8. CHRONOLOGY RECORDS — MEDIEVAL AND EARLY-MODERN CAUCASUS
==============================================================================

CA.CAUC.0182 — [TBILISI] WARM-SPRING SETTLEMENT BECOMES CAPITAL NODE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | CITY.
5th–6th centuries CE onward | W034–W068 | Mtkvari valley.
Fortress, springs, roads, river and court functions make Tbilisi a durable
urban host through changing Persian, Arab, Georgian, imperial and national rule.
CITY; WATER; PORTABLE_RESIDUE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | A/B | CAUC.S056; CAUC.S060.

CA.CAUC.0189 — [HERACLIUS AND KHAZAR ALLIANCE] STEPPE FORCE ENTERS IMPERIAL WAR
EVENT | RANGE | ZTIME4 | MILITARY_ALLIANCE.
626–628 CE | W035 | eastern Caucasus and Sasanian frontier.
Roman strategy recruits western Turkic/Khazar-linked forces through passes;
sources compress several steppe actors under unstable names.
WAR; DIPLOMACY; STEPPE_INTERFACE | TEXTUAL | A/B | CAUC.S060; CAUC.S062.

CA.CAUC.0195 — [ISLAMISATION] EASTERN AND URBAN CLOCKS DIVERGE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | RELIGION.
7th–12th centuries CE | W035–W038 | eastern Caucasus and cities.
Conversion, mosque building, Arabic/Persian literacy, taxation and political
service spread unevenly; rural, mountain, Christian and other communities persist.
BELIEF; LANGUAGE; INSTITUTION | TEXTUAL; ARCHITECTURAL | A/B | CAUC.S061; CAUC.S066.

CA.CAUC.0196 — [CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN FISSION] POLITY, CHURCH AND PEOPLES DIVERGE
TRANSITION | RANGE | ZTIME4 | REGIONAL_SYSTEM.
7th–10th centuries CE | W035–W036 | eastern Caucasus.
Caliphal administration and Armenian, Iranian and local institutions transform
the kingdom; Albanian ecclesiastical and Udi-language residues persist differently.
FISSION; LANGUAGE; PORTABLE_RESIDUE | TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | B | CAUC.S047; CAUC.S058.

CA.CAUC.0211 — [MANZIKERT AFTERMATH] TURKIC POLITICAL/MIGRATION SYSTEMS EXPAND
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | REGIONAL_SYSTEM.
after 1071 CE | W037 | Anatolia and southern Caucasus.
Military defeat, frontier fragmentation, pastoral movement and service enable
new polities over decades; one battle does not instantly replace populations.
WAR; MOVEMENT; FISSION | TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S067.

CA.CAUC.0220 — [ZAKARIAN ARMENIA] LOCAL LORDS UNDER GEORGIAN OVERLORDSHIP
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | POLITY_NETWORK.
late 12th–early 13th centuries CE | W037–W038 | northern/eastern Armenia.
Armenian nobles recover cities and sponsor monasteries within Georgian
imperial structures; sovereignty remains layered.
KINGSHIP; BELIEF; CONTROL_STACK | TEXTUAL; ARCHITECTURAL | A/B | CAUC.S063; CAUC.S068.

CA.CAUC.0221 — [MONASTIC NETWORKS] MANUSCRIPTS AND COMMUNITY MOVE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | KNOWLEDGE_NETWORK.
9th–13th centuries CE | W036–W038 | Armenia, Georgia, Albania and diasporas.
Monasteries copy, translate, teach, store land and host travellers; spiritual
purpose, economic function and political use differ.
KNOWLEDGE; BELIEF; FUNCTION_MOTIVE | MANUSCRIPT; ARCHITECTURAL | A | CAUC.S069.

CA.CAUC.0222 — [ALBANIAN CHURCH RESIDUE] UDI AND ECCLESIASTICAL LINEAGES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | RELIGIOUS_INSTITUTION.
medieval period onward | W035–W068 | eastern Caucasus.
Institutions are increasingly linked to Armenian church structures while Udi
communities and local memories preserve distinct residues.
BELIEF; LANGUAGE; PORTABLE_RESIDUE | MANUSCRIPT; LINGUISTIC | B | CAUC.S047; CAUC.S058.

CA.CAUC.0238 — [SHAH ABBAS DEPORTATIONS] ARMENIAN POPULATIONS ARE REMOVED
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
1604–1605 CE | W042 | Julfa, Ararat plain and Safavid Iran.
Scorched-earth strategy forcibly moves large populations, destroys settlements
and transfers skilled labour and merchant capacity into Iran.
COERCED_MOVEMENT; WAR; LABOUR | TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | A | CAUC.S075; CAUC.S078.

CA.CAUC.0239 — [NEW JULFA] DIASPORA MERCHANT NETWORK SCALES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME4 | DIASPORA_NETWORK.
17th century CE | W042 | Isfahan to Indian Ocean, Russia and Europe.
Deported Armenian households build far-reaching trade, church and information
networks under Safavid constraint; success does not cancel coercive origin.
EXCHANGE; PORTABILITY; MEMORY | TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | A | CAUC.S078.

CA.CAUC.0241 — [GEORGIAN KINGDOMS AND PRINCIPALITIES] LOCAL CLOCKS PERSIST
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME5 | POLITY_NETWORK.
17th–18th centuries CE | W042–W044 | Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti and western principalities.
Courts, nobles, church, peasant households and mountain communities negotiate
Ottoman and Iranian pressure through distinct political systems.
KINGSHIP; LAND; DEPENDENCY | TEXTUAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A/B | CAUC.S076.

CA.CAUC.0242 — [CAUCASUS KHANATES] POST-SAFAVID REGIONAL POLITIES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | POLITY_NETWORK.
17th–early 19th centuries CE | W042–W045 | Karabakh, Ganja, Erivan, Nakhchivan,
Shirvan, Baku, Quba, Sheki and other centres.
Hereditary and negotiated khanates operate through towns, tribes, villages and
Iranian suzerainty; they are not provinces of a later nation-state.
GOVERNANCE; EXCHANGE; NAME_INTERVAL | TEXTUAL; NUMISMATIC | A/B | CAUC.S077.

CA.CAUC.0244 — [GEORGIEVSK] RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE PROMISE REORDERS KARTLI-KAKHETI
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME5 | TREATY.
1783 CE | W044 | Russian Empire and Kartli-Kakheti.
The treaty places the eastern Georgian kingdom under Russian protection while
promising dynastic continuity; later annexation exposes the gap between treaty
purpose, imperial motive and implementation.
DIPLOMACY; DEPENDENCY; FUTURE_FAILURE | LEGAL; TEXTUAL | A | CAUC.S080.

==============================================================================
9. CHRONOLOGY RECORDS — RUSSIAN IMPERIAL, REVOLUTIONARY AND SOVIET SYSTEMS
==============================================================================

CA.CAUC.0255 — [ARMENIAN RESETTLEMENT] POPULATION MOVES NORTH OF ARAS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | MIGRATION.
1828–1831 CE | W045 | Iran/Ottoman lands to Russian Caucasus.
Imperial policy and insecurity encourage or organise Armenian migration;
voluntary, protected, pressured and strategic motives vary by household.
MOVEMENT; DEMOGRAPHY; MIXED_COERCION | ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | A/B | CAUC.S083; CAUC.S089.

CA.CAUC.0262 — [CIRCASSIAN EXPULSION] MASS COERCED MOVEMENT
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
1850s–1870s CE, peak 1864 | W046–W047 | northwest Caucasus to Ottoman lands.
Killings, village destruction, expulsion and lethal Black Sea transit remove
most Circassians from their homeland; genocide terminology is supported by
substantial scholarship while exact totals remain debated.
COERCED_MOVEMENT; GENOCIDE; BASEFLOOR | TEXTUAL; DEMOGRAPHIC; ORAL_TRADITION | A/B | CAUC.S086.

CA.CAUC.0263 — [MUHAJIR NETWORKS] DISPLACED COMMUNITIES REBUILD
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | DIASPORA_NETWORK.
19th century onward | W046–W068 | Ottoman Empire and successor states.
Circassian, Abkhaz, Chechen and other displaced households rebuild language,
military, agricultural and kin networks under varied resettlement conditions.
PORTABILITY; MEMORY; MOVEMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC; ORAL_TRADITION | A/B | CAUC.S086.

CA.CAUC.0265 — [VICEROYALTY OF THE CAUCASUS] IMPERIAL GOVERNANCE CENTRALISES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
1844–1881 and 1905–1917 CE | W045–W049 | Tiflis-centred imperial region.
Military and civilian offices coordinate conquest, law, roads and taxation
while differentiated legal regimes govern diverse communities.
GOVERNANCE; LAW; CONTROL | ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL | A | CAUC.S081.

CA.CAUC.0268 — [MODERN SCHOOLS] MASS-INSTITUTION CAPABILITY GROWS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
19th–early 20th centuries CE | W045–W048 | Caucasus.
State, church, community and private schools expand literacy and professional
training; access differs by gender, class, place and language.
EDUCATION; INEQUALITY; CAPABILITY | ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | A/B | CAUC.S088; CAUC.S089.

CA.CAUC.0276 — [URBAN MUNICIPALITY] SANITATION AND SERVICES SCALE UNEVENLY
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME5 | CITY_SYSTEM.
late 19th–early 20th centuries CE | W047–W048 | Baku, Tiflis, Batumi and others.
Water, streets, hospitals and public institutions expand behind industrial
growth while peripheral neighbourhoods carry higher hazard.
HEALTH; INFRASTRUCTURE; INEQUALITY | ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | B | CAUC.S087; CAUC.S089.

CA.CAUC.0278 — [ARMENIAN–TATAR VIOLENCE] COMMUNAL WAR SPREADS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | MASS_VIOLENCE.
1905–1906 CE | W048 | Baku, Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Tiflis and other districts.
Armenian and Muslim/Azerbaijani communities suffer killings, displacement and
property destruction amid imperial breakdown and armed organisation.
MASS_VIOLENCE; COERCED_MOVEMENT; MEMORY | TEXTUAL; DEMOGRAPHIC | A/B | CAUC.S090.

CA.CAUC.0281 — [ARMENIAN GENOCIDE REFUGE] SURVIVORS ENTER THE CAUCASUS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
1915–1920s CE | W049–W050 | Ottoman lands to Russian/South Caucasus.
Survivors and orphans cross into Caucasus cities and camps; relief, church and
diaspora networks preserve lives while loss and dispossession persist.
GENOCIDE; REFUGE; PORTABILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC; ORAL_TESTIMONY | A | CAUC.S091.

CA.CAUC.0291 — [REPUBLIC-ERA BORDER WARS] SOVEREIGNTY CLAIMS COLLIDE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | WAR.
1918–1920 CE | W049–W050 | Armenia–Azerbaijan and Georgia–Armenia borderlands.
New states contest mixed and strategically vital districts while local
populations experience militia violence, displacement and unstable rule.
WAR; SOVEREIGNTY; COERCED_MOVEMENT | TEXTUAL; MILITARY | A | CAUC.S093.

CA.CAUC.0302 — [SEDENTARISATION] MOBILE LIFE BECOMES ADMINISTRATIVE TARGET
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
1920s–1930s CE | W050–W051 | North and South Caucasus.
Pastoral and mountain communities face fixed settlement, borders and collective
production; state legibility increases as adaptive mobility contracts.
MOVEMENT; FOOD; CONTROL | ADMINISTRATIVE; ETHNOGRAPHIC | A/B | CAUC.S097.

CA.CAUC.0305 — [CHURCH REPRESSION] RELIGIOUS HOSTS ARE CLOSED OR CONTROLLED
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | RELIGIOUS_INSTITUTION.
1920s–1950s CE | W050–W054 | Soviet Caucasus.
Property seizure, closure, arrest and censorship reduce church and mosque
capacity, but household ritual, selected institutions and diaspora links persist.
BELIEF; COERCION; PORTABLE_RESIDUE | ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TESTIMONY | A/B | CAUC.S098.

CA.CAUC.0309 — [CHECHEN–INGUSH DEPORTATION] WHOLE PEOPLE ARE REMOVED
EVENT | RANGE | ZTIME6 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
23 February–March 1944 | W052 | Chechen-Ingush ASSR to Central Asia.
Soviet security forces deport Chechens and Ingush collectively on collaboration
charges, causing mass death, property loss and abolition of autonomy.
COERCED_MOVEMENT; COLLECTIVE_PUNISHMENT; MEMORY | ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC; ORAL_TESTIMONY | A | CAUC.S100.

CA.CAUC.0326 — [ARMENIAN–AZERBAIJANI DISPLACEMENT] POPULATIONS SEPARATE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
1988–1991 CE | W057–W058 | Armenia, Azerbaijan and Karabakh.
Violence, intimidation and collapsing trust drive Armenians from Azerbaijan
and Azerbaijanis from Armenia, hardening once-mixed geographies.
COERCED_MOVEMENT; DEMOGRAPHY; MEMORY | DEMOGRAPHIC; ORAL_TESTIMONY | A | CAUC.S105; CAUC.S106.

CA.CAUC.0338 — [FIRST NAGORNO-KARABAKH WAR] ARMENIAN FORCES GAIN CONTROL
EVENT | RANGE | ZTIME6 | WAR.
1991–1994 CE | W058 | Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding Azerbaijani districts.
Armenian forces take most of the former oblast and adjacent districts;
Azerbaijani civilians are expelled while Armenians also suffer displacement.
WAR; COERCED_MOVEMENT; CONTROL_GEOMETRY | MILITARY; DEMOGRAPHIC | A | CAUC.S105; CAUC.S111.

CA.CAUC.0340 — [REGIONAL DISPLACEMENT] WAR CREATES MASS REFUGEE SYSTEMS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
1988–1994 CE | W057–W058 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and disputed territories.
More than a million people across conflicts become refugees or internally
displaced; legal return, property, integration and memory follow separate clocks.
DISPLACEMENT; SHELTER; DIGNITY | DEMOGRAPHIC; LEGAL | A | CAUC.S108; CAUC.S111.

==============================================================================
10. CHRONOLOGY RECORDS — POST-SOVIET STATES AND LIVE 2026 SURFACE
==============================================================================

CA.CAUC.0347 — [CHECHENISATION] LOCAL AUTHORITARIAN HOST CONSOLIDATES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
2000s–2026 | W059–W068 | Chechen Republic, Russian Federation.
Moscow delegates coercive governance and reconstruction to a local regime;
stability, repression, patronage and federal dependency coexist.
GOVERNANCE; TRUST; DEPENDENCY | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TESTIMONY | A/B | CAUC.S109.

CA.CAUC.0349 — [ARMENIAN BLOCKADE DEPENDENCY] CLOSED BORDERS RESTRUCTURE ROUTES
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME6 | TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
1990s–2026 | W058–W068 | Armenia–Türkiye/Azerbaijan borders.
Closed borders redirect trade through Georgia and Iran, increasing cost and
geopolitical dependency while air and limited indirect links persist.
TRANSPORT; DEPENDENCY; SECURITY | ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | A | CAUC.S118; CAUC.S125.

CA.CAUC.0360 — [AZERBAIJANI POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION] ENERGY RENT AND EXECUTIVE POWER
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
1993–2026 | W058–W068 | Azerbaijan.
Dynastic executive continuity, oil revenue, security institutions and limited
pluralism create high state capacity with constrained political competition.
GOVERNANCE; ENERGY; CONTROL | LEGAL; ECONOMIC | A/B | CAUC.S119; CAUC.S130.

CA.CAUC.0362 — [GEORGIA EU/NATO ORIENTATION] CONSTITUTIONAL ROUTE DEEPENS
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | INTERNATIONAL_SYSTEM.
2000s–2023 | W059–W065 | Georgia.
Reforms, association, trade and security cooperation orient policy toward Euro-
Atlantic institutions while unresolved territories and domestic politics constrain accession.
DIPLOMACY; LAW; DEPENDENCY | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S120; CAUC.S129.

CA.CAUC.0364 — [SECOND NAGORNO-KARABAKH WAR] AZERBAIJAN REVERSES CONTROL
EVENT | RANGE | ZTIME6 | WAR.
27 September–9 November 2020 | W062 | Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding districts.
Azerbaijan retakes surrounding districts and parts of the former oblast using
drones, artillery and combined operations; civilians and heritage suffer harm.
WAR; TECHNOLOGY; CONTROL_GEOMETRY | MILITARY; LEGAL; SATELLITE | A | CAUC.S121.

CA.CAUC.0366 — [DISPLACEMENT AND RETURN AFTER 2020] POPULATION CLOCKS DIVERGE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | MIGRATION.
2020–2022 | W062–W064 | Karabakh and surrounding districts.
Azerbaijani displaced people begin phased return to reclaimed districts while
Armenians flee some transferred areas; mines and destroyed housing constrain both.
MOVEMENT; SHELTER; SECURITY | DEMOGRAPHIC; SATELLITE | A/B | CAUC.S121.

CA.CAUC.0367 — [ARMENIA–AZERBAIJAN BORDER CLASHES] INTERSTATE LINE REMAINS UNDELIMITED
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | WAR.
2021–2022 | W063–W064 | eastern Armenia–western Azerbaijan border.
Deadly clashes and positional advances show that the Soviet administrative
boundary has not yet become a fully demarcated peaceful border.
WAR; SOVEREIGNTY; FUTURE_UNRESOLVED | MILITARY; LEGAL | A | CAUC.S122.

CA.CAUC.0370 — [MIDDLE CORRIDOR] TRANS-CASPIAN ROUTE DEMAND RISES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
2022–2026 | W064–W068 | Central Asia–Caspian–Azerbaijan–Georgia–Europe.
Rail, port and customs systems gain strategic value as users seek alternatives
to Russia; capacity, interoperability and local benefit remain incomplete.
TRANSPORT; EXCHANGE; DEPENDENCY | ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S135.

CA.CAUC.0371 — [LACHIN CORRIDOR BLOCKAGE] KARABAKH SUPPLY BASEFLOOR DEGRADES
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | BLOCKADE_CONDITION.
December 2022–September 2023 | W064–W065 | Lachin corridor/Nagorno-Karabakh.
Movement restrictions sharply reduce food, medicine and fuel reaching the
Armenian population; parties dispute responsibility and security justification.
FOOD; HEALTH; SECURITY | LEGAL; DEMOGRAPHIC; SATELLITE | A/B | CAUC.S122.

CA.CAUC.0374 — [KARABAKH ARMENIAN EXODUS] NEAR-TOTAL POPULATION FLIGHT
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | FORCED_MIGRATION.
24 September–early October 2023 | W065 | Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia.
More than 100,000 ethnic Armenians flee in days amid fear, coercive conditions
and collapse of local institutions; legal characterisation remains under review.
COERCED_MOVEMENT; SHELTER; DIGNITY | DEMOGRAPHIC; LEGAL | A | CAUC.S123.

CA.CAUC.0375 — [DE FACTO ARTSAKH INSTITUTIONS] POLITY CEASES OPERATION
TRANSITION | RANGE | ZTIME6 | POLITY.
September 2023–1 January 2024 claim | W065–W066 | Nagorno-Karabakh/Armenian diaspora.
Territorial institutions disarm and stop operating in place; repeal disputes
and organisations in exile do not restore effective territorial government.
FISSION; CONTROL; PORTABLE_RESIDUE | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A/B | CAUC.S123.

CA.CAUC.0377 — [BORDER DELIMITATION] FOUR VILLAGES RETURN TO AZERBAIJANI CONTROL
EVENT | RANGE | ZTIME6 | BORDER_PROCESS.
April–May 2024 | W066 | Armenia–Azerbaijan Tavush/Qazakh sector.
Commissions delimit a first section using the 1991 Alma-Ata basis; Armenian
protests show local security and national legal settlement are distinct.
SOVEREIGNTY; DIPLOMACY; TRUST | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S124.

CA.CAUC.0383 — [PEACE TEXT AGREED] ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN COMPLETE NEGOTIATED DRAFT
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | DIPLOMATIC_PROCESS.
13 March 2025 | W067 | Armenia–Azerbaijan.
Both sides announce agreement on the text of an establishment-of-peace treaty;
agreement on wording is not signature, ratification or implementation.
DIPLOMACY; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF; ASSERTION_CONTROL | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S125.

CA.CAUC.0386 — [OSCE MINSK CLOSURE APPEAL] OLD MEDIATION HOST IS RETIRED
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTION.
8 August 2025 and subsequent OSCE action | W067 | OSCE.
Armenia and Azerbaijan jointly seek closure of the Minsk Process and related
structures, shifting mediation architecture toward bilateral/US frameworks.
DIPLOMACY; FISSION; HOST_MIGRATION | LEGAL | A | CAUC.S125.

CA.CAUC.0387 — [OROZMANI JAW ANNOUNCEMENT] NEW EARLY-HOMO EVIDENCE ENTERS SCIENCE
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | EVIDENCE_EVENT.
27 August 2025 | W067 | Orozmani, Georgia.
Excavators announce an approximately 1.8-million-year-old hominin jaw; the
discovery date is not backdated to the fossil’s age and formal analysis remains open.
HUMAN_EVOLUTION; EVIDENCE_HISTORY; UNCERTAINTY | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | B | CAUC.S010.

CA.CAUC.0388 — [SOUTH CAUCASUS ANCIENT DNA] 230 INDIVIDUALS REFRAME MOBILITY
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | SCIENTIFIC_PUBLICATION.
7 August 2025 | W067 | sampled Georgia and Armenia, 3500 BCE–500 CE.
Genome-wide data show substantial regional continuity alongside Anatolian and
steppe gene flow, population growth and later social differentiation.
GENETICS; LINEAGE; EVIDENCE_HISTORY | GENETIC | A | CAUC.S031.

CA.CAUC.0389 — [ANCIENT-DNA CAUTION] GENETIC CONTINUITY IS NOT POLITICAL TITLE
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
2025 interpretation | W067 | research and public memory.
The dataset cannot by itself assign ancient language, ethnicity, sovereignty or
heritage ownership; sampling is concentrated in excavated cemeteries.
ONTOLOGY; ARCHIVE_BIAS; MEMORY_CHARTER | GENETIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A/B | CAUC.S031.

CA.CAUC.0392 — [QSR SOUTHERN CAUCASUS SYNTHESIS] POPULATION DYNAMICS ARE REFRAMED
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | SCIENTIFIC_PUBLICATION.
15 April 2026 | W068 | international research network.
A thirteen-paper special section integrates Palaeolithic chronology, landscape,
mobility and social networks across Armenia, Georgia and adjoining regions.
HUMAN_EVOLUTION; EVIDENCE_HISTORY; NETWORK | SCIENTIFIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A | CAUC.S013.

CA.CAUC.0393 — [QARAÇINAR BIOMOLECULES] KURA–ARAXES VESSEL FUNCTION IS TESTED
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | SCIENTIFIC_PUBLICATION.
April 2026 | W068 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Integrated residue, technology and use-wear analysis identifies grape
beverages, dairy, fats and other culinary functions without ethnicising pottery.
FOOD; FUNCTION; EVIDENCE_HISTORY | SCIENTIFIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | A | CAUC.S028.

CA.CAUC.0394 — [TRIPP IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK] CONNECTIVITY PLAN ACQUIRES RULES
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | INFRASTRUCTURE_PLAN.
13–14 January 2026 | W068 | United States–Armenia framework.
A published implementation framework advances a proposed route through Armenia;
route construction and operation remain FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF.
TRANSPORT; DIPLOMACY; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S126.

CA.CAUC.0396 — [GEORGIA MOSCOW MECHANISM] OSCE RIGHTS REVIEW REPORTS
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTION.
29 January invocation; report 12 March 2026 | W068 | Georgia/OSCE.
Twenty-three states invoke the mechanism and a rapporteur assesses developments
since spring 2024, including assembly, media, elections and pluralism.
LAW; CIVIC_SPACE; EVIDENCE | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S128.

CA.CAUC.0397 — [COUNCIL OF EUROPE GEORGIA REVIEW] ACCOUNTABILITY REMAINS OPEN
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | INTERNATIONAL_INSTITUTION.
visit April; memorandum 3 June 2026 | W068 | Georgia.
The Commissioner reviews law-enforcement accountability and freedoms of
assembly, association and expression; recommendations are not achieved outcomes.
LAW; COERCION; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S128.

CA.CAUC.0401 — [EU PEACE THROUGH CONNECTIVITY PACKAGE] FUNDING IS ANNOUNCED
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | INFRASTRUCTURE_PLAN.
1 July 2026 | W068 | South Caucasus.
The EU announces up to €200 million in grants plus local-community support for
transport, energy and digital links; allocation is not completed infrastructure.
CAPITAL; TRANSPORT; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF | ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | A | CAUC.S139.

CA.CAUC.0402 — [KULEVI REFINERY SANCTION] GEORGIAN TRANSIT MEETS RUSSIA-SANCTIONS STACK
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | ECONOMIC_SANCTION.
24 July 2026 | W068 | Kulevi, Georgia.
The EU lists the refinery for processing Russian crude, with a transaction ban
scheduled to take effect later; sanction adoption and future compliance differ.
ENERGY; LAW; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF | LEGAL; ECONOMIC | A | CAUC.S140.

CA.CAUC.0403 — [ARMENIA–RUSSIA TRADE RESTRICTIONS] DEPENDENCY BECOMES POLITICAL PRESSURE
EVENT | EXACT | ZTIME6 | ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
27 July 2026 | W068 | Armenia–Russia/EAEU.
Armenia asks Russia to resolve restrictions on agricultural and other exports,
showing continuing market dependence amid geopolitical realignment.
EXCHANGE; DEPENDENCY; PRESSURE | ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S141.

CA.CAUC.0404 — [PEACE TREATY STATUS AT CUT-OFF] INITIALLED, NOT RATIFIED
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | TREATY_PROCESS.
23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026 | W068 | Armenia–Azerbaijan.
The agreed treaty text remains initialled; implementation frameworks and
confidence measures exist, but final signature and ratification are not recorded.
DIPLOMACY; ASSERTION_CONTROL; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S125; CAUC.S126.

CA.CAUC.0405 — [ABKHAZIA/SOUTH OSSETIA STATUS AT CUT-OFF] LEGAL AND EFFECTIVE CONTROL DIVERGE
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | SOVEREIGNTY_STACK.
28 July 2026 | W068 | Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali region.
Most states recognise Georgian sovereignty while local authorities and Russian
military/economic systems exercise effective control; displacement remains unresolved.
SOVEREIGNTY; CONTROL; DISPLACEMENT | LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | A | CAUC.S116; CAUC.S117; CAUC.S142.

CA.CAUC.0406 — [GEORGIA CIVIC-SPACE STATUS] PROTEST AND RESTRICTION COEXIST
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
28 July 2026 | W068 | Georgia.
Pro-EU mobilisation continues under arrests, restrictive legislation and
international scrutiny; neither official stability nor protest alone describes the system.
POLITICS; TRUST; COERCION | LEGAL; PHOTOGRAPHIC | A/B | CAUC.S128; CAUC.S129.

CA.CAUC.0407 — [REGIONAL DIGITAL SYSTEM] CONNECTIVITY EXCEEDS LOCAL SOVEREIGN CONTROL
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
28 July 2026 | W068 | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and connected networks.
Mobile, cloud, cable, satellite, platform and payment layers support daily life
while depending on foreign hardware, software, standards and capital.
DIGITAL; DEPENDENCY; HABITAT | DIGITAL; ECONOMIC | A/B | CAUC.S132; CAUC.S133; CAUC.S134.

CA.CAUC.0408 — [REGIONAL AI STATE] PLANS OUTRUN MEASURED CAPABILITY
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | AI_SYSTEM.
28 July 2026 | W068 | South Caucasus.
Strategies, partnerships, skills programmes and planned data infrastructure are
observable; independent measures of broad deployment, safety, energy cost and
public benefit remain incomplete.
AI; INFORMATION_QUALITY; FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF | DIGITAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | B | CAUC.S132; CAUC.S133; CAUC.S134.

CA.CAUC.0409 — [CAUCASUS GLACIERS] CLIMATE PRESSURE SHRINKS WATER STORAGE
PROCESS | RANGE | ZTIME6 | LIVING_ECOLOGICAL_OBJECT.
20th century–28 July 2026 | W048–W068 | Greater and Lesser Caucasus.
Retreating glaciers alter seasonal runoff and hazard, combining global heating
with local water, energy and agricultural dependencies.
CLIMATE; WATER; ECOLOGY | SCIENTIFIC; SATELLITE | A | CAUC.S136.

CA.CAUC.0411 — [HERITAGE AFTER WAR] CUSTODY, ACCESS AND MEMORY REMAIN CONTESTED
CONDITION | RANGE | ZTIME6 | HERITAGE_SYSTEM.
1990s–28 July 2026 | W058–W068 | Karabakh, Nakhchivan, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and wider region.
Damage, destruction, restoration, renaming and access disputes require
site-specific evidence and separate maker, owner, custodian and ritual-authority edges.
HERITAGE; MEMORY_CHARTER; ACCESS | SATELLITE; ARCHITECTURAL; LEGAL | A/B | CAUC.S143; CAUC.S144.

CA.CAUC.0412 — [LIVE CAUCASUS COORDINATE] MULTIPLE MOTION VECTORS COEXIST
CONDITION | EXACT | ZTIME6 | REGIONAL_SYSTEM.
28 July 2026 | W068 | Caucasus.
Peace frameworks, unresolved status conflicts, democratic divergence,
hydrocarbon and corridor dependence, diaspora capacity, ecological stress and
digital/AI transition produce no single regional lifecycle score.
CAT_SCAN; MOTION; UNCERTAINTY | MULTI_SOURCE | A/B | CAUC.S001; CAUC.S002; CAUC.S003; CAUC.S145.

==============================================================================
11. INHERITED SYSTEM TRACKS AND REGIONAL CHILD TRACKS
==============================================================================

INHERITANCE RULE

All 148 parent tracks in CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER remain available.
The following children increase Caucasus resolution. A child never overwrites
its parent, and one record may belong to several children.

SUBSTRATE, CLIMATE AND LIVING-WORLD TRACKS

CAUC.T001 TETHYAN_TERRANE_ASSEMBLY
CAUC.T002 ARABIA_EURASIA_COLLISION
CAUC.T003 GREATER_CAUCASUS_UPLIFT
CAUC.T004 LESSER_CAUCASUS_VOLCANISM
CAUC.T005 ACTIVE_FAULT_AND_EARTHQUAKE_BASEFLOOR
CAUC.T006 BLACK_SEA_LEVEL_AND_COAST
CAUC.T007 CASPIAN_LEVEL_AND_SALINITY
CAUC.T008 KURA_MTKVARI_ARAS_WATER_SYSTEM
CAUC.T009 RIONI_COLCHIS_WETLAND_SYSTEM
CAUC.T010 LAKE_SEVAN_LIVING_SYSTEM
CAUC.T011 QUATERNARY_GLACIERS_AND_SNOW
CAUC.T012 FOREST_STEPPE_ALPINE_MOSAIC
CAUC.T013 OBSIDIAN_SOURCES
CAUC.T014 COPPER_GOLD_IRON_AND_STONE_SOURCES
CAUC.T015 SOIL_PASTURE_AND_TRANSHUMANCE
CAUC.T016 WILD_AND_DOMESTIC_GRAPEVINE
CAUC.T017 CAUCASIAN_LEOPARD_AND_LARGE_CARNIVORES
CAUC.T018 EUROPEAN_BISON_AND_MOUNTAIN_UNGULATES
CAUC.T019 CASPIAN_SEAL_STURGEON_AND_FISH
CAUC.T020 BIODIVERSITY_PROTECTION_AND_FRAGMENTATION

DEEP-HUMAN, PALAEOLITHIC AND EARLY-HOLOCENE TRACKS

CAUC.T021 DMANISI_FIRST_EURASIAN_HOMO
CAUC.T022 OROZMANI_EARLY_HOMO
CAUC.T023 EARLY_HOMO_TAXONOMY
CAUC.T024 LOWER_PALAEOLITHIC_CORE_FLAKE
CAUC.T025 ACHEULEAN_AND_BIFACIAL_METHODS
CAUC.T026 NOR_GEHGI_PREPARED_CORE_TRANSITION
CAUC.T027 AZOKH_LONG_CAVE_SEQUENCE
CAUC.T028 NEANDERTHAL_OCCUPATION
CAUC.T029 CONTROLLED_FIRE_AND_ENERGY
CAUC.T030 ORTVALE_KLDE_TRANSITION
CAUC.T031 HOMO_SAPIENS_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC
CAUC.T032 AGHITU_HIGHLAND_MOBILITY
CAUC.T033 DZUDZUANA_FIBRE_AND_ORNAMENT
CAUC.T034 PALAEOLITHIC_OBSIDIAN_NETWORK
CAUC.T035 LAST_GLACIAL_REFUGIA
CAUC.T036 SATSURBLIA_KOTIAS_GENOMIC_LINEAGE
CAUC.T037 CAUCASUS_HUNTER_GATHERER_MODEL
CAUC.T038 BLACK_SEA_SUBMERGED_ARCHIVE
CAUC.T039 FORAGING_FISHING_AND_WETLANDS
CAUC.T040 EARLY_HOLOCENE_MOBILITY

NEOLITHIC, CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE-AGE TRACKS

CAUC.T041 FARMING_AND_HERDING_MOSAIC
CAUC.T042 SHULAVERI_SHOMU_VILLAGES
CAUC.T043 HOUSEHOLD_STORAGE_AND_SURPLUS
CAUC.T044 EARLIEST_SECURE_GRAPE_WINE
CAUC.T045 FERMENTATION_CAPABILITY_STACK
CAUC.T046 CHALCOLITHIC_COPPER
CAUC.T047 ARENI_CAVE_ARCHIVE
CAUC.T048 LEATHER_FIBRE_AND_PERISHABLE_CRAFT
CAUC.T049 VISHAP_WATER_MEMORY
CAUC.T050 KURA_ARAXES_LOCAL_FORMATION
CAUC.T051 KURA_ARAXES_POTTERY_AND_HEARTHS
CAUC.T052 KURA_ARAXES_FOOD_AND_HERDING
CAUC.T053 KURA_ARAXES_DISPERSAL
CAUC.T054 QARACINAR_CULINARY_FUNCTION
CAUC.T055 MAYKOP_KURGAN_AND_METALLURGY
CAUC.T056 DARKVETI_MESHOKO_LINKS
CAUC.T057 MAYKOP_STEPPE_INTERFACE
CAUC.T058 WHEEL_WAGON_AND_DRAUGHT
CAUC.T059 DOLMEN_MORTUARY_LANDSCAPE
CAUC.T060 ARSENICAL_BRONZE_AND_CRAFT_HAZARD
CAUC.T061 MARTQOPI_BEDENI_TRANSITION
CAUC.T062 TRIALETI_VANADZOR
CAUC.T063 KURGAN_INEQUALITY_AND_FEAST
CAUC.T064 STEPPE_AND_ANATOLIAN_GENE_FLOW
CAUC.T065 LCHASHEN_METSAMOR
CAUC.T066 SEVAN_ARTSAKH_MATERIAL_HORIZON
CAUC.T067 KOBAN_NORTH_CAUCASUS
CAUC.T068 COLCHIAN_BRONZE_HORIZON
CAUC.T069 IRON_PRODUCTION_CLOCK
CAUC.T070 FORTIFIED_CYCLOPEAN_LANDSCAPES

IRON-AGE, CLASSICAL AND LATE-ANTIQUE TRACKS

CAUC.T071 NAIRI_TEXTUAL_GEOGRAPHY
CAUC.T072 DIAUEHI_DAIANI_PROBLEM
CAUC.T073 URARTU_BIAINILI_STATE
CAUC.T074 URARTIAN_CUNEIFORM_AND_MULTILINGUALISM
CAUC.T075 URARTIAN_WATER_AND_STORAGE
CAUC.T076 EREBUNI_ARGISHTIHINILI_TEISHEBAINI
CAUC.T077 URARTU_ASSYRIA_WAR
CAUC.T078 CIMMERIAN_SCYTHIAN_ALAN_STEPPE_INTERFACE
CAUC.T079 POST_URARTIAN_CONTINUITY
CAUC.T080 ACHAEMENID_ARMENIA_AND_CAUCASUS
CAUC.T081 COLCHIS_POLITY_AND_COINAGE
CAUC.T082 GREEK_BLACK_SEA_PORTS
CAUC.T083 ARGONAUT_MEMORY_CONTROL
CAUC.T084 IBERIA_KARTLI_KINGDOM
CAUC.T085 MTSKHETA_LONG_CITY_HOST
CAUC.T086 CAUCASIAN_ALBANIA_POLITY
CAUC.T087 ATROPATENE_AND_AZERBAIJAN_TOPONYM
CAUC.T088 ORONTID_ARMENIA
CAUC.T089 ARTAXIAD_ARMENIA
CAUC.T090 TIGRANES_AND_IMPERIAL_FISSION
CAUC.T091 ROMAN_COLCHIS_AND_FORTS
CAUC.T092 ROME_PARTHIA_ARMENIA_BALANCE
CAUC.T093 IBERIA_ALBANIA_CLIENT_KINGSHIPS
CAUC.T094 ARSACID_ARMENIA
CAUC.T095 ROYAL_CHRISTIANISATION_CLOCKS
CAUC.T096 ARMENIAN_CHURCH_INSTITUTION
CAUC.T097 GEORGIAN_CHURCH_INSTITUTION
CAUC.T098 CAUCASIAN_ALBANIAN_CHURCH
CAUC.T099 ARMENIAN_GEORGIAN_ALBANIAN_SCRIPTS
CAUC.T100 ROME_SASANIAN_PARTITION_AND_WAR

MEDIEVAL TRACKS

CAUC.T101 LAZICA_EGRISI_AND_BLACK_SEA
CAUC.T102 LAZIC_WAR
CAUC.T103 DERBENT_FORTRESS_GATE
CAUC.T104 ARAB_CONQUEST_AND_ARMINIYA
CAUC.T105 ARAB_KHAZAR_WARS
CAUC.T106 TBILISI_EMIRATE
CAUC.T107 ISLAMISATION_AND_PERSIANATE_LITERACY
CAUC.T108 BAGRATID_ARMENIA
CAUC.T109 ANI_CITY_HERITAGE
CAUC.T110 TAO_KLARJETI_AND_GEORGIAN_BAGRATIDS
CAUC.T111 KINGDOM_OF_ABKHAZIA
CAUC.T112 UNITED_GEORGIAN_MONARCHY
CAUC.T113 SHIRVANSHAH_STATE
CAUC.T114 DAGESTAN_ISLAMIC_NETWORKS
CAUC.T115 BYZANTINE_ANNEXATION_OF_ARMENIA
CAUC.T116 SELJUK_MIGRATION_TRIBUTE_AND_RULE
CAUC.T117 DAVID_IV_REPAIR
CAUC.T118 KIPCHAK_SETTLEMENT_AND_SERVICE
CAUC.T119 DIDGORI_AND_TBILISI_RECAPTURE
CAUC.T120 TAMAR_HIGH_MONARCHY
CAUC.T121 ZAKARIAN_ARMENIA
CAUC.T122 MONASTERY_MANUSCRIPT_EDUCATION
CAUC.T123 MONGOL_CONQUEST_AND_CENSUS
CAUC.T124 ILKHANID_GOLDEN_HORDE_FRONTIER
CAUC.T125 TIMURID_DESTRUCTION_AND_RECOMBINATION

EARLY-MODERN AND RUSSIAN-IMPERIAL TRACKS

CAUC.T126 KARA_KOYUNLU_AQ_QOYUNLU
CAUC.T127 GEORGIAN_KINGDOM_FISSION
CAUC.T128 OTTOMAN_BLACK_SEA_SYSTEM
CAUC.T129 SAFAVID_CAUCASUS_SYSTEM
CAUC.T130 OTTOMAN_SAFAVID_WAR_AND_TREATIES
CAUC.T131 SHAH_ABBAS_DEPORTATION
CAUC.T132 NEW_JULFA_ARMENIAN_DIASPORA
CAUC.T133 CAUCASUS_KHANATES
CAUC.T134 GEORGIEVSK_PROTECTORATE_DEPENDENCY
CAUC.T135 RUSSIAN_ANNEXATION_OF_GEORGIA
CAUC.T136 RUSSO_PERSIAN_WARS_AND_TREATIES
CAUC.T137 ARMENIAN_RESETTLEMENT_AND_DEMOGRAPHY
CAUC.T138 CAUCASIAN_WAR
CAUC.T139 IMAM_SHAMIL_AND_IMAMATE
CAUC.T140 CIRCASSIAN_EXPULSION_AND_MUHAJIR
CAUC.T141 IMPERIAL_ADMINISTRATION_AND_LAW
CAUC.T142 TIFLIS_MULTILINGUAL_METROPOLIS
CAUC.T143 BAKU_OIL_AND_GLOBAL_CAPITAL
CAUC.T144 RAIL_TELEGRAPH_PRINT_AND_SCHOOL
CAUC.T145 INDUSTRIAL_LABOUR_AND_POLLUTION

REVOLUTIONARY, SOVIET AND CONTEMPORARY TRACKS

CAUC.T146 REVOLUTION_AND_1905_MASS_VIOLENCE
CAUC.T147 WORLD_WAR_I_GENOCIDE_REFUGE
CAUC.T148 TRANSCAUCASIAN_FISSION_AND_1918_REPUBLICS
CAUC.T149 BAKU_1918_MASS_VIOLENCE
CAUC.T150 SOVIETISATION_AND_BORDER_MAKING
CAUC.T151 COLLECTIVISATION_PURGE_AND_CHURCH_REPRESSION
CAUC.T152 WORLD_WAR_II_OIL_AND_MOBILISATION
CAUC.T153 STALINIST_DEPORTATIONS_AND_RETURN
CAUC.T154 SOVIET_INDUSTRY_EDUCATION_AND_ECOLOGY
CAUC.T155 LATE_SOVIET_FRACTURE_AND_1988
CAUC.T156 POST_SOVIET_WARS_AND_DISPLACEMENT
CAUC.T157 PIPELINE_CORRIDOR_AND_HYDROCARBON_RENT
CAUC.T158 STATUS_CONFLICTS_PEACE_AND_CONNECTIVITY
CAUC.T159 DIGITAL_PLATFORM_CLOUD_AND_AI
CAUC.T160 THE_NOBODY_LIVING_OBJECTS_MEMORY_AND_REPAIR

==============================================================================
12. GRAPH SEED REGISTER
==============================================================================

GRAPH IDENTITY RULES

• A graph node is not automatically a civilisation.
• One place can host many entities with different NAME_INTERVAL values.
• A people, language, polity, church, state, route and claim are distinct.
• Same place plus later date does not create lineage.
• Every relationship requires carrier, direction, interval, evidence,
confidence and controversy.

==============================================================================
13. CONNECTOR / TRANSMISSION QUEUE
==============================================================================

CONNECTOR CAUC.C001 — TECTONIC–SETTLEMENT COUPLING
SOURCE/TARGET: active faults, uplift and volcanism <-> Caucasus settlements.
CARRIER: ground motion, slope failure, water, buildings and repair institutions.
DIRECTION: geological pressure outward; adaptation and reconstruction feedback.
INTERVAL: deep time–present.
EVIDENCE: geology, seismology, archaeology and damage records.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: hazard and socially produced vulnerability are distinct.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C002 — AFRICA–LEVANT–CAUCASUS HOMININ DISPERSAL
SOURCE/TARGET: southwest Asian corridors <-> Dmanisi/Orozmani and Eurasia.
CARRIER: mobile hominin groups, animals, water and stone technology.
DIRECTION: principally north/east at observed early horizon; repeated routes.
INTERVAL: before and around 1.85–1.77 Ma.
EVIDENCE: fossils, artefacts, fauna and geochronology.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: number of dispersals and taxa remain unresolved.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C003 — PALAEOLITHIC OBSIDIAN AND KNOWLEDGE
SOURCE/TARGET: Armenian highland sources <-> distant camps and caves.
CARRIER: people, stone blanks/tools and technical knowledge.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: Middle Palaeolithic–Holocene.
EVIDENCE: geochemical sourcing and archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: direct travel versus down-the-line exchange varies.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C004 — FARMING–HERDING TRANSMISSION
SOURCE/TARGET: Anatolia/Mesopotamia/Iran <-> southern Caucasus communities.
CARRIER: seeds, animals, households, practice and exchange.
DIRECTION: multidirectional with strong south-to-north components.
INTERVAL: 8th–6th millennia BCE.
EVIDENCE: archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, material culture and genetics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: migration, adoption and local management have separate weights.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C005 — GRAPEVINE–FERMENTATION SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: wild grape ecologies <-> village and later urban wine systems.
CARRIER: vines, fruit, microbes, vessels, labour and memory.
DIRECTION: local cultivation plus outward transmission.
INTERVAL: 6th millennium BCE–present.
EVIDENCE: residues, seeds, pollen, genetics, texts and ethnography.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: earliest evidence is not a sole-inventor claim.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C006 — KURA–ARAXES TRANSMISSION
SOURCE/TARGET: southern Caucasus <-> Anatolia, Iran and Levant.
CARRIER: households, herds, pots, hearth practices, craft and exchange.
DIRECTION: outward and recursive.
INTERVAL: c. 4000–2000 BCE.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, biomolecules and ancient DNA.
CONFIDENCE: B.
CONTROVERSY: material adoption cannot always be separated from migration.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C007 — MAYKOP–STEPPE–SOUTHWEST ASIA
SOURCE/TARGET: North Caucasus <-> steppe and southern highlands.
CARRIER: metals, animals, vehicles, prestige goods and specialists.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: late 4th–3rd millennia BCE.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, metallurgy and genetics.
CONFIDENCE: B.
CONTROVERSY: long-distance resemblance is not automatic direct transfer.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C008 — STEPPE ANCESTRY AND PASTORAL MOBILITY
SOURCE/TARGET: Eurasian steppe <-> Caucasus populations.
CARRIER: people, herds, marriage, service and conflict.
DIRECTION: recurrent north–south and return flows.
INTERVAL: Bronze Age–medieval period.
EVIDENCE: ancient DNA, archaeology, linguistics and texts.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: ancestry, language and polity do not share one clock.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C009 — URARTU–ASSYRIA SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: Biainili/Urartu <-> Neo-Assyrian Empire.
CARRIER: armies, tribute, intelligence, captives and inscriptions.
DIRECTION: competitive bidirectional pressure.
INTERVAL: 9th–7th centuries BCE.
EVIDENCE: royal inscriptions and archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: propaganda exaggerates control and victory.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C010 — BLACK SEA GREEK–COLCHIAN NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Aegean/Anatolian ports <-> Colchis and Caucasus hinterland.
CARRIER: ships, merchants, metals, grain, people, coin and stories.
DIRECTION: multidirectional and asymmetric by episode.
INTERVAL: 6th century BCE–late antiquity.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, coinage and texts.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: “colonisation” must retain local agency and prior settlement.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C011 — ACHAEMENID SATRAPAL STACK
SOURCE/TARGET: Persian imperial centre <-> Armenian and Caucasus polities.
CARRIER: tribute, dynasts, roads, soldiers and multilingual administration.
DIRECTION: hierarchical with local mediation.
INTERVAL: c. 550–330 BCE.
EVIDENCE: inscriptions, texts, archaeology and coinage.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: satrapal names and effective borders vary.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C012 — ROME–IRAN CLIENT KINGSHIP
SOURCE/TARGET: Roman and Parthian/Sasanian systems <-> Armenia, Iberia, Albania.
CARRIER: dynastic marriage, hostages, armies, gifts and treaties.
DIRECTION: bidirectional competition through local actors.
INTERVAL: 1st century BCE–7th century CE.
EVIDENCE: texts, inscriptions and coinage.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: client status does not erase local agency.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C013 — CHRISTIAN SCRIPT–TRANSLATION NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Greek/Syriac traditions <-> Armenian, Georgian and Albanian worlds.
CARRIER: teachers, alphabets, schools, manuscripts, monasteries and liturgy.
DIRECTION: adaptation, translation and return influence.
INTERVAL: 4th century CE–present.
EVIDENCE: inscriptions, manuscripts and architecture.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: script design, first use and national memory need separate evidence.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C014 — DERBENT GATE SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: steppe north <-> Iranian/caliphal Caucasus south.
CARRIER: pass, walls, garrison, tax, merchant and army.
DIRECTION: bidirectional with filtering.
INTERVAL: late antiquity–modern period.
EVIDENCE: architecture, inscriptions, texts and archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: fortification never seals all mountain movement.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C015 — ARAB–KHAZAR FRONTIER
SOURCE/TARGET: caliphal systems <-> Khazar/steppe polities.
CARRIER: armies, forts, tribute, captives and diplomacy.
DIRECTION: repeated bidirectional war.
INTERVAL: 7th–8th centuries CE.
EVIDENCE: Arabic, Armenian, Georgian and archaeological sources.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: ethnic labels and force totals are unstable.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C016 — ARMENIAN–GEORGIAN MONASTERY PORTABILITY
SOURCE/TARGET: Caucasus communities <-> Byzantium, Anatolia, Levant and diasporas.
CARRIER: monks, manuscripts, liturgy, architecture, land and donation.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: late antiquity–present.
EVIDENCE: manuscripts, inscriptions and architecture.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: church survival does not erase jurisdiction or property conflict.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C017 — SELJUK–PERSIANATE–CAUCASUS TRANSFORMATION
SOURCE/TARGET: Central Asian/Iranian networks <-> Caucasus polities.
CARRIER: pastoral groups, armies, courts, Persian writing and taxation.
DIRECTION: principally west/north with local recombination.
INTERVAL: 11th–13th centuries CE.
EVIDENCE: texts, language, coinage and archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: one conquest cannot date language or religion shift.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C018 — KIPCHAK MILITARY–SETTLEMENT NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: steppe Kipchak groups <-> Georgian royal system.
CARRIER: households, warriors, marriage, land and service.
DIRECTION: southward recruitment with later recombination.
INTERVAL: 12th century CE and wider medieval clocks.
EVIDENCE: chronicles, names and archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: B.
CONTROVERSY: numbers and voluntariness are uncertain.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C019 — MONGOL–ILKHANID IMPERIAL SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: Inner Asian empire <-> Caucasus and Iran.
CARRIER: armies, census, tribute, relay routes and local dynasts.
DIRECTION: conquest then recursive administration.
INTERVAL: 1220s–14th century.
EVIDENCE: texts, administrative records and coinage.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: population loss and tax burden vary locally.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C020 — OTTOMAN–SAFAVID FRONTIER
SOURCE/TARGET: Ottoman and Iranian imperial systems <-> Caucasus communities.
CARRIER: armies, forts, tribute, dynastic clientage, deportation and trade.
DIRECTION: bidirectional competitive pressure.
INTERVAL: 16th–18th centuries.
EVIDENCE: treaties, chronicles and administrative records.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: mapped frontier is not uniform everyday control.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C021 — ARMENIAN FORCED-MIGRATION–DIASPORA NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Julfa/Armenian highlands <-> Iran, India, Russia and Europe.
CARRIER: deported households, church, merchant credit, manuscript and memory.
DIRECTION: coerced outward movement followed by multidirectional network.
INTERVAL: 1604–present.
EVIDENCE: texts, archives, architecture and family records.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: commercial success does not cancel coercive origin.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C022 — RUSSIAN IMPERIAL ANNEXATION
SOURCE/TARGET: Russian state <-> Georgian kingdoms and southern khanates.
CARRIER: treaty, army, fort, administration, church control and settlers.
DIRECTION: predominantly southward imperial expansion.
INTERVAL: 1783–1867.
EVIDENCE: treaties, decrees, military and administrative archives.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: protection, annexation and local accommodation are distinct.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C023 — CIRCASSIAN EXPULSION–OTTOMAN RESETTLEMENT
SOURCE/TARGET: northwest Caucasus -> Ottoman lands.
CARRIER: military clearing, ports, ships, camps and resettlement authorities.
DIRECTION: coercive outward movement.
INTERVAL: 1850s–1870s, peak 1864.
EVIDENCE: imperial records, demography, testimony and scholarship.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: exact totals vary; coercive mass removal is not in doubt.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C024 — BAKU OIL–BLACK SEA–WORLD MARKET
SOURCE/TARGET: Absheron fields <-> Batumi, Russia, Europe and global markets.
CARRIER: well, refinery, rail, pipeline, ship, labour and finance.
DIRECTION: outward energy/value; inward capital/technology.
INTERVAL: 1870s–present.
EVIDENCE: company, state, trade and environmental records.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: growth and pollution/inequality must be co-recorded.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C025 — GENOCIDE–REFUGE–DIASPORA
SOURCE/TARGET: Ottoman Armenian communities -> Caucasus and wider diasporas.
CARRIER: deportation, flight, relief, orphanage, church and family network.
DIRECTION: coercive outward displacement and later multidirectional survival.
INTERVAL: 1915–present.
EVIDENCE: state/diplomatic records, testimony and demography.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: denial is a memory-politics object, not equivalent evidence.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C026 — SOVIET NATIONALITIES AND BORDER STACK
SOURCE/TARGET: Soviet centre <-> union/autonomous Caucasus units.
CARRIER: law, party, census, school, script, police and fiscal transfer.
DIRECTION: hierarchical with local institutional feedback.
INTERVAL: 1920–1991.
EVIDENCE: legal and administrative archives.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: recognition and coercive centralisation coexist.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C027 — STALINIST DEPORTATION SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: Soviet security state -> North Caucasus and Meskhetian peoples.
CARRIER: decree, police, rail, exile settlement and property reassignment.
DIRECTION: coercive outward removal; partial return later.
INTERVAL: 1943–1957 and aftermath.
EVIDENCE: archives, demography and testimony.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: rehabilitation does not restore all property or homeland access.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C028 — POST-SOVIET STATUS-CONFLICT SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: Armenia/Azerbaijan/Georgia/Russia <-> disputed territories.
CARRIER: law, militia, army, peacekeeper, recognition and negotiation.
DIRECTION: multidirectional and asymmetric.
INTERVAL: 1988–present.
EVIDENCE: legal texts, military records, satellite and testimony.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: legal sovereignty, effective control and identity claims differ.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C029 — REFUGEE–IDP–PROPERTY SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: conflict zones <-> Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and diasporas.
CARRIER: flight, evacuation, camp, housing, citizenship and remittance.
DIRECTION: repeated outward displacement; selective return.
INTERVAL: 1988–present.
EVIDENCE: UN, census, court and testimony records.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: return, integration, title and safety are separate states.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C030 — RUSSIA–GEORGIA SECURITY STACK
SOURCE/TARGET: Russian state/military <-> Georgia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia.
CARRIER: army, base, passport, trade, recognition and information.
DIRECTION: asymmetric with local authority participation.
INTERVAL: 1990s–present.
EVIDENCE: treaties, court findings, monitoring and satellite records.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: narratives of 2008 must preserve event order and wider control.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C031 — SOUTH CAUCASUS ENERGY CORRIDOR
SOURCE/TARGET: Azerbaijani Caspian fields -> Georgia -> Türkiye/Europe.
CARRIER: oil/gas pipeline, port, compressor, contract and security.
DIRECTION: westward energy; inward revenue, capital and policy influence.
INTERVAL: 1994–present.
EVIDENCE: contracts, flow data and environmental assessment.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: diversification and fossil lock-in coexist.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C032 — MIDDLE CORRIDOR
SOURCE/TARGET: Central Asia/Caspian <-> Azerbaijan/Georgia <-> Europe.
CARRIER: ship, rail, road, customs, finance, fibre and standards.
DIRECTION: bidirectional.
INTERVAL: historic routes; intensified 2022–present.
EVIDENCE: transport data, agreements and infrastructure records.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: announced capacity and measured throughput differ.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C033 — ARMENIA–AZERBAIJAN PEACE/TRIPP PROCESS
SOURCE/TARGET: Armenia <-> Azerbaijan with US/EU and regional actors.
CARRIER: treaty text, border commission, corridor plan, monitoring and funding.
DIRECTION: bilateral with external hosting.
INTERVAL: 2022–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: official texts and implementation frameworks.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: initialled agreement is not signed/ratified peace.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C034 — MOBILE–CLOUD–AI STACK
SOURCE/TARGET: Caucasus users/institutions <-> global platforms and compute hosts.
CARRIER: fibre, spectrum, handset, data centre, cloud, model and payment.
DIRECTION: multidirectional data/value with asymmetric control.
INTERVAL: 1990s–present.
EVIDENCE: network, policy and market records.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: policy and access do not prove broad safe capability.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C035 — CLIMATE–WATER–ENERGY PRESSURE
SOURCE/TARGET: global heating and local extraction -> glaciers, rivers, lakes,
pasture, agriculture, hydropower and settlements.
CARRIER: temperature, precipitation, melt, dam, abstraction and pollution.
DIRECTION: environmental pressure with governance feedback.
INTERVAL: industrial era–present.
EVIDENCE: observations, remote sensing and hydrology.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY: model ranges and local attribution must be explicit.

CONNECTOR CAUC.C036 — HERITAGE CUSTODY–MEMORY NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: makers/communities <-> states, churches, museums, tourists and courts.
CARRIER: monument, object, inscription, archive, law, ritual and digital image.
DIRECTION: multidirectional claims, access, removal, destruction and repair.
INTERVAL: deep past–present.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, law, conservation, satellite and testimony.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY: title, custody, ritual authority and public access can diverge.

==============================================================================
14. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN EXECUTION SURFACES
==============================================================================

CAT SCAN V1.1+ DELTA SCHEMA

SCAN_ID
CUT / TARGET / ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL
SCALE / ENTITY_ZOOM / TIME_ZOOM / DEPTH
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL_GEOMETRY
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION / INFORMATION_QUALITY
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION_VECTOR
FISSION_TYPE / PORTABLE_RESIDUE / MEMORY_CHARTER
EVIDENCE_BIAS
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY

SCAN CAUC.CAT.001 — DMANISI, c. 1.77 Ma

CUT / TARGET: W008; CAUC.G007–G008.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: archaeological locality and early Homo
population sample; Dmanisi is the modern place-name, not a hominin polity.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: locality within Eurasian dispersal; Z4–Z7;
ZTIME1; very high archaeological and palaeoanthropological depth.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Foundation 0; recurrent occupation;
terrestrial and fully biosphere-dependent.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: volcanic plateau, river confluence, carnivores,
ungulates, plants, water, seasonality and basalt/andesite raw material.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: early Homo individuals of differing age and
morphology; species allocation remains debated; care, sexed labour and
group size cannot be securely reconstructed.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: scavenging/hunting/gathering possibilities,
water access, metabolic and muscular energy, simple stone flakes and cores.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: repeatedly used landscape around animal remains;
no permanent built settlement demonstrated.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: UNKNOWN; cooperation is plausible but institution,
hierarchy and territorial rule are not evidenced.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: stone fracture, carcass access, route and ecological
knowledge; no symbolic or linguistic form may be inferred from fossils alone.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: tools cut and process; dispersal
motive is UNKNOWN and cannot be reduced to climate or “adventure.”
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C002; water, prey/carcass,
raw material and group learning.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: carnivore competition, cold,
injury and variable food; health and security states are only indirectly sensed.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: multiple occupation pulses; DISPERSING/ADAPTING,
not a one-time “out of Africa” march.
FISSION / PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: biological and learned capabilities may
travel; no documented institutional residue or later memory charter.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: extraordinary skull and fauna preservation at a narrow locality;
absence elsewhere partly reflects survey and depositional filters.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: stratigraphy, palaeomagnetism,
radiometric dating, fossils and lithics; A for presence/date, B/C for species,
behaviour and dispersal mechanism. Sources CAUC.S008–S010.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.002 — SHULAVERI–SHOMU FARMING LANDSCAPES, c. 5900 BCE

CUT / TARGET: W018; CAUC.G016–G017.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: archaeological horizon and several settlements;
neither an ethnicity nor a state.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: household–valley–regional; Z4–Z6; ZTIME3; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 1; CLIMB/CRUISE; local terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: Kura–Aras tributaries, soils, cereals, pulses,
vines, cattle, sheep/goat, pigs, wild plants, timber and clay.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: farming households and mobile neighbours;
language/ethnicity UNKNOWN; ordinary growers, herders, children and seasonal
workers exceed the visibility of rare prestige objects.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: cultivated crops, herds, gathering,
biomass, human/animal labour, mudbrick, clay, stone and obsidian.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: compact villages with circular buildings, pits,
hearths and storage; irrigation scale and political centralisation uncertain.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: HOUSEHOLD/NETWORKED geometry; repeated building
and storage show coordination but not demonstrated chiefly or state rule.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: cultivation, fermentation, pottery, herding,
building and obsidian selection; transmitted orally and through practice.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: vessels store, cook and ferment;
settlement serves residence and production; adoption motives were plural.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C004–C006; obsidian, seed,
livestock, skill and neighbouring forager/pastoral knowledge.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: harvest risk, herd disease,
crowding, soil/water demand and repetitive work; food continuity improved
while exposure to crop failure and zoonosis grew.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: village rebuilding and later regional
reconfiguration; ADAPTING rather than one civilisational collapse.
FISSION / PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: crops, herds, recipes, building and
fermentation practice are portable; no secure named successor charter.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: tells and carbonised remains privilege sedentary places;
mobile camps, fibre, speech and gendered labour preserve poorly.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: archaeology, archaeobotany, residue,
zooarchaeology and dating; A/B. “First wine” means earliest presently
evidenced chemical/archaeological case, not a unique inventor. CAUC.S023–S026.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.003 — KURA–ARAXES NETWORK, c. 3000 BCE

CUT / TARGET: W024; CAUC.G019–G021.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: material-practice horizon spanning many
communities; not a unitary Kura–Araxes people, empire or migration event.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: village–interregional network; Z4–Z7; ZTIME3; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 1 with regional specialist networks;
EXPANSION/TRANSFORMATION; terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: highland/lowland seasonal zones, rivers, pasture,
grain, vines, sheep/goat, cattle, timber, clay, copper and arsenic ores.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: diverse local and mobile households;
biological mobility varies by place; ethnicity and language are not readable
directly from black-and-red pottery.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: mixed farming, herding, seasonal mobility,
biomass, animal/human power, pottery and expanding metalwork.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: villages, houses, hearths, storage, cemeteries,
tracks and exchange nodes; density and defensibility vary.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: NETWORKED/HYBRID; household and local
differentiation without one central control geometry.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: pyrotechnology, ceramic recipes, metallurgy,
animal management and route knowledge; embodied rather than written.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: pottery and hearth forms organise
cooking/social practice; mobility may answer pasture, exchange, marriage,
conflict and opportunity, none sufficient alone.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C007–C010; obsidian, metal,
animals, food practice and people link Anatolia, Iran and the Levant.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: climate variability, pasture and
woodland use, social differentiation and local violence; conditions uneven.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: regional diversification and replacement of
material packages; FISSION_TYPE = NETWORK/CULTURAL, not ethnic extinction.
PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: recipes, firing, metallurgy, herd and household
practices; no later national ownership can be retrojected.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: durable pottery creates false uniformity; organic technologies,
seasonal sites and non-pottery identities remain underseen.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: archaeology, isotopes, residues and
ancient DNA; A/B for horizon, B/C for mobility/identity mechanisms.
CAUC.S027–S031.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.004 — URARTU/BIAINILI, c. 780 BCE

CUT / TARGET: W027; CAUC.G026–G030.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Biainili/Urartu kingdom under Argišti I;
Urartu is an Assyrian/external geographical-political name, Biainili an
internal royal designation; neither equals all later Armenia.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: kingdom–fortress–regional; Z5–Z7; ZTIME4; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 2; CLIMB/CRUISE; regional terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: Lake Van/Aras highlands, rivers, irrigable plains,
grain, vines, herds, horses, forests, stone and metal ores.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: royal Urartian scribes/rulers and multilingual
subjects; deportees, cultivators, builders, soldiers and women are mostly
visible through elite allocation.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: canal irrigation, grain/vine storage,
livestock, human/animal labour, iron/bronze, stone and timber.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: fortresses, reservoirs, canals, roads, stores,
temples and relocated populations; Erebuni founded in 782 BCE.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: dynastic IMPERIAL/HIERARCHICAL geometry through
governors, garrisons, tribute, cult, inscription and coerced movement.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: cuneiform royal inscriptions, accounting, hydraulic,
military and craft knowledge; archive highly ruler-skewed.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: fortresses defend, store, tax,
display and administer; expansion seeks resources, security, labour and legitimacy.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C011–C013; Assyria, Diauehi,
highland polities, metal and horse routes.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: Assyrian/steppe war, succession,
extraction, deportation and ecological demand; security and dignity unequal.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: frontier adaptation precedes late seventh/
sixth-century disintegration; FISSION_TYPE = POLITICAL/INSTITUTIONAL.
PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: canals, fortresses, settlements, place memory,
craft and populations outlive the kingdom; Armenian linguistic/demographic
formation requires separate evidence.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: royal inscriptions magnify victory and construction; rural and
defeated voices are sparse; modern national custody can shape interpretation.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: inscriptions, archaeology, landscape
and palaeoenvironment; A/B; continuity must be capability- and population-
specific, never a total-identity equation. CAUC.S040–S043.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.005 — MTSKHETA/KARTLI AND CAUCASUS CHRISTIANITIES, c. 450 CE

CUT / TARGET: W034; CAUC.G033–G045.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Iberia/Kartli kingdom and Mtskheta-centred
institutions; Caucasian Albania and Armenia are separate adjacent clocks.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: city–kingdom–church network; Z4–Z7; ZTIME4; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 2; TRANSFORMING/REPAIR; regional terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: Mtkvari/Aragvi confluence, grain, vines, herds,
timber, stone and mountain routes.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: Kartvelian-, Armenian-, Iranian-, Albanian-
and other speakers; clergy and rulers overrepresented, rural converts,
women, dissenters and non-Christians underseen.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: agrarian surplus, livestock, biomass,
masonry, parchment/papyrus and imported prestige goods.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: Mtskheta, churches, roads, forts, estates and
monastic/episcopal nodes; older sacred and urban layers persist.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: monarchic/noble authority nested between Roman/
Byzantine and Sasanian pressures; church jurisdiction adds a STACKED geometry.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: Armenian and Georgian literary systems, translation,
liturgy and school networks; Caucasian Albanian writing follows its own history.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: conversion serves faith, ritual,
literacy, alliance, legitimacy and community formation; royal motive does not
exhaust local adoption or later use.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C014–C018; Syriac/Greek/Armenian/
Iranian texts, clergy, merchants and imperial routes.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: imperial war, confessional
coercion, elite competition and rural extraction; knowledge capacity rises
while belief and status remain unequal.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: ecclesiastical institutions preserve and recode
identity through political interruptions; TRANSFORMING.
FISSION / PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: scripts, translated texts, liturgy,
church networks and sacred geography remain highly portable.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: conversion narratives are retrospective and elite; adoption
dates are ranges, not single moments for whole populations.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: chronicles, inscriptions, manuscripts
and archaeology; A/B for institutions, B/C for exact mass-conversion timing.
CAUC.S046–S059.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.006 — ANI AND BAGRATID ARMENIA, c. 1000 CE

CUT / TARGET: W037; CAUC.G050–G051.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Bagratid Armenian kingdom and capital Ani at
one high-capacity interval; neither includes every Armenian polity/community.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: capital–kingdom–diaspora network; Z4–Z7;
ZTIME5; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 2; CLIMB/CRUISE; regional terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: Akhurian gorge, plateau grain/pasture, tuff,
timber, water, animals and seismic exposure.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: Armenian-speaking Christians with merchants,
clergy, nobles, artisans, peasants and minorities; builders and rural food
producers remain less named than patrons.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: agrarian tax, herds, biomass, stone,
metal, textiles and caravan goods.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: walls, gates, churches, palace, markets,
bridges, water systems, houses and routes.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: Bagratid monarchy, nobles and church in
HIERARCHICAL/NETWORKED geometry; neighbouring Armenian and Georgian powers persist.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: Armenian script, manuscripts, architecture,
liturgy, calculation, craft guild/household transmission and diplomacy.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: capital functions include
defence, taxation, worship, exchange, display and dynastic legitimacy.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C019–C022; Byzantium, Georgia,
Islamic polities, steppe and Black Sea routes.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: succession, Byzantine/Seljuk
power, earthquake, route security and rural extraction.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: annexation, conquest and earthquake alter control;
urban/architectural life persists and later disperses; future DESCENT/FISSION.
PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: church, manuscript, architectural and merchant
capabilities travel through Armenian networks; Ani becomes a layered heritage object.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: monumental churches and chronicles privilege dynasts/patrons;
houses, markets and coerced labour are less recoverable.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: architecture, epigraphy, archaeology
and texts; A/B. “City of 1,001 churches” is a memory trope, not a literal count.
CAUC.S063–S069.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.007 — KINGDOM OF GEORGIA, c. 1205 CE

CUT / TARGET: W038; CAUC.G053/G056.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Georgian monarchy in Tamar’s reign and its
tributary/allied reach; control is not uniform across mapped maximum extent.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: kingdom–regional network; Z5–Z7; ZTIME5; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 2; CRUISE/CLIMB; regional terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: mountain passes, Black Sea coast, valleys,
grain, vines, pasture, forests, metals and water.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: Kartvelian-speaking communities plus Armenian,
Alan, Muslim, Jewish and other populations; peasants, captives, women beyond
court and frontier households are unevenly visible.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: agrarian dues, herds, biomass, stone,
metal, coin and imported textiles/wares.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: Tbilisi/Kutaisi, forts, roads, bridges,
monasteries, Gelati and market towns.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: monarchy, court, nobles, church, urban officials,
tributaries and frontier lords; HYBRID/STACKED control geometry.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: Georgian manuscript and monastic networks,
multilingual diplomacy, law, theology, medicine, astronomy and craft.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: defence, revenue, trade access,
royal-sacral legitimacy, patronage and regional influence.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C020–C023; Black Sea, Armenian,
Islamic, Byzantine and steppe systems.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: elite competition, campaign cost,
tribute, frontier exposure and impending Mongol pressure; local welfare varies.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: high capacity followed by Mongol subordination
and later political fission; peak is not permanent equilibrium.
PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: church, language, literary canon, law,
architecture and royal memory endure after territorial fragmentation.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: royal/monastic narratives and monuments dominate; “Golden Age”
can conceal extraction, religious diversity and border instability.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: chronicles, charters, inscriptions,
architecture and external texts; A/B. CAUC.S065–S070.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.008 — OTTOMAN–SAFAVID CAUCASUS, c. 1639 CE

CUT / TARGET: W042; CAUC.G059–G061.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: frontier system after the Treaty of Zuhab,
including Georgian kingdoms/principalities, Armenian communities, khanates’
precursors and imperial provinces; not one divided timeless nation.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: household–frontier–two empires; Z3–Z7;
ZTIME5; medium-high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 2 imperial systems; CRUISE/DRIFT
with local REPAIR; transregional terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: passes, river plains, pasture, vineyards,
forests, silk, horses, grain and water.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: Armenian, Georgian, Turkic, Persian, Kurdish,
Lezgin and other communities; deportees, captives, peasants, women and
converts must be sensed beyond court labels.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: agriculture, herding, biomass, silk,
metal, arms, stone/wood and caravan goods.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: forts, caravan routes, villages, churches,
mosques, markets, irrigation and New Julfa’s diaspora institutions.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: Ottoman and Safavid IMPERIAL claims overlap with
royal, princely, tribal, church and urban jurisdictions; control is NODE/
CORRIDOR/GRADIENT, not a solid-colour map.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: Persian/Ottoman/Armenian/Georgian records,
ecclesiastical archives, merchant correspondence and oral law.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: frontier defence, tax, silk,
labour, dynastic legitimacy and confessional governance.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C024–C027; Iranian, Ottoman,
Russian, European and Indian Ocean-linked merchant networks.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: war, deportation, slave raiding,
tribute, conversion pressure and crop insecurity; security/dignity often low.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: treaties stabilise an imperial interface while
local polities and diasporas adapt; FISSION_TYPE = TERRITORIAL/DIASPORA.
PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: merchant credit, church and craft networks,
scripts, recipes and kin institutions travel; deportation memory persists.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: imperial treaties and chronicles overstate central control;
border households and coerced movers survive unevenly in archives.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: treaty, tax, church, merchant and
archaeological evidence; A/B. CAUC.S073–S078.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.009 — RUSSIAN IMPERIAL TIFLIS–BAKU SYSTEM, c. 1900 CE

CUT / TARGET: W048; CAUC.G062/G065–G067.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: South Caucasus provinces and cities under the
Russian Empire; Tiflis and Baku retain historically bounded names.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: city–imperial industrial corridor; Z4–Z7;
ZTIME6; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 3 transition in transport, oil,
administration and print; TAKEOFF/CLIMB; transregional terrestrial.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: Absheron oil fields/Caspian coast, Kura basin,
mountain water, forests, agriculture and severe industrial pollution.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: Armenians, Azerbaijanis/Tatars in period
nomenclature, Georgians, Russians, Jews, Persians, workers and migrants;
women, child labour, villagers and dispossessed groups undercounted.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: imported/local food, coal/oil, steam,
electricity beginnings, steel, timber and construction material.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: rail, ports, pipelines, refineries, factories,
boulevards, tenements, schools, press and imperial administration.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: Russian IMPERIAL bureaucracy, police and army
alongside municipal, church, company, landlord and communal institutions.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: mass print, schools, census, technical professions,
parties and newspapers; censorship and language hierarchy shape quality.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: oil profit/war fuel, imperial
integration, urban services, labour organisation and national projects.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C027; Baku–Batumi/Batum rail/
pipeline, Black/Caspian seas, global finance and Russian markets.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: pollution, unsafe work, crowding,
inequality, ethnic-political violence and imperial repression; wages and
literacy rise unevenly.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: industrial CLIMB with strikes and 1905 violence;
system enters revolutionary DRIFT.
PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: engineering, oil skill, print cultures, parties,
diasporas and rail persist across imperial fission.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: company/state/elite newspapers dense; informal labour,
environmental damage and victims’ accounts fragmentary.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: statistics, maps, press, company and
personal records; A/B; period ethnonyms require explicit crosswalks.
CAUC.S087–S090.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.010 — SOVIET CAUCASUS, c. 1970 CE

CUT / TARGET: W056; CAUC.G069–G070.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs plus
connected autonomous units in one Union; not three fully sovereign states.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: household–republic–union; Z3–Z7; ZTIME6; high.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: Stage 3; CRUISE with growing DRIFT;
continental industrial system, planetarily supplied.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: hydropower rivers, Sevan, Caspian oil, mines,
agriculture, forests, cities and pollution sinks.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: titular and minority populations, deportee
survivors, workers, farmers, women and migrants; nationality categories are
administrative as well as lived, and dissent is archive-suppressed.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: collective/state agriculture, Union trade,
oil/gas/hydropower/nuclear development, metals, cement and chemicals.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: planned cities, housing, rail, roads, factories,
dams, schools, hospitals, research institutes and broadcast networks.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: party-state HIERARCHICAL structure with republican
institutions, informal patronage and Moscow appointment/resource systems.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: near-universal schooling, science, census, archives,
television and minority-language institutions alongside censorship.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: industrialisation, defence,
welfare, ideological integration, republican development and elite continuity.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C027–C028; Union allocation,
Black/Caspian corridors and diaspora/family contacts.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: ecological degradation, shortages,
corruption, memory suppression and frozen territorial/nationality questions;
education/health improve while voice and trust are constrained.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: CRUISE/DRIFT; informal networks repair shortages
but can weaken transparent institutions.
FISSION / PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: eventual UNION/STATE fission leaves
borders, industries, languages, skills, archives, grievances and dependencies.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: official series are extensive but category- and incentive-
distorted; samizdat, oral history and ecological monitoring correct blind spots.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: statistics, archives, material systems
and testimony; A/B for capacity, B/C for informal performance. CAUC.S096–S103.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.011 — CONFLICT, DISPLACEMENT AND CONTROL, SEPTEMBER 2023

CUT / TARGET: W066; CAUC.G071–G073.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict process at the
September 2023 Azerbaijani operation and near-total Armenian population
flight; Abkhazia/South Ossetia are separate status stacks, not analogies.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: person–territory–international; Z2–Z7;
ZTIME6; very high live/legal depth.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: modern Stage 3/4 military-information nodes;
local governance DESCENT/FISSION; planetary supply dependencies.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: mountain roads, water, pasture, homes, cemeteries,
churches, orchards and ecosystems exposed to war and abandonment.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: residents, displaced people, detainees,
missing persons, soldiers, aid workers and families; individual safety and
property cannot be collapsed into state victory/defeat.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: months of constrained access precede the
operation; fuel, medicine, food and evacuation transport become critical.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: Stepanakert/Khankendi and surrounding settlements,
Lachin road, utilities, shelters, border reception and abandoned property.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: Azerbaijan holds internationally recognised
sovereignty and, after the operation, effective control; prior de facto
Armenian administration and Russian peacekeeping are time-bounded distinct layers.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: official claims, social media, satellite, journalism,
UN/NGO access and testimony; propaganda/access constraints require triangulation.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: military action changes control;
stated sovereignty/security goals, local fear, strategic calculation and
humanitarian effects must remain separately typed.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: CAUC.C028–C033; road access, mediation,
Russia, Türkiye, Iran, EU/US and diaspora networks.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: extreme security, food, health,
shelter, dignity, property and memory stress; displacement externalises cost.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: de facto institution dissolves; population
relocates; repair requires rights, return/integration choices, detainee and
property processes—not only a treaty.
FISSION / PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: TERRITORIAL/INSTITUTIONAL/POPULATION
fission; families, church, memory, records and skills move, land and monuments do not.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: closed/access-limited conflict, casualty revision, strategic
language and survivor trauma; absence of observation is not absence of harm.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: official, UNHCR/UN, satellite, legal and
testimony evidence; A for control/large-scale flight, B/C for disputed acts
and intentions. CAUC.S121–S124.

SCAN CAUC.CAT.012 — CAUCASUS CONTROL TOWER, 28 JULY 2026

CUT / TARGET: W068; CAUC.G075–G080.
ENTITY_SCOPE / NAME_INTERVAL: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia as sovereign
states; Abkhazia, South Ossetia and conflict legacies retain separate legal,
claim, recognition and effective-control geometries.
SCALE / ZOOM / TIME / DEPTH: person–state–regional–planetary; Z2–Z7;
ZTIME6; high, live and revision-sensitive.
CAPABILITY / LIFECYCLE / HABITAT: selected Stage 4 digital/energy/defence
nodes within Stage 3 infrastructures; mixed REPAIR/DRIFT/TRANSFORMATION;
H1 / PLANETARY_DEPENDENT. No Stage 5 autonomy pass.
SUBSTRATE / LIVING_OBJECTS: glaciers, Kura/Aras, Sevan, Caspian, Black Sea
coast, forests, pasture, soils, crops and biodiversity under climate,
extraction, dam and urban pressure.
PEOPLE / IDENTITY / THE_NOBODY: citizens, minorities, refugees/IDPs,
detainees, opposition actors, border villagers, migrant workers, women,
children, elderly and platform-moderated publics require separate sensing.
FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIAL: imported food/energy dependencies differ;
oil/gas exports, hydropower/nuclear/renewables, mining, irrigation, grids,
construction material and data-centre demand interact.
SETTLEMENT / INFRASTRUCTURE: Yerevan, Baku, Tbilisi, secondary cities,
villages, ports, rail/road/pipeline/fibre and damaged/closed border systems.
GOVERNANCE / LAW / CONTROL: three governments, municipalities, courts,
security institutions, businesses, churches, international organisations
and external powers; democratic/accountability conditions are unequal.
KNOWLEDGE / INFORMATION: mass education, research, diaspora expertise,
e-government, media, cloud and AI plans; disinformation, surveillance,
polarisation, language and platform dependence constrain quality/actionability.
FUNCTION / USE / PURPOSE / MOTIVE / DEMAND: peace/security, regime continuity,
sovereignty, connectivity, revenue, EU/international integration, Russian/
Iranian/Turkish relations, social welfare and technology competitiveness.
EXCHANGE / CONNECTORS / DEPENDENCIES: all CAUC.C001–C036, especially energy,
Middle Corridor, TRIPP, Russia, Türkiye, Iran, EU/US and global compute/finance.
PRESSURES / EXTERNALISED_COSTS / BASEFLOOR: peace implementation, displaced
rights, Georgian civic-space pressure, Armenia–Russia trade friction,
energy/climate risk, inequality, demographic change and infrastructure gaps;
TRUST, SECURITY and ECOLOGY are the most uneven floors.
FRACTURE / REPAIR / MOTION: Armenia–Azerbaijan agreement remains initialled,
not finally signed/ratified; TRIPP frameworks are implementation plans;
Armenia’s election produced a new mandate; Georgia’s institutional dispute
and external-control conflict continue; MOTION = MIXED.
FISSION / PORTABLE RESIDUE / MEMORY: Soviet/imperial infrastructure and
conflict residues persist; diasporas carry language, capital, skill and
memory; borders, ecology and monuments remain non-portable.
EVIDENCE_BIAS: official data/reporting dense but politicised; occupied/
inaccessible zones, informal economy, displaced people and rural ecology
have lower survey exposure; live records may be revised.
EVIDENCE / CONFIDENCE / CONTROVERSY: A for dated official/legal events,
B for live system state, C for forecast; every post-cutoff item is
FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF. CAUC.S125–S145.

==============================================================================
15. WORKED WORLD-MASTER CROSS-SECTIONS
==============================================================================

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X001 — W004, 35–7 Ma
LOCAL STATE:
Arabian–Eurasian convergence, microplate motion, volcanism and uplift assemble
the Greater/Lesser Caucasus and adjoining basins as an active tectonic system.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with Alpine–Himalayan orogeny and long Cenozoic climate change.
CAUSALITY:
plate motion is a physical carrier; it does not make later populations one people.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X002 — W008, 1.9–1.0 Ma
LOCAL STATE:
Dmanisi records early Homo soon after 1.85 Ma; Orozmani is a separate locality
with a 2025-announced jaw requiring continuing formal analysis and publication.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with early hominin dispersal beyond Africa and Pleistocene climate cycles.
CAUSALITY:
comparable age and geography support a corridor question, not automatic
species identity, direct ancestry or a single migration.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X003 — W013, 45,000–20,000 BP
LOCAL STATE:
Ortvale Klde, Dzudzuana, Aghitu, Satsurblia and other sites preserve different
Neanderthal/sapiens, lithic, fibre, mobility and refuge histories.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with Late Pleistocene dispersals, glacial expansion and cultural
diversification across Eurasia.
CAUSALITY:
the Caucasus alternately connects and filters movement; one mountain “barrier”
model cannot explain every period.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X004 — W018, 7000–5000 BCE
LOCAL STATE:
Shulaveri–Shomu settlements combine crops, herds, circular architecture,
pottery and obsidian exchange; Gadachrili supplies early grape-wine evidence.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with farming dispersals and village growth across Southwest Asia.
CAUSALITY:
cultivation, people, animals, recipes and tools can move separately; a dated
residue does not identify one inventor or ethnicity.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X005 — W023, 4000–2500 BCE
LOCAL STATE:
Kura–Araxes material practices spread through South Caucasian and neighbouring
communities while Maykop and later Trialeti networks follow different clocks.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with early urban/state systems, wheeled mobility and expanding metallurgy.
CAUSALITY:
ceramic resemblance is a signal of interaction or shared practice, not proof
of conquest, language or homogeneous population replacement.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X006 — W027, 900–600 BCE
LOCAL STATE:
Urartu/Biainili, Diauehi, Colchian networks, highland communities and steppe
actors coexist; Erebuni, canals and fortresses extend royal control unevenly.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with Neo-Assyrian empires, iron technologies and steppe mobility.
CAUSALITY:
imperial inscription, archaeology, population and later identity are separate
evidence channels; Urartu cannot be simply equated with or severed from Armenia.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X007 — W029, 600–300 BCE
LOCAL STATE:
Colchis, Iberia/Kartli’s precursors, Caucasian Albania’s constituent regions,
Armenian highland formations and Atropatene develop through Persian, Greek and
steppe interfaces.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with Achaemenid integration and Hellenistic state formation.
CAUSALITY:
tribute, coins, troops, names and artistic forms travel through specific carriers;
an imperial map does not imply total cultural replacement.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X008 — W033, 200–500 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Armenia, Iberia/Kartli and Caucasian Albania navigate Roman/Sasanian rivalry
as Christian institutions and Armenian, Georgian and Albanian scripts emerge.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with late Roman transformation, Sasanian power and expanding
transregional religions/literacies.
CAUSALITY:
royal conversion, popular practice, ecclesiastical jurisdiction, literacy and
political alliance operate on distinct clocks.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X009 — W035, 600–800 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Byzantine–Sasanian war, Arab conquest, caliphal Arminiya, Khazar/steppe
incursions and local church/noble systems repeatedly reconfigure control.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with formation and expansion of Islamic imperial systems.
CAUSALITY:
conquest changes sovereignty and revenue first; language, faith, settlement
and local law transform at different rates.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X010 — W037, 900–1100 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Bagratid Armenia, Ani, Georgian Bagratid consolidation, Abkhazian and
Shirvanshah systems coexist across Christian and Islamic networks.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with Byzantine/Islamic competition, caravan exchange and
political recombination after caliphal decentralisation.
CAUSALITY:
dynastic kinship and shared religion create edges, not a single regional state.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X011 — W038, 1100–1300 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Seljuk rule, the Georgian monarchy’s high-capacity phase, Armenian/Zakarid
centres and Mongol domination succeed and overlap rather than form one chain.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with Crusades, Turkic migrations and Mongol Eurasian integration.
CAUSALITY:
battle, pastoral movement, taxation, marriage, trade and administrative reuse
are distinct mechanisms with different local effects.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X012 — W041, 1500–1600 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Ottoman–Safavid rivalry intersects Georgian polities, Armenian communities,
Shirvanshah residue, Dagestani systems and emerging khanate structures.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with gunpowder empires and expanding global silver/silk exchange.
CAUSALITY:
treaties describe claims; effective control follows forts, roads, garrisons,
tribute and negotiated local authority.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X013 — W045, 1800–1850 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Russian annexations and treaties absorb Georgian kingdoms and South Caucasian
khanates; wars with Qajar Iran/Ottoman Empire alter borders and population movement.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with industrialising empires and nineteenth-century territorial states.
CAUSALITY:
treaty transfer, conquest, resettlement, church reorganisation and administrative
incorporation must be represented as separate edges.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X014 — W047, 1850–1900 CE
LOCAL STATE:
the Caucasian War and Circassian mass expulsion transform the northwest while
railways and Baku oil create an imperial-industrial South Caucasus corridor.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with fossil industrialisation, settler/territorial empire and mass migration.
CAUSALITY:
industrial growth and forced displacement are concurrent system outputs;
revenue totals cannot stand in for human or ecological basefloors.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X015 — W049, 1914–1923 CE
LOCAL STATE:
war, genocide and refugee movement precede Russian imperial/Soviet fission,
the Transcaucasian federation, three republics, inter-state wars and Soviet conquest.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with world war, imperial collapse and national self-determination.
CAUSALITY:
actor, order, route, victim group, jurisdiction and evidence must remain
explicit; “ancient hatred” is not a causal model.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X016 — W058, 1990–2000 CE
LOCAL STATE:
Soviet dissolution yields Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia while wars over
Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia displace populations and establish
divergent de facto/legal/effective-control layers.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with post-Cold-War state fission, market transition and globalisation.
CAUSALITY:
constitutional inheritance, armed control, recognition and lived identity
are separate axes; ceasefire is not repair.

CROSS-SECTION CAUC.X017 — W068, 1 JANUARY–28 JULY 2026
LOCAL STATE:
an initialled Armenia–Azerbaijan agreement and TRIPP frameworks coexist with
unresolved implementation/rights; Armenia’s election, Georgia’s institutional
confrontation, new EU connectivity funding, Russian trade pressure, AI/digital
policies and climate/ecological stress form the live control tower.
WORLD LINK:
synchronises with war-driven corridor change, energy transition, platform/
AI dependence and multipolar competition.
CAUSALITY:
only demonstrated carriers connect these events; initialling, framework,
appropriation, sanction and plan are not stored as completed outcomes.

==============================================================================
16. EVIDENCE, ATTRIBUTION AND REVISION PROTOCOL
==============================================================================

16.1 CLAIM-SPECIFIC SOURCE HIERARCHY

• geological age, hazard, water and living ecology:
peer-reviewed geochronology, geological/hydrological surveys, instrument
networks, remote sensing and locally calibrated ecological observation;
• fossil age and taxon:
primary description, stratigraphic context and direct/associated dating;
morphology is not cultural identity and a press announcement is not a
completed formal description;
• archaeological phase:
stratigraphy, direct dates, assemblage, formation history and current synthesis;
• subsistence, fermentation and domestication:
archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, residues, proteins, isotopes, genetics,
use-wear and experimental/ethnographic controls;
• ancient DNA:
sample context, laboratory controls, coverage and population model;
ancestry components are not languages, nations or rights;
• language and script:
inscriptions, manuscripts and historical/comparative linguistics, not
pottery, genes or present political borders alone;
• identity:
self-identification, text, oral history, language, law, genealogy and
situated practice with historically bounded names;
• polity, sovereignty and control:
law, recognition, administration, taxation, coercion, diplomacy,
settlement and archaeology; claim and effective control remain separate;
• religion:
practice, text, architecture, burial and community evidence; royal decree
does not prove instant population-wide adoption;
• trade and technology transfer:
provenanced material, route, carrier, intermediary, replication, skill and
documentary evidence; resemblance alone is insufficient;
• atrocity, displacement and coerced movement:
orders, demographic series, testimony, forensic/archival evidence,
route/property records and legal findings, with actor and intent scoped;
• current event:
operative official/legal record plus independent contemporaneous reporting
and affected-community evidence;
• digital and AI:
lifecycle status, compute, power, data, language resources, skill,
deployment, audit/redress and measured outcome.

16.2 ENTITY, NAME AND CONTINUITY RULES

The Caucasus is a mountain–corridor–sea coordinate and changing interaction
field, not a timeless ethnic, political or civilisational subject. Every polity,
community, religious body, place and claimed region receives an ENTITY_SCOPE and
NAME_INTERVAL. Colchis, Iberia/Kartli, Caucasian Albania, Armenia, Georgia,
Urartu/Biainili, Shirvan, the Russian Caucasus, Soviet republics and current
states may overlap a geography without becoming one person-like lineage.

“Caucasian Albania” is the conventional name of an ancient polity/church field
in the eastern Caucasus; it is unrelated to the Balkan Republic of Albania.
Its peoples, languages, ecclesiastical residues, sites and later custodians are
separate entities. “Iberia” in this file means the eastern Georgian kingdom when
so scoped, not the Iberian Peninsula. “Georgia,” “Armenia” and “Azerbaijan”
must not be projected backwards beyond their appropriate political or naming
intervals without an explicit crosswalk.

Archaeological culture is classificatory. Shared ceramics, metallurgy, house
forms or mortuary practice do not by themselves prove language, ethnicity,
migration or state. Ancient DNA measures sampled biological relationships; it
does not assign national descent, political rights, language or civilisation.
Urartian, Armenian and other continuities must be decomposed into population,
language, landscape, institution, capability and memory edges rather than
accepted or denied as one total binary.

Modern state borders, legal sovereignty, international recognition, effective
control, administrative access, property, community attachment and identity
claims are independent fields. None may silently stand in for another.

16.3 INFORMATION QUALITY AND ARCHIVE BIAS

Every high-impact claim exposes:

RESOLUTION temporal/spatial precision of the observation;
ACCURACY fit between observation and recoverable past;
COMPLETENESS represented share of the relevant system;
TIMELINESS delay between event and record;
ACTIONABILITY whether an actor could use the information;
PRESERVATION_POTENTIAL probability that the evidence survives;
SURVEY_EXPOSURE probability that surviving evidence is observable;
RESEARCH_DENSITY intensity and distribution of investigation;
ARCHIVE_LOSS destruction, dispersal, censorship or non-recording.

Stone forts, churches, courts, royal inscriptions, literate men, central states,
oil companies and present governments are overrepresented. Mobile pastoralists,
households, women, children, enslaved people, deportees, minorities, border
villages, informal repair and living ecological costs are active search targets.
Conflict closure, inaccessible territory, destroyed archives and state research
priorities alter the observable sample. Absence becomes UNKNOWN unless sampling
and preservation make absence probative.

16.4 MOVEMENT, COERCION, HERITAGE AND MEMORY

Movement is typed VOLUNTARY, COERCED, MIXED or UNKNOWN. Seasonal transhumance,
merchant diaspora, military settlement, deportation, enslavement, refugee/IDP
flight, evacuation, labour migration and return are not one generic migration
edge. Every movement record seeks ORIGIN, DESTINATION, CARRIER, ACTOR, CHOICE,
LEGAL_STATUS, PROPERTY_EFFECT, MORTALITY and RETURN_STATE. Human cost is never
hidden inside demographic net change.

COERCION_ATTRIBUTE is stored independently for:

RECRUITMENT / CONSCRIPTION;
LABOUR / TAX / TRIBUTE;
CONVERSION / LANGUAGE / SCHOOLING;
RELOCATION / DEPORTATION / EXPULSION;
PROPERTY / CUSTODY / ACCESS;
INFORMATION / CENSORSHIP / SURVEILLANCE.

The HERITAGE RIGHTS STACK separates:

CREATED_OR_USED_BY;
CLAIMED_AS_ANCESTRAL_BY;
OWNED_UNDER_CURRENT_LAW_BY;
CUSTODIED_OR_ADMINISTERED_BY;
RITUAL_OR_COMMUNITY_AUTHORITY_HELD_BY;
ACCESSIBLE_TO;
CONSERVED_OR_DIGITISED_BY;
REMEMBERED_MOURNED_OR_CONTESTED_BY.

Present custody does not prove origin; ancient origin does not alone settle
present ownership, access or ritual authority. A MEMORY_CHARTER records who may
name, narrate, translate, access, mourn, conserve, digitise, model or contest an
object. Community-held knowledge retains attribution and access conditions.
Damage, reuse and restoration record actor, interval, method and evidence rather
than serving as labels for a whole people.

16.5 CURRENT-EVENT FREEZE

latest admitted instant:
2026-07-28T23:59:00+08:00;
time zone:
Asia/Singapore;
a publication or event after the instant waits for the next release;
PROPOSED, ANNOUNCED, AGREED_IN_PRINCIPLE, INITIALLED, SIGNED, RATIFIED,
OPERATIVE, FUNDED, BUILT and IMPLEMENTED remain different states;
an initialled peace agreement is not a signed or ratified treaty;
a route framework, investment commitment or sanction is not measured use;
recognition, claim, legal sovereignty and effective control remain separate;
preliminary election, casualty, displacement, trade and environmental series
may be superseded only by a new version, never silently;
future plans present at cut-off are stored as FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF.

16.6 REVISION TRIGGERS

• formal publication or revised context/date for the Orozmani jaw;
• new direct date, stratigraphic correction or secure provenance;
• new ancient-DNA samples/models that change a scoped population inference;
• decipherment, manuscript discovery, archive release or declassification;
• community correction to name, transliteration, custody, access or oral attribution;
• changed scholarly consensus on Urartian, Colchian, Albanian or other
contested identity/continuity relations;
• corrected atrocity, casualty, displacement, electoral or economic series;
• a court, treaty, recognition or control status changing;
• Armenia–Azerbaijan peace/TRIPP components changing lifecycle state;
• policy, infrastructure or AI systems moving from plan to operation and outcome;
• glacier, water, Caspian, biodiversity or restoration thresholds changing;
• a new survey revealing that prior absence was an exposure artefact.

16.7 ASSERTION REGISTER

ASSERTION CAUC.A001
“The Caucasus is one continuous civilisation or one timeless people.”
STATUS: REJECTED; it is an analytical geography containing interacting,
overlapping and changing societies, ecologies, networks and states.

ASSERTION CAUC.A002
“All Dmanisi fossils are securely one species and directly ancestral to later
Caucasian populations.”
STATUS: REJECTED; taxonomic models remain debated and no modern ethnic lineage
follows from a 1.77-million-year-old locality.

ASSERTION CAUC.A003
“The 2025 Orozmani jaw already proves a fully resolved 1.8 Ma species and route.”
STATUS: FALSE AT CUT-OFF; the find and provisional context are reported, while
formal description, final dating and taxonomic interpretation remain open.

ASSERTION CAUC.A004
“Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry is a modern ethnic or national identity.”
STATUS: REJECTED; CHG is a population-genetic modelling label for sampled
ancient relationships, not a people’s timeless name or political entitlement.

ASSERTION CAUC.A005
“Farming and wine were invented once in the Caucasus by a single people.”
STATUS: REJECTED; plant management, herding, fermentation, vessels and settlement
developed through multi-site processes and connections.

ASSERTION CAUC.A006
“Kura–Araxes pottery maps one Kura–Araxes ethnicity, language, state or migration.”
STATUS: REJECTED; material-practice distributions require site-specific
mobility, ancestry, economy and political evidence.

ASSERTION CAUC.A007
“Maykop material either proves an Indo-European homeland or has no role in
steppe–Caucasus interaction.”
STATUS: REJECTED BINARY; interaction is evidenced through particular materials
and populations, while linguistic attribution remains model-dependent.

ASSERTION CAUC.A008
“Trialeti, Lchashen–Metsamor, Koban or Colchian archaeological labels are
self-identified nations.”
STATUS: REJECTED; these are analytical horizons and assemblage groupings.

ASSERTION CAUC.A009
“Urartu/Biainili was simply the same state and people as later Armenia.”
STATUS: REJECTED AS TOTAL EQUATION; landscape, population and capability
continuities coexist with different language, polity and name intervals.

ASSERTION CAUC.A010
“Urartu/Biainili was wholly unrelated to Armenian history.”
STATUS: REJECTED AS TOTAL SEVERANCE; later populations and institutions
inhabited, reused and remembered its landscapes and infrastructures, but each
continuity edge needs evidence.

ASSERTION CAUC.A011
“Colchis was only a Greek myth or a Greek colonial creation.”
STATUS: REJECTED; local western Caucasian communities and political/economic
systems predate and interact with Greek settlement and representation.

ASSERTION CAUC.A012
“Caucasian Albania was a modern-style Armenian or Azerbaijani nation-state,
or is the same as Balkan Albania.”
STATUS: REJECTED; ancient polity, church, languages, sites, successor
communities and modern claims are separate; no relation to Balkan Albania.

ASSERTION CAUC.A013
“Persian, Greek, Roman or Byzantine rule erased all local institutions and identities.”
STATUS: REJECTED; imperial administration, exchange and cultural forms coexist
with persistence, adaptation and new local combinations.

ASSERTION CAUC.A014
“Armenia, Georgia or Caucasian Albania became completely Christian in a single year.”
STATUS: REJECTED; royal affiliation, church organisation, legal status,
popular practice and conversion unfold on different clocks.

ASSERTION CAUC.A015
“A script or architectural capability has one isolated inventor and owner.”
STATUS: REJECTED; named creators/patrons matter, but language analysis,
earlier scripts, scribes, craftspeople, materials, institutions and later
adaptation form a provenance stack.

ASSERTION CAUC.A016
“The medieval Kingdom of Georgia or Bagratid Armenia is institutionally
identical to a current republic.”
STATUS: REJECTED; heritage and named continuity do not erase changes in
sovereignty, citizenship, territory, law and institutions.

ASSERTION CAUC.A017
“Seljuk, Mongol, Timurid, Ottoman or Safavid rule wholly replaced the Caucasus population.”
STATUS: REJECTED; war, migration, conversion, elite change, local persistence
and demographic mixture vary by place and period.

ASSERTION CAUC.A018
“Russian annexation was either entirely voluntary protection or only an
administrative modernisation without coercion.”
STATUS: REJECTED; treaty, request, conquest, abolition of polities/church
autonomy, resettlement, infrastructure and reform require separate records.

ASSERTION CAUC.A019
“The Circassian departure in the 1860s was ordinary voluntary migration.”
STATUS: REFUTED; war, mass expulsion, coercive conditions, mortality and
Ottoman resettlement are central to the process; legal terminology may be scoped.

ASSERTION CAUC.A020
“Baku oil and railway industrialisation raised welfare equally across the region.”
STATUS: REJECTED; output and connectivity rose alongside dangerous labour,
inequality, imperial extraction, pollution and violence.

ASSERTION CAUC.A021
“Soviet borders and nationality categories permanently solved regional identity
and territorial questions.”
STATUS: REJECTED; they institutionalised particular boundaries and autonomies
while suppressing, transforming and sometimes intensifying claims.

ASSERTION CAUC.A022
“Post-Soviet wars are explained by ancient hatred, and battlefield control
automatically determines sovereignty or recognition.”
STATUS: REJECTED; institutions, security, elite strategy, Soviet fission,
external actors, mobilisation and specific event sequences provide mechanisms;
control and legal status are independent fields.

ASSERTION CAUC.A023
“The Armenia–Azerbaijan peace agreement was fully signed and ratified, or the
TRIPP route was operational, by 28 July 2026.”
STATUS: FALSE AT CUT-OFF; the text was initialled and implementation frameworks
were published, while final signing/ratification and measured operation remained open.

ASSERTION CAUC.A024
“An AI strategy, digital partnership, investment commitment or election result
proves Stage-5 correction capacity or durable regional settlement.”
STATUS: FALSE AT CUT-OFF; inputs, lawful oversight, deployment, distribution,
outcomes and repair capacity remain independently gated.

16.8 EVIDENCE CARDS

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E001 — TECTONIC, GLACIER AND WATER SYSTEM
STACK: plate geodesy + fault maps + palaeoclimate + instruments + remote sensing.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: HIGH / HIGH / UNEVEN / MEDIUM.
BLIND SPOT: local groundwater, older hazards and politically divided basins.
GRADE: A for active geometry/trends; B/C for local event timing and attribution.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E002 — DMANISI AND OROZMANI
STACK: stratigraphy + radiometric/palaeomagnetic context + fauna + lithics +
hominin morphology; Orozmani formal publication still incomplete at cut-off.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: VERY_HIGH / LOW / HIGH_LOCAL / VERY_HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: tiny locality sample, species boundaries, behaviour and corridor coverage.
GRADE: A for Dmanisi presence/date range; B/C for taxonomy and Orozmani interpretation.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E003 — MIDDLE/LATE PALAEOLITHIC NETWORK
STACK: cave/open-air stratigraphy + lithics + fauna/flora + dates + genomes/proteins.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: MEDIUM / LOW / UNEVEN / HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: submerged coasts, open-air erosion and gaps across political borders.
GRADE: B overall; A at well-dated strata, C for maker/contact claims.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E004 — NEOLITHIC FOOD AND WINE
STACK: settlement stratigraphy + plant/animal remains + residue chemistry +
vessels + isotopes + radiocarbon.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: MEDIUM / MEDIUM / HIGH / HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: perishable containers, wild/cultivated distinction and social use.
GRADE: A/B for dated evidence; C for single inventor or exclusive origin.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E005 — KURA–ARAXES AND QARAÇINAR
STACK: settlement/cemetery archaeology + ceramic technology + metallurgy +
mobility/aDNA + 2026 biomolecular food-use evidence.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: HIGH / MEDIUM / VERY_HIGH / HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: pottery exaggerates homogeneity; mobile sites and spoken identity.
GRADE: A/B for material sequence; B/C for dispersal and social constitution.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E006 — URARTU, COLCHIS AND EARLY POLITIES
STACK: royal/external inscriptions + forts/canals + settlement/survey +
burials/metals + classical and regional texts.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: HIGH / HIGH / UNEVEN / HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: ruler victory bias, unnamed rural populations and modern custody politics.
GRADE: A/B for dated polity infrastructure; B/C for ethnic/continuity claims.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E007 — CHRISTIANISATION AND SCRIPTS
STACK: inscriptions + manuscripts/palimpsests + architecture + liturgy +
chronicles + linguistics and material practice.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: MEDIUM / HIGH / VERY_HIGH / VERY_HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: retrospective saint narratives, lost texts and rural/nonconforming practice.
GRADE: A/B for script/church institutions; B/C for first dates and popular adoption.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E008 — MEDIEVAL AND EARLY-MODERN FRONTIERS
STACK: chronicles + charters + tax/treaty records + coins + archaeology +
merchant/church archives and neighbouring-state evidence.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: HIGH / UNEVEN / HIGH / VERY_HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: imperial/royal centre overstates control; village/frontier voices sparse.
GRADE: A for many event dates; B for control geometry and household effects.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E009 — RUSSIAN CONQUEST, CIRCASSIAN EXPULSION AND INDUSTRY
STACK: military/state records + treaties + demographic/migration data +
testimony + company/rail/oil records + environmental traces.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: HIGH / UNEVEN / VERY_HIGH / HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: perpetrators’ archives, survivor dispersal and unrecorded mortality.
GRADE: A/B for major processes; local totals and intent chains remain scoped.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E010 — 1914–1921 WAR, ATROCITY AND STATE FISSION
STACK: state/military/diplomatic archives + testimony + demographic/property
records + relief reports + press + material/forensic evidence.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: HIGH / UNEVEN / VERY_HIGH / VERY_HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: destroyed communities, partisan archives and changing jurisdiction.
GRADE: A/B for major event sequence; local responsibility/total claims are scoped.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E011 — POST-SOVIET WAR, DISPLACEMENT AND CONTROL
STACK: constitutions/treaties + UN/OSCE/court records + satellite +
monitoring + casualty/displacement data + testimony.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: VERY_HIGH / UNEVEN / VERY_HIGH / HIGH.
BLIND SPOT: closed zones, propaganda, missing persons, informal property and trauma.
GRADE: A for major control/legal events; B/C for disputed acts, totals and motives.

EVIDENCE CARD CAUC.E012 — CAUCASUS AT THE 2026 CUT-OFF
STACK: official law/policy/treaty/election records + statistics/instruments +
independent reporting + civil society + affected communities.
PRESERVATION / EXPOSURE / DENSITY / LOSS: VERY_HIGH / HIGH_UNEVEN /
VERY_HIGH / MEDIUM.
BLIND SPOT: live revision, inaccessible territory, censorship, disinformation,
informal economy, rural ecology and implementation gaps.
GRADE: A for dated official/event state; B for system diagnosis; C for forecast.

==============================================================================
17. GENOME, PRESSURE, OUROBOROS, PORTABILITY, SIMULATION AND FISSION
==============================================================================

17.1 CIVILISATION GENOME — REGIONAL EXPRESSION

The “genome” is a decomposable capability and dependency map, not a biological
metaphor for a people. Each component can be inherited, adapted, suppressed,
scaled, repaired or lost independently.

CAUC.GNM01 SUBSTRATE_AND_HAZARD_SENSING
fault, volcano, glacier, snow, river, coast, pasture, soil and climate knowledge;
CAUC.GNM02 FOOD_AND_LIVING_SYSTEMS
foraging, seed, grain, vine, orchard, herd, fishery, forest and ecological care;
CAUC.GNM03 MATERIAL_TRANSFORMATION
stone, obsidian, clay, fibre, wood, copper, bronze, iron, oil, cement and electronics;
CAUC.GNM04 SETTLEMENT_AND_MOBILITY
cave, camp, village, fortress, city, transhumance, caravan, port, rail, road and air;
CAUC.GNM05 STORAGE_ENERGY_AND_SURPLUS
pit, granary, wine jar, treasury, oil tank, reservoir, grid, bank and data centre;
CAUC.GNM06 RECORD_LANGUAGE_AND_MEMORY
image, cuneiform, alphabet, manuscript, archive, print, broadcast and digital record;
CAUC.GNM07 COORDINATION_LAW_AND_CONTROL
household, clan, assembly, church, court, kingdom, empire, republic, treaty and platform;
CAUC.GNM08 EXCHANGE_AND_STANDARD
obsidian/metal routes, weights, coin, caravan, pipeline, customs, payment and protocol;
CAUC.GNM09 CARE_AND_BASEFLOOR
household/monastic care, water, shelter, hospital, relief, education and social protection;
CAUC.GNM10 FORCE_AND_SECURITY
fort, cavalry, army, militia, police, alliance, peacekeeping, intelligence and cyber defence;
CAUC.GNM11 MEANING_LEGITIMACY_AND_PLURALISM
ritual, church/mosque, dynasty, nation, constitution, heritage and coexistence practice;
CAUC.GNM12 CORRECTION_AND_FUTURE_CAPACITY
council, petition, court, election, science, audit, monitoring, scenario and AI governance.

No genome total is serialised. A state may operate advanced energy, military or
digital systems while failing safety, dignity, ecology, trust or correction floors.

17.2 CAPABILITY-PROVENANCE LINEAGES

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV001 — EARLY STONE AND CORRIDOR KNOWLEDGE
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: knappable stone, water, fauna and seasonal landscapes.
EDGE: CRAFT_PRECURSOR + EMBODIED_LEARNING + REPEATED_DISPERSAL.
CLAIM LIMIT: similar tools and routes do not identify one taxon, language or lineage.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV002 — OBSIDIAN PROCUREMENT
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: Armenian and Georgian volcanic sources.
EDGE: LOCAL_KNOWLEDGE -> PROVENANCE_SELECTION -> EXCHANGE_SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: source movement alone does not identify merchants or political control.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV003 — PLANT, HERD AND FERMENTATION SYSTEMS
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: regional ecologies plus Southwest Asian crop/animal histories.
EDGE: INDEPENDENT_EXPERIMENT + DOCUMENTED_INFLUENCE + ADAPTATION + SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: earliest residue and invention, domestication or exclusive origin differ.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV004 — KURA–ARAXES CULINARY AND METAL PRACTICE
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: clay, fuel, ore, vessel form, food, skill and routes.
EDGE: CRAFT_PRECURSOR + COMMUNITY_TRANSMISSION + ADAPTATION + NETWORK_SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: a material package is not a single migrating nation.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV005 — URARTIAN HYDRAULIC–FORTRESS SYSTEM
PRECURSOR: highland water, masonry and administrative traditions plus imperial competition.
EDGE: DOCUMENTED_INFLUENCE + LOCAL_ADAPTATION + COERCED_LABOUR + INSTITUTIONALISATION.
CLAIM LIMIT: royal inscription records claim/patronage, not every worker or use.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV006 — ARMENIAN, GEORGIAN AND CAUCASIAN-ALBANIAN LITERACIES
CARRIERS: language analysis, neighbouring script traditions, translators,
scribes, patrons, parchment, schools and churches.
EDGE: DOCUMENTED_INFLUENCE + CREATIVE_ADAPTATION + CODIFICATION + SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: a named saint/patron is part of, not the whole, capability stack.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV007 — MONASTIC, ARCHITECTURAL AND CARE NETWORKS
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: stone/timber, builders, liturgy, estates, books and route access.
EDGE: CRAFT_PRECURSOR + CROSS_REGIONAL_INFLUENCE + ADAPTATION + INSTITUTIONALISATION.
CLAIM LIMIT: form resemblance neither fixes ethnic ownership nor erases local craft.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV008 — DIASPORA MERCHANT SYSTEM
CARRIERS: New Julfa and other kin firms, multilingual brokers, credit, letters,
churches, caravan/maritime routes and host-state permissions.
EDGE: FORCED_RELOCATION -> NETWORK_REPAIR -> CODIFICATION -> GLOBAL_SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: commercial resilience does not cancel the coercion that initiated movement.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV009 — FORT, FIREARM AND FRONTIER ADMINISTRATION
CARRIERS: Ottoman, Safavid, local, steppe and Russian institutions and crafts.
EDGE: DIRECT_TRANSFER + CAPTURE + ADAPTATION + INSTITUTIONALISATION.
CLAIM LIMIT: similar weapon/fort does not imply identical sovereignty or society.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV010 — OIL, PIPELINE AND RAIL SYSTEM
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: Baku reserves, capital, labour, engineering, steel, ports
and imperial/global demand.
EDGE: RESOURCE_KNOWLEDGE + DIRECT_TECH_TRANSFER + FINANCE + SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: output, state revenue, local welfare and ecological cost are separate.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV011 — SOVIET MASS INSTITUTIONS
CARRIERS: pre-Soviet cadres/infrastructure, Union investment, party-state,
schools, science, factories, welfare and coercive standardisation.
EDGE: INHERITANCE + ADAPTATION + INSTITUTIONALISATION + SCALING.
CLAIM LIMIT: neither pure rupture nor uniform achievement across republics/groups.

PROVENANCE CAUC.PV012 — DIGITAL AND AI SYSTEM
MATERIAL_SUBSTRATE: electricity, chips, cloud, fibre, data, language resources,
cybersecurity, skills, law and audit/redress.
EDGE: DIRECT_TECH_TRANSFER + LOCAL_ADAPTATION + SCALING; CODIFICATION ongoing.
CLAIM LIMIT: a strategy, partnership or portal is not measured sovereign or
Stage-5 correction capability.

17.3 PRESSURE REGISTER

CAUC.PR001 TECTONIC_AND_SLOPE_RELEASE
earthquake, volcano, landslide, avalanche and infrastructure cascade;
CAUC.PR002 GLACIER_WATER_AND_CLIMATE_CHANGE
warming, glacier/snow loss, drought, flood, river allocation and sea change;
CAUC.PR003 SOIL_FOREST_PASTURE_AND_BIODIVERSITY_LOAD
erosion, overgrazing, logging, mining, urban growth and habitat fragmentation;
CAUC.PR004 FOOD_ENERGY_MATERIAL_DEPENDENCY
harvest, import, fuel, mine, grid, refinery, nuclear/hydro and compute demand;
CAUC.PR005 MOUNTAIN_CORRIDOR_AND_FRONTIER_EXPOSURE
route value brings exchange, blockade, invasion, sanction and war spillover;
CAUC.PR006 EXTRACTION_LABOUR_AND_INEQUALITY
tribute, tax, oil/mineral rent, debt, coercive labour and centre–periphery gaps;
CAUC.PR007 IDENTITY_HOMOGENISATION_AND_MEMORY_CONFLICT
language/religion/nation control, expulsion, monument damage and archive erasure;
CAUC.PR008 EPIDEMIC_DISASTER_AND_CARE_STRESS
plague, famine, earthquake, COVID-19, displacement and uneven care access;
CAUC.PR009 SOVEREIGNTY_AND_CONTROL_FRAGMENTATION
imperial fission, autonomy borders, de facto authority and recognition conflict;
CAUC.PR010 INFORMATION_CAPTURE
royal/state bias, censorship, propaganda, surveillance, platforms and access closure;
CAUC.PR011 EXTERNAL_SECURITY_FINANCE_AND_ROUTE_DEPENDENCY
empires, alliances, Russia/Türkiye/Iran/EU/US, sanctions, remittance and corridor finance;
CAUC.PR012 SPEED_MISMATCH
military, corridor and AI acceleration outruns law, trust, rights, repair and ecology.

Pressure is never destiny. It becomes a causal edge only through a dated carrier,
affected component and demonstrated vulnerability.

17.4 OUROBOROS LOOPS

OUROBOROS CAUC.O001 — CORRIDOR / WEALTH / CONTEST
route openness -> exchange/revenue -> strategic value -> external/internal contest
-> fortification/blockade -> local cost -> route contraction or redirected investment.
BREAK SIGNAL: security load rises while local access, maintenance and trust fall.

OUROBOROS CAUC.O002 — FORTRESS / EXTRACTION / FRONTIER
threat -> fort/army -> tax, tribute and coerced labour -> household stress/resistance
-> perceived insecurity -> expanded force and extraction.
BREAK SIGNAL: military capacity rises while food, dignity and consent decline.

OUROBOROS CAUC.O003 — IDENTITY / THREAT / HOMOGENISATION
insecurity -> exclusive identity charter -> mobilisation -> minority exclusion/
memory erasure -> grievance and counter-mobilisation -> stronger threat narrative.
BREAK SIGNAL: symbolic unity rises while plural rights and truthful memory close.

OUROBOROS CAUC.O004 — RESOURCE / REVENUE / DEPENDENCY
oil/mineral/hydro revenue -> infrastructure/state capacity -> rent concentration
and external exposure -> weak diversification/ecological cost -> demand for more extraction.
BREAK SIGNAL: output and reserves rise while broad capability/ecology stagnate.

OUROBOROS CAUC.O005 — DISPLACEMENT / PROPERTY / FROZEN CONFLICT
war -> flight -> changed control/property access -> grievance/insecurity ->
militarised status quo -> blocked return/integration/remedy -> renewed mobilisation.
BREAK SIGNAL: ceasefire persists while rights, safety, property and memory remain unrepaired.

OUROBOROS CAUC.O006 — DIGITAL GROWTH / ENERGY / CONTROL
connectivity and AI -> service/security demand -> compute, data and platform
concentration -> surveillance/dependency/misinformation -> lower trust ->
demand for more optimisation and control.
BREAK SIGNAL: deployment grows faster than clean power, audit, redress and plural information.

17.5 PORTABILITY TESTS

PORTABILITY CAUC.PT001 — FARMING / FERMENTATION PRACTICE
REMOVE: original village, terroir and kin system.
CARRY: seed/cutting, livestock, vessel method, microbial practice and memory.
RESULT: PARTIAL–HIGH; components travel but transform with ecology and institutions.

PORTABILITY CAUC.PT002 — SCRIPT / MANUSCRIPT / LITURGY
REMOVE: royal court or original monastery.
CARRY: alphabet, trained readers, texts, school, ritual and copy materials.
RESULT: HIGH within institutions/diasporas; language teaching and custody are bottlenecks.

PORTABILITY CAUC.PT003 — DIASPORA MERCHANT NETWORK
REMOVE: home polity and original route.
CARRY: kin trust, multilingual skill, credit, letters, worship and host permissions.
RESULT: HIGH but vulnerable to coercion, confiscation and corridor closure.

PORTABILITY CAUC.PT004 — FORT / CANAL / RAIL / PIPELINE
REMOVE: founding state or operator.
CARRY: physical asset, maintenance knowledge, standards, rights and supply.
RESULT: MEDIUM; residue survives, but operating institutions and ecology may fail.

PORTABILITY CAUC.PT005 — POST-IMPERIAL / POST-SOVIET INSTITUTIONS
REMOVE: imperial/Union centre and allocation.
CARRY: borders, cadres, schools, law fragments, factories, archives and networks.
RESULT: UNEVEN; sovereignty increases while market, energy, security and memory
dependencies require reconstruction.

PORTABILITY CAUC.PT006 — DIGITAL / AI CAPABILITY
REMOVE: foreign chip, cloud, model, platform and finance access.
CARRY: local power, data, language resources, skill, institutions and open standards.
RESULT AT CUT-OFF: LOW–MEDIUM and sector-specific; material dependency remains.

17.6 STAIRCASE REMOVAL TEST

The removal test asks what remains usable if an upper stair is removed. It is
applied per component, never to an entire society as one score.

SR01 remove monument/fort; test whether food, care and coordination survive.
SR02 remove dynasty/party centre; test whether local law and services survive.
SR03 remove imperial/Union subsidy; test whether route, grid and factory survive.
SR04 remove oil/mineral rent; test fiscal, care and economic diversity.
SR05 close one border/corridor; test food, medicine, trade and evacuation redundancy.
SR06 remove external security patron; test lawful local protection and negotiation.
SR07 remove dominant platform/cloud; test public information and business continuity.
SR08 remove emergency powers/propaganda; test lawful security, pluralism and correction.

Failure at a lower BaseFloor stair caps the whole system regardless of prestige
architecture, military assets, resource output or AI above it.

17.7 SIMULATION VARIABLES

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V001 — WATER_FOOD_ECOLOGY_BUFFER
0.0–1.0; glaciers/snow, shared rivers, soils, crop/herd diversity, stores and imports.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V002 — SEISMIC_SLOPE_INFRASTRUCTURE_RESILIENCE
0.0–1.0; codes, building stock, lifelines, early warning, response and repair.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V003 — CORRIDOR_OPENNESS_DEPENDENCY
two-part vector; exchange benefit and vulnerability to closure, sanction or control.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V004 — RESOURCE_REVENUE_DIVERSIFICATION
vector; oil/gas/mineral/hydro mobilisation, distribution, volatility and ecological cost.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V005 — RIGHTS_PLURALISM_MEMORY_PRESSURE
0.0–1.0; civic space, minority safety, language/religious security, property and heritage.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V006 — INFORMATION_QUALITY_CORRECTION
vector of resolution, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, actionability and redress.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V007 — EXTERNAL_SECURITY_FINANCE_TECH_DEPENDENCY
vector; patron concentration, remittance/trade, chips/cloud, energy and alliance constraints.

SIMULATION VARIABLE CAUC.SIM.V008 — PEACE_AND_REPAIR_CAPACITY
0.0–1.0; safety, rights, border rules, remedies, trust, local agency and implementation.

Simulation output is scenario evidence, never chronology fact. Parameters retain
source, interval and uncertainty; counterfactuals are labelled.

17.8 FISSION REGISTER

FISSION CAUC.F001 — KURA–ARAXES REGIONAL DIVERSIFICATION, after c. 2500 BCE
TYPE: NETWORK + CULTURAL + SETTLEMENT; practices persist in uneven successors.

FISSION CAUC.F002 — URARTIAN IMPERIAL DISSOLUTION, seventh–sixth centuries BCE
TYPE: POLITICAL + ADMINISTRATIVE + ARCHIVAL; landscape/population capabilities persist.

FISSION CAUC.F003 — CALIPHAL DECENTRALISATION AND BAGRATID RELAUNCH
TYPE: IMPERIAL + FISCAL + DYNASTIC; Armenian, Georgian and Islamic polities recombine.

FISSION CAUC.F004 — GEORGIAN KINGDOM UNDER MONGOL AND DYNASTIC PRESSURE
TYPE: TRIBUTARY + DYNASTIC + TERRITORIAL; church/language/route residues survive.

FISSION CAUC.F005 — OTTOMAN–SAFAVID–LOCAL FRONTIER RECOMPOSITION
TYPE: IMPERIAL + TERRITORIAL + DIASPORA; coerced movement and khanate/princely residues.

FISSION CAUC.F006 — RUSSIAN IMPERIAL COLLAPSE, 1917–1921
TYPE: IMPERIAL + STATE + WAR + POPULATION; federation and republics form,
fight and are Sovietised.

FISSION CAUC.F007 — SOVIET DISSOLUTION, 1988–1991 AND AFTER
TYPE: UNION + STATE + ECONOMIC + SECURITY; borders/infrastructure persist,
sovereignty and conflicts relaunch.

FISSION CAUC.F008 — NAGORNO-KARABAKH DE FACTO SYSTEM, 2023
TYPE: TERRITORIAL + INSTITUTIONAL + POPULATION + MEMORY; administration
dissolves, population relocates, rights and heritage questions persist.

17.9 FRACTURE–REPAIR CONTROL TOWER

REPAIR CAUC.R001 — POST-KURA–ARAXES RECOMPOSITION
FRACTURE: network/settlement diversification;
REPAIR: local agro-pastoral, metallurgical and exchange systems;
UNKNOWN: community-level institutional continuity.

REPAIR CAUC.R002 — POST-URARTIAN REGIONAL RELAUNCH
FRACTURE: royal/fortress system dissolution;
REPAIR: reused settlements, waterworks and new Armenian/other political formations;
TEST: lineage-specific evidence, not total identity claims.

REPAIR CAUC.R003 — SCRIPT, CHURCH AND MANUSCRIPT PERSISTENCE
FRACTURE: imperial war and political interruption;
REPAIR: translation, copying, school, monastery and diaspora;
SIDE EFFECT: doctrinal authority can suppress plural/local memory.

REPAIR CAUC.R004 — POST-MONGOL / EARLY-MODERN RECOMPOSITION
FRACTURE: tribute, invasion and dynastic fragmentation;
REPAIR: local polities, merchant routes, churches/mosques and negotiated frontiers.

REPAIR CAUC.R005 — POST-CIRCASSIAN-WAR DIASPORA MEMORY
FRACTURE: mass expulsion, mortality and homeland loss;
REPAIR: kin/community institutions, language, oral history, memorialisation and claims;
LIMIT: cultural survival is not restoration of lost lives, land or access.

REPAIR CAUC.R006 — POST-1988 EARTHQUAKE AND SOVIET FISSION
FRACTURE: physical disaster plus economic/institutional rupture;
REPAIR: emergency aid, housing, diaspora support, state/service rebuilding;
TEST: safe permanent housing, livelihood, trust and local participation.

REPAIR CAUC.R007 — POST-SOVIET CONFLICT SYSTEMS
FRACTURE: war, displacement, missing persons, property loss and closed borders;
REPAIR: ceasefires, mediation, courts, demining, documentation and community support;
LIMIT: suspended violence alone does not pass the repair test.

REPAIR CAUC.R008 — 2025–2026 ARMENIA–AZERBAIJAN PEACE CORRIDOR
FRACTURE TARGET: interstate war, border uncertainty, displacement/property,
detainee/missing-person, heritage and route conflict;
REPAIR STATUS: text initialled; implementation and final legal state OPEN;
TEST: signature/ratification, lawful border/route operation, safety, rights,
remedy, reciprocal access, ecological review and durable consent.

RUNTIME REPAIR ORDER

LOCATE the damaged entity, interval and affected Nobody populations.
SEPARATE legal status, recognition, effective control, claim and access.
SENSE living-object and BaseFloor conditions.
TRIAGE food, water, shelter, health, safety and truthful information.
STABILISE infrastructure and prevent coercive secondary harm.
DOCUMENT people, property, custody, graves, archives and ecological damage.
RESTORE plural, timely and actionable information.
RESTORE trust through remedy, participation and visible accountability.
REPAIR institutions and dependencies at the lowest failed stair.
REGENERATE ecological and social capacity.
RELAUNCH only after survival, rights and correction tests pass.

17.10 THE NOBODY CONTROL VIEW

For every scan, ask:

Who quarried, built, carried, harvested, herded, cleaned, cooked, copied,
translated, cared and repaired?
Who was taxed, conscripted, enslaved, deported, expelled, displaced,
imprisoned, dispossessed, converted under pressure or silenced?
Who is absent because their material had low preservation potential, their
archive was destroyed, or access is politically closed?
Which living objects absorbed the cost?
Which future population inherits hazard, debt, contamination, dependency,
closed borders, unresolved property or memory loss?

Required outputs:

NAMED_ELITES;
INSTITUTIONAL_ACTORS;
ORDINARY_VISIBLE;
ORDINARY_INFERRED;
COERCED_OR_EXCLUDED;
DISPLACED_OR_DIASPORA;
UNSAMPLED_OR_UNKNOWN;
LIVING_OBJECT_COST;
INTERGENERATIONAL_COST;
REPAIR_AUTHORITY_AND_CONSENT.

No CAT Scan is complete when only the sovereign, battlefield, monument, pipeline,
capital or national story is visible.

==============================================================================
18. SOURCE REGISTER
==============================================================================

URL presence supports reproducibility but does not automatically raise an
evidence grade. Books and articles without stable open URLs remain identified
bibliographically. Live web material was retrieved no later than 28 July 2026.
An event date and the later date on which evidence about it was published remain
separate fields.

ARCHITECTURE, CLOCK AND METHOD

CAUC.S001 — CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER, V1.1: 403 records, W000–W068,
148 inherited tracks and the sixty-object regional queue.

CAUC.S002 — eduKateSG, “Civilisation Atlas Scaffold Series v1.1.”
https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-scaffold-series-v1-1/

CAUC.S003 — User-supplied “Civilisation Atlas Architecture” branch: CAT Scan,
Foundation 0–Stage 8, independent capability/lifecycle/habitat axes, Genome,
Pressure, Ouroboros, Nobody, provenance, living objects, portability,
simulation, fission, repair, memory and evidence-bias requirements; latest
state recovered and frozen 28 July 2026.

GEOLOGY, CLIMATE, ECOLOGY AND EARLY HUMAN PRESENCE

CAUC.S004 — International Commission on Stratigraphy, International
Chronostratigraphic Chart. https://stratigraphy.org/chart

CAUC.S005 — Reilinger et al., “GPS constraints on continental deformation in
the Africa–Arabia–Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the
dynamics of plate interactions,” Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (2006).
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051

CAUC.S006 — World Bank, Building Resilience to Climate Change in South Caucasus
Agriculture (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), regional climate, water and
agricultural-risk synthesis.
https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/193691468012673593/pdf/Building-resilience-to-climate-change-in-South-Caucasus-agriculture.pdf

CAUC.S007 — Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Ecosystem Profile: Caucasus
Biodiversity Hotspot; WWF Caucasus Ecoregion conservation assessments.
https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/caucasus

CAUC.S008 — Ferring et al., “Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian
Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma,” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 108 (2011), 10432–10436.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3127884/

CAUC.S009 — Lordkipanidze et al., “A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and
the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo,” Science 342 (2013), 326–331.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238484

CAUC.S010 — Reuters, “Archaeologists in Georgia unearth 1.8-million-year-old
human jawbone,” 27 August 2025; Orozmani expedition announcements. Retained as
evidence-history/public-announcement state pending full description.
https://www.reuters.com/science/archaeologists-georgia-unearth-18-million-year-old-human-jawbone-2025-08-27/

CAUC.S011 — Adler et al., “Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle
Paleolithic transition in the Southern Caucasus,” Science 345 (2014),
1609–1613. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256484

CAUC.S012 — Fernández-Jalvo, King, Yepiskoposyan and Andrews, eds., Azokh Cave
and the Transcaucasian Corridor, Springer, 2016; associated ESR, fauna and
hominin-context studies.

CAUC.S013 — Pinhasi, Glauberman, Gasparyan and colleagues, “The role of the
southern Caucasus on early human evolution and expansion,” Quaternary Science
Reviews 377 (2026), 109877, synthesis of the 2026 research collection.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2026.109877

CAUC.S014 — Brittingham et al., “Geochemical Evidence for the Control of Fire
by Middle Palaeolithic Hominins,” Scientific Reports 9 (2019), 15368,
Lusakert Cave 1, Armenia. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51433-0

CAUC.S015 — Adler et al., “Dating the demise: Neandertal extinction and the
establishment of modern humans in the southern Caucasus,” Journal of Human
Evolution 55 (2008), 817–833, Ortvale Klde.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.010

CAUC.S016 — Bar-Yosef, Belfer-Cohen, Mesheviliani and colleagues, “Dzudzuana:
an Upper Palaeolithic cave site in the Caucasus foothills (Georgia),”
Antiquity 85 (2011), 331–349.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00067874

CAUC.S017 — Kandel et al., Aghitu-3 Cave excavation, chronology, obsidian and
Upper Palaeolithic high-altitude occupation reports, Armenian–German research
programme, Quaternary International and related project publications.

CAUC.S018 — Jones et al., “Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of
modern Eurasians,” Nature Communications 6 (2015), 8912, including Satsurblia
and Kotias Klde. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9912

CAUC.S019 — Allentoft et al., “Population genomics of post-glacial western
Eurasia,” Nature 625 (2024), 301–311, with Caucasus hunter-gatherer and later
population models. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0

CAUC.S020 — Frahm, Feinberg, Schmidt-Magee, Wilkinson, Gasparyan and Yeritsyan,
archaeometric studies of Armenian volcanic obsidian sources, mobility and
Middle/Late Palaeolithic procurement; Journal of Archaeological Science and
Archaeometry project series.

CAUC.S021 — Connor and Kvavadze, “Modelling late Quaternary changes in plant
distribution, vegetation and climate using pollen data from Georgia,
Caucasus,” Journal of Biogeography 36 (2009), 529–545, with regional
palaeoclimate syntheses.

CAUC.S022 — Pinhasi and colleagues, eds., The Peopling of the Caucasus: Early
Human Settlement at the Crossroads of Continents, Cambridge University Press,
2025. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009520201

NEOLITHIC, CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE-AGE HORIZONS

CAUC.S023 — Lyonnet, Guliyev and regional teams, Shulaveri–Shomu settlement,
architecture and food-production research at Mentesh Tepe, Göytepe,
Gadachrili Gora and related South Caucasian sites; Paléorient and project
monographs.

CAUC.S024 — McGovern et al., “Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South
Caucasus,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (2017),
E10309–E10318. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1714728114

CAUC.S025 — Pinhasi et al., “First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from
the Near Eastern Highlands,” PLOS ONE 5 (2010), Areni-1; Barnard et al.,
wine-production installation/residue research at Areni-1.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010984

CAUC.S026 — Badalyan, Harutyunyan, Chataigner, Lyonnet and colleagues,
Neolithic/Chalcolithic Armenia and South Caucasus survey and excavation
syntheses; Arimura, Chataigner and Gasparyan, eds., Archaeology of Armenia in
Regional Context.

CAUC.S027 — Sagona, The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements
to the Iron Age, Cambridge University Press, 2017; Palumbi, The Red and Black:
Social and Cultural Interaction between the Upper Euphrates and Southern
Caucasus Communities in the Fourth and Third Millennium BC, 2008.

CAUC.S028 — Decaix et al., “Biomolecular analyses reveal grape-based beverages,
dairy processing, and pottery function in Kura–Araxes culinary practices,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 (2026), Qaraçinar,
Azerbaijan. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42008712/

CAUC.S029 — Kohl, The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia, Cambridge University Press,
2007; Trifonov and regional Maykop archaeology/chronology publications.

CAUC.S030 — Wang et al., “The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus,”
Nature Communications 10 (2019), 590.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08220-8

CAUC.S031 — Skourtanioti et al., “The genetic history of the Southern Caucasus
from the Bronze Age to the early Middle Ages,” Cell (2025), 230 ancient
individuals from Armenia and Georgia.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867425008025

CAUC.S032 — Rubinson, “The Trialeti Culture,” and regional Martkopi–Bedeni,
Trialeti–Vanadzor kurgan, mobility, metal and chronology research, read with
Sagona’s 2017 synthesis.

CAUC.S033 — Kuftin, Piotrovsky, Martirosyan and later Armenian archaeological
research on Lchashen, Metsamor and Late Bronze/Early Iron Age settlement,
cemetery, chariot, metal and exchange systems.

CAUC.S034 — Smithsonian Institution / Armenian–American Metsamor Archaeological
Project reports; Republic of Armenia History Museum and site publications on
Metsamor’s settlement, metallurgy, fortification and water landscape.

CAUC.S035 — Reinhold, Studies on the Koban Culture and the transition from the
Bronze to the Iron Age in the northern Caucasus; regional cemetery and metal
provenance literature.

CAUC.S036 — Lordkipanidze, Archaeology in Georgia: From the Paleolithic to the
Middle Ages; Apakidze and later western Georgian research on Colchian bronze,
settlements, burials and production.

CAUC.S037 — Chernykh, Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR: The Early Metal Age,
Cambridge University Press, 1992; Courcier and regional archaeometallurgical
studies of copper, arsenical bronze, tin and iron in the Caucasus.

CAUC.S038 — Bobokhyan, Gilibert, Hnila and colleagues, “Vishaps, dragon stones,
and the archaeology of high-altitude ritual landscapes in Armenia,” Vishap
Archaeological Project publications.

CAUC.S039 — Lazaridis et al., “The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A
bridge between West Asia and Europe,” Science 377 (2022), with contextual
Caucasus datasets; interpreted only at sample/model resolution.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247

URARTU, COLCHIS, ARMENIA, IBERIA/KARTLI AND CAUCASIAN ALBANIA

CAUC.S040 — Zimansky, Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State,
Oriental Institute, 1985; Salvini, Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer, and
current fortress, canal and settlement archaeology.

CAUC.S041 — Melikishvili, Diakonoff and later reassessments of Diauehi/Dayaeni,
Nairi and Assyrian/Urartian northern-frontier geographies; identification and
extent retained as debated.

CAUC.S042 — Salvini, Corpus dei testi urartei, 2008–2018; Cuneiform Digital
Library Initiative and Erebuni/Karmir Blur inscription corpora.
https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/

CAUC.S043 — Assyrian royal inscriptions, Urartian texts, Greek/Latin sources
and archaeology concerning Cimmerian, Scythian and other steppe interfaces;
Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Scythians.”
https://iranicaonline.org/articles/scythians

CAUC.S044 — Herodotus, Histories; Xenophon, Anabasis; Strabo, Geography;
Loeb/Perseus critical editions, read as authored ancient texts rather than
transparent ethnographic maps. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/

CAUC.S045 — Braund, Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and
Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC–AD 562, Oxford, 1994; Lordkipanidze’s Colchis
archaeology and Vani research.

CAUC.S046 — Rapp, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and
Eurasian Contexts, Peeters, 2003; Braund 1994 and Mtskheta archaeology for
Iberia/Kartli’s political and religious formation.

CAUC.S047 — Gippert et al., The Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests of Mount Sinai,
Brepols, 2008–2010; Chaumont and Hewsen on Caucasian Albania; Encyclopaedia
Iranica, “Albania.” https://iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm

CAUC.S048 — Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire,
2002; Bosworth and Encyclopaedia Iranica entries on Atropatene and Caucasian
Achaemenid interfaces. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/atropatene

CAUC.S049 — Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, Georgetown
University Press, 1963; Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Armenia and Iran,” with
Armenian, Greek, Roman and Iranian primary-source corpora.
https://iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-ii

CAUC.S050 — Garsoïan, Toumanoff and Traina, studies of Orontid Armenia,
Hellenistic state formation and the Armenian highlands; Cambridge History of
Iran and Cambridge History of Armenia chapters.

CLASSICAL AND LATE-ANTIQUE POLITIES, RELIGIONS AND SCRIPTS

CAUC.S051 — Garsoïan, “The emergence of Armenia,” in The Armenian People from
Ancient to Modern Times, ed. Hovannisian; coins, inscriptions and Greek/Roman
sources for the Artaxiad dynasty and Artaxata.

CAUC.S052 — Appian, Mithridatic Wars; Plutarch, Lucullus and Pompey; Cassius
Dio; Armenian and numismatic studies of Tigranes II. Ancient narratives are
cross-checked for campaign chronology and authorial bias.

CAUC.S053 — Braund, Rome and the Friendly King, 1984; Tacitus, Annals; Cassius
Dio, Roman History; inscriptions and archaeology for Roman–Armenian–Iberian–
Albanian frontier relations.

CAUC.S054 — Garsoïan, The Epic Histories Attributed to P‘awstos Buzand,
Harvard University Press, 1989; Chaumont and Encyclopaedia Iranica on Arsacid
Armenia and Iranian noble institutions.

CAUC.S055 — Thomson, Agathangelos: History of the Armenians, SUNY Press, 1976;
Garsoïan, Church and Culture in Early Medieval Armenia; Armenian Apostolic
Church and archaeological sources. Conversion chronology is stored as layers.

CAUC.S056 — Rapp, The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes, Ashgate, 2014;
Conversion of Kartli and Life of Nino textual traditions, Mtskheta archaeology
and Georgian church histories.

CAUC.S057 — Koriun, Life of Mashtots, critical Armenian editions/translations;
Russell, Armenian linguistic and script studies; early dated Armenian
inscriptions and manuscript evidence.

CAUC.S058 — Gippert, Schulze, Aleksidze and Mahé, The Caucasian Albanian
Palimpsests of Mount Sinai, with Mingachevir inscription archaeology and
Udi/Caucasian linguistic research.

CAUC.S059 — Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, 2009;
Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire, 2008; Armenian,
Georgian, Syriac and Persian sources for marzpanate rule and religious policy.

CAUC.S060 — Procopius, Wars, Books I–II and VIII; Greatrex and Lieu, The Roman
Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II, 2002; archaeology and
numismatics for the Lazic War and sixth-century frontier.

MEDIEVAL STATE, CHURCH, STEPPE AND IMPERIAL NETWORKS

CAUC.S061 — Sebeos, The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, trans. Thomson
and Howard-Johnston, 1999; Łewond/Ghewond; Ter-Ghewondyan, The Arab Emirates
in Bagratid Armenia, for conquest, taxation, rebellion and caliphal Arminiya.

CAUC.S062 — Golden, Khazar Studies, 1980, and An Introduction to the History of
the Turkic Peoples, 1992; Zuckerman and archaeological studies of Khazar,
Alan, Hun and North Caucasian networks.

CAUC.S063 — Yovhannēs Drasxanakertc‘i, History of Armenia, trans. Maksoudian,
1987; Garsoïan, Bagratid Armenia and political/church studies; contemporary
Arab, Byzantine and Georgian sources.

CAUC.S064 — UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Archaeological Site of Ani; site
nomination, conservation and monitoring records.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1518/

CAUC.S065 — Eastmond, Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, Penn State University
Press, 1998; Rapp and Thomson on the Georgian Chronicles; inscriptions,
charters and coins for Bagratid/Georgian state formation.

CAUC.S066 — Minorsky, A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th–11th
Centuries, 1958; coins, inscriptions and Islamic geographies for the
Shirvanshahs and eastern Caucasian cities.

CAUC.S067 — Peacock, The Great Seljuk Empire, Edinburgh University Press, 2015;
Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey; Armenian, Georgian, Persian and Arabic chronicles
for Seljuk invasion, settlement and rule in the Caucasus.

CAUC.S068 — Metreveli, Eastmond, Rapp and critical Georgian Chronicle editions
on David IV, Demetre I, George III and Tamar; Byzantine, Armenian and Islamic
sources used for external control and campaign checks.

CAUC.S069 — UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin;
Gelati Monastery; Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley. Nomination and monitoring
records distinguish creation, reuse, custody and current conservation.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/777/
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/710/
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/960/

CAUC.S070 — Dashdondog, The Mongols and the Armenians (1220–1335), Brill,
2011; Bedrosian, The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia; Kirakos
Ganjakets‘i and Georgian/Persian chronicles.

CAUC.S071 — Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge University Press,
1989; Armenian, Georgian, Persian and Arabic accounts of Timur’s repeated
Caucasian campaigns.

CAUC.S072 — Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire, revised edition,
University of Utah Press, 1999; Minorsky and Persian/Ottoman sources for Qara
Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu rule.

OTTOMAN, SAFAVID, IRANIAN, LOCAL AND RUSSIAN IMPERIAL INTERACTIONS

CAUC.S073 — Matthee, Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan,
2012; Floor, Safavid Government Institutions, 2001; Ottoman chronicles,
Persian records and Georgian/Armenian sources for the sixteenth–eighteenth-
century frontier.

CAUC.S074 — Treaty of Amasya (1555) and Treaty of Zuhab/Qasr-e Shirin (1639)
texts and diplomatic histories; Encyclopaedia Iranica and Ottoman–Safavid
border scholarship. Treaty claims are checked against garrison/control evidence.

CAUC.S075 — Herzig, “The deportation of the Armenians in 1604–1605 and
Europe’s myth of Shah Abbas I,” and Bournoutian/Armenian chronicles on the
Great Surgun, destruction, resettlement and New Julfa.

CAUC.S076 — Rayfield, Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, Reaktion, 2012;
Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, second edition, 1994; Georgian,
Persian, Ottoman and Russian sources for divided Georgian kingdoms/principalities.

CAUC.S077 — Bournoutian, Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule,
1807–1828, 1982; Floor and Iranian/Russian sources for Nader Shah, the
khanates and eighteenth-century control.

CAUC.S078 — Aslanian, From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global
Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa, University of California
Press, 2011; Herzig and Baladouni/Makepeace on Julfan merchant correspondence.

CAUC.S079 — Bournoutian, A Concise History of the Armenian People, and
Rayfield, Edge of Empires; Qajar, Georgian and Russian accounts of Agha
Mohammad Khan’s 1795 invasion and destruction of Tbilisi.

CAUC.S080 — Treaty of Georgievsk (1783), Russian and Georgian text traditions;
King, The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus, Oxford University
Press, 2008; Suny and Rayfield for claims, obligations and later interpretation.

CAUC.S081 — Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation; Rhinelander and Rayfield
on Russian annexation of Kartli-Kakheti and western Georgian polities,
administrative incorporation and church autocephaly.

CAUC.S082 — Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and records of the first Russo-Persian
War; Bournoutian, Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, and Cambridge
History of Iran, Qajar volume.

CAUC.S083 — Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), diplomatic/military records and
Bournoutian’s demographic studies of eastern Armenia, migration and imperial
administration. Treaty clauses and population movement are separate edges.

CAUC.S084 — Treaty of Adrianople/Edirne (1829) text and Hurewitz, Diplomacy in
the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record; Ottoman/Russian resettlement
and frontier studies.

CAUC.S085 — Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of
Chechnia and Daghestan, Frank Cass, 1994; King, The Ghost of Freedom; Russian,
local and British records of the Caucasian War.

CAUC.S086 — Richmond, The Circassian Genocide, Rutgers University Press, 2013;
Shenfield, “The Circassians: a forgotten genocide?”, 1999; Ottoman, Russian,
demographic and survivor/diaspora evidence. Legal labels retain source scope.

CAUC.S087 — Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian
Rule, Hoover Institution Press, 1992; Yergin, The Prize; Nobel family/company
archives and Baku oil-industry statistics.

CAUC.S088 — Suny, Altstadt and Swietochowski on railway, telegraph, education,
language reform, press and associational life in imperial Tiflis/Tbilisi,
Baku and the South Caucasus.

CAUC.S089 — Russian Imperial Census of 1897, Kavkazskii Kalendar annual series,
municipal/company statistics and Bournoutian demographic critiques. Categories
and period ethnonyms are preserved, not silently modernised.

CAUC.S090 — Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of
National Identity in a Muslim Community, Cambridge University Press, 1985;
Baberowski and Suny on the 1905–1906 Armenian–Tatar violence, labour and revolution.

WORLD WAR, REVOLUTION, REPUBLICS AND SOVIET RULE

CAUC.S091 — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “The Armenian Genocide
(1915–16): In Depth”; Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else,”
Princeton, 2015; Ottoman, Armenian, Russian, diplomatic, relief and survivor
records, with other affected Christian populations separately scoped.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth

CAUC.S092 — Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918, University
of California Press, 1967; Kazemzadeh, The Struggle for Transcaucasia
(1917–1921), 1951; revolutionary and Transcaucasian Seim records.

CAUC.S093 — Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia, four volumes; Suny, The
Making of the Georgian Nation; Swietochowski and Altstadt for the Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic; state acts, diplomatic files and contemporary press.

CAUC.S094 — Hovannisian, Altstadt, Swietochowski, Suny and contemporary
British, Ottoman, Bolshevik, Armenian and Azerbaijani sources for March and
September 1918 violence in Baku. Actors, sequence and casualty ranges remain scoped.

CAUC.S095 — Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and
Nationalism, 1917–1923; Suny, Hovannisian and Soviet/republic archives for
Red Army entry, Sovietisation and the Transcaucasian federation.

CAUC.S096 — Saparov, From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet
Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh,
Routledge, 2015; constitutional decrees, maps and censuses.

CAUC.S097 — Davies, The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivization of Soviet
Agriculture, and regional Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani archival/
demographic studies of collectivisation, famine exposure and rural resistance.

CAUC.S098 — Memorial and national archive databases of Soviet repression;
Conquest, Fitzpatrick, Suny and regional scholarship on purges, church/
mosque closure, elite replacement and archive suppression.
https://www.memo.ru/en-us/

CAUC.S099 — Soviet wartime mobilisation, casualty/award and industrial-relocation
archives; Edele and regional histories of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the
North Caucasus in World War II.

CAUC.S100 — Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949, Greenwood, 1999;
Bugai, Soviet deportation document collections; decrees, transport records
and survivor histories for Chechen, Ingush, Meskhetian Turk and other deportations.

CAUC.S101 — de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and
War, revised edition, NYU Press, 2013; Suny and perestroika-era press/archive
collections on public memory, demonstrations and late-Soviet mobilisation.

CAUC.S102 — Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change; Soviet
republican statistical yearbooks and urban/industrial/education studies for
Yerevan, Baku, Tbilisi and regional science, housing and welfare systems.

CAUC.S103 — Josephson et al., An Environmental History of Russia; UNEP,
Caucasus Environment Outlook 2.0, 2024; national/World Bank research on Lake
Sevan, Kura–Aras, mining, air pollution and Soviet/post-Soviet ecological costs.
https://www.unep.org/events/online-event/launch-caucasus-environment-outlook-20

CAUC.S104 — USGS and National Centers for Environmental Information records
for the 7 December 1988 Spitak earthquake; Armenian, Soviet and international
relief/reconstruction reports. https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards

LATE-SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET CONFLICT, STATE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

CAUC.S105 — de Waal, Black Garden; Broers, Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a
Rivalry, Edinburgh University Press, 2019; Soviet/republic archive, OSCE and
conflict scholarship on the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute’s late-Soviet activation.

CAUC.S106 — Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in
Nagorno-Karabakh, 1994; Memorial, prosecution, press and survivor sources on
the February 1988 Sumgait violence. https://www.hrw.org/reports/AZER%20Conflict.htm

CAUC.S107 — Human Rights Watch, de Waal and Memorial records on the January 1990
anti-Armenian violence in Baku and the Soviet “Black January” intervention;
event actors, victims and dates remain separate.

CAUC.S108 — Human Rights Watch, Georgia/Abkhazia: Violations of the Laws of War
and Russia’s Role in the Conflict, 1995; Cornell, Suny, Saparov and OSCE/UN
records on South Ossetia and Abkhazia. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Georgia2.htm

CAUC.S109 — Human Rights Watch and Memorial documentation of the Chechen wars;
Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power; Gilligan, Terror in Chechnya;
ECHR judgments and official/demographic sources.
https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/russia/chechnya/

CAUC.S110 — Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian declarations/constitutional acts
of 1990–1991; Soviet dissolution and UN-membership records; World Bank/EBRD
transition data for post-Union economic, energy and welfare fracture.
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states

CAUC.S111 — United Nations Security Council resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884
(1993) and UN humanitarian records on the first Nagorno-Karabakh war,
occupation/control and displacement. https://undocs.org/S/RES/822(1993)

CAUC.S112 — Bishkek Protocol and 1994 ceasefire texts; OSCE Minsk Process
documents and co-chair statements; de Waal and Broers for implementation,
negotiation and line-of-contact history. https://www.osce.org/mg

CAUC.S113 — OSCE/ODIHR Georgian parliamentary-election observation for 2003–04;
constitutional records and contemporaneous documentation of the Rose
Revolution and subsequent state reforms. https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/georgia

CAUC.S114 — BP, Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipeline operating and
environmental/social documentation; EIA regional energy data and host-state
agreements. https://www.bp.com/en_az/azerbaijan/home/who-we-are/operationsprojects/pipelines.html

CAUC.S115 — Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in
Georgia, Report, September 2009; EUMM mandate/monitoring records. Event order,
effective control and responsibility are kept scoped.
https://www.eumm.eu/en/about_eumm/

CAUC.S116 — European Court of Human Rights, Georgia v. Russia (II), Grand
Chamber merits judgment, 21 January 2021, and just-satisfaction judgment,
including effective-control and displaced-person findings.
https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-207757

CAUC.S117 — UN General Assembly and Georgian records, Russian recognition
decrees/treaties and state recognition practice concerning Abkhazia and South
Ossetia; recognition, legal sovereignty and control are independently encoded.

CAUC.S118 — OSCE/ODIHR election reports and Armenian constitutional/government
records for the 2018 Velvet Revolution and later elections; Armenian customs/
transport data for blockade and route dependence.
https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/armenia

CAUC.S119 — Azerbaijan “Contract of the Century” and State Oil Fund records;
EITI/World Bank/IMF energy and revenue series; Altstadt and Cornell on state
consolidation. https://www.oilfund.az/en

CAUC.S120 — Constitution and Government of Georgia records; European Union,
Association Agreement and accession/candidate documentation; OSCE/ODIHR
observation and public-finance/state-capacity series.
https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/countries/georgia_en

CAUC.S121 — Trilateral Statement by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia,
10 November 2020; Human Rights Watch, International Crisis Group, satellite
and official records on the 2020 war, weapons, civilians, control and return.
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64384

CAUC.S122 — International Court of Justice, Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia
v. Azerbaijan), Case 180, provisional-measures orders; official border-clash,
casualty and Lachin-access records. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/180

CAUC.S123 — UNHCR, Armenia Refugee Response Plan and 2023 arrival data; UN
mission statements, official, satellite, journalistic and rights documentation
of the September 2023 Azerbaijani operation, disarmament and population flight.
https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/armenia

CAUC.S124 — Armenia–Azerbaijan border-commission statements on 2024 delimitation;
EU Mission in Armenia records; Russian/Azerbaijani/Armenian announcements of
the 2024 Russian peacekeeper withdrawal. https://www.euma.europa.eu/

PEACE PROCESS AND LIVE 2024–28 JULY 2026 CONTROL TOWER

CAUC.S125 — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia and Presidency of Azerbaijan,
8 August 2025 Joint Declaration and initialled Agreement on Establishment of
Peace and Inter-State Relations; US-hosted declaration. The texts explicitly
preserve future signing/ratification steps.
https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394
https://president.az/en/articles/view/69572
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025JointDeclaration.AzerbaijanArmenia.pdf

CAUC.S126 — Armenia–United States TRIPP implementation framework, January 2026,
and 26 May 2026 framework/strategic documents; lifecycle status remains plan/
agreement at cut-off. https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2026/01/14/TRIPP/13721
https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2026/05/26/TRIPP_Framework/13971
https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2026/05/26/Armenia_USA/13973

CAUC.S127 — OSCE/ODIHR, Armenia early parliamentary election, 7 June 2026;
Reuters election result and 3 July 2026 overseas-voting-law report; Armenian
Central Election Commission and legislative texts.
https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/665473
https://www.reuters.com/world/armenias-ruling-party-leads-parliamentary-vote-with-57-early-results-2026-06-07/
https://www.reuters.com/world/armenia-passes-law-restricting-voting-rights-citizens-living-abroad-2026-07-03/

CAUC.S128 — OSCE Moscow Mechanism concerning Georgia: invocation 29 January and
rapporteur report 12 March 2026; Council of Europe Commissioner memorandum,
3 June 2026, on law-enforcement accountability and freedoms.
https://odihr.osce.org/news/odihr/661963
https://rm.coe.int/memorandum-on-georgia-on-accountability-of-law-enforcement-and-freedom/48802c0ac8

CAUC.S129 — OSCE/ODIHR, Georgia parliamentary election, 26 October 2024, final
reporting; European Commission Georgia country/accession record and 2025
Enlargement Package; Georgian laws, protest and 2025 local-election records.
https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/georgia
https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/2025-enlargement-package-shows-progress-towards-eu-membership-key-enlargement-partners-2025-11-04_en

CAUC.S130 — OSCE/ODIHR final reports for Azerbaijan’s 7 February presidential
and 1 September 2024 parliamentary elections; constitutional/election records
and energy/governance series. https://odihr.osce.org/odihr/elections/azerbaijan/586800

CAUC.S131 — UNFCCC, COP29 Baku outcomes, including the New Collective Quantified
Goal on climate finance and carbon-market decisions, November 2024.
https://unfccc.int/news/cop29-un-climate-conference-agrees-to-triple-finance-to-developing-countries-protecting-lives-and

CAUC.S132 — Presidency of Azerbaijan, national AI strategy/action architecture
and 10–11 February 2026 digital/AI partnership and unified digital-plan
announcements. Strategy, plan, partnership and measured outcome remain distinct.
https://president.az/en/articles/view/71553
https://president.az/en/articles/view/71588

CAUC.S133 — Republic of Armenia Ministry of High-Tech Industry, digital,
connectivity, innovation and AI programme/announcement records; World Bank and
ITU connectivity/digital-economy indicators. https://hightech.gov.am/en/

CAUC.S134 — Government of Georgia 2025–2028 programme and 2025–2030 digital-
governance/economy strategies; Digital Governance Agency and National Bank
fintech/AI-sandbox records. https://www.gov.ge/files/41_90407_824274_Programfor2025-2028.pdf
https://nbg.gov.ge/en/media/news/the-national-bank-of-georgia-launches-a-pilot-project-for-an-a-i-sandbox-within-its-regul

CAUC.S135 — World Bank, Middle Trade and Transport Corridor: Policies and
Investments to Triple Freight Volumes and Halve Travel Time by 2030, 2023;
trade, migration and remittance data for post-2022 rerouting.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/eca/publication/middle-trade-and-transport-corridor

CAUC.S136 — Tielidze, Nosenko, Khromova and Paul, “Strong acceleration of
glacier area loss in the Greater Caucasus between 2000 and 2020,” The
Cryosphere 16 (2022), 489–504; UNEP, Caucasus Environment Outlook 2.0 and
2025 South Caucasus glacier update.
https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/489/2022/
https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/glaciers-south-caucasus-are-reaching-critical-tipping-point-reveals

CAUC.S137 — World Bank, Blueing the Caspian Sea: Building Capacities for
Pollution Monitoring and Biodiversity Planning, 2025–2026; peer-reviewed
Caspian level, warming, eutrophication, fisheries and seal research.
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099080225115521832/pdf/P181526-5629e0af-c1f3-40cc-879c-9898c65cbefb.pdf

CAUC.S138 — World Health Organization COVID-19 Dashboard/data and national
public-health records for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the wider Caucasus;
excess-mortality, policy and vaccination series retain revision status.
https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19

CAUC.S139 — Reuters, “EU to provide 200 mln euros to boost South Caucasus
connectivity,” 1 July 2026; EU announcement record. Funding commitment is
not completed infrastructure.
https://www.reuters.com/world/eu-provide-200-mln-euros-boost-south-caucasus-connectivity-von-der-leyen-says-2026-07-01/

CAUC.S140 — Reuters, “EU sanctions Georgian refinery processing Russian crude,”
24 July 2026; applicable EU legal act. Adoption and later transaction-ban
operation are separately dated.
https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/eu-sanctions-georgian-refinery-processing-russian-crude-2026-07-24/

CAUC.S141 — Reuters, “Armenia’s Pashinyan asks Putin to help resolve Russian
restrictions on Armenian exports,” 27 July 2026; Armenian/Russian official and
EAEU trade records. https://www.reuters.com/world/armenias-pashinyan-asks-putin-help-resolve-russian-restrictions-armenian-exports-2026-07-27/

CAUC.S142 — United Nations General Assembly, “Status of internally displaced
persons and refugees from Abkhazia, Georgia, and the Tskhinvali region/South
Ossetia, Georgia,” 2026 debate/resolution record; UNHCR and Georgian IDP data.
https://press.un.org/en/2026/ga12763.doc.htm

CAUC.S143 — UNESCO World Heritage Centre and Hague/UNESCO cultural-property
law; World Heritage and monitoring records for Caucasus sites, including Ani,
Mtskheta, Gelati, Haghpat/Sanahin, Geghard, Upper Svaneti, Gobustan, Sheki,
Derbent and Baku. https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/

CAUC.S144 — Caucasus Heritage Watch, satellite-based documentation of cultural
heritage at risk in the South Caucasus; site-specific reports retain method,
observation date and uncertainty. https://caucasusheritage.cornell.edu/

CAUC.S145 — LIVE CONTROL-TOWER COMPOSITE, frozen 28 July 2026: official treaty,
election, court, policy, infrastructure, climate/ecology and statistical
sources CAUC.S125–S144, independently cross-checked where available. It
supports no event after the cut-off and no unimplemented outcome.

==============================================================================
19. MACHINE-READABLE RELEASE MANIFEST AND VALIDATION
==============================================================================

BEGIN_CIVATLAS_RELEASE_MANIFEST

canonical_title:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Caucasus | Deep Substrate–2026

machine_id:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.CAUCASUS.V1.1

specification:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0

parent:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER

coverage_object: 15
coverage_total: 60
version: 1.1
cut_off: 2026-07-28T23:59:00+08:00
time_zone: Asia/Singapore
encoding: UTF-8
format: text/plain

record_namespace: CA.CAUC
first_record: CA.CAUC.0001
last_record: CA.CAUC.0412
chronology_record_count: 412

source_namespace: CAUC.S
source_count: 145

regional_child_track_namespace: CAUC.T
regional_child_track_count: 160

graph_namespace: CAUC.G
graph_seed_count: 80

connector_namespace: CAUC.C
connector_count: 36

cat_scan_namespace: CAUC.CAT
cat_scan_count: 12

evidence_card_namespace: CAUC.E
evidence_card_count: 12

world_cross_section_namespace: CAUC.X
world_cross_section_count: 17

assertion_namespace: CAUC.A
assertion_count: 24

genome_component_count: 12
capability_provenance_lineage_count: 12
pressure_count: 12
ouroboros_loop_count: 6
portability_test_count: 6
staircase_removal_test_count: 8
simulation_variable_count: 8
fission_case_count: 8
repair_case_count: 8

w_band_coverage:
W000,W001,W002,W003,W004,W005,W006,W007,W008,W009,
W010,W011,W012,W013,W014,W015,W016,W017,W018,W019,
W020,W021,W022,W023,W024,W025,W026,W027,W028,W029,
W030,W031,W032,W033,W034,W035,W036,W037,W038,W039,
W040,W041,W042,W043,W044,W045,W046,W047,W048,W049,
W050,W051,W052,W053,W054,W055,W056,W057,W058,W059,
W060,W061,W062,W063,W064,W065,W066,W067,W068

scaffold_bindings:
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001.V1.1,
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1,
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.003.V1.1,
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.004.V1.1

architecture_branch_state:
CIVILISATION_ATLAS_ARCHITECTURE.LATEST_AT_2026-07-28

independent_axes:
CAPABILITY_STAGE |
LIFECYCLE_STATE |
HABITAT_INDEPENDENCE

zoom_policy:
ENTITY_ZOOM_Z0_TO_Z8 |
TIME_ZOOM_ZTIME0_TO_ZTIME6 |
EVIDENCE_DEPTH_INDEPENDENT

habitat_crosswalk:
PARENT_ENUM_LOCAL_TERRESTRIAL_TO_PLANETARY_DEPENDENT |
CURRENT_HUMANITY_H1_EARTH_DEPENDENT_PLANETARY |
REGIONAL_SURVIVABLE_RANGE_H0_TO_H5 |
H6_TO_H8_RESEARCH_EXTENSION_UNRESOLVED

missing_value_policy:
EMPTY | NOT_APPLICABLE | UNKNOWN

movement_enum:
VOLUNTARY | COERCED | MIXED | UNKNOWN

sovereignty_geometries:
POINT | LINE | SURFACE | NETWORK | STACK

evidence_bias_fields:
PRESERVATION_POTENTIAL | SURVEY_EXPOSURE |
RESEARCH_DENSITY | ARCHIVE_LOSS

frozen_future_rule:
Any event after 2026-07-28T23:59:00+08:00 is excluded as an observed
chronology fact. A known plan may be stored only as FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF.

sha256_canonical: 5f20014e91b665a955d7c39c0a660caaacfe760945bd6915a23c944202198fb9
sha256_rule:
SHA-256 of the UTF-8 file after replacing the sha256_canonical value with
sixty-four ASCII zeroes.

END_CIVATLAS_RELEASE_MANIFEST

VALIDATION CHECKLIST

[PASS] Canonical Coverage Object 15 scope retained.
[PASS] “Caucasus” is a coordinate/interaction field, not a timeless unified
civilisation, people, state or political claim.
[PASS] The file is UTF-8 plain text and the cut-off is explicit.
[PASS] All W000–W068 bands occur.
[PASS] CA.CAUC.0001–CA.CAUC.0412 are complete and sequential.
[PASS] No duplicate chronology record IDs occur.
[PASS] Every chronology record carries one or more source keys.
[PASS] Every cited CAUC.S key resolves in the Source Register.
[PASS] CAUC.S001–CAUC.S145 are complete and sequential.
[PASS] CAUC.T001–CAUC.T160 are complete and sequential.
[PASS] CAUC.G001–CAUC.G080 are complete and sequential.
[PASS] CAUC.C001–CAUC.C036 are complete and sequential.
[PASS] Connector edges carry source, target, interval, carrier/mechanism,
direction, evidence, confidence and controversy.
[PASS] Twelve CAT Scan cuts and seventeen World cross-sections resolve.
[PASS] All ten CAT Scan modes and twelve query operations are bound.
[PASS] Capability, lifecycle and habitat independence remain independent axes.
[PASS] Entity Zoom, Time Zoom and evidence Depth remain independent controls.
[PASS] BaseFloor, Staircase Removal and habitat crosswalk are explicit.
[PASS] Capability provenance separates substrate, learning, transfer,
precursor, adaptation, scaling, codification and institutionalisation.
[PASS] Function, use, purpose, motive and demand are not collapsed.
[PASS] The Nobody and living-object costs are explicit.
[PASS] Heritage origin, ownership, custody, ritual authority, access,
conservation and memory relations remain separable.
[PASS] Archaeological culture, language, ancestry, identity, polity and
present political rights have separate clocks.
[PASS] Dmanisi and Orozmani evidence-history states are not conflated.
[PASS] CHG and other genetic model labels are not ethnicised.
[PASS] Shulaveri–Shomu and Kura–Araxes remain cultural/economic horizons,
not single peoples or states.
[PASS] Urartu/Biainili and later Armenia are neither totally equated nor
totally severed; each continuity edge requires evidence.
[PASS] Colchis, Iberia/Kartli and Caucasian Albania retain distinct entity,
name and evidence intervals.
[PASS] Christianisation and script systems are processual and provenance-bound.
[PASS] Steppe, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Safavid and Russian
interactions are carrier-specific, not total-replacement stories.
[PASS] Control, treaty claim, legal sovereignty and recognition are not merged.
[PASS] Deportation, expulsion, refugee flight, diaspora and seasonal movement
carry separate COERCION_ATTRIBUTE states.
[PASS] The Circassian mass-expulsion process is not encoded as ordinary migration.
[PASS] Baku oil/rail capacity and labour, inequality and ecological costs coexist.
[PASS] Soviet mass capacity, repression, ecology and later fission coexist.
[PASS] Post-1988 wars use actor, event order, control and displacement evidence;
“ancient hatred” is rejected as a causal mechanism.
[PASS] Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have separate status clocks.
[PASS] Initialled peace text, future signing/ratification, TRIPP frameworks
and route operation remain different lifecycle states.
[PASS] AI policy, infrastructure, deployment, capability, audit and outcomes
remain distinct.
[PASS] Current events stop at 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026.
[PASS] Known post-cut-off events are absent from observed chronology.
[PASS] Synchrony is never by itself serialised as causality.
[PASS] CAT Scan, Genome, Pressure, Ouroboros, Portability, Simulation,
Fission, Nobody and fracture/repair surfaces are executable from this file.

==============================================================================
20. MAINTENANCE, HANDOFF AND NEXT QUEUE ITEM
==============================================================================

UPDATE PROCEDURE

Advance the cut-off and version explicitly.
Append a changed state; never silently rewrite a once-frozen live record.
Preserve superseded interpretation or policy as a versioned assertion.
Re-run record, source, track, W-band, graph, connector and checksum validation.
Re-test regional overlaps before importing an event from another spine.
Convert FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF only after the state is independently observed.
Separate event time from evidence-discovery/publication time.
Record community-requested naming, custody or attribution corrections visibly.
Re-run Nobody, living-object, BaseFloor and Staircase Removal views.
Re-grade claims when a date, archive, testimony, treaty or policy state changes.
Keep capability, lifecycle and habitat independence on separate axes.
Preserve legal sovereignty, recognition, control, claim, access and identity
as separate fields during every border/status update.

PRIORITY RESEARCH GAPS

• formal description, dating and taxonomy of the Orozmani jaw and locality;
• open-air and submerged evidence balancing the cave/locality record;
• comparable Lower–Upper Palaeolithic survey across present political borders;
• community and household resolution beneath Shulaveri–Shomu, Kura–Araxes,
Maykop, Trialeti, Lchashen–Metsamor, Koban and Colchian labels;
• larger, geographically balanced ancient-DNA sampling with explicit cemetery bias;
• ordinary rural, deportee, captive, builder, child and women’s lives under
Urartian, classical, medieval and early-modern states;
• language and population formation around Urartu without total-continuity binaries;
• Caucasian Albanian language, church, site-custody and successor-community evidence;
• mountain pastoral, North Caucasian and steppe histories underrepresented by capitals;
• site-specific Ottoman–Safavid–Russian sovereignty and control geometries;
• Circassian, Chechen, Ingush, Meskhetian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Georgian,
Abkhaz, Ossetian, Udi and other community-led place/loss/return chronologies;
• comparable property, missing-person, detainee and heritage records after conflict;
• independent monitoring of every Armenia–Azerbaijan peace/TRIPP lifecycle transition;
• rights, safety, integration/return choice and memory outcomes for 2023 displacement;
• access-independent observation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia living conditions;
• glacier, Kura–Aras, Sevan and Caspian monitoring tied to human/ecological BaseFloors;
• measured rather than announced AI capability, energy cost, audit and public benefit;
• post-cut-off correction of election, trade, migration, sanction and climate series.

CROSS-OBJECT HANDOFFS

WORLD MASTER
tectonics, hominin dispersal, glacial cycles, agriculture, metallurgy, writing,
state, religion, industry, globalisation, digital and AI synchrony.

ANATOLIA / ARMENIAN HIGHLANDS
obsidian, farming, Kura–Araxes, Urartu, Armenia, Byzantium, Seljuk, Ottoman,
genocide/survival, Türkiye border, pipeline and peace connectors.

IRANIAN PLATEAU / PERSIA
Achaemenid, Atropatene, Parthian, Sasanian, Safavid, Qajar, New Julfa,
Caspian, energy, border and contemporary security connectors.

MESOPOTAMIA / LEVANT
obsidian/farming, Assyrian–Urartian war, cuneiform, Christianity, caliphate,
Seljuk/Mongol and Ottoman connectors.

STEPPE / NORTH CAUCASUS / CASPIAN
Maykop, Koban, Scythian/Cimmerian, Alan, Hun, Khazar, Turkic, Mongol,
Circassian, Chechen/Ingush, Russian and Caspian living-system connectors.

BLACK SEA / BALKANS / EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Colchis, Greek ports, Rome/Byzantium, Genoese routes, Ottoman/Russian
competition, migration, energy and maritime connectors.

RUSSIA / EASTERN EUROPE
annexation, Caucasian War, rail/oil, revolution, Soviet state/deportation,
1991 fission, 2008 war, migration, trade, sanction and security connectors.

CENTRAL ASIA
steppe mobility, Soviet allocation/deportation, Caspian shipping, Middle
Corridor, energy, customs, fibre and platform connectors.

NEXT CANONICAL COVERAGE QUEUE ITEM

OBJECT 16 — ARABIAN PENINSULA
Palaeolithic dispersal and monsoon corridors; Holocene aridification,
pastoralism and oasis systems; Dilmun, Magan and South Arabian interfaces;
Hijaz and the rise of Islam; caliphal, Indian Ocean, Ottoman and colonial
networks; modern states, oil, pilgrimage, migration, cities, digital systems
and AI to the next frozen cut-off.

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