Canonical title:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | East Africa / Great Rift / Great Lakes |
Deep Substrate–2026

Specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
Specification status: Canonical Working Standard
Parent clock: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER
Coverage object: 02 of 60
Machine ID:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.EAST_AFRICA_GREAT_RIFT_GREAT_LAKES.V1.1
Record namespace: CA.EAGL
Source namespace: EAGL.S
Version: 1.1
Cut-off: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026
Format: UTF-8 plain text
Reader format: India-compatible, World-Master-enriched, Scaffold-V1.1-bound
CAT Scan role: high-resolution regional longitudinal spine, evidence surface
and connector launch point for CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1
Scaffold bindings:
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001.V1.1 — Universal Scaffold
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1 — Civilisation CAT Scan
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.003.V1.1 — Genome, Pressure Field and Ouroboros
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.004.V1.1 — Portable Civilisation, Simulation and Fission

V1.1 RELEASE NOTE

Version 1.1 preserves all 365 V1.0 chronology records, their record IDs, the
69 inherited W-bands, 17 connector queues and the local-periodisation rules.
It adds four evidence-led records without renumbering the existing namespace:
the 2.75–2.44 Ma Namorotukunan Oldowan sequence; systematic bone-tool
production at Olduvai at 1.5 Ma; Kenya’s June–July 2025 protest cycle; and the
DRC’s 26 June 2026 institution of ICJ proceedings against Rwanda. It also
binds the complete four-article Scaffold V1.1 architecture so this regional
chronology can operate as a Civilisation CAT Scan data spine.

The upgrade is additive. It does not turn the region into one timeless
civilisation, flatten a local chronology, equate material culture with
language or population, convert synchrony into causality, fill an unknown
with a guess, or serialise a possible future as observed history.

==============================================================================
0. REGIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STATEMENT
==============================================================================

THIS IS NOT THE HISTORY OF ONE TIMELESS “EAST AFRICAN CIVILISATION.”

THIS IS NOT A CLAIM THAT MODERN STATES, ETHNIC IDENTITIES OR BORDERS EXISTED
IN DEEP TIME.

THIS IS NOT A STORY OF EMPTY LAND WAITING FOR STATES, FARMING, WRITING,
COLONIALISM OR MODERNITY.

This file follows a changing human-geographic coordinate:

ancient crust and rifting
-> lakes, highlands, savannas, forests and climate corridors
-> hominin populations
-> multiple tool-making populations
-> Homo sapiens hunter-gatherer and fisher worlds
-> pastoral, cultivating and mixed economies
-> language, material-culture and migration interfaces
-> villages, ritual places, market corridors and political centres
-> Great Lakes kingdoms and other decentralised societies
-> Indian Ocean, Nile, Congo and inland caravan connections
-> colonial partitions and extraction systems
-> independent states and regional institutions
-> a connected but unequal East African system at 28 July 2026

The coordinate persists. Its populations, languages, ecosystems, identities,
institutions, polities and borders change.

Geographic continuity is therefore not civilisational continuity.

A fossil from six million years ago is not “Kenyan civilisation.”
A stone tool is not a nation.
Urewe pottery is not automatically one language or one people.
An oral dynasty is not automatically an archaeological phase.
A colonial state is not the same entity as the modern state that inherited
part of its territory.
The East African Community is not a replacement for its member populations,
states or older regional networks.

The chronology preserves all of these entities by typing them correctly.

==============================================================================

GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE, OVERLAPS AND EXCLUSIONS

CORE HUMAN-GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE

Kenya
Uganda
mainland Tanzania
Rwanda
Burundi
the Lake Victoria basin
the Lake Turkana basin
the Albertine Rift and lakes Albert, Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika
the Kenyan and northern Tanzanian Rift
eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo where Great Lakes systems cross it

ECOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL COORDINATE

Rift escarpments, volcanoes and sedimentary basins
highlands, montane forests and afro-alpine zones
savanna, woodland, dryland and forest mosaics
lake, river, wetland and fisheries systems
Nile-headwater and Congo-headwater interfaces
sites whose evidence crosses modern borders

CONTROLLED OVERLAPS

OBJECT 03 — NILE VALLEY
White Nile headwaters, Lake Victoria outflow, Albert Nile, river transport
and Nilotic-language/population histories are shared interfaces.

OBJECT 04 — HORN OF AFRICA
Afar, Omo and Ethiopian Rift evidence is cited where necessary to explain
the continuous eastern African hominin, pastoral and trade field. Detailed
Horn political history belongs in Object 04.

OBJECT 08 — CENTRAL AFRICA / CONGO BASIN
eastern Congo, Kivu, Ituri, Luba-related, forest and refugee histories
cross the Great Lakes boundary. Interior Congo resolution belongs there.

OBJECT 09 — EAST AFRICAN COAST / SWAHILI WORLD
the coast, islands, Swahili city-states and Indian Ocean ports are primary
to Object 09. This file records inland consequences and carriers.

OBJECT 10 — SOUTHERN AFRICA / ZAMBEZI
southern Tanzania, Lake Malawi/Nyasa and migrations toward southern Africa
form an interface rather than a hard civilisational border.

OBJECT 17 — CENTRAL ASIA / OXUS AND OBJECT 18 — EURASIAN STEPPE
no direct line is assumed. Horses, crops or technologies require evidenced
intermediate carriers through northeast Africa or the Indian Ocean.

MODERN EAC IS NOT THE GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARY

The East African Community has eight partner states at the cut-off: Burundi,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda
and Tanzania. Somalia and most of South Sudan are treated principally in the
Horn and Nile/Sahel-related regional spines. Their EAC membership appears here
as a regional-institution relationship.

ANTARCTICA, ATLANTIC AFRICA, THE MAGHREB, WEST AFRICA AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

They enter only through crosswalk, transmission or planetary conditions.
This prevents “Africa” from being compressed into one undifferentiated unit.

==============================================================================
2. INHERITED TIME, RECORD AND EVIDENCE RULES
==============================================================================

UNIVERSAL CLOCK

Every record maps to the World Master’s W000–W068 synchronisation bands.
Absolute or approximate time remains primary. A W-band is an index, not a
local historical claim.

INHERITED CANONICAL W-BANDS

W000 4.54–4.0 Ga
W001 4.0–2.5 Ga
W002 2.5 Ga–541 Ma
W003 541–66 Ma
W004 66–7 Ma
W005 7–3.3 Ma
W006 3.3–2.6 Ma
W007 2.6–1.8 Ma
W008 1.8 Ma–800 ka
W009 800–300 ka
W010 300–130 ka
W011 130–70 ka
W012 70–50 ka
W013 50–20 ka
W014 20–11.7 ka
W015 9700–8000 BCE
W016 8000–6000 BCE
W017 6000–5000 BCE
W018 5000–4000 BCE
W019 4000–3500 BCE
W020 3500–3000 BCE
W021 3000–2500 BCE
W022 2500–2000 BCE
W023 2000–1500 BCE
W024 1500–1200 BCE
W025 1200–1000 BCE
W026 1000–800 BCE
W027 800–600 BCE
W028 600–500 BCE
W029 500–300 BCE
W030 300–100 BCE
W031 100 BCE–1 CE
W032 1–200 CE
W033 200–400 CE
W034 400–600 CE
W035 600–800 CE
W036 800–1000 CE
W037 1000–1200 CE
W038 1200–1300 CE
W039 1300–1400 CE
W040 1400–1500 CE
W041 1500–1600 CE
W042 1600–1700 CE
W043 1700–1750 CE
W044 1750–1800 CE
W045 1800–1850 CE
W046 1850–1870 CE
W047 1870–1900 CE
W048 1900–1914 CE
W049 1914–1918 CE
W050 1918–1929 CE
W051 1929–1939 CE
W052 1939–1945 CE
W053 1945–1950 CE
W054 1950–1960 CE
W055 1960–1970 CE
W056 1970–1980 CE
W057 1980–1990 CE
W058 1990–2000 CE
W059 2000–2008 CE
W060 2008–2014 CE
W061 2014–2019 CE
W062 2020
W063 2021
W064 2022
W065 2023
W066 2024
W067 2025
W068 1 January–28 July 2026

These bands are copied from CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER. Regional records
retain their own dates and may cite more than one band when an interval crosses
a boundary.

CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM

Z0 geological deep time
Z1 deep human time
Z2 late Palaeolithic / early Holocene
Z3 food production and early complex society
Z4 early historical civilisation
Z5 medieval / early modern historical time
Z6 modern / contemporary time

A bounded hybrid such as Z2–Z3 is permitted when evidence straddles two
resolution regimes.

DATE STATUS

EXACT
APPROXIMATE
ESTIMATED
RANGE
CONTESTED
INFERRED
UNKNOWN

RECORD CLASS

EVENT
CONDITION
PROCESS
TRANSITION

CONFIDENCE

A very high: multiple strong independent sources
B high: well-supported scholarly consensus
C moderate: reasonable interpretation with material uncertainty
D low: limited or materially contested evidence
E speculative: hypothesis only
U unknown or insufficient

CAPABILITY STAGES

FOUNDATION 0 Adaptive Human Worlds
STAGE 1 Settlement and Surplus
STAGE 2 Administrative and Recorded Civilisation
STAGE 3 Industrial and Mass-Institution Civilisation
STAGE 4 Planetary Network Civilisation
STAGE 5 Regenerative and Self-Correcting Civilisation

LIFECYCLE

TAKEOFF | CLIMB | CRUISE | DESCENT

Lifecycle is not capability. Capability is not moral worth. A state may gain
technical capacity while its security, ecological or social floor descends.

BASEFLOOR

Possible states:

CONTROL GEOMETRY

MOTION VECTOR

HABITAT DEPENDENCE

HABITAT INDEPENDENCE CROSSWALK

The three-axis gateway stores habitat independence separately from capability
and lifecycle. At the cut-off this regional system is H1 — EARTH-DEPENDENT
CIVILISATION, crosswalking to PLANETARY_DEPENDENT: digital and material
systems reach planetary networks, but continued survival and reproduction
remain dependent on Earth’s biosphere and supply base. Higher multi-habitat
or staircase-removal thresholds remain research states, not observed history.

EVIDENCE TYPES

SYNCHRONY IS NOT CAUSALITY

Events sharing a date or W-band may be compared. A relationship edge requires
an evidenced carrier, mechanism, direction and interval.

==============================================================================
3. REGIONAL RECORD SCHEMA
==============================================================================

SCAFFOLD V1.1 UNIVERSAL RECORD

Every regional chronology record occupies the same universal address space:

RECORD {
RECORD_ID
ENTITY
ENTITY_TYPE
ENTITY_SCALE
TIME
SPACE
STATE
EVENT_PROCESS
FUNCTION
RELATIONSHIPS[]
PART_WHOLE[]
FLOWS[]
LINEAGE[]
DEPENDENCIES[]
HOSTS[]
SYSTEM_TRACKS[]
EVIDENCE[]
EPISTEMIC_STATUS
CONFIDENCE
CONTROVERSY
ASSERTIONS[]
CROSSWALK_TAGS[]
GRAPH_SEEDS[]
}

The prose records use a compact reader projection. Omitted arrays convert to
EMPTY, NOT_APPLICABLE or UNKNOWN according to field semantics; omission never
licenses an inferred relationship, population identity or causal claim.
PLACE is the reader alias for SPACE. EVENT/CONDITION combines EVENT_PROCESS
and DESCRIPTION. DOMAIN projects SYSTEM_TRACKS.

MINIMUM EVENT FIELDS

RECORD_ID
RECORD_CLASS
TIME
TIME_RANGE
DATE_STATUS
CHRONOLOGY_TIME_ZOOM
SYNCHRONISATION_BAND
PLACE
ENTITY
ENTITY_TYPE
ENTITY_SCALE
EVENT_OR_CONDITION
DOMAIN[]
DESCRIPTION
EVIDENCE_TYPE[]
EVIDENCE_SOURCE[]
EPISTEMIC_STATUS
CONFIDENCE
VERSION
CUTOFF

The current reader requires one labelled instance of:

RECORD_CLASS
TIME
DATE_STATUS
CHRONOLOGY_TIME_ZOOM
SYNCHRONISATION_BAND
PLACE
ENTITY
ENTITY_TYPE
EVENT_OR_CONDITION
DOMAIN[]
EVIDENCE_TYPE[]
CONFIDENCE
EVIDENCE_SOURCE[]

ENTITY_SCALE, DESCRIPTION and EPISTEMIC_STATUS can be populated during
conversion only from explicit reader content and controlled defaults.
Otherwise they remain UNKNOWN rather than being guessed.

OPTIONAL ATLAS FIELDS

SPACE[]
STATE[]
FUNCTION[]
ORIGIN_TYPE
ENTITY_ABSTRACTION
GEOMETRY_TYPE[]
GEOMETRY_LAYER[]
BIOGRAPHY[]
EVENT_ROLES[]
LOCAL_PERIOD
PREDECESSOR[]
SUCCESSOR[]
RELATED_ENTITIES[]
CAPABILITY_STAGE
LIFECYCLE_STATE
BASEFLOOR_STATE[]
CONTROL_GEOMETRY
HABITAT_DEPENDENCE
HABITAT_INDEPENDENCE
MOTION_VECTOR
RELATIONSHIPS[]
PART_WHOLE[]
FLOWS[]
LINEAGE[]
HOSTS[]
SYSTEM_TRACKS[]
CONTROVERSY_STATUS
ASSERTIONS[]
GRAPH_SEEDS[]
CROSSWALK_TAGS[]
NOTES

ADDITIONAL OPERATIONAL FIELDS

RUNTIME_CONDITION
ZTIME_SIGN
INFORMATION_QUALITY
DEPENDENCY[]
FRACTURE[]
REPAIR[]
EXCLUDED_COST[]
CONNECTION[]
TRANSMISSION[]
ATTRIBUTION_LEVEL
DISPUTE_NOTE
FORECAST_STATUS
REVIEW_DATE
POSSIBILITY_SPACE[]
PRESSURE_FIELD[]
ATTRACTOR[]
AGENTS[]
AVAILABLE_MOVES[]
SELECTION[]
PERSISTENCE[]
PATH_DEPENDENCE[]
LOCK_IN[]
EMERGENCE[]
FEEDBACK[]
OUROBOROS[]
CIVILISATIONAL_GENOME[]
CIVILISATIONAL_PHENOTYPE[]
DEPENDENCY_INHERITANCE[]
CAPABILITY_MATURITY
PORTABILITY_LEVEL
FUNCTION_HOST_MAP[]
CLOSURE_STATE[]
BOOTSTRAP_DEPTH
IRREVERSIBILITY[]

Reader-facing aliases:

EVENT/CONDITION -> EVENT_OR_CONDITION plus description
SOURCE KEYS -> EVIDENCE_SOURCE[]
SYNCHRONISATION BAND -> SYNCHRONISATION_BAND[]
GRAPH SEED -> GRAPH_SEEDS[]

File-level Version and Cut-off values are inherited by every record unless a
record explicitly overrides them. Capability, lifecycle, BaseFloor, control,
habitat and motion remain separate coordinate families.

ENTITY TYPES USED

The World Master list is inherited. This region also uses declared additive
system types:

These map to their World Master parent entities during exchange.

==============================================================================
3A. UNIVERSAL SCAFFOLD V1.1 BINDING

CANONICAL PURPOSE

Preserve local complexity above.
Standardise coordinates below.

Reality is not divided by academic departments. History, archaeology,
geography, biology, geology, anthropology, linguistics, economics, law,
engineering, medicine and computer science are specialist views of one
connected field. The Atlas does not replace their resolution or methods. It
supplies common terrain on which their outputs can be located, compared and
connected.

CORE PRIMITIVES

ENTITY
TIME
SPACE
STATE
EVENT_PROCESS
RELATIONSHIP
PART_WHOLE
FLOW
LINEAGE
DEPENDENCY
HOST
EVIDENCE

If an East African case cannot be described with these primitives, test the
ontology before adding a new primitive.

ENTITY FAMILIES

PLANET / GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM / CLIMATE_SYSTEM / ECOSYSTEM
SPECIES / ORGANISM / HOMININ / HUMAN / POPULATION
CULTURE / COMMUNITY / RELIGION / LANGUAGE
ARTEFACT / BIOLOGICAL_ARTEFACT / SITE / SETTLEMENT / CITY
INFRASTRUCTURE / NETWORK / INSTITUTION / COMPANY
POLITY / STATE / EMPIRE / CIVILISATION
KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM / EDUCATION_SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY / TECHNOLOGY_CLASS / DESIGN / PROCESS / CAPABILITY
DIGITAL_SYSTEM / PROTOCOL / AI_SYSTEM / ROBOTIC_SYSTEM

ENTITY ABSTRACTION

INSTANCE / COLLECTION / COMPONENT / SYSTEM
CLASS / DESIGN / PATTERN / PRINCIPLE / CAPABILITY

A fossil specimen, a taxon and a hominin population are different entities.
A ceramic sherd, an assemblage, Urewe material culture, a language family and
a living population are also different entities. One label may compress
several abstraction levels, and the file must decompress them before creating
identity or ancestry edges.

ENTITY SCALE

MICRO / PERSON / HOUSEHOLD / COMMUNITY / INSTITUTION
CITY / REGION / STATE / CIVILISATION / PLANETARY / INTERPLANETARY

Not every coordinate applies equally at every scale. Lifecycle may be useful
for a polity or regional system and meaningless for a stone flake. Scale must
be explicit before comparison.

ORIGIN TYPE

CREATED / COMMISSIONED / CONSTRUCTED / FOUNDED / EMERGENT / EVOLVED
DOMESTICATED / DISCOVERED / INVENTED / ASSEMBLED / MERGED / SPLIT
FORKED / REVIVED / UNKNOWN

Origin is not always a single date. Languages, populations, institutions,
networks, food systems, polities and cities may have emergent origins.

TIME OBJECT AND PROCESS TIME

EXACT_DATE / DATE_RANGE / APPROXIMATE_DATE / PERIOD
INTERVAL / OPEN_INTERVAL / UNKNOWN_TIME

POINT_EVENT / INTERVAL_EVENT / TRANSFORMATION_PROCESS
DIFFUSION_PROCESS / CONTINUOUS_STATE / RECURRING_PROCESS

No false precision is permitted. Event time, observation time, excavation or
discovery time, assertion time and publication time remain distinct.

SPACE AND GEOMETRY

SPACE_OBJECT:
COORDINATE / SITE / LOCALITY / REGION / TERRITORY / ROUTE / NETWORK
DISTRIBUTED_SPACE / MOBILE_SPACE / LOGICAL_SPACE / INFORMATIONAL_SPACE

GEOMETRY_TYPE:
POINT / LINE / CORRIDOR / POLYGON / NETWORK / DISTRIBUTED / MOBILE

GEOMETRY_LAYER:
PHYSICAL / POLITICAL / FUNCTIONAL / LOGICAL / INFORMATIONAL

A fossil locality, a mobile pastoral range, a lake system, an oral-memory
field, a kingdom’s shifting authority and a modern legal border are different
geometries. Physical location is not sovereignty, ownership or operational
control.

STATE, FUNCTION AND BIOGRAPHY

ENTITY_STATE:
TIME / LOCATION / CONDITION / FUNCTION / ROLE / CONTEXT
OWNER / CUSTODIAN / LEGAL_STATE / HOST / OPERATIONAL_STATE

OPERATIONAL_STATE:
PLANNED / UNDER_CONSTRUCTION / OPERATIONAL / PARTIALLY_OPERATIONAL
DEGRADED / INTERRUPTED / ABANDONED / REPURPOSED / ARCHAEOLOGICAL
HERITAGE / DESTROYED

FUNCTION_STATE:
INTENDED / INITIAL / REALISED / LATER / CURRENT / SYMBOLIC / UNKNOWN

BIOGRAPHY_TYPE:
MATERIAL / SPATIAL / FUNCTIONAL / SEMANTIC / POLITICAL / LEGAL
INSTITUTIONAL / BIOLOGICAL / TECHNOLOGICAL / INFORMATIONAL

BIOGRAPHY_INTERVAL_STATUS:
KNOWN / DOCUMENTED / INFERRED / UNKNOWN

Existence does not imply operation. Identity may persist while material,
members, location, function, meaning, custody or legal state changes.

PART-WHOLE, RELATIONSHIP, FLOW AND CONTINUITY

PART_WHOLE:
PART_OF / COMPONENT_OF / SEGMENT_OF / MEMBER_OF / INSTANCE_OF
COLLECTION_MEMBER_OF / SUBSYSTEM_OF / NETWORK_NODE_OF
ARCHITECTURAL_ELEMENT_OF

RELATIONSHIP:
PRECEDES / SUCCEEDS / DESCENDS_FROM / INFLUENCES / BORROWS_FROM
TRANSMITS_TO / TRADES_WITH / MIGRATES_TO / CONQUERS / MERGES_WITH
COMPETES_WITH / DEPENDS_ON / ENABLES / DISPLACES / ADAPTS
PRESERVES / REVIVES / FRAGMENTS_INTO / INTEGRATES_WITH

FLOW:
PEOPLE / GENES / FOOD / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIALS / GOODS
MONEY / CAPITAL / INFORMATION / KNOWLEDGE / RELIGION / LANGUAGE
DISEASE / TECHNOLOGY / MILITARY_FORCE / DATA

CONTINUITY_TYPE:
PHYSICAL / FUNCTIONAL / INSTITUTIONAL / ROUTE / LEGAL
CULTURAL / KNOWLEDGE / NAME / RELATIONAL

Relationships require direction, time, scale and evidence. Similarity,
coincidence and synchrony are not transmission. Bantu-language expansion,
population movement, ironworking, pottery, cultivation and political
formation may interact without becoming one entity or one mechanism.

HOST, ASSERTION AND KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARY

HOST is the substrate or organised carrier on which a function currently
depends. Hosts may be human, communal, institutional, documentary,
biological, mechanical, digital, AI, robotic or hybrid.

ASSERTION {
CLAIM
ASSERTED_BY
SOURCE_PERSPECTIVE
TIME_OF_ASSERTION
EVIDENCE
EPISTEMIC_STATUS
CONTESTED_BY[]
}

EPISTEMIC_STATUS:
OBSERVED / MEASURED / DOCUMENTED / INFERRED
INTERPRETED / HYPOTHESISED / CONTESTED / UNKNOWN

Incoming information enters as a claim or candidate, not automatically as
truth. The Atlas preserves supporting and conflicting evidence, observer or
instrument, method, incentives, chain of custody, version and uncertainty.
Oral tradition, archaeological inference, colonial documentation, official
statistics, rights monitoring and live reporting retain their different
evidence conditions.

SCAFFOLD INVARIANTS

01 LOCAL TRUTH MUST SURVIVE GLOBAL ALIGNMENT.
02 UNKNOWN MUST REMAIN UNKNOWN.
03 ASSERTION MUST NOT BE MISTAKEN FOR FACT.
04 ENTITY IDENTITY MUST SURVIVE STATE CHANGE.
05 TIME RESOLUTION MUST MATCH EVIDENCE.
06 PHYSICAL LOCATION IS NOT LEGAL OWNERSHIP.
07 EXISTENCE IS NOT OPERATION.
08 INVENTION IS NOT MASS CAPABILITY.
09 PHYSICAL HOST IS NOT LOGICAL IDENTITY.
10 HISTORICAL ANCESTRY IS NOT STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCY ANCESTRY.
11 ONE LABEL MAY HIDE MANY ENTITIES.
12 CIVILISATION REMAINS NESTED INSIDE PLANETARY SUBSTRATE.

UNIVERSAL ENTITY ADDRESS

WHO_OR_WHAT

WHEN
WHERE
WHAT_STATE
WHAT_SCALE
PART_OF_WHAT
CONNECTED_TO_WHAT
DEPENDS_ON_WHAT
HOSTED_BY_WHAT
CAME_FROM_WHAT
FLOWS_THROUGH_WHAT
KNOWN_HOW
CONFIDENCE

==============================================================================
3B. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN V1.1 EXECUTION CONTRACT

This regional spine is not the CAT Scan by itself. It is the locally resolved
longitudinal and evidential layer aligned to the World Master. A CAT Scan
reconstructs an entity or system from multiple views:

SLICE -> ROTATE -> ZOOM -> TRACE -> COMPARE -> REASSEMBLE

PRIMARY SCAN MODES

LONGITUDINAL_SCAN
East Africa / Great Rift / Great Lakes, or one contained entity ->
earliest relevant state -> intermediate states -> 2026 state -> open
future corridors.

CROSS_SECTIONAL_SCAN
Select absolute time t -> read every available local system at t -> align
with other regional spines through W-bands -> compare population, food,
energy, technology, polity, trade, knowledge, infrastructure, control,
BaseFloor and capability without treating synchrony as causality.

RELATIONSHIP_SCAN
Entity A -> evidenced relationship -> entity B -> further relationships.

DEPENDENCY_SCAN
Target capability -> direct dependencies -> lower dependencies -> Rift,
lake, ecological and planetary substrate. An upper layer must not hide
its lower floor.

FLOW_SCAN
Source -> route -> intermediate nodes -> destination. Flow may be people,
genes, food, water, energy, materials, goods, money, capital, information,
knowledge, religion, language, disease, technology, force or data.

LINEAGE_SCAN
Ancestor -> descendant -> adaptation -> branch -> hybrid -> later
descendants. A lineage may be biological, technical, institutional,
cultural, informational or mixed.

HOST_SCAN
Function -> host at t0 -> host at t1 -> current host set. Examples include
memory across person, oral community, court tradition, manuscript, archive,
school, database, network and AI-assisted system.

CONTROL_SCAN
System -> who decides -> who executes -> who blocks -> who owns ->
who operates -> who maintains. Control is recorded by layer.

EVIDENCE_SCAN
Claim -> source -> evidence type -> epistemic status -> confidence ->
controversy. Knowledge boundaries are part of the object being scanned.

REVERSE_HYDRA_SCAN
Many partly separate local and historical streams -> interaction ->
interdependence -> regional and planetary integration. “One” does not
mean one East African civilisation, state, culture, language or people.

WORLD MASTER AND REGIONAL SPINES

WORLD_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER = absolute-time alignment layer.
EAST_AFRICA_REGIONAL_SPINE = locally resolved longitudinal truth.
CONNECTOR_FILE = evidenced horizontal network crossing regional spines.
ENTITY_NODE = addressable object with state and biography.
EDGE = evidenced, directional relationship.

This regional file retains local periodisation and includes substrate,
hominin evidence, prehistoric technologies, forager and fisher systems,
pastoral and farming transitions, language-population interfaces, agrarian
intensification, polity formation, religion, trade, technology, colonial and
postcolonial institutions, digital transformation and the 2026 state.

SYSTEM TRACK BASE REGISTRY

PLANETARY_SUBSTRATE / CLIMATE / ECOLOGY / HUMAN_POPULATION
FOOD / WATER / MATERIALS / ENERGY / SETTLEMENT
TRANSPORT / COMMUNICATION / KNOWLEDGE / EDUCATION / HEALTH
GOVERNANCE / LAW / ECONOMY / TRADE / FINANCE / INDUSTRY / MILITARY
CULTURE / RELIGION / LANGUAGE / TECHNOLOGY / INFRASTRUCTURE
INFORMATION / COMPUTATION / AI

Section 17 inherits the 148 World tracks and declares 61 regional child
tracks. Expansion is additive; it does not change parent meaning.

STATE SNAPSHOTS

REGIONAL_STATE_AT_T {
CAPABILITY_STAGE
LIFECYCLE_PHASE
BASEFLOOR_STATE
CONTROL_GEOMETRY
HABITAT_DEPENDENCE
MOTION_VECTOR
SYSTEM_TRACK_STATES[]
MAJOR_DEPENDENCIES[]
MAJOR_FLOWS[]
MAJOR_PRESSURES[]
}

WORLD_STATE_AT_T {
REGION_STATES[]
GLOBAL_FLOWS[]
INTERREGIONAL_DEPENDENCIES[]
DOMINANT_NETWORKS[]
ACTIVE_CONFLICTS[]
KNOWLEDGE_NETWORKS[]
TECHNOLOGY_DISTRIBUTION[]
ECOLOGICAL_STATE
PLANETARY_CONSTRAINTS[]
}

SCAN RESOLUTION AND MULTIPLE CLOCKS

SCAN_RESOLUTION:
LOW / MEDIUM / HIGH / VERY_HIGH / LIVE

CLOCK_TYPES:
GEOLOGICAL / BIOLOGICAL / DEMOGRAPHIC / INSTITUTIONAL
ECONOMIC / TECHNOLOGICAL / DIGITAL / MACHINE

Resolution increases with evidence density, rate of state change and system
complexity, not merely with proximity to the present. Fossil chronology,
oral dynastic memory, ecological cycles, kingdoms, colonial administrations,
digital networks and live conflicts do not run on one clock.

COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION

COMPRESSION:
many components and histories -> one label.

DECOMPRESSION:
label -> components -> relationships -> states -> dependencies -> flows ->
history -> evidence.

The Atlas compresses for orientation and decompresses for diagnosis. It must
not treat “East Africa,” “Bantu,” “Urewe,” “Kitara,” “Buganda,” “EAC,”
“pastoralism” or “digital economy” as one undifferentiated object.

BIDIRECTIONAL AND SIDEWAYS VALIDATION

FORWARD:
past state + evidenced moves -> later state.

BACKWARD:
present feature -> dependencies -> predecessors -> origin -> earlier
constraints.

SIDEWAYS:
target -> neighbours -> trade partners -> source regions -> external
institutions -> planetary systems.

If forward and backward reconstruction do not meet, the model requires
repair. Sideways validation prevents false isolated history. Synchrony alone
never creates an edge.

EVENT, FRACTURE AND REPAIR SCANS

EVENT_IMPACT {
EVENT_ID
AFFECTED_ENTITIES[]
STATE_BEFORE[]
STATE_AFTER[]
DIRECT_EFFECTS[]
INDIRECT_EFFECTS[]
CONFIDENCE
}

FRACTURE_SCAN:
system -> broken flow -> failed dependency -> affected entities ->
BaseFloor effect -> propagation.

REPAIR_SCAN:
fracture -> stabilisation -> restored flow -> rebuilt dependency ->
verification -> renewed corridor.

FUTURE BOUNDARY

The scan may identify current state, pressures, dependencies, fragilities,
open corridors and closed corridors. It may not convert one possible future
into a predetermined chronology. Confidence widens from observed history to a
near-future corridor and then to a branching possibility cone.

CANONICAL CAT SCAN OUTPUT

CAT_SCAN_OUTPUT {
ENTITY_OR_REGION
TIME_RANGE
SCAN_MODE
STATE_SERIES[]
SYSTEM_TRACKS[]
RELATIONSHIP_GRAPH
DEPENDENCY_GRAPH
FLOW_GRAPH
LINEAGE_GRAPH
HOST_GRAPH
CONTROL_GRAPH
EVIDENCE_GRAPH
MAJOR_TRANSITIONS[]
FRACTURES[]
REPAIRS[]
CURRENT_STATE
OPEN_CORRIDORS[]
UNCERTAINTIES[]
}

CAT SCAN FAILURE CONDITIONS

local chronology flattened;
unknown filled with a guess;
modern borders projected backward;
culture, language, population and polity silently merged;
scale left implicit;
dependencies hidden;
flows omitted;
perspective confused with fact;
world synchrony treated as causality;
present treated as static;
future treated as predetermined.

CORE FORMULA

CIVILISATION_CAT_SCAN =
TIME_SERIES
+ CROSS_SECTION
+ RELATIONSHIP_GRAPH
+ DEPENDENCY_GRAPH
+ FLOW_GRAPH
+ LINEAGE_GRAPH
+ HOST_GRAPH
+ CONTROL_GRAPH
+ EVIDENCE_GRAPH
+ ZOOM

==============================================================================
3C. GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD AND OUROBOROS V1.1 ENRICHMENT

This layer explains why a dated regional state may change. It is analytical
enrichment, not permission to overwrite evidence with a deterministic story.

CORE CHANGE LOOP

INHERITED_STRUCTURE
-> POSSIBILITY_SPACE
-> PRESSURE
-> CONTINGENT_ACTION
-> SELECTION
-> PERSISTENCE
-> EMERGENCE
-> NEW_STRUCTURE
-> FEEDBACK
-> NEW_CONSTRAINT

CAUSAL LAYERS

CONSTRAINT / PRESSURE / CONTINGENCY / SELECTION / EMERGENCE
FEEDBACK / PATH_DEPENDENCE / LOCK_IN / ADAPTATION

CONSTRAINT

Geographic, biological, ecological, resource, energy, technological,
economic, institutional, legal, political, cultural, informational,
demographic, military or infrastructural limits on possible action.

The Rift and lakes shape habitats, mobility, evidence preservation and
resource fields. They do not mechanically cause one species, tool tradition,
language expansion, kingdom or modern political outcome.

POSSIBILITY SPACE

current state + constraints + capabilities + available agents
-> plausible moves[]

Not every plausible move is equally likely.

PRESSURE FIELD

PRESSURE_SOURCE:
scarcity / population / security / competition / conflict / disease
environmental change / resource depletion / energy demand
information overload / transport cost / institutional failure
inequality / legitimacy crisis / technological opportunity / surplus
status competition / market demand / knowledge accumulation

PRESSURE_FIELD {
SOURCE
TARGET_SYSTEM
DIRECTION
INTENSITY
DURATION
SPATIAL_EXTENT
TEMPORAL_EXTENT
RELIEF_PATHS[]
BLOCKED_PATHS[]
INTERACTING_PRESSURES[]
}

Pressure is multi-vector. High pressure can narrow the possibility space
without selecting one exact event. At micro scale contingency may remain
high; at meso scale probability becomes structured; at macro scale a strong
directional tendency may appear. Any claim of inevitability must name scale.

CIVILISATIONAL ATTRACTOR

ATTRACTOR {
ATTRACTOR_ID
DOMAIN
PRESSURES[]
SUPPORTING_CAPABILITIES[]
REQUIRED_CONDITIONS[]
POSSIBLE_EXPRESSIONS[]
STRENGTH
DURATION
EVIDENCE
}

An attractor is a region of possibility space towards which multiple paths
tend to converge. Remove or replace an agent and replay small variations. If
similar outcome classes recur, structural attraction is stronger. If outcomes
diverge widely, contingency or agent specificity is higher.

AGENT MODEL

AGENT_TYPE:
HUMAN / TEAM / INSTITUTION / STATE / COMPANY / MOVEMENT
NETWORK / AI_SYSTEM / HYBRID_AGENT

AGENT_CAPABILITY:
knowledge / strategic horizon / pattern recognition / communication
organisation / execution / talent selection / negotiation
risk assessment / adaptability / authority / legitimacy / network reach
resource access / technical skill / institutional engineering

AGENT_CONSTRAINT:
knowledge / time / law / authority / resources / culture / institutions
biology / information / politics

HISTORICAL_IMPACT approximately varies with:
agent capacity x opportunity x pressure x fit x authority.

This is a heuristic, not a universal numerical law. Do not compress a lineage,
community, clan, court, movement, army, civil service, scientific team or
regional network into one “great person.”

SELECTION, PERSISTENCE AND LOCK-IN

SELECTION_TYPE:
biological / market / political / military / cultural / institutional
technological / social / legal / ecological

PERSISTENCE_DRIVER:
utility / power / replication / institutional embedding / cultural value
legal protection / network effect / education / symbolic status
material durability

LOCK_IN_SOURCE:
infrastructure / law / skill base / network effect / capital stock
culture / identity / technology standard / institution

Yesterday’s contingency can become tomorrow’s structure. A successful
response can descend from novelty to recurrent practice, mass adoption,
infrastructure and finally invisible dependency.

CIVILISATIONAL GENOME AND PHENOTYPE

CIVILISATIONAL_GENOME:
inherited generative architecture, not biological determinism.

GENOME_COMPONENT:
knowledge / capabilities / institutions / technologies / languages
cultural patterns / procedures / laws / infrastructure logic
educational systems / reproduction mechanisms

CIVILISATIONAL_PHENOTYPE:
observed civilisation state produced by genome + environment + history +
contingency.

CIVILISATIONAL_GENEALOGY:
origin / borrowing / transmission / hybridisation / adaptation /
recombination / descent.

Civilisational genealogy is a web, not only a tree. Horizontal transfer occurs
through trade, migration, marriage, conquest, education, apprenticeship,
copying, translation, religion, technology transfer and network exchange.
“Genome” never means that a language, ethnicity or polity is biological or
unchanging.

DEPENDENCY INHERITANCE

Keep two ancestries separate:

HISTORICAL_ANCESTRY:
what came before what.

STRUCTURAL_DEPENDENCY_ANCESTRY:
what a current capability still requires beneath it.

For example, mobile money’s historical ancestry follows telecommunications,
banking and software. Its structural dependency runs through electricity,
handsets, towers, fibre, spectrum, agent networks, identity systems, law,
currency, trust and global hardware supply.

DAMAGE, SCAR, MEMORY AND ADAPTATION

DAMAGE:
loss or degradation caused by an event, pressure, extraction or failed
dependency.

SCAR:
persistent state change remaining after immediate damage ends. A scar may
be demographic, ecological, material, institutional, cultural,
psychological, legal, technical or spatial.

MEMORY:
retained information about prior state, action, consequence and repair.
Hosts include people, oral tradition, ritual, text, archive, institution,
monument, database, software and AI.

ADAPTATION:
changed structure, behaviour or host relationship selected under altered
conditions.

Damage is not automatically a scar; a scar is not automatically memory; memory
does not guarantee adaptation; adaptation can solve one pressure while
creating another.

FEEDBACK AND OUROBOROS

FEEDBACK_TYPE:
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE / BALANCING / DELAYED / RECURSIVE / CASCADING

OUROBOROS:
output of civilisation returns as input to future civilisation.

Positive example:
education -> capability -> productivity -> surplus -> more education.

Self-consuming example:
extraction -> production -> ecological damage -> BaseFloor stress ->
civilisational risk.

Regenerative example:
consumption -> cost recognised -> repair -> learning -> restored floor ->
renewed capacity.

The loop need not return to the same state. Similar patterns can recur at a
higher capability floor, creating an Ouroboros spiral.

COEVOLUTION

humans <-> cattle
lakes <-> fisheries
farming <-> crop assemblages
city <-> transport
court <-> memory institution
state <-> infrastructure
mobile money <-> agent network
AI <-> human workflow

CIVILISATIONAL METABOLISM AND CAPABILITY MATURITY

INPUTS:
energy / materials / food / water / people / information.

OUTPUTS:
goods / services / knowledge / waste / institutions / infrastructure /
culture / new capability.

CAPABILITY_MATURITY:
CONCEPTUAL / EXPERIMENTAL / PROTOTYPE / REPRODUCIBLE / MANUFACTURABLE
SCALABLE / ECONOMICALLY_VIABLE / MASS_ADOPTED / INFRASTRUCTURAL

Discovery is not capability. Temporary success is not stage transition.
Civilisational change requires enough adoption, scaling,
institutionalisation, education, replication and dependency creation.

KNOWLEDGE, EDUCATION AND SELF-CORRECTION

Low-resolution knowledge may preserve a practical pattern without its deep
mechanism. High-resolution knowledge adds measurement, explanation,
prediction and control. Education preserves, transmits, modifies and
recombines knowledge and capability across generations.

SELF_CORRECTION:
sense -> diagnose -> decide -> act -> measure -> adapt.

FAILURE:
signal -> ignored error -> repeated pressure -> accumulation ->
corridors close -> crisis -> rupture.

CORE CHANGE FORMULA

CIVILISATIONAL_CHANGE =
INHERITED_STRUCTURE
+ CURRENT_PRESSURES
+ AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES
+ AGENT_ACTION
+ CONTINGENCY
+ SELECTION
+ FEEDBACK
-> NEXT_CIVILISATION_STATE

The exact event is not predetermined. Civilisation can nevertheless shape the
tube through which events flow.

==============================================================================
3D. PORTABILITY, SIMULATION AND CIVILISATIONAL FISSION RESEARCH EXTENSION

This module explains why the chronology records host migration, capability
maturity, dependency depth, repair and reproduction. It is a research
extension. Future capability is not inserted into the historical record as an
accomplished fact.

ATLAS, CAT SCAN AND CIVILISATIONOS

ATLAS = map of civilisational states.
CAT SCAN = multi-axis reconstruction and traversal.
CIVILISATIONOS = board + rules + agents + moves + feedback.

CORE OPERATORS

LOCATE / DECOMPRESS / TRACE / CROSSWALK / REMOVE / REPLACE / TRANSPLANT
SIMULATE / COMPARE / DIAGNOSE / REPAIR / OPTIMISE / COMPRESS / PORT
REPLICATE

REPRESENTATION AND EXECUTION LEVELS

0 DESCRIPTION
1 STRUCTURED_REPRESENTATION
2 DYNAMIC_MODEL
3 SIMULATION
4 SOFTWARE_EXECUTION_OF_CIVILISATIONAL_FUNCTION
5 PHYSICAL_EXECUTION_THROUGH_ROBOTICS_OR_AUTOMATION

A model of East African civilisation systems is not those systems. A model
can, however, begin to host real functions such as memory, education,
planning, monitoring or coordination.

EXECUTABLE MODEL

EXECUTABLE_MODEL {
ENTITIES
STATES
RELATIONSHIPS
DEPENDENCIES
RESOURCES
AGENTS
RULES
PRESSURES
AVAILABLE_MOVES
FEEDBACK
MEMORY
REPRODUCTION
UNCERTAINTY
}

BOARD_STATE {
TIME / GEOGRAPHY / ENVIRONMENT / POPULATION / RESOURCES
ENERGY / FOOD / WATER / TECHNOLOGY / KNOWLEDGE / INSTITUTIONS
LAW / ECONOMY / INFRASTRUCTURE / CULTURE / SECURITY / ALLIANCES
THREATS / AGENTS / INFORMATION / DEPENDENCIES / PRESSURES
OPEN_CORRIDORS
}

MOVE_RECORD {
ACTOR / START_STATE / ACTION / REQUIRED_AUTHORITY / REQUIRED_RESOURCES
REQUIRED_CAPABILITIES / TARGET_SYSTEM / EXPECTED_EFFECT / OBSERVED_EFFECT
SIDE_EFFECTS / FEEDBACK / CONFIDENCE
}

History can therefore be read as state0 -> move1 -> state1 -> move2 -> state2
without reducing a human life or society to a deterministic token.

COUNTERFACTUAL TESTS

REMOVAL:
remove entity X -> recalculate pressures, capabilities, bottlenecks,
role-spaces and corridors.

REPLACEMENT:
substitute agent or institution Y -> compare available moves and outcome
classes.

TRANSPLANT:
place an observed capability model in a new board -> recalculate legal and
viable moves under the new host.

An agent model is not the person. Counterfactual output is a bounded
simulation, never a certain claim about what that person would have done.

PORTABILITY TEST

entity or pattern
-> extract function
-> extract principle
-> expose dependencies
-> expose failure modes
-> map new host
-> modify
-> simulate
-> test

PORTABLE_PATTERN {
FUNCTION
PRECONDITIONS[]
DEPENDENCIES[]
OPERATING_RULES[]
FAILURE_MODES[]
FEEDBACK[]
ADAPTATION_RULES[]
EVIDENCE[]
}

Too little abstraction remains place-bound. Too much becomes an empty slogan.
The useful middle is a generative pattern that still exposes preconditions,
dependencies, operating logic, adaptation and failure.

REGIONAL PORTABILITY EXAMPLES

A Great Lakes canoe, a pastoral dry-season mobility pattern, Kibiro salt
production, barkcloth, a royal court, a cooperative, M-Pesa or Rift
geothermal engineering cannot be copied by name alone. Their portable
patterns require function, ecology, material base, skill, institutions,
control, energy, trust, failure modes and local adaptation to be decompressed.

For water, the portable pattern is not “copy a Great Lakes settlement.”
It may be: read catchments and seasons; protect water quality; diversify
access; maintain storage and drainage; monitor flows; preserve wetland and
upstream functions; manage rights and conflict; repair over long horizons.
Another place may inherit part of this logic while producing a different
phenotype.

PARENT CANONICAL EXAMPLE — SINGAPORE TO MARS

Singapore itself cannot be carried to Mars. Its housing blocks, reservoirs,
port and institutions are local phenotypes. Their generative transition logic
can be decompressed, studied, compressed and adapted. For water, the portable
pattern is not “build Singapore reservoirs on Mars.” It is: treat water as a
strategic closed resource; measure flows; reduce loss; recycle; diversify
sources where possible; maintain redundancy; plan and repair over long
horizons. A Martian phenotype may be physically different while inheriting
parts of that logic.

FUNCTIONAL HOSTS AND HOST MIGRATION

HOST_TYPES:
HUMAN / COMMUNITY / INSTITUTION / DOCUMENT / BIOLOGICAL_SYSTEM
MACHINE / DIGITAL_NETWORK / AI / ROBOTIC_SYSTEM / HYBRID

FUNCTION_HOST_MAP {
FUNCTION
CURRENT_HOST
ALTERNATIVE_HOST
REDUNDANCY
REPLACEMENT_RATE
DEPENDENCY
INFORMATION_PORTABILITY
PHYSICAL_PORTABILITY
TACIT_KNOWLEDGE_LOAD
CLOSURE_REQUIREMENT
AUTONOMY_LEVEL
}

Historical host externalisation:
human memory -> oral community -> ritual/court tradition -> writing ->
archive/library -> computer -> network -> AI-assisted system.

New hosts normally add to rather than automatically erase older hosts.
Software can carry memory, models, rules, simulation and design but cannot
supply mass, food, energy, shelter or physical repair without an execution
layer. AI may add interpretation, planning, adaptation, teaching, diagnosis
and design; robotics adds sensing, movement, manipulation, construction and
maintenance. All claims require empirical evaluation.

PORTABILITY LEVELS

P0 BOUND — person-, place- or tacit-context-dependent.
P1 RECORDED — functional knowledge externally represented.
P2 REPRODUCIBLE — copied reliably and at scale.
P3 DIGITALLY_REPLICABLE — high-fidelity informational copying.
P4 MACHINE_EXECUTABLE — function can be executed by a machine host.
P5 ADAPTIVE — function adjusts to new conditions.
P6 REGENERATIVE — function can maintain, repair and renew itself.

Portability is not autonomy. Autonomy requires preservation, execution,
repair, reproduction and adaptation.

CIVILISATION KERNEL

CIVILISATION_KERNEL {
CIVILISATIONAL_MEMORY
SCIENCE / MATHEMATICS / ENGINEERING / MEDICINE / ECOLOGY
AGRICULTURE / WATER / ENERGY / MATERIALS / MANUFACTURING
COMPUTING / SOFTWARE / EDUCATION / GOVERNANCE / LAW
ECONOMIC_COORDINATION / LOGISTICS / CULTURAL_MEMORY
ETHICS_AND_VALUES / ADAPTIVE_AGENTS / REPAIR_KNOWLEDGE
REPRODUCTION_LOGIC
}

An archive knows. A generative kernel can help rebuild. Information is not
capability. A geothermal design without surveying, drilling, materials,
machines, metrology, energy, finance, software, institutions and skilled
operators does not reproduce geothermal capability.

DEPENDENCY TREE AND CLOSURE

capability -> components -> processes -> tools -> materials -> energy ->
knowledge -> hosts.

CLOSURE_DOMAINS:
air / water / food / energy / shelter / health / security / materials
industry / manufacturing / logistics / knowledge / education / computing
communication / governance / ecology / repair

CLOSURE_STATE:
OPEN_DEPENDENT / HIGHLY_DEPENDENT / PARTIALLY_CLOSED
RESILIENTLY_CLOSED / REGENERATIVELY_CLOSED

Closure does not mean no trade. It means no single external dependency whose
loss causes non-recoverable collapse.

OUTPOST, COLONY, DAUGHTER AND REPRODUCTIVE CIVILISATION

OUTPOST:
remote settlement dependent on the mother for critical capability.

COLONY:
substantial local capability with important continuing parent dependence.

DAUGHTER_CIVILISATION:
indefinitely viable without critical parent support; able to maintain
memory, BaseFloor, repair, education, adaptation, knowledge reproduction
and critical industrial reproduction.

REPRODUCTIVE_CIVILISATION:
able to create another viable daughter. This threshold is stronger than
autonomy.

CIVILISATION SEED

KERNEL:
minimum sufficient generative information.

SEED:
kernel + machinery + robotics + biological material + energy starter +
toolchain + raw-material access + initial habitat + adaptive agents.

The seed is informational, physical, biological and agentic. Information can
be compressed heavily; physical starter mass, energy, materials and bootstrap
depth may remain large. Tacit knowledge, repair judgement and embodied skill
remain portability problems.

CIVILISATIONAL FISSION AND CLEAN SPLIT

mother civilisation
-> duplicate essential information
-> duplicate critical capability
-> package material and biological base
-> package adaptive human, AI or robotic execution
-> move to new host
-> establish local dependency closure
-> separate
-> viable daughter civilisation.

CLEAN_SPLIT TEST:
cut nonreplaceable supply and communication from the mother. Can the
daughter survive, repair, educate, manufacture, govern, adapt and
reproduce knowledge?

BOOTSTRAPPABILITY:
can the system build the systems that build the systems it requires?

BOOTSTRAP_DEPTH:
number of dependency layers that must be reconstructed from the available
base.

High technology without local repair can be less portable than lower
technology with closure. A viable seed needs redundancy, error correction,
versioning, checkpoints, rollback where possible, low-technology fallbacks
and explicit irreversibility tags for extinction, depletion, war damage,
cultural loss and infrastructure lock-in.

MANY -> ONE -> MANY

MANY_1:
historically partly separate, locally adapted civilisational streams.

ONE:
one increasingly integrated planetary operating space, not one state,
culture, people or language.

KERNEL:
compressed generative model assembled from interoperable capability and
dependency knowledge.

MANY_2:
distributed descendant civilisations with shared ancestry, local
adaptation and potential interoperability.

FORM:
MANY_1 -> INTEGRATION -> ONE -> COMPRESSION -> PORTABILITY ->
REPLICATION -> MANY_2

The Bitcoin analogy shows how one logical lineage can span many physical
hosts and fork. The cell analogy shows that replication requires information
plus machinery, energy and materials. Neither analogy proves that
civilisation is software or a cell.

THE THREE-AXIS BOUNDARY

CAPABILITY_STAGE asks what the system can do.
LIFECYCLE_STATE asks its condition and direction.
HABITAT_INDEPENDENCE asks across how many survivable habitats it can
continue and reproduce its operations.

These axes must not be merged. This chronology uses the canonical Stage 0–5
capability vocabulary and the separate habitat-dependence field. Multi-world
or staircase-removal thresholds remain a versioned research extension, not
an accomplished East African or planetary historical state at the cut-off.

HUMAN, AI AND ROBOTIC HOST BOUNDARY

The possibility that a civilisational function becomes non-human-hostable does
not mean humans should be removed. It means a biological human is no longer
the only possible implementation. Current known civilisation is
human-originated. The AI/robotic host hypothesis remains theoretical and must
be tested function by function against memory, reasoning, copying, adaptation,
physical execution, energy, materials, repair and normative direction.

No abstract host escapes substrate:

AI -> compute -> chips -> fabrication -> machines -> materials -> energy ->
planetary substrate.

SIMULATION BOUNDARY

A Civilisation Sandbox can test high-impact moves before execution. It is
decision support, not a certain future. Faster informational iteration also
accelerates error propagation, so simulation requires validation,
constraints, oversight, versioning, error correction and rollback.

FINAL RESEARCH FORMULA

CIVILISATIONAL_REPLICATION =
GENERATIVE_INFORMATION
+ PHYSICAL_BOOTSTRAP_CAPABILITY
+ BIOLOGICAL_OR_OTHER_LIFE_SUPPORT
+ ENERGY
+ MATERIAL_ACCESS
+ ADAPTIVE_AGENCY
+ DEPENDENCY_CLOSURE
+ SELF_REPAIR
+ KNOWLEDGE_REPRODUCTION
-> VIABLE_DAUGHTER_CIVILISATION

We do not carry the city. We carry enough of the logic that built and repaired
the city. We do not carry civilisation whole. We identify the minimum
generative architecture, physical seed and adaptive agency required for
civilisation to happen again on a new host.

==============================================================================
4. COMPRESSED EAST AFRICA / GREAT RIFT / GREAT LAKES SPINE
==============================================================================

c. 3.0 Ga–30 Ma
Ancient cratonic and mobile-belt rocks create the durable geological floor.
Gondwana assembly and breakup rearrange drainage, minerals and continental
margins. These are substrate histories, not human history.

c. 30–7 Ma
Uplift, volcanism and continental extension form the East African Rift
System’s eastern and western branches. Basins collect sediments, fossils and
water; highlands alter rainfall; habitats become spatially diverse. Rift
geology preserves evidence exceptionally well but does not alone “cause”
human evolution.

c. 7–3.3 Ma
Early candidate hominins and australopith populations occupy eastern African
woodland, grassland and lake-margin mosaics. Orrorin in Kenya, Australopithecus
anamensis around Turkana and Australopithecus afarensis at Laetoli establish
a branching deep history of bipedal and climbing adaptations.

c. 3.3–1.8 Ma
Lomekwi preserves the oldest presently known deliberately made stone tools,
predating secure Homo. Oldowan technologies appear at several eastern
African sites; Nyayanga extends early Oldowan evidence in Kenya, while
Namorotukunan preserves repeated Oldowan practice from about 2.75 to 2.44 Ma.
Paranthropus and several Homo populations coexist. Tool tradition does not
equal species.

c. 1.8 Ma–300 ka
Acheulean technologies appear by about 1.76 Ma at Kokiselei. Homo erectus/
ergaster and other hominins occupy changing Rift environments. Nariokotome,
Olduvai, Koobi Fora and Olorgesailie preserve bodies, footprints, tools and
subsistence. At 1.5 Ma, Olduvai preserves systematic knapping of large-
mammal bone. Oldowan and Acheulean practices overlap rather than forming one
clean technological staircase.

c. 300–50 ka
Middle Stone Age technologies, long-distance material movement, pigment use
and ecological flexibility develop. Eastern Africa contains early Homo
sapiens evidence and interacting populations. Omo/Herto belong primarily to
the Horn overlap; Olorgesailie and other Rift sequences show behavioural
change without one instantaneous “modernity revolution.”

c. 50–11.7 ka
Later Stone Age and continuing Middle Stone Age practices coexist. Beads,
microliths, bone technologies, fishing and wide ecological knowledge appear
unevenly. Panga ya Saidi records long occupation at a forest–grassland
ecotone. Katanda records specialised aquatic technology in the Upper
Semliki. Lake Victoria dries and refills near the Pleistocene–Holocene
transition.

9700–3000 BCE
Forager, fisher and hunter communities reorganise around wetter early
Holocene landscapes, lakes and river corridors. Pottery does not always
imply farming. Violence at Nataruk is real but its interpretation as warfare
remains debated. Mobile and settled lifeways form a mosaic.

c. 5000–1000 BCE
Livestock and pastoral knowledge move south from northeastern Africa through
several waves and local exchanges. Early herders mix biologically and
culturally with forager communities. Fishing, hunting, cultivation and
herding coexist. Milk processing precedes widespread lactase-persistence
alleles.

c. 1000 BCE–500 CE
Farming, ironworking and new ceramic traditions spread through the Great
Lakes and adjoining regions. Urewe is a material-cultural label, not a
synonym for one Bantu-speaking people. Bantu-language expansions involve
migration, local adoption, mixture and recombination. Cereals, pulses,
tubers, livestock and later Asian crops build diverse food systems.

500–1200 CE
Great Lakes communities intensify agriculture, iron production, cattle,
fishing and exchange. Inland networks connect to the Swahili coast and
Indian Ocean through beads, cloth and other materials. Political authority
ranges from household and clan systems to chiefdoms and larger centres.

1200–1500
Ntusi, Bigo and other western-Ugandan earthwork and settlement systems mark
growing labour coordination, cattle wealth and political complexity.
Traditions later associated with Bacwezi/Kitara preserve meaningful memory,
but archaeology does not verify a single continent-sized “Chwezi Empire.”

1500–1750
Bunyoro, Buganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Nkore, Karagwe, Kiziba, Busoga and many
neighbouring polities consolidate on different clocks. Bananas, cattle,
iron, barkcloth, salt, canoes, ritual institutions, clan systems and royal
capitals sustain power. Centralisation never eliminates local agency.

1750–1885
Kingdom competition, migrations, drought, disease, cattle economies and
inland–coastal caravan trade reshape the region. Ivory and enslaved people
move toward the coast. Firearms and merchant networks alter power. European
explorers enter existing African information and transport systems; they do
not “discover” inhabited lakes.

1885–1914
Britain, Germany and Belgium impose borders and colonial states through
warfare, treaties, chartered companies and alliances. Railway, mission,
plantation, taxation and labour systems expand. African resistance and
negotiation continue. Rinderpest, famine, sleeping sickness and land
alienation fracture populations and livelihoods.

1914–1945
The First World War turns East Africa into a campaign and forced-carrier
system. German territories become British and Belgian mandates. Cash crops,
missions, schools, towns and racialised administration expand. Colonial
ethnic categories and identity documents harden social distinctions,
especially in Rwanda and Burundi.

1945–1964
Urban labour, veterans, farmers, women, churches, parties and armed movements
contest colonial rule. Mau Mau and the Kenyan Emergency expose land and
sovereignty conflict. Tanganyika, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya become
independent; Tanganyika and Zanzibar unite as Tanzania in 1964.

1964–1989
Postcolonial states pursue different paths: Tanzanian ujamaa and regional
liberation support; Kenyan capitalist/state-led growth and one-party
consolidation; Ugandan coups, dictatorship and war; Rwandan and Burundian
exclusionary states; revived regional integration followed by EAC collapse
in 1977. Education, health and infrastructure expand unevenly.

1990–1999
Multiparty pressure rises while war engulfs Rwanda, Burundi and eastern
Congo. The 1994 genocide against the Tutsi destroys lives and institutions;
moderate Hutu and others are also murdered. RPF victory, refugee flight,
armed-group formation and Congo wars regionalise insecurity. New
constitutions and elections coexist with violence and authoritarian control.

2000–2014
A revived East African Community, mobile telephony, M-Pesa, urban growth,
roads, geothermal power and regional trade expand connectivity. Rwanda
rebuilds under concentrated control; Burundi’s peace settlement weakens;
Uganda and Kenya retain competitive-authoritarian features; Tanzania
liberalises gradually. Eastern Congo remains fractured.

2015–2019
Burundi’s third-term crisis, contested elections and displacement test peace
systems. Regional infrastructure and digital finance scale. Climate stress,
land pressure, youth employment and debt grow. Political openings and
closures occur simultaneously.

2020–2023
COVID-19 disrupts mobility, schooling, health and informal economies.
Uganda and Tanzania undergo leadership/election transitions on different
terms. M23 resurges in eastern Congo. DRC and Somalia join the EAC, expanding
the institution beyond its original Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania core.

2024–28 July 2026
Floods, debt pressure, youth-led protest and disputed elections expose
stressed political and economic floors. Rwanda’s 2024 election, Tanzania’s
disputed 2025 election and Uganda’s disputed 2026 election retain incumbent
systems. Kenya’s 2024 protest movement remains politically active through
lethal June–July 2025 confrontations and the June 2026 anniversary. Eastern
Congo conflict, M23 territorial control and Rwanda–DRC tensions persist
despite successive peace agreements; the DRC opens a new ICJ case against
Rwanda in June 2026. The EAC has eight members and growing systems, but no
regional sovereignty monopoly.

==============================================================================
5. GEOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL SUBSTRATE
c. 3.0 BILLION YEARS AGO–28 JULY 2026
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000001 — [EAGL-GEO-001] ANCIENT CRATONIC FLOOR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: principally c. 3.0–2.5 Ga, with older components and later reworking.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W001–W002.
PLACE: Tanzania Craton and adjoining East African crust.
ENTITY: ancient continental crust.
EVENT/CONDITION: Archean rocks form a durable tectonic floor beneath much of
the Lake Victoria region. Later rifts, lakes, mineral systems and soils develop
across this inherited crust; no human or cultural continuity is implied.
DOMAIN: geology | terrain | minerals | environmental substrate.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad crustal antiquity; B for local assembly histories.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S005–EAGL.S008.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000002 — [EAGL-GEO-002] MOBILE BELTS REWORK EASTERN AFRICA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: c. 850–550 Ma, with older precursor belts.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W002.
PLACE: eastern Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and adjoining Mozambique Belt.
ENTITY: Pan-African orogenic and metamorphic systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Continental collision, deformation and metamorphism assemble
and rework crust during the formation of Gondwana. These structures later
condition relief, rock resources and drainage without determining society.
DOMAIN: geology | tectonics | minerals | terrain.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for regional orogeny; B for individual terrane histories.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S006–EAGL.S009.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000003 — [EAGL-GEO-003] GONDWANA BREAKUP REORDERS THE MARGIN
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: c. 200–100 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W003.
PLACE: eastern African continental margin and interior.
ENTITY: Gondwana breakup and Indian Ocean opening.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rifting and seafloor spreading separate Madagascar and India
from Africa, create a new ocean margin and reorganise long-term drainage and
sedimentary systems. This is a remote substrate for later Indian Ocean worlds.
DOMAIN: tectonics | ocean | drainage | future trade geography.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S007–EAGL.S010.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000004 — [EAGL-GEO-004] EAST AFRICAN UPLIFT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: c. 45–20 Ma, continuing unevenly thereafter.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004.
PLACE: East African Plateau.
ENTITY: broad plateau uplift.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mantle, volcanic and tectonic processes raise large areas of
eastern Africa. Higher relief changes temperature, rainfall, erosion and river
gradients and helps establish the physical field in which later Rift basins form.
DOMAIN: geology | terrain | climate | water.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; timing and mechanisms differ among models and subregions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S010–EAGL.S013.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: uplift chronology and causal weighting remain model-sensitive.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000005 — [EAGL-GEO-005] EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM INITIATES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: broadly c. 30–20 Ma onward, diachronous by segment.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004 onward.
PLACE: Afar–Ethiopian Rift to Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.
ENTITY: East African Rift System.
EVENT/CONDITION: Continental extension develops a roughly 3,000-kilometre
system of faults, basins and volcanic provinces. Its segments begin at
different times; the Rift is a system, not a single crack or single event.
DOMAIN: geology | volcanism | terrain | water | hazard.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A for active rifting; B for segment-by-segment onset.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S011–EAGL.S015.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_RIFT_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000006 — [EAGL-GEO-006] EASTERN RIFT BRANCH DEVELOPS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: principally c. 20 Ma–present, with diachronous faulting and volcanism.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W068.
PLACE: Turkana depression, Kenya Rift and northern Tanzania divergence.
ENTITY: eastern branch of the East African Rift.
EVENT/CONDITION: Faulting, volcanism and basin subsidence create the Turkana,
Nakuru–Naivasha and Natron–Manyara landscapes. Sediments preserve long
environmental and hominin sequences while volcanoes provide datable ash layers.
DOMAIN: geology | volcanism | lakes | evidence preservation | hazard.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad development; B for local timings.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S011–EAGL.S016.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000007 — [EAGL-GEO-007] WESTERN RIFT BRANCH DEVELOPS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: principally c. 12 Ma–present, varying by basin.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W068.
PLACE: Albertine Rift from lakes Albert and Edward through Kivu to Tanganyika.
ENTITY: western branch of the East African Rift.
EVENT/CONDITION: Faulting and deep subsidence create steep escarpments, long
lakes, volcanic fields and exceptional ecological gradients. The branch links
Nile- and Congo-drainage worlds while also presenting barriers.
DOMAIN: geology | lakes | biodiversity | transport | hazard.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for regional structure; B for basin chronologies.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S012–EAGL.S017.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000008 — [EAGL-GEO-008] LAKE TANGANYIKA BASIN FORMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: basin initiation commonly estimated c. 12–9 Ma; modern lake evolves later.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004.
PLACE: western Tanzania, Burundi, eastern DRC and Zambia interface.
ENTITY: Lake Tanganyika basin.
EVENT/CONDITION: Progressive rift subsidence creates one of Earth’s deepest and
oldest lake systems. Long isolation enables exceptional endemic biodiversity;
steep shores make fisheries and water transport enduring human infrastructures.
DOMAIN: geology | freshwater | fisheries | biodiversity | transport.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; initiation estimates and basin phases vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S016–EAGL.S020.
GRAPH SEED: YES — LAKE_TANGANYIKA_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000009 — [EAGL-GEO-009] ALBERT–EDWARD–KIVU LAKE SYSTEMS EVOLVE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: late Miocene–Quaternary, with continuing volcanic and drainage change.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W068.
PLACE: Uganda–DRC and Rwanda–DRC Albertine Rift.
ENTITY: lakes Albert, Edward and Kivu and connecting drainage.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tectonic subsidence, volcanism and river capture repeatedly
reconfigure lake outlets and catchments. Lake Kivu’s gas-rich deep waters add
a rare limnic hazard and energy resource to the regional BaseFloor.
DOMAIN: geology | water | fisheries | energy | hazard.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for long sequence; A for present limnological condition.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S016–EAGL.S022.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000010 — [EAGL-GEO-010] LAKE VICTORIA BASIN TAKES MODERN FORM
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally Middle–Late Pleistocene; repeatedly transformed thereafter.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009–W014.
PLACE: Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania Lake Victoria basin.
ENTITY: Lake Victoria.
EVENT/CONDITION: Drainage impoundment and changing overflow create a broad,
comparatively shallow lake between the Rift branches. Its age and water history
are much younger and less continuous than those of Tanganyika.
DOMAIN: geology | water | fisheries | transport | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; lake-age estimates and palaeohydrology remain under revision.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S019–EAGL.S024.
GRAPH SEED: YES — LAKE_VICTORIA_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000011 — [EAGL-GEO-011] HIGHLANDS CREATE CLIMATE MOSAICS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0–Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: Miocene–present, changing through time.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W068.
PLACE: Ethiopian, Kenyan, Ugandan, Rwandan, Burundian and Tanzanian highlands.
ENTITY: elevation-driven East African climate mosaic.
EVENT/CONDITION: Elevation, monsoon circulation, Indian Ocean variability and
topography create wet highlands, rain shadows, savannas, forests and drylands
over short distances. Habitat diversity offers routes and refugia but never
mechanically produces one evolutionary or political outcome.
DOMAIN: climate | terrain | ecology | water | human adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for topographic effects; C for specific deep-time feedback weights.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S012–EAGL.S015, EAGL.S023–EAGL.S027.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000012 — [EAGL-GEO-012] QUATERNARY CLIMATE AND LAKE PULSES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 2.58 Ma–11.7 ka, continuing variability afterward.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W014.
PLACE: eastern African Rift and Great Lakes catchments.
ENTITY: Quaternary hydroclimate variability.
EVENT/CONDITION: Orbital forcing, glacial cycles and ocean–atmosphere change
produce alternating wetter and drier intervals. Lakes expand, contract or
disappear; vegetation and animal ranges shift. Correlation is not proof that
one climate pulse caused one hominin innovation.
DOMAIN: climate | lakes | ecology | evolution | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for variability; C for many event-level causal claims.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S023–EAGL.S030.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: “pulsed climate variability” explanations require local testing.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000013 — [EAGL-GEO-013] LAKE VICTORIA DESICCATES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
TIME: latest major desiccation broadly c. 18–15 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: Lake Victoria basin.
ENTITY: late-Pleistocene Lake Victoria lowstand/desiccation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sediment cores indicate that the shallow lake dried or was
greatly reduced during the arid terminal Pleistocene. Fisheries, habitats and
movement corridors were reorganised before refilling.
DOMAIN: climate | water | fisheries | ecology | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; timing and spatial completeness have dating uncertainties.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S024–EAGL.S028.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000014 — [EAGL-GEO-014] LAKE VICTORIA REFILLS
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
TIME: c. 14.7–13 ka, with later level fluctuations.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: Lake Victoria basin.
ENTITY: terminal-Pleistocene Lake Victoria refilling.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rising rainfall re-establishes a large lake and connected
wetlands. Newly available fish, shores and waterways create a different
ecological field for Later Stone Age populations.
DOMAIN: climate | water | fisheries | ecology | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S024–EAGL.S029.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000015 — [EAGL-GEO-015] ACTIVE RIFT HAZARDS CONTINUE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: deep time–28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W068.
PLACE: eastern and western Rift branches.
ENTITY: active fault, volcanic and limnic hazard system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Earthquakes, eruptions, landslides and volcanic-gas risks
remain part of the human habitat. Nyiragongo, the Virunga field, Ol Doinyo
Lengai and other centres show that the geological floor is still moving.
DOMAIN: geology | disaster | settlement | health | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for active condition; event timing is not predictable precisely.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S014–EAGL.S018, EAGL.S031–EAGL.S033.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000016 — [EAGL-GEO-016] REGIONAL DEPENDENCY ANCESTRY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: long duration, active at the 28 July 2026 cut-off.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W068.
PLACE: East African Rift and Great Lakes regional system.
ENTITY: geology–climate–water–food dependency chain.
EVENT/CONDITION: Uplift and rifting shape rainfall, drainage, soils and lakes;
these condition pasture, crops, fisheries, settlement, transport and disease.
Human knowledge and institutions mediate every link, so substrate is a
dependency ancestry rather than geographical determinism.
DOMAIN: geology | climate | water | food | transport | health | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B as a structural synthesis; individual links vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S005–EAGL.S033.
ATLAS READING: lower-floor dependency; not a claim of inevitable outcomes.

==============================================================================
6. EARLY HOMININS, FIRST TOOLS, OLDOWAN AND ACHEULEAN WORLDS
c. 6 MILLION–300,000 YEARS AGO
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000017 — [EAGL-HOM-001] ORRORIN AT TUGEN HILLS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 6.1–5.7 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005.
PLACE: Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya.
ENTITY: Orrorin tugenensis.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fragmentary teeth and postcranial fossils identify an early
candidate hominin with a femur interpreted as compatible with habitual
bipedality while upper-limb anatomy retains climbing adaptations.
DOMAIN: human evolution | locomotion | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for age and distinct fossils; C for exact phylogenetic position.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S034–EAGL.S037.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: its relationship to later hominins remains unresolved.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000018 — [EAGL-HOM-002] AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 4.2–3.9 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005.
PLACE: Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Lake Turkana basin, Kenya.
ENTITY: Australopithecus anamensis populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cranial, dental and limb fossils document a bipedal
australopith living around woodland, river and lake-margin environments.
The species is not a nation, single community or certain direct ancestor.
DOMAIN: human evolution | locomotion | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for presence and broad age; B for lineage interpretations.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S038–EAGL.S041.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000019 — [EAGL-HOM-003] KENYANTHROPUS PLATYOPS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 3.5 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005.
PLACE: Lomekwi, west Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: fossils assigned to Kenyanthropus platyops.
EVENT/CONDITION: A distorted but distinctive cranium and associated remains
support hominin diversity in the Turkana basin during the mid-Pliocene.
Whether Kenyanthropus is a separate genus or species remains disputed.
DOMAIN: human evolution | population diversity | taxonomy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S042–EAGL.S044.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: taxonomic validity contested.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000020 — [EAGL-HOM-004] LAETOLI BIPEDAL TRACKWAYS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 3.66 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005.
PLACE: Laetoli, northern Tanzania.
ENTITY: Laetoli hominin footprint trails.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hominins walk across volcanic ash that is buried and
preserved, leaving direct evidence of habitual bipedal gait. The principal
G-site trails are usually associated with Australopithecus afarensis; newer
work also raises the possibility of more than one locomotor form at Laetoli.
DOMAIN: human evolution | locomotion | behaviour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for footprints and age; B–C for maker attribution.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S045–EAGL.S049.
GRAPH SEED: YES — LAETOLI_FOOTPRINTS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000021 — [EAGL-HOM-005] LOMEKWI STONE TECHNOLOGY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: c. 3.3 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006.
PLACE: Lomekwi 3, west Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: Lomekwian stone-tool assemblage.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large cores, flakes and anvils provide the oldest presently
well-supported deliberately knapped stone-tool assemblage. It predates secure
Homo fossils and breaks any simple equation of tool-making with genus Homo.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge | subsistence | human evolution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; site context is strong, behavioural classification is debated.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S050–EAGL.S053.
GRAPH SEED: YES — LOMEKWI_STONE_TECHNOLOGY.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000022 — [EAGL-HOM-006] NYAYANGA EARLY OLDOWAN
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: c. 3.032–2.595 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006–W007.
PLACE: Nyayanga, Homa Peninsula, western Kenya.
ENTITY: early Oldowan assemblage and associated fauna.
EVENT/CONDITION: Flakes, cores, percussion evidence and butchered animals
extend Oldowan technology deep into the Pliocene. Paranthropus teeth occur at
the site, but no evidence securely identifies the tool-maker.
DOMAIN: technology | food | tool use | population diversity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for dated artefacts; C for maker identity.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S054–EAGL.S057.
GRAPH SEED: YES — OLDOWAN.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000366 — [EAGL-HOM-V11-001] NAMOROTUKUNAN OLDOWAN CONTINUITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 2.75–2.44 Ma across three dated archaeological horizons.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006–W007.
PLACE: Namorotukunan, Koobi Fora Formation, northeastern Turkana Basin, Kenya.
ENTITY: Namorotukunan early Oldowan technological sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Three well-constrained horizons preserve sharp-edged stone
technology over about 300,000 years through changing late-Pliocene and earliest-
Pleistocene environments. Recurrent raw-material selection and butchery marks
support technological continuity and flexible foraging without proving that
environmental change caused one predetermined innovation or identifying the
tool-making hominin.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge transmission | food | ecology | human evolution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL |
PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for the dated horizons and assemblages; U for maker identity.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1790–EAGL.S1792.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NAMOROTUKUNAN_OLDOWAN.
NOTES: Event time is 2.75–2.44 Ma; the research publication date is 4 November
2025 and is not the historical date of the technology.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000023 — [EAGL-HOM-007] OLDOWAN AT GONA–OMO–OLDUVAI FIELD
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: c. 2.6–1.8 Ma in its early eastern African phase.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007.
PLACE: eastern African Rift, including Olduvai Gorge and Horn-overlap sites.
ENTITY: Oldowan technological practices.
EVENT/CONDITION: Simple-looking but skilled systems of core reduction,
percussion and sharp-flake production occur across multiple landscapes.
Variation, learning and raw-material choice make “Oldowan” a broad analytical
family rather than one unchanging culture.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge transmission | food | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for the broad technological horizon; B for local relationships.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S055–EAGL.S060.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000024 — [EAGL-HOM-008] EARLY HOMO IN THE TURKANA–OLDUVAI FIELD
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 2.4–1.8 Ma, depending on specimen and attribution.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007.
PLACE: Turkana basin and Olduvai Gorge.
ENTITY: fossils attributed to early Homo.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mandibles, crania and teeth indicate one or more early Homo
populations alongside australopiths. Fragmentary anatomy and overlapping
variation prevent a universally accepted number of species.
DOMAIN: human evolution | population diversity | anatomy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for early Homo presence; C for species assignments.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S061–EAGL.S066.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: boundaries among H. habilis, H. rudolfensis and variation.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000025 — [EAGL-HOM-009] PARANTHROPUS BOISEI PERSISTS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 2.3–1.2 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W008.
PLACE: eastern Africa, including Olduvai and Turkana.
ENTITY: Paranthropus boisei populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Robust-jawed hominins coexist with early Homo over a long
interval. Diet was flexible despite specialised chewing anatomy. Association
with tools at Nyayanga warns against assigning technologies by genus alone.
DOMAIN: human evolution | food | population diversity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for presence; B for dietary reconstruction; U for tool authorship.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S057, EAGL.S063–EAGL.S068.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000026 — [EAGL-HOM-010] HOMO HABILIS MOSAIC
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: broadly c. 2.4–1.4 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W008.
PLACE: Olduvai Gorge, Turkana basin and wider eastern Africa.
ENTITY: Homo habilis sensu lato.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fossils combine larger brains than many australopiths with
retained climbing-related and primitive features. The traditional title
“handy man” must not be treated as proof that this species alone made Oldowan tools.
DOMAIN: human evolution | anatomy | technology attribution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for fossil grouping; C for taxonomic unity; U for exclusive authorship.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S061–EAGL.S067.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000027 — [EAGL-HOM-011] CARCASS PROCESSING AND PLANT POUNDING
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 3.0–1.8 Ma for securely evidenced early tool-assisted practices.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006–W007.
PLACE: Nyayanga, Olduvai, Turkana and eastern African sites.
ENTITY: early hominin food-processing systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cutmarks, percussion damage and tool wear show access to
animal tissues and pounding of diverse materials. Evidence does not reduce
subsistence to hunting or meat; scavenging, plants and mixed strategies remain possible.
DOMAIN: food | technology | ecology | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; behaviour varies by site and taphonomic interpretation.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S054–EAGL.S060, EAGL.S069–EAGL.S071.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000028 — [EAGL-HOM-012] HOMO ERECTUS/ERGASTER BODY PLAN
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: from c. 1.9 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W008.
PLACE: Turkana, Olduvai and wider eastern Africa.
ENTITY: African Homo erectus / Homo ergaster populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Taller bodies, longer legs, changed growth and expanded
mobility appear within a still-variable population field. Whether African
forms merit the separate name H. ergaster is a taxonomic convention, not a
different chronological event.
DOMAIN: human evolution | anatomy | mobility | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad body-plan shift; C for species naming.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S072–EAGL.S076.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000029 — [EAGL-HOM-013] KOKISELEI EARLY ACHEULEAN
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: c. 1.76 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008.
PLACE: Kokiselei 4, west Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: early Acheulean assemblage.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large cutting tools, including bifacial forms, demonstrate
Acheulean technology by about 1.76 million years ago. Oldowan and Acheulean
strategies overlap; the new form does not instantly replace all earlier practice.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge | material systems.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S077–EAGL.S080.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ACHEULEAN.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000030 — [EAGL-HOM-014] NARIOKOTOME BOY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 1.6 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008.
PLACE: Nariokotome, west Lake Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: KNM-WT 15000 juvenile skeleton.
EVENT/CONDITION: An unusually complete juvenile Homo erectus/ergaster skeleton
provides direct evidence for body proportions, growth and locomotion. Exact
age at death and growth equivalence to modern humans remain debated.
DOMAIN: human evolution | anatomy | growth | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for specimen and geological age; B–C for life-history estimates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S073–EAGL.S076, EAGL.S081–EAGL.S083.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NARIOKOTOME_SKELETON.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000031 — [EAGL-HOM-015] KOOBI FORA HOMININ FOOTPRINT COEXISTENCE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 1.5 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008.
PLACE: Koobi Fora, east Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: contemporaneous hominin footprint surfaces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Trackways with different anatomical patterns occur on the
same ancient landscape within a short interval, supporting coexistence of at
least two locomotor morphologies, plausibly Homo erectus and Paranthropus boisei.
DOMAIN: human evolution | locomotion | coexistence | behaviour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for tracks and contemporaneity; B for taxonomic attribution.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S084–EAGL.S086.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000367 — [EAGL-HOM-V11-002] SYSTEMATIC KNAPPED-BONE TECHNOLOGY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: c. 1.5 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008.
PLACE: T69 Complex, FLK West Gully, Olduvai Gorge, northern Tanzania.
ENTITY: assemblage of 27 intentionally knapped elephant, hippopotamus and
other large-mammal bone tools.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hominins systematically shape large limb-bone fragments with
invasive flake removal and edge trimming in an early Acheulean context. The
single securely dated horizon moves repeated bone-tool production more than a
million years earlier than previously recognised systematic examples, showing
transfer of knapping principles across stone and bone without identifying one
species as the maker.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge transmission | materials | food | cognition.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL |
SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for assemblage, intentional shaping and age; U for maker identity
and exact tool functions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1793–EAGL.S1795.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EARLY_SYSTEMATIC_BONE_TOOL_PRODUCTION.
NOTES: Event time is c. 1.5 Ma; the research publication date is 5 March 2025
and is not the historical date of production.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000032 — [EAGL-HOM-016] OLDUVAI TECHNOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 2.0 Ma–Middle Pleistocene.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W009.
PLACE: Olduvai Gorge, northern Tanzania.
ENTITY: Olduvai archaeological and palaeoenvironmental sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deep strata preserve Oldowan, early Acheulean and later
activities against changing lake and grassland settings. Site formation and
long gaps require layer-specific inference; “Olduvai culture” is not one people.
DOMAIN: archaeology | technology | food | ecology | evidence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for sequence; B–C for individual behavioural reconstructions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S058–EAGL.S060, EAGL.S087–EAGL.S091.
GRAPH SEED: YES — OLDUVAI_GORGE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000033 — [EAGL-HOM-017] OLORGESAILIE ACHEULEAN LANDSCAPE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: c. 1.2 Ma–320 ka, with gaps and changing site use.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: southern Kenya Rift.
ENTITY: Olorgesailie Acheulean sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated handaxe production, carcass processing and movement
across a faulted lake-basin landscape show long-lived technical knowledge.
Accumulations represent many occupations, not one continuous camp.
DOMAIN: technology | food | mobility | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for the sequence; B for specific site-use interpretations.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S092–EAGL.S097.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000034 — [EAGL-HOM-018] KARIANDUSI LARGE-CUTTING-TOOL SITE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: Middle Pleistocene; often estimated c. 1.0–0.7 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: Kariandusi, central Kenya Rift.
ENTITY: Acheulean artefact concentrations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Dense large cutting tools beside an ancient lake record
repeated manufacture or use. Earlier “factory” and kill-site labels exceed
what the site alone proves.
DOMAIN: technology | settlement use | raw materials.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for Acheulean attribution; C for age and site function.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S098–EAGL.S100.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: chronology and formation process remain debated.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000035 — [EAGL-HOM-019] ISENYA HANDAXE PRODUCTION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: broadly c. 700–600 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009.
PLACE: Isenya, southern Kenya.
ENTITY: Acheulean workshop and occupation evidence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Refitting and production debris preserve stages of biface
manufacture and skilled reduction. Artefact symmetry records learned practice,
but does not by itself establish language or one cognitive threshold.
DOMAIN: technology | apprenticeship | knowledge | cognition.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S100–EAGL.S102.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000036 — [EAGL-HOM-020] RAW-MATERIAL AND LANDSCAPE KNOWLEDGE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: at least c. 1.8 Ma–300 ka, increasing resolution through the interval.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: eastern African Rift basins.
ENTITY: hominin learned mobility and material knowledge.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated selection and transport of suitable stone, water and
animal resources implies memory, teaching and route knowledge. The scale of
social organisation cannot be read directly from artefact transport alone.
DOMAIN: knowledge | mobility | materials | social learning.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for learned selection; C for social mechanism.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S077–EAGL.S080, EAGL.S092–EAGL.S102.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000037 — [EAGL-HOM-021] FIRE EVIDENCE REMAINS PATCHY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: CONTESTED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: possible early occurrences; stronger recurrent evidence develops later.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W010.
PLACE: eastern African archaeological sites.
ENTITY: hominin fire use and control.
EVENT/CONDITION: Burned sediments and materials occur at several sites, but
natural fire, redeposition and intentional tending are difficult to separate.
The Atlas does not assign a single regional “invention of fire” date.
DOMAIN: energy | food | protection | technology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: D for many earliest claims; B where repeated contextual evidence is stronger.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S103–EAGL.S106.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: intentionality and recurrent control vary by site.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000038 — [EAGL-HOM-022] MULTIPLE TECHNOLOGIES COEXIST
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: c. 1.8 Ma–300 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: eastern Africa.
ENTITY: overlapping Oldowan, Acheulean and local technological strategies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Small-flake and large-cutting-tool practices overlap across
time and space. Technical change is branching and task-sensitive rather than
a universal linear staircase from “simple” to “advanced.”
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge | historiography.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S055–EAGL.S060, EAGL.S077–EAGL.S102.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000039 — [EAGL-HOM-023] HOMININ SPECIES COEXIST
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: especially c. 3.5–1.2 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005–W008.
PLACE: Turkana, Olduvai and wider eastern Africa.
ENTITY: multi-lineage hominin population field.
EVENT/CONDITION: Australopith, Paranthropus and Homo fossils overlap in time.
Evolution is a branching population history involving coexistence,
extinction, dispersal and possible contact, not a single-file march.
DOMAIN: human evolution | population | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for coexistence; C for exact lineage relationships.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S034–EAGL.S086.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000040 — [EAGL-HOM-024] EAST AFRICA IN EARLY HOMO DISPERSAL
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: c. 1.9–1.5 Ma and later pulses.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W008.
PLACE: eastern Africa linked to northeast African and Eurasian corridors.
ENTITY: early Homo range expansion.
EVENT/CONDITION: African H. erectus/ergaster populations form part of the
source field for early Homo dispersals beyond Africa. The evidence supports
repeated range shifts, not one documented departure from one East African site.
DOMAIN: migration | mobility | human evolution | climate.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; routes, population sizes and pulse structure remain uncertain.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S072–EAGL.S080, EAGL.S107–EAGL.S110.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EARLY_HOMO_DISPERSALS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000041 — [EAGL-HOM-025] RIFT PRESERVATION BIAS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: applies to all deep-human records.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005–W010.
PLACE: eastern African Rift compared with less-sampled surrounding regions.
ENTITY: archaeological and fossil visibility.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rapid sedimentation, volcanic dating horizons, erosion and
long research histories make Rift evidence unusually visible. Apparent
concentration of first occurrences may partly reflect preservation, exposure
and investigation rather than exclusive biological origin.
DOMAIN: evidence | archaeology | research history | uncertainty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A as an evidentiary caution; magnitude cannot be measured precisely.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S011–EAGL.S016, EAGL.S034–EAGL.S110.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000042 — [EAGL-HOM-026] CLIMATE IS A FIELD, NOT A SINGLE CAUSE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 6 Ma–300 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005–W010.
PLACE: East African Rift and adjoining regions.
ENTITY: climate–hominin interaction field.
EVENT/CONDITION: Habitat and water variability change selection pressures and
mobility options, but tools, bipedality, brain change or dispersal cannot be
assigned to one climatic switch without independent evidence. Social learning,
demography and inherited anatomy also matter.
DOMAIN: climate | human evolution | causality | evidence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B as synthesis; individual causal models range B–D.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S023–EAGL.S030, EAGL.S107–EAGL.S113.
ATLAS READING: synchrony must not be converted automatically into causality.

==============================================================================
7. HOMO SAPIENS, MIDDLE/LATER STONE AGE AND HOLOCENE FORAGER WORLDS
c. 320,000–3000 BCE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000043 — [EAGL-SAP-001] MIDDLE STONE AGE MOSAIC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: from before c. 300 ka, varying by site and lasting much later.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009–W013.
PLACE: eastern Africa.
ENTITY: Middle Stone Age technological systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Prepared-core methods, points, smaller tools and changing
raw-material strategies appear in multiple combinations. “Middle Stone Age”
is an analytical horizon, not one people, language or instantaneous revolution.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge | mobility | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad horizon; B–C for local starts and endings.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S114–EAGL.S119.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000044 — [EAGL-SAP-002] OLORGESAILIE TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: principally c. 320–295 ka after an earlier depositional gap.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009–W010.
PLACE: Olorgesailie basin, southern Kenya.
ENTITY: transition from late Acheulean to Middle Stone Age practices.
EVENT/CONDITION: Smaller points, prepared cores, pigments and distant obsidian
occur after the long Acheulean sequence. Environmental instability and wider
networks are contemporaneous, but no single factor is proven sufficient.
DOMAIN: technology | communication | materials | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for assemblages and age; C for causal interpretation.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S092–EAGL.S097, EAGL.S120–EAGL.S124.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000045 — [EAGL-SAP-003] LONG-DISTANCE OBSIDIAN MOVEMENT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: by c. 320–295 ka at Olorgesailie.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009–W010.
PLACE: southern Kenya Rift and obsidian sources tens of kilometres away.
ENTITY: early long-distance material-transfer network.
EVENT/CONDITION: Geochemically sourced obsidian moved farther than local stone,
indicating extended travel, exchange or both. The evidence proves connection
across landscapes but not formal markets or a named trade route.
DOMAIN: materials | mobility | exchange | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for non-local origin; B for social-transfer interpretation.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S120–EAGL.S126.
GRAPH SEED: YES — OBSIDIAN_TRANSFER.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000046 — [EAGL-SAP-004] PIGMENT USE AT OLORGESAILIE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: c. 320–295 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009–W010.
PLACE: Olorgesailie basin, Kenya.
ENTITY: red and black colouring materials.
EVENT/CONDITION: Worked or transported pigments occur with Middle Stone Age
assemblages. They may have served symbolic, technical or bodily functions;
colour alone cannot establish one meaning.
DOMAIN: communication | art | technology | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for pigment presence; C for function.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S120–EAGL.S126.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000047 — [EAGL-SAP-005] OMO I SETS AN EASTERN AFRICAN ANCHOR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: older than c. 233 ± 22 ka under the 2022 volcanic correlation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W010.
PLACE: Omo Kibish, Ethiopia; Horn overlap.
ENTITY: Omo I Homo sapiens remains.
EVENT/CONDITION: Anatomically modern human remains provide an important
minimum-age anchor for Homo sapiens in eastern Africa. This controlled overlap
belongs primarily to the Horn file but constrains the regional population field.
DOMAIN: human evolution | population | dating.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; volcanic correlations and minimum-age logic remain explicit.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S127–EAGL.S130.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EARLY_HOMO_SAPIENS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000048 — [EAGL-SAP-006] AFRICAN HOMO SAPIENS POPULATION STRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 300–100 ka and later.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W010–W011.
PLACE: Africa, including eastern African corridors and refugia.
ENTITY: structured ancestral Homo sapiens populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fossils, archaeology and genetics favour long interaction
among partly differentiated African populations rather than a single isolated
birthplace occupied by a homogeneous founding group.
DOMAIN: population | genetics | migration | human evolution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for structured-population model; C for precise geography and timing.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S127–EAGL.S134.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: model form, ancestral populations and corridors remain debated.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000049 — [EAGL-SAP-007] LAETOLI HOMINID 18
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: often placed broadly c. 120–80 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W011.
PLACE: Ngaloba beds, Laetoli, Tanzania.
ENTITY: LH 18 cranial fossil.
EVENT/CONDITION: A large-brained cranium with a mosaic of modern and archaic
features contributes to eastern African Homo sapiens variation. Its age and
diagnostic status are less secure than its existence.
DOMAIN: human evolution | anatomy | population diversity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S135–EAGL.S138.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000050 — [EAGL-SAP-008] MUMBA ROCKSHELTER SEQUENCE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1–Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: approximately 130 ka–Holocene, discontinuously.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W011–W015.
PLACE: Lake Eyasi basin, Tanzania.
ENTITY: Mumba Rockshelter occupation sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Middle and Later Stone Age assemblages, fauna, pigments and
beads preserve changing technologies across a long interval. Re-dating has
revised earlier simple stage schemes.
DOMAIN: technology | food | communication | evidence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for long sequence; C for some layer ages and transitions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S139–EAGL.S143.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000051 — [EAGL-SAP-009] KATANDA BONE HARPOONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: commonly estimated c. 90–60 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W011–W012.
PLACE: Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, eastern DRC.
ENTITY: barbed bone projectile points and aquatic subsistence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Carefully made barbed bone points occur with fish remains,
demonstrating specialised organic technology and aquatic knowledge. Dating is
challenging and claims of a single “first fishing revolution” are avoided.
DOMAIN: technology | fisheries | food | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for artefacts and aquatic use; C for precise age.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S144–EAGL.S147.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KATANDA_HARPOONS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000052 — [EAGL-SAP-010] PANGA YA SAIDI LONG OCCUPATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 78 ka–recent centuries, with occupational variation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W011–W061.
PLACE: coastal hinterland of Kenya; Swahili-object overlap.
ENTITY: Panga ya Saidi cave sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated use of a forest–grassland ecotone preserves Middle
and Later Stone Age tools, beads, ochre, plants and fauna. The record shows
long ecological flexibility rather than one abrupt coastal adaptation.
DOMAIN: settlement | technology | food | communication | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for site and broad sequence; B for individual transitions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S148–EAGL.S152.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000053 — [EAGL-SAP-011] MTOTO CHILD BURIAL
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 78 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W011.
PLACE: Panga ya Saidi, Kenya.
ENTITY: deliberately buried young child known as Mtoto.
EVENT/CONDITION: Anatomical position, pit context and sediment evidence support
intentional burial, among the oldest securely documented Homo sapiens burials
in Africa. Meaning and ritual vocabulary cannot be recovered directly.
DOMAIN: death | care | ritual | social systems.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for intentional burial; C for cultural meaning.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S151–EAGL.S154.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MTOTO_BURIAL.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000054 — [EAGL-SAP-012] MIDDLE STONE AGE PRACTICES PERSIST
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1–Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: after 50 ka at some eastern African sites.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: eastern Africa.
ENTITY: late Middle Stone Age communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Prepared-core and point traditions persist beside or after
assemblages classified as Later Stone Age. Chronological overlap undermines a
single regional replacement date.
DOMAIN: technology | knowledge continuity | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S114–EAGL.S119, EAGL.S139–EAGL.S152.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000055 — [EAGL-SAP-013] ENKAPUNE YA MUTO BEADS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: c. 40 ka, with sequence-specific uncertainty.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: Mau Escarpment, Kenya.
ENTITY: worked ostrich-eggshell beads.
EVENT/CONDITION: Standardised small beads provide evidence for ornamentation,
identity signalling and skilled production. The beads may have circulated,
but individual routes are not directly observed.
DOMAIN: art | identity | communication | technology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S155–EAGL.S158.
GRAPH SEED: YES — OSTRICH_EGGSHELL_BEADS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000056 — [EAGL-SAP-014] EAST–SOUTH AFRICAN BEAD CONNECTION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: especially c. 50–33 ka; later networks change.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: eastern and southern Africa.
ENTITY: ostrich-eggshell bead style and exchange network.
EVENT/CONDITION: Measurements and chronology reveal long-distance similarity
and probable connection across eastern and southern Africa before later
regional divergence. Shared form is evidence of interaction, not political unity.
DOMAIN: trade | communication | identity | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; exact carriers and pathways remain inferred.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S159–EAGL.S161.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000057 — [EAGL-SAP-015] LATER STONE AGE MICROLITHIC SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: broadly c. 50 ka onward, locally variable.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013–W015.
PLACE: eastern Africa.
ENTITY: Later Stone Age technological mosaics.
EVENT/CONDITION: Small backed tools, composite weapon parts, grinding, bone
tools and ornaments occur in varying combinations. Later Stone Age is not one
ethnicity and does not mean all older technologies vanish.
DOMAIN: technology | food | mobility | communication.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad horizon; B–C for site-level transitions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S139–EAGL.S158, EAGL.S162–EAGL.S165.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000058 — [EAGL-SAP-016] LAKE VICTORIA LATE-PLEISTOCENE FORAGERS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: principally c. 36–15 ka in currently documented sequences.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013–W014.
PLACE: eastern Lake Victoria basin, Kenya and Tanzania.
ENTITY: Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sites preserve microliths, ochre, fauna and changing use of
grassland and lake-margin resources. Lake contraction and refilling repeatedly
alter the available food and movement field.
DOMAIN: population | food | technology | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S166–EAGL.S170.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000059 — [EAGL-SAP-017] LUKENYA HILL OCCUPATIONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: late Pleistocene–Holocene, including occupations around the LGM.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013–W015.
PLACE: Athi–Kapiti plains, Kenya.
ENTITY: Lukenya Hill rockshelters.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fauna and stone tools record repeated hunting and foraging on
changing highland grasslands. Deposits provide a long regional environmental
archive but do not describe one continuous resident group.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | climate | technology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S171–EAGL.S174.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000060 — [EAGL-SAP-018] ISHANGO KNOWLEDGE OBJECT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: often placed c. 20 ka, with dating uncertainty.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: Ishango, Lake Edward region, eastern DRC.
ENTITY: notched bone known as the Ishango bone.
EVENT/CONDITION: Structured notch groups record deliberate marking, perhaps
counting, calendrical notation or another mnemonic practice. Claims that it
encodes modern prime-number mathematics exceed consensus.
DOMAIN: information | mathematics | memory | material culture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for deliberate notation; D for specific mathematical decoding.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S175–EAGL.S178.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ISHANGO_NOTCHED_BONE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000061 — [EAGL-SAP-019] TERMINAL-PLEISTOCENE ECOLOGICAL RESET
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
TIME: c. 20–11.7 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: East African lakes, highlands and savannas.
ENTITY: Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene environmental transition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Warming and rainfall change move vegetation zones and remake
lakes, rivers and fisheries. Human groups adapt through mobility, diversified
food systems and changing settlement schedules.
DOMAIN: climate | water | food | mobility | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad transition; B–C for local timing and response.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S023–EAGL.S030, EAGL.S166–EAGL.S174.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000062 — [EAGL-SAP-020] AFRICAN HUMID PERIOD IN THE REGION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: broadly c. 9700–5000 BCE, regionally asynchronous.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W017.
PLACE: eastern Africa.
ENTITY: early–mid-Holocene wetter climatic field.
EVENT/CONDITION: Increased rainfall and fuller lakes expand wetlands, pasture
and aquatic resources, though local records include interruptions. Later
drying helps reorganise mobility without mechanically causing pastoralism.
DOMAIN: climate | water | pasture | fisheries | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; magnitude and timing vary strongly by basin.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S179–EAGL.S183.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000063 — [EAGL-SAP-021] TURKANA FISHER-FORAGER SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 9000–4000 BCE, with local variation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W018.
PLACE: Lake Turkana and lower Omo basin.
ENTITY: Holocene fisher-hunter-gatherer communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Harpoons, fish remains, shell, wild fauna and occupation sites
show intensive use of enlarged lakes and rivers. Aquatic specialisation is a
complex food system and need not imply agriculture or permanent villages.
DOMAIN: fisheries | hunting | gathering | settlement | technology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S184–EAGL.S188.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000064 — [EAGL-SAP-022] NATARUK LETHAL VIOLENCE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: c. 10,500–9,500 years ago.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W016.
PLACE: Nataruk, west of Lake Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: remains of at least twenty-seven people, several violently killed.
EVENT/CONDITION: Embedded projectiles, cranial trauma and body positions show
lethal group violence among hunter-gatherers. Whether the event is properly
called warfare, massacre or a local conflict remains debated.
DOMAIN: violence | security | population | social organisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for lethal violence; C for social category and cause.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S189–EAGL.S192.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: warfare interpretation contested.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000065 — [EAGL-SAP-023] POTTERY WITHOUT FARMING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: early Holocene onward.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W018.
PLACE: Turkana, Nile-headwater and Great Lakes interfaces.
ENTITY: fisher-forager ceramic traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pottery is made and used by communities relying substantially
on fish and wild foods before local farming becomes dominant. Ceramic presence
therefore cannot serve as an automatic proxy for cultivation, herding or language.
DOMAIN: ceramics | food | technology | classification.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for the general pattern; B for individual assemblage economies.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S184–EAGL.S188, EAGL.S193–EAGL.S196.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000066 — [EAGL-SAP-024] KANSYORE LAKE-SHORE FORAGERS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: broadly c. 6000 BCE–first millennium CE, discontinuous and regionally variable.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W017–W036.
PLACE: Lake Victoria and western Kenyan lake and river margins.
ENTITY: Kansyore ceramic and subsistence horizon.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pottery-bearing hunter-fisher-forager communities repeatedly
use rich aquatic settings and later interact with herders and farmers.
“Kansyore” is a material label, not a securely named ethnic population.
DOMAIN: ceramics | fisheries | gathering | interaction.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; chronology and continuity differ among sites.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S197–EAGL.S201.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000067 — [EAGL-SAP-025] EBURRAN KNOWLEDGE CONTINUITIES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: late Pleistocene–mid/late Holocene.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014–W025.
PLACE: central Kenyan Rift and adjacent highlands.
ENTITY: Eburran lithic traditions and communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Long-lived microlithic practices persist through climatic
change and the arrival of livestock. Some foragers adopt animals or exchange
with herders without an instantaneous population replacement.
DOMAIN: technology | foraging | herding interaction | knowledge continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for material continuity; C for population-language identity.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S202–EAGL.S206.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000068 — [EAGL-SAP-026] HADZA FORAGER WORLD
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: deep but undated ancestry–28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W068.
PLACE: Lake Eyasi region, Tanzania.
ENTITY: Hadza communities and Hadzane knowledge system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hunting, gathering, language, ecological knowledge and social
networks survive through interaction with pastoral, farming and state systems.
Genetic depth does not prove unchanged occupation or culture since the Stone Age.
DOMAIN: population | language | food | knowledge | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for present people and language; C for deep territorial continuity.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S207–EAGL.S211.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000069 — [EAGL-SAP-027] SANDAWE FORAGER–FARMER ADAPTATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: deep but undated ancestry–28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W068.
PLACE: central Tanzania.
ENTITY: Sandawe communities and language.
EVENT/CONDITION: Foraging, cultivation, livestock and exchange combine over
time. Linguistic and genetic relationships illuminate contact but cannot
convert a modern identity into a direct archaeological culture label.
DOMAIN: population | language | food | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for modern identity; C for deep historical reconstruction.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S212–EAGL.S215.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000070 — [EAGL-SAP-028] TWA AND FOREST-MARGIN HISTORIES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: prehistory–28 July 2026; exact origins unresolved.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W068.
PLACE: Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and eastern DRC forest margins.
ENTITY: Twa/Batwa communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forest knowledge, hunting, pottery, performance and exchange
link Twa communities with neighbouring farmers and states. Later dispossession
and conservation exclusion severely reduce land access. No simple fossil-to-
modern identity line is asserted.
DOMAIN: population | forest | food | culture | land rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: B for recent histories; D for remote ancestry claims.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S216–EAGL.S220.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000071 — [EAGL-SAP-029] AQUATIC KNOWLEDGE AS INFRASTRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: Late Pleistocene–28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W011–W068.
PLACE: Turkana, Victoria, Albert, Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika systems.
ENTITY: fishing, boat, wetland and lake-navigation knowledge.
EVENT/CONDITION: Harpoons, hooks, nets, traps, canoes, seasonal calendars and
fish processing form cumulative infrastructures. Technologies and species
change, while lake knowledge remains essential to food and transport.
DOMAIN: fisheries | transport | food | knowledge | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for long importance; B–C for particular prehistoric continuities.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S144–EAGL.S147, EAGL.S184–EAGL.S201, EAGL.S221–EAGL.S223.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREAT_LAKES_AQUATIC_SYSTEMS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000072 — [EAGL-SAP-030] HOLOCENE LIVELIHOOD MOSAIC BEFORE HERDING
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 9700–3000 BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W020.
PLACE: East African Rift and Great Lakes region.
ENTITY: mobile and semi-sedentary forager-fisher economies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hunting, gathering, fishing, plant management, exchange,
pottery and seasonal settlement coexist in different proportions. This is a
plural adaptive field, not an empty “pre-civilisational” stage.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | exchange | knowledge | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for plurality; B for local chronologies.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S179–EAGL.S223.
CAPABILITY STAGE: FOUNDATION 0 — Adaptive Human Worlds.

==============================================================================
8. HERDING, CULTIVATION, IRONWORKING AND LANGUAGE-POPULATION INTERFACES
c. 7000 BCE–700 CE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000073 — [EAGL-FOD-001] LIVESTOCK DOMESTICATION OCCURS OUTSIDE THE CORE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: DOMESTICATED_ANIMAL.
TIME: principally c. 7000–5000 BCE for northeast-African cattle-herding development.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W018.
PLACE: Sahara, Nile Valley and northeast Africa; regional source overlap.
ENTITY: domesticated cattle, sheep and goats.
EVENT/CONDITION: Livestock domestication and herding knowledge develop north
of the core region before animals move south. Cattle domestication histories
remain debated and include African management plus introduced southwest-Asian stock.
DOMAIN: food | animals | migration | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; species-specific pathways differ.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S224–EAGL.S228.
GRAPH SEED: YES — AFRICAN_PASTORALISM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000074 — [EAGL-FOD-002] LIVESTOCK REACH NORTHERN KENYA
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: from c. 3000 BCE, with site-level uncertainty.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W021.
PLACE: Lake Turkana basin and northern Kenya.
ENTITY: early herding communities and livestock.
EVENT/CONDITION: Domestic cattle, sheep and goats enter a landscape occupied
by fisher-foragers. Animals, herding skills and people move through several
contacts rather than one instantaneous “Pastoral Neolithic invasion.”
DOMAIN: migration | food | animals | population contact.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S229–EAGL.S234.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000075 — [EAGL-FOD-003] LOTHAGAM NORTH PILLAR SITE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: c. 3000–2300 BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W022.
PLACE: west Lake Turkana, Kenya.
ENTITY: Lothagam North communal cemetery and pillar complex.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobile herders build a monumental mortuary place containing
hundreds of people during environmental and economic change. Collective
construction shows coordination without requiring a highly stratified state.
DOMAIN: ritual | settlement | social organisation | herding.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for monument and burials; B for social interpretation.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S235–EAGL.S238.
GRAPH SEED: YES — TURKANA_PILLAR_SITES.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000076 — [EAGL-FOD-004] PILLAR-SITE NETWORK AROUND TURKANA
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 3000–2000 BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W022.
PLACE: Lake Turkana basin.
ENTITY: stone-pillar, mortuary and gathering traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Multiple monumental sites form a shared social landscape for
mobile communities. Stone movement, ceremonies and burial create durable
meeting points around a shrinking lake.
DOMAIN: ritual | mobility | memory | social coordination.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S235–EAGL.S240.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000077 — [EAGL-FOD-005] HERDERS MOVE SOUTHWARD
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: c. 3000–1000 BCE, continuing afterward.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W025.
PLACE: northern Kenya through the central Rift toward Tanzania.
ENTITY: early pastoral population and knowledge dispersals.
EVENT/CONDITION: Livestock and mobile herding systems spread south through
migration, marriage, exchange and local adoption. Ancient DNA supports more
than one population mixture rather than a single homogeneous herder wave.
DOMAIN: migration | population | food | language | animals.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; route resolution and language assignment remain incomplete.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S229–EAGL.S234, EAGL.S241–EAGL.S246.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000078 — [EAGL-FOD-006] TWO-STAGE ANCESTRY IN EARLY HERDERS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: principally third–second millennia BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W023.
PLACE: eastern Africa from Ethiopia/Kenya into Tanzania.
ENTITY: Pastoral Neolithic ancestry formation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ancient genomes indicate admixture between northeast-African-
related herders and eastern African foragers before and during southward
expansion, followed by additional local mixture. Genes, ceramics and languages
need not move in identical packages.
DOMAIN: genetics | migration | population | herding.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; sampled burials do not represent every community.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S241–EAGL.S249.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000079 — [EAGL-FOD-007] MILK USE PRECEDES COMMON LACTASE PERSISTENCE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: by at least second millennium BCE among sampled eastern African herders.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W025.
PLACE: Kenya and Tanzania Pastoral Neolithic contexts.
ENTITY: dairying and milk-processing practices.
EVENT/CONDITION: Milk proteins in dental calculus show dairy consumption even
when sampled people lack later-common lactase-persistence alleles. Fermentation,
age and processing allow cultural practice to precede genetic adaptation.
DOMAIN: food | health | animals | genetics | technology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for detected proteins; B for population-wide frequency.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S250–EAGL.S253.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_DAIRYING.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000080 — [EAGL-FOD-008] LACTASE PERSISTENCE EVOLVES CONVERGENTLY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: SPECIES.
TIME: later Holocene, under continuing selection.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W047.
PLACE: eastern African pastoral populations.
ENTITY: adult lactase-persistence genetic variants.
EVENT/CONDITION: Several different variants increase adult milk digestion in
pastoral populations, an example of gene–culture coevolution. No allele defines
one ethnicity, and dairy use is possible without it.
DOMAIN: genetics | food | health | evolution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for multiple variants and selection; B–C for dating each rise.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S250–EAGL.S256.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000081 — [EAGL-FOD-009] NDERIT CERAMIC HORIZON
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: principally c. 3000–2200 BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W022.
PLACE: Turkana basin and northern Kenya.
ENTITY: Nderit pottery tradition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Distinctive ceramics occur at early herding and pillar-site
contexts. The style helps map interaction but cannot be equated automatically
with one language, clan or migration.
DOMAIN: ceramics | herding | exchange | classification.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S229–EAGL.S240, EAGL.S257–EAGL.S259.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000082 — [EAGL-FOD-010] SAVANNA PASTORAL NEOLITHIC
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: broadly c. 1300 BCE–700 CE, with regional variation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W024–W035.
PLACE: Kenya and northern Tanzania.
ENTITY: specialised and mixed herding societies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Livestock-centred communities use seasonal mobility,
settlements, stone tools and ceramics across savanna and highland zones.
The archaeological label contains several material traditions and populations.
DOMAIN: pastoralism | settlement | food | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S241–EAGL.S249, EAGL.S260–EAGL.S265.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000083 — [EAGL-FOD-011] ELMENTEITAN NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: c. 1200 BCE–700 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W024–W035.
PLACE: central and southern Kenya Rift and northern Tanzania.
ENTITY: Elmenteitan material and pastoral network.
EVENT/CONDITION: Obsidian industries, ceramics, livestock and mortuary
practices connect dispersed herding communities. Shared material culture may
reflect interaction and identity, but exact linguistic attribution is inferred.
DOMAIN: pastoralism | technology | exchange | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; proposed South Cushitic association is C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S260–EAGL.S268.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000084 — [EAGL-FOD-012] NAROSURA AND RELATED PASTORAL TRADITIONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: principally second–first millennia BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W031.
PLACE: southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.
ENTITY: Narosura ceramic and settlement horizon.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ceramics, livestock and settlements identify another strand
within Pastoral Neolithic life. Boundaries with other named traditions are
analytical and may not reproduce the identities of their makers.
DOMAIN: ceramics | pastoralism | settlement | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S262–EAGL.S269.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000085 — [EAGL-FOD-013] HERDER–FORAGER EXCHANGE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: c. 3000 BCE–first millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W035.
PLACE: Turkana, central Kenya, Tanzania and Lake Victoria approaches.
ENTITY: exchange between herders, fishers and foragers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Stone, meat, fish, pottery, animals, knowledge and people move
between communities. Some foragers adopt livestock; some herders depend on
wild foods. Interaction can include inequality and conflict as well as exchange.
DOMAIN: trade | food | population | knowledge | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S197–EAGL.S206, EAGL.S241–EAGL.S269.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000086 — [EAGL-FOD-014] CATTLE BECOME SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DOMESTICATED_ANIMAL.
TIME: from third millennium BCE; continuing in transformed forms.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W068.
PLACE: eastern African pastoral and mixed-farming worlds.
ENTITY: cattle systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cattle provide milk, meat, blood, hides, traction in some
settings, bridewealth, ritual value and mobile wealth. Their social role varies
and cannot be reduced to caloric production.
DOMAIN: food | economy | kinship | ritual | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ECONOMIC | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for long importance; B for prehistoric social reconstructions.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S224–EAGL.S269.
GRAPH SEED: YES — CATTLE_SYSTEMS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000087 — [EAGL-FOD-015] EASTERN SUDANIC/NILOTIC MOVEMENT INTERFACES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: first millennium BCE onward, in multiple pulses.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W025–W047.
PLACE: Nile–Great Lakes–Rift interfaces.
ENTITY: Nilotic-language and associated population expansions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pastoral and agropastoral communities move and interact
southward and eastward over long periods. Linguistic descent, archaeological
tradition and biological ancestry overlap only partially.
DOMAIN: migration | language | pastoralism | population contact.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: C for early chronology; B for later historical movements.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S270–EAGL.S275.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000088 — [EAGL-FOD-016] BANTU-LANGUAGE EXPANSION REACHES GREAT LAKES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: broadly c. 1000 BCE–500 CE, followed by continuing regional differentiation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W025–W034.
PLACE: Great Lakes, Lake Victoria and adjoining highlands.
ENTITY: Bantu-language-speaking population and language expansions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Communities carrying Bantu languages enter and expand within
regions already occupied by foragers and herders. Migration, marriage, language
shift and local adoption produce a network of mixtures, not total replacement.
DOMAIN: migration | language | farming | population | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for broad expansion; C for route and century at local scale.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S276–EAGL.S283.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BANTU_LANGUAGE_EXPANSIONS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000089 — [EAGL-FOD-017] UREWE MATERIAL HORIZON
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
ENTITY TYPE: MATERIAL_CULTURE.
TIME: securely from roughly mid-first millennium BCE–mid-first millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W034.
PLACE: interlacustrine Great Lakes region.
ENTITY: Urewe ceramics and associated settlement/ironworking horizon.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deeply dimpled and bevelled pottery forms occur with farming
and iron production across a wide zone. “Urewe” must not be converted into one
tribe, kingdom or universally identical Bantu-speaking migration.
DOMAIN: ceramics | iron | farming | settlement | classification.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for main chronology; D for claims substantially before 1000 BCE.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S284–EAGL.S290.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: earliest dates and population-language identity disputed.
GRAPH SEED: YES — UREWE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000090 — [EAGL-FOD-018] IRONWORKING IN THE GREAT LAKES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: from at least mid-first millennium BCE in securely dated contexts.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028 onward.
PLACE: Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, western Kenya, northwest Tanzania and eastern DRC.
ENTITY: bloomery iron-smelting and smithing systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Furnaces transform ore and charcoal into iron for tools,
weapons and ornaments. Knowledge is locally adapted; evidence does not require
either a single external introduction or an unsupported uniquely ancient origin.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | energy | tools | warfare | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; the earliest regional claims vary from B to D.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S286–EAGL.S294.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREAT_LAKES_IRONWORKING.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000091 — [EAGL-FOD-019] CHARCOAL–IRON ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
TIME: first millennium BCE–modern period.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W068.
PLACE: Great Lakes iron-producing landscapes.
ENTITY: biomass-fuelled metallurgy.
EVENT/CONDITION: Smelting depends on ore, furnace knowledge, clay, labour and
large charcoal supplies. Iron expands cultivation and construction capacity
while linking metallurgy to forest management and possible local degradation.
DOMAIN: energy | metallurgy | forests | labour | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B; environmental intensity is site-specific.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S286–EAGL.S296.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000092 — [EAGL-FOD-020] EARLY GREAT LAKES CULTIVATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally first millennium BCE–first millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W035.
PLACE: Lake Victoria and interlacustrine highlands.
ENTITY: cereal, pulse, tuber, livestock and wild-resource economies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cultivators combine sorghum, millet, pulses and other plants
with cattle, sheep/goats, fishing and gathering in differing proportions.
No single “Bantu crop package” appears everywhere at once.
DOMAIN: agriculture | food | livestock | fisheries | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; preservation leaves major plant-record gaps.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S297–EAGL.S303.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000093 — [EAGL-FOD-021] KAKAPEL PLANT RECORD
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
TIME: occupation spans many millennia; crop evidence intensifies after c. 2300 BP.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W035.
PLACE: Kakapel rockshelter, western Kenya.
ENTITY: long plant-use and agricultural sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Archaeobotanical remains trace wild plant use, early cowpea
and later diversified crops. The site documents gradual food-system transition
and interaction rather than a clean forager-to-farmer boundary.
DOMAIN: agriculture | plants | food | settlement | evidence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for recovered remains; B for regional representativeness.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S304–EAGL.S307.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KAKAPEL_AGRICULTURAL_SEQUENCE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000094 — [EAGL-FOD-022] AFRICAN GRAINS AND PULSES DIVERSIFY FOOD
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: CROP.
TIME: first millennium BCE onward, crop-specific.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W047.
PLACE: East African savannas and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, cowpea and related crops.
EVENT/CONDITION: African domesticates move through regional networks and are
selected for local altitude, rainfall and food practices. Each crop has a
different origin and arrival history.
DOMAIN: agriculture | food | trade | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; preservation and identification vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S297–EAGL.S310.
GRAPH SEED: YES — AFRICAN_CROP_NETWORKS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000095 — [EAGL-FOD-023] ASIAN CROPS ENTER EAST AFRICAN SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: CROP.
TIME: first millennium CE onward, with crop-specific uncertainty.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W047.
PLACE: Indian Ocean coast into inland East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: banana, plantain, Asian rice, taro and other crop transfers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Maritime and inland exchange carries crops ultimately of
Asian or New Guinean origin into African food systems, where farmers adapt
them locally. The route and date of banana establishment around the Great Lakes
remain especially contested.
DOMAIN: crops | Indian Ocean | trade | agriculture | transmission.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC | SCIENTIFIC | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for eventual transfer; C–D for earliest local dates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S311–EAGL.S317.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INDIAN_OCEAN_CROP_TRANSFER.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000096 — [EAGL-FOD-024] BANANA INTENSIFICATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: CONTESTED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: probably first millennium CE onward; major later intensification.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W041.
PLACE: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and northwest Tanzania.
ENTITY: banana-based highland and lake-basin agriculture.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bananas and plantains later sustain dense settlement,
beer-making, cattle integration and political economies. Phytolith, linguistic
and historical signals do not yet yield one secure arrival century.
DOMAIN: agriculture | food | population | trade | politics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: C for early chronology; A for later historical importance.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S311–EAGL.S320.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: early dates and transmission route unresolved.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREAT_LAKES_BANANA_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000097 — [EAGL-FOD-025] FARMING DOES NOT ERASE FORAGING
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: first millennium BCE–early modern period.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W043.
PLACE: East African and Great Lakes ecological mosaics.
ENTITY: mixed cultivation, herding, fishing, hunting and gathering.
EVENT/CONDITION: Communities combine and rebalance food practices across
season, altitude and political setting. Specialist foragers and herders remain
connected to farmers through exchange, kinship, labour and sometimes coercion.
DOMAIN: food | trade | labour | population | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S197–EAGL.S223, EAGL.S270–EAGL.S320.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000098 — [EAGL-FOD-026] GREAT LAKES LANGUAGES DIFFERENTIATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: LANGUAGE.
TIME: first millennium BCE onward.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W047.
PLACE: Great Lakes, Rift and adjacent regions.
ENTITY: Great Lakes Bantu, Nilotic, Cushitic and language-isolate interaction.
EVENT/CONDITION: Languages branch, borrow vocabulary and shift with marriage,
trade, political incorporation and migration. Reconstructed terms illuminate
older food and institutions but are not exact event dates.
DOMAIN: language | migration | trade | knowledge | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: B for broad relationships; C–D for exact dated nodes.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S270–EAGL.S283, EAGL.S318–EAGL.S323.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000099 — [EAGL-FOD-027] POPULATION ADMIXTURE ACCUMULATES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: later Holocene–present.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W068.
PLACE: eastern Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: mixed regional population ancestries.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ancient and modern genomes preserve varying forager,
northeast-African-herder, western/central-African and later external ancestry.
Mixture is recurrent and uneven; genetic clusters are not civilisations or races.
DOMAIN: genetics | migration | population | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B; unsampled populations and models limit resolution.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S241–EAGL.S249, EAGL.S276–EAGL.S283, EAGL.S324–EAGL.S327.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000100 — [EAGL-FOD-028] FOOD-PRODUCTION TRANSITION IS A NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 3000 BCE–700 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W035.
PLACE: East African Rift and Great Lakes region.
ENTITY: regional food-production mosaic.
EVENT/CONDITION: Herding, cultivation, ironworking, fishing, gathering and
language change combine through migration and adoption on different clocks.
The transition cannot be represented truthfully as one invading population,
one ceramic style or one capability jump.
DOMAIN: food | population | technology | language | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A as synthesis; local pathways B–D.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S224–EAGL.S327.
CAPABILITY STAGE: FOUNDATION 0 and STAGE 1 coexist by locality.
ATLAS READING: network transition; no simple family-tree assumption.

==============================================================================
9. AGRARIAN INTENSIFICATION, EXCHANGE AND EMERGENT POLITICAL CENTRES
500–1500 CE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000101 — [EAGL-MED-001] INTERLACUSTRINE AGRARIAN MOSAIC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 500–1000 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: Lake Victoria and western Great Lakes highlands.
ENTITY: mixed agrarian, pastoral and aquatic economies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Grain, tuber and increasingly banana cultivation combine with
cattle, small stock, hunting and fishing. Higher output supports denser
settlement unevenly; no uniform “agricultural revolution” occurs.
DOMAIN: agriculture | pastoralism | fisheries | population | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; crop-specific chronology remains uneven.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S328–EAGL.S333.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000102 — [EAGL-MED-002] IRON PRODUCTION SPECIALISES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 500–1500 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W040.
PLACE: Great Lakes and adjoining Rift highlands.
ENTITY: specialist smelting and smithing communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Furnace design, tuyères, ore preparation and smithing develop
regional styles. Iron tools support cultivation and building; weapons enter
security systems; ritual knowledge may protect specialist authority.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | labour | agriculture | warfare | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S334–EAGL.S339.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000103 — [EAGL-MED-003] BUHAYA FURNACE TRADITIONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: first–second millennia CE; individual furnace dates vary.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W047.
PLACE: Buhaya, northwest Tanzania.
ENTITY: Haya iron-smelting technologies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Furnaces and oral knowledge show highly skilled bloomery
production and controlled air flow. Claims that all examples produced modern
steel at extremely early dates require furnace-specific laboratory evidence.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | energy | apprenticeship | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for sophisticated traditions; C–D for sweeping early-steel claims.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S337–EAGL.S342.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: temperature, carbon content and early chronology debated.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000104 — [EAGL-MED-004] INDIAN OCEAN GOODS MOVE INLAND
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: first millennium CE onward, intensifying after c. 1000.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W040.
PLACE: Swahili coast through Tanzania and Kenya into inland routes.
ENTITY: coast–interior exchange.
EVENT/CONDITION: Glass beads, cloth and other imports move inland while ivory,
skins, metals and food move through African intermediary networks. Presence of
an imported bead proves connection, not direct travel by an overseas merchant.
DOMAIN: trade | transport | materials | Indian Ocean.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S343–EAGL.S349.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COAST_INTERIOR_EXCHANGE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000105 — [EAGL-MED-005] KIBIRO SALT SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: at least second millennium CE, with longer local use possible.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W068.
PLACE: Kibiro, Lake Albert shore, Uganda.
ENTITY: mineral-salt production and exchange.
EVENT/CONDITION: Specialists process saline earth and water into salt, a
high-value necessity moving through Bunyoro and wider Great Lakes networks.
Production depends on gendered labour, pottery, fuel, paths and political protection.
DOMAIN: industry | food | trade | labour | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S350–EAGL.S353.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KIBIRO_SALT_NETWORK.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000106 — [EAGL-MED-006] BARKCLOTH KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: established by the later precolonial period; origins undated.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W047.
PLACE: Buganda and neighbouring Great Lakes societies.
ENTITY: barkcloth cultivation, beating and use.
EVENT/CONDITION: Managed fig trees, specialised beaters and skilled production
create clothing, ritual fabric and prestige goods. The system links forestry,
household labour, court life and exchange.
DOMAIN: textiles | forests | labour | ritual | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ART_HISTORICAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for later tradition; D for precise origin date.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S354–EAGL.S357.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BARKCLOTH.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000107 — [EAGL-MED-007] GREAT LAKES CANOE NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
TIME: first–second millennia CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W047.
PLACE: lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, Kivu, Albert and Edward.
ENTITY: canoe transport and navigation systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Dugouts and larger plank or sewn craft, landing places,
weather knowledge and paddling labour connect islands, fisheries, markets and
political centres. Each lake develops distinct technologies and route ecologies.
DOMAIN: transport | trade | fisheries | warfare | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for long use; C for early craft forms.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S358–EAGL.S362.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000108 — [EAGL-MED-008] HOUSEHOLD, CLAN AND RITUAL AUTHORITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: INFERRED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: long duration through the second millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W047.
PLACE: Great Lakes societies.
ENTITY: kinship, age, lineage and ritual institutions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Households, clans, councils, spirit mediums, healers, land
custodians and age organisations govern production, marriage, justice and
memory. Later kingdoms build upon, bargain with or attempt to control these institutions.
DOMAIN: governance | law | religion | kinship | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for institutional plurality; C for early reconstruction.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S363–EAGL.S368.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000109 — [EAGL-MED-009] NTUSI REGIONAL CENTRE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: mainly c. 900–1300 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: Ntusi, western Uganda.
ENTITY: large settlement, cattle and exchange complex.
EVENT/CONDITION: Enclosures, middens, cattle remains, cultivation and imported
beads identify concentrated activity and widening connections. Ntusi indicates
political-economic coordination but is not proof of one named “Chwezi Empire.”
DOMAIN: settlement | cattle | trade | governance | agriculture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S369–EAGL.S374.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000110 — [EAGL-MED-010] BIGO EARTHWORKS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
TIME: broadly c. 1000–1500 CE, with phase uncertainty.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W040.
PLACE: Bigo bya Mugenyi, western Uganda.
ENTITY: extensive ditch and embankment system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large earthworks enclose and organise a cattle-rich landscape,
requiring substantial labour and authority. Functions may include defence,
livestock management, settlement definition and political display.
DOMAIN: infrastructure | labour | security | cattle | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: B for earthworks; C for exact date, population and purpose.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S369–EAGL.S377.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BIGO_EARTHWORKS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000111 — [EAGL-MED-011] BACWEZI/CHWEZI MEMORY COMPLEX
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: CONTESTED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: traditions recorded in recent centuries refer to an undated earlier past.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W047.
PLACE: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and northwest Tanzania traditions.
ENTITY: Bacwezi/Chwezi narratives and sacred geographies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Narratives explain dynasties, ritual power, earthworks and
social order. They preserve historical reasoning and political memory, but do
not independently demonstrate one vast, centralised medieval empire.
DOMAIN: memory | religion | governance | historiography.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for traditions; D for literal empire reconstruction.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S375–EAGL.S380.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: relationship among oral figures, sites and polities disputed.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000112 — [EAGL-MED-012] MUNSA SETTLEMENT COMPLEX
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: principally later first–second millennia CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W042.
PLACE: Munsa, western Uganda.
ENTITY: settlement, earthwork and production complex.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deposits, enclosures and material remains document population
concentration, agriculture, livestock and ironworking across changing phases.
The site’s sequence cannot be reduced to a single legendary dynasty.
DOMAIN: settlement | industry | agriculture | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S381–EAGL.S384.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000113 — [EAGL-MED-013] CATTLE WEALTH AND POLITICAL SCALE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 900–1500 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W040.
PLACE: western Uganda and interlacustrine grassland zones.
ENTITY: cattle-centred accumulation and redistribution.
EVENT/CONDITION: Herds support food, alliance, patronage and ritual authority,
while large enclosures and settlements increase labour coordination. Cattle
wealth enables but does not automatically create centralised kingship.
DOMAIN: cattle | economy | governance | kinship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S369–EAGL.S384.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000114 — [EAGL-MED-014] KAGERA AND KARAGWE REGIONAL NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: c. 1000–1500 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W040.
PLACE: Kagera basin, northwest Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda interfaces.
ENTITY: farming, iron, cattle and exchange communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: River corridors and highland–lowland exchange connect
settlements that later enter Karagwe, Haya and neighbouring political histories.
Material continuities do not map neatly onto later state borders.
DOMAIN: trade | settlement | iron | agriculture | cattle.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S385–EAGL.S389.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000115 — [EAGL-MED-015] BUGANDA FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: roughly fourteenth–sixteenth centuries, with disputed dynastic chronology.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W041.
PLACE: northwest and western shores of Lake Victoria, Uganda.
ENTITY: emergent Buganda kingdom.
EVENT/CONDITION: Clans, banana-growing communities, lake transport and a
mobile royal court consolidate under a kabaka and office-holders. Expansion is
gradual and later traditions organise a more complex formation process.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | transport | kinship | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for late formation; C–D for early reign dates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S390–EAGL.S396.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BUGANDA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000116 — [EAGL-MED-016] BUNYORO-KITARA FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: principally fourteenth–sixteenth centuries for Bito-era consolidation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W041.
PLACE: western Uganda and Lake Albert approaches.
ENTITY: Bunyoro-Kitara kingdom.
EVENT/CONDITION: A Bito dynasty and networks of chiefs, ritual authorities,
cattle, salt and agriculture consolidate a major western-Ugandan polity.
Claims of direct unbroken rule over all “Kitara” territories are not assumed.
DOMAIN: governance | trade | cattle | salt | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for later kingdom; C–D for early territorial extent.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S397–EAGL.S402.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BUNYORO_KITARA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000117 — [EAGL-MED-017] RWANDA POLITICAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: later second millennium CE; fifteenth–seventeenth-century beginnings proposed.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W042.
PLACE: central Rwanda and adjoining highlands.
ENTITY: Nyiginya-led Rwandan state formation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Royal, ritual, cattle and territorial institutions aggregate
communities over centuries. Later court genealogies compress and legitimise
the past; full territorial centralisation belongs mainly to the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries.
DOMAIN: governance | cattle | ritual | agriculture | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for gradual formation; D for precise early reign dates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S403–EAGL.S409.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000118 — [EAGL-MED-018] BURUNDI POLITICAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: later second millennium CE; precise foundation unknown.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W042.
PLACE: Burundi highlands.
ENTITY: Burundian kingdom under mwami and Ganwa princes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Royal ritual, territorial chiefs, lineages, cattle and farming
are integrated without eliminating local authority. Oral genealogies provide
relative sequence more securely than calendar years.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | cattle | ritual | kinship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for institution; D for foundation date.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S410–EAGL.S415.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000119 — [EAGL-MED-019] NKORE POLITICAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: later second millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W042.
PLACE: southwest Uganda.
ENTITY: Nkore/Ankole kingdom.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hima-associated pastoral elites and Iru agricultural
communities are linked through kingship, cattle and tribute. Later colonial
categories harden social distinctions beyond their earlier variability.
DOMAIN: governance | cattle | agriculture | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for later structure; C–D for origin chronology.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S416–EAGL.S420.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000120 — [EAGL-MED-020] BUSOGA CHIEFDOM NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: CONFEDERATION.
TIME: later second millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W047.
PLACE: eastern Lake Victoria and upper Nile, Uganda.
ENTITY: Busoga chiefdoms.
EVENT/CONDITION: Multiple hereditary polities share language and cultural
connections without forming one centralised precolonial kingdom. River,
lake and agricultural systems connect them to Buganda and eastern routes.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | transport | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S421–EAGL.S424.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000121 — [EAGL-MED-021] HAYA AND KIZIBA POLITIES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: later second millennium CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W047.
PLACE: west Lake Victoria, northwest Tanzania.
ENTITY: Haya kingdoms including Kiziba and neighbouring states.
EVENT/CONDITION: Banana groves, cattle, iron, lake trade and ritual kingship
support several small but connected polities. Shared language and culture do
not erase separate courts and local histories.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | iron | trade | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S385–EAGL.S389, EAGL.S425–EAGL.S429.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000122 — [EAGL-MED-022] LUO MIGRATION AND POLITICAL INTERACTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: broadly fourteenth–seventeenth centuries in several movements.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W042.
PLACE: South Sudan–northern Uganda–Kenya–Lake Victoria corridors.
ENTITY: Luo-speaking population dispersals.
EVENT/CONDITION: Lineages move, split and integrate with existing societies,
contributing to Acholi, Alur, Jopadhola and Kenyan Luo histories and to dynastic
change around Bunyoro. Migration traditions do not describe one march.
DOMAIN: migration | language | governance | cattle | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for broad movement; C for dates and routes.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S430–EAGL.S435.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000123 — [EAGL-MED-023] INLAND–SWAHILI CONNECTOR STRENGTHENS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: c. 1000–1500 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W040.
PLACE: coast, Pangani/Rufiji corridors, central Tanzania and lake approaches.
ENTITY: Indian Ocean–interior exchange connector.
EVENT/CONDITION: African caravans and relay exchange carry imported goods and
coastal demand inland. The connector remains thinner and more indirect around
some Great Lakes zones than it becomes in the nineteenth century.
DOMAIN: trade | transport | communication | materials.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S343–EAGL.S349, EAGL.S436–EAGL.S439.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INDIAN_OCEAN_WORLD.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000124 — [EAGL-MED-024] POLITICAL SCALE DIVERSIFIES
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 900–1500 CE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W040.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: plural political landscape.
EVENT/CONDITION: Households, clans, ritual territories, chiefdoms, settlement
centres and emergent kingdoms coexist. Growing scale is enabled by food,
cattle, iron, transport and exchange but follows no universal state sequence.
DOMAIN: governance | settlement | food | trade | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S328–EAGL.S439.
CAPABILITY STAGE: FOUNDATION 0 and STAGE 1 coexist; limited Stage 2 functions emerge.

==============================================================================
10. GREAT LAKES KINGDOMS, REGIONAL SOCIETIES AND CARAVAN RECOMPOSITION
1500–1885
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000125 — [EAGL-KNG-001] BUGANDA CONSOLIDATES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: sixteenth–eighteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W044.
PLACE: northern and western Lake Victoria shores.
ENTITY: Buganda.
EVENT/CONDITION: Successive kabakas expand royal land, offices and tribute,
incorporate clans and move the court through a productive banana-growing
landscape. Lake transport and war canoes increase territorial reach.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | military | transport | taxation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for structural development; C for early reign dates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S440–EAGL.S445.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000126 — [EAGL-KNG-002] BUGANDA’S DISTRIBUTED ROYAL CAPITAL
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: early modern period–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W047.
PLACE: Buganda.
ENTITY: kabaka, lubiri and office-holding system.
EVENT/CONDITION: A mobile or periodically rebuilt royal capital concentrates
officials, pages, artisans, tribute and ritual around the kabaka. Chiefs govern
territories but royal power remains relational, negotiated and succession-sensitive.
DOMAIN: governance | administration | education | ritual | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S440–EAGL.S448.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: HIERARCHICAL and NETWORKED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000127 — [EAGL-KNG-003] BUNYORO REMAINS A REGIONAL POWER
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: sixteenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W047.
PLACE: western Uganda and Lake Albert basin.
ENTITY: Bunyoro-Kitara.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bito kings, chiefs, salt, cattle, iron and agricultural
production sustain a large polity. Buganda’s growth and nineteenth-century
pressures reduce relative reach but do not erase Bunyoro’s institutions.
DOMAIN: governance | trade | salt | cattle | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S449–EAGL.S454.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000128 — [EAGL-KNG-004] RWANDAN KINGSHIP EXPANDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: seventeenth–nineteenth centuries, strongest territorial expansion in the nineteenth.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: Rwanda and frontier zones.
ENTITY: Nyiginya kingdom.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court, army, cattle patronage, ritual and layered chiefs extend
royal claims over diverse communities. Expansion is uneven; some borderlands
retain autonomy or resist until late.
DOMAIN: governance | military | cattle | agriculture | taxation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for later expansion; C for early sequence.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S455–EAGL.S461.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000129 — [EAGL-KNG-005] RWANDAN LABOUR AND PATRONAGE SYSTEMS CHANGE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: especially eighteenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W043–W047.
PLACE: central and expanding Rwanda.
ENTITY: ubuhake, uburetwa and associated patron-client obligations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cattle patronage and land/labour obligations connect court,
chiefs and households while distributing protection and extracting work.
Institutions change through royal expansion and are later hardened by colonial rule.
DOMAIN: labour | cattle | land | governance | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: B for nineteenth-century systems; C for earlier form and reach.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S455–EAGL.S463.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000130 — [EAGL-KNG-006] BURUNDI’S GANWA POLITICAL GEOMETRY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: seventeenth century–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: kingdom of Burundi.
EVENT/CONDITION: The mwami, Ganwa princely lineages, ritual specialists and
territorial authorities share and contest power. Central kingship coexists
with powerful local chiefs and differentiated regional political fields.
DOMAIN: governance | ritual | cattle | agriculture | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; early chronology remains C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S464–EAGL.S469.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: HYBRID — HIERARCHICAL and FRAGMENTED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000131 — [EAGL-KNG-007] NKORE CATTLE–AGRICULTURE POLITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: seventeenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: southwest Uganda.
ENTITY: Nkore.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kingship links pastoral and cultivating communities through
cattle, tribute, land and military obligations. Status identities are real but
more politically and economically changeable than later racialised accounts suggest.
DOMAIN: governance | cattle | agriculture | identity | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S470–EAGL.S474.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000132 — [EAGL-KNG-008] KARAGWE CONNECTS LAKE AND CARAVAN WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: seventeenth century–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: Kagera region, northwest Tanzania.
ENTITY: Karagwe kingdom.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cattle, bananas, iron and regional exchange sustain a royal
state positioned between Rwanda, Buganda, Tanzania’s interior and later caravan
routes. In the nineteenth century imported goods increase court diplomacy.
DOMAIN: governance | trade | cattle | agriculture | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S475–EAGL.S480.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000133 — [EAGL-KNG-009] HAYA KINGDOMS REMAIN PLURAL
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: seventeenth century–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: west Lake Victoria.
ENTITY: Kiziba, Ihangiro, Bugabo, Kyamtwara and related Haya polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Several courts govern banana, cattle, iron and lake economies.
Political plurality persists despite shared cultural and linguistic systems.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | metallurgy | transport | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S481–EAGL.S485.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000134 — [EAGL-KNG-010] BUSOGA’S MULTIPLE POLITIES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: CONFEDERATION.
TIME: sixteenth century–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W047.
PLACE: eastern Uganda.
ENTITY: Busoga chiefdoms and clan polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Multiple rulers, including hereditary and ritual authorities,
govern fertile lands between Lake Victoria and the Nile. Buganda, Bunyoro and
later external actors interact with rather than replace this plurality.
DOMAIN: governance | agriculture | trade | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S486–EAGL.S490.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000135 — [EAGL-KNG-011] MAASAI AGE-SET EXPANSIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: principally seventeenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: central Kenya and northern Tanzania Rift and plains.
ENTITY: Maasai-speaking pastoral communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Age-set organisation, cattle mobility, alliance and warfare
support expansion and differentiation. Interaction with Maa-speaking,
Cushitic-speaking, Kalenjin, Kikuyu, Kamba and other communities includes
incorporation and exchange as well as conflict.
DOMAIN: migration | pastoralism | military | age systems | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; route details C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S491–EAGL.S496.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000136 — [EAGL-KNG-012] TURKANA AND KARAMOJONG FRONTIER FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: seventeenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W047.
PLACE: northeast Uganda and northwest Kenya.
ENTITY: Ateker/Teso-Turkana-related population and political differentiation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobile pastoral and agropastoral communities split, migrate,
raid, exchange and negotiate pasture across dryland frontiers. Modern borders
later divide routes that predate them.
DOMAIN: migration | pastoralism | security | water | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for recent pattern; C for early dates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S497–EAGL.S501.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000137 — [EAGL-KNG-013] LUO, ACHOLI AND ALUR SYSTEMS DIFFERENTIATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: sixteenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W047.
PLACE: northern Uganda, West Nile, Lake Albert and western Kenya.
ENTITY: Luo-speaking lineages, chiefdoms and kingdoms.
EVENT/CONDITION: Lineages integrate with earlier residents and build varied
political forms, from segmentary systems to Alur chiefship. Shared linguistic
ancestry does not produce one state.
DOMAIN: migration | governance | language | cattle | agriculture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | LINGUISTIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S430–EAGL.S435, EAGL.S502–EAGL.S506.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000138 — [EAGL-KNG-014] NYAMWEZI CARRIER AND MARKET NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: eighteenth century–1885, rapidly intensifying in the nineteenth.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W043–W047.
PLACE: central Tanzania through Tabora toward the coast and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: Nyamwezi caravan and political networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Farmers, traders, porters and chiefs organise long-distance
movement of ivory, salt, cloth, beads and people. Caravan labour becomes an
infrastructure joining inland producers to Zanzibar-centred commerce.
DOMAIN: trade | transport | labour | governance | communication.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for nineteenth-century network; B for eighteenth-century scale.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S507–EAGL.S513.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NYAMWEZI_CARAVAN_NETWORK.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000139 — [EAGL-KNG-015] MIRAMBO BUILDS A CARAVAN-AGE STATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: c. 1860s–1884.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W047.
PLACE: Unyamwezi, central Tanzania.
ENTITY: Mirambo’s Urambo-centred state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mirambo combines ruga-ruga military forces, alliances,
firearms and control of caravan routes to build a powerful but succession-
dependent polity. His state emerges from African commercial and military change.
DOMAIN: governance | military | trade | taxation | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad career; B for territorial reach by year.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S514–EAGL.S518.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000140 — [EAGL-KNG-016] HEHE POLITICAL-MILITARY CONSOLIDATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: principally 1860s–1885, continuing under Mkwawa thereafter.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W047.
PLACE: southern-central Tanzania.
ENTITY: Hehe polity.
EVENT/CONDITION: Munyigumba and then Mkwawa consolidate chiefdoms and military
organisation amid caravan, Ngoni and regional warfare. The resulting state
later resists German conquest.
DOMAIN: governance | military | migration | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S519–EAGL.S523.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000141 — [EAGL-KNG-017] SUKUMA AGROPASTORAL EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: eighteenth–nineteenth centuries.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W043–W047.
PLACE: south and southeast Lake Victoria.
ENTITY: Sukuma communities and chiefdoms.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mixed farming, cattle, iron and trade support population
growth and many small political units. Caravan exchange increases without
creating one centralised Sukuma kingdom.
DOMAIN: agriculture | pastoralism | governance | trade | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S524–EAGL.S528.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000142 — [EAGL-KNG-018] KAMBA LONG-DISTANCE TRADE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: eighteenth century–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W043–W047.
PLACE: eastern Kenya from interior highlands to coast and central routes.
ENTITY: Kamba merchant and caravan networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Traders carry ivory, livestock, food and imported goods
between communities. Their route knowledge becomes indispensable to later
coastal and European expeditions.
DOMAIN: trade | transport | knowledge | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S529–EAGL.S533.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000143 — [EAGL-KNG-019] SWAHILI EXPANDS AS AN INLAND LINGUA FRANCA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: LANGUAGE.
TIME: especially nineteenth century.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: coast–central Tanzania–Great Lakes caravan corridors.
ENTITY: Kiswahili.
EVENT/CONDITION: Caravan trade, Islam and multilingual brokerage carry
Kiswahili inland. Local languages remain primary in many communities while
Swahili enables communication across routes and later colonial administrations.
DOMAIN: communication | trade | religion | language.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for nineteenth-century expansion; B for local timing.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S534–EAGL.S538.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KISWAHILI.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000144 — [EAGL-KNG-020] INLAND CARAVAN SYSTEM SCALES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: c. 1800–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: Zanzibar/coast–Tabora–Ujiji–Buganda–eastern Congo corridors.
ENTITY: East African inland caravan system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Porters, merchants, financiers, chiefs, soldiers and food
suppliers move goods over thousands of kilometres. Human carrying power,
negotiated passage and provisioning are the network’s core infrastructure.
DOMAIN: trade | transport | labour | finance | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S507–EAGL.S513, EAGL.S539–EAGL.S544.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_CARAVAN_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000145 — [EAGL-KNG-021] TABORA AND UJIJI BECOME HUBS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: principally nineteenth century.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: Tabora and Ujiji, present-day Tanzania.
ENTITY: caravan towns and market settlements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Trade, food, repair, credit, information, Islam and political
brokerage concentrate at route junctions. African and coastal communities make
the hubs before formal European colonial rule.
DOMAIN: urbanisation | trade | communication | religion | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S539–EAGL.S546.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000146 — [EAGL-KNG-022] IVORY FRONTIER EXPANDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: late eighteenth century–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W047.
PLACE: inland Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and eastern Congo toward the coast.
ENTITY: elephant-ivory extraction and trade.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rising overseas and coastal demand drives hunting, caravan
finance and political competition deeper inland. Elephant populations decline
locally, and ivory revenue buys cloth, beads, firearms and influence.
DOMAIN: trade | animals | environment | finance | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for system; B for local volumes.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S547–EAGL.S551.
GRAPH SEED: YES — IVORY_TRADE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000147 — [EAGL-KNG-023] ENSLAVEMENT INTENSIFIES ALONG CARAVAN ROUTES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: especially nineteenth century.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: East African interior, Great Lakes, eastern Congo and Indian Ocean routes.
ENTITY: slave-raiding, captive labour and slave trade.
EVENT/CONDITION: War, raiding, debt and coercion supply captives to inland
households, plantations, armies and overseas markets. Enslaved people also
carry goods; their labour and suffering are structural, not a side note to trade.
DOMAIN: labour | violence | trade | population | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for system; B–C for numerical estimates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S552–EAGL.S558.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_SLAVE_TRADE.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000148 — [EAGL-KNG-024] FIREARMS ALTER POWER UNEVENLY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally nineteenth century.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: caravan-connected East Africa and Great Lakes courts.
ENTITY: imported firearm and ammunition systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Guns enter armies, hunting and political display, but supply,
powder, training and repair constrain use. Firearms amplify some states and
raiders while spears, shields, fortifications and numbers remain decisive.
DOMAIN: military | trade | technology | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S559–EAGL.S563.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000149 — [EAGL-KNG-025] TIPPU TIP’S EASTERN CONGO NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
TIME: principally 1860s–1880s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W047.
PLACE: Zanzibar–Ujiji–Lake Tanganyika–upper Congo.
ENTITY: Hamed bin Muhammad al-Murjebi “Tippu Tip” and allied networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Merchant, armed and kin networks trade ivory and enslaved
people and establish influence west of Tanganyika. They operate through
African intermediaries, conflict and alliances rather than uncontested sovereignty.
DOMAIN: trade | slavery | military | governance | transport.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad network; B for territorial control.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S564–EAGL.S568.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000150 — [EAGL-KNG-026] EXPLORERS ENTER AFRICAN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally 1840s–1870s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: East African coast, interior and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: African guides, porters, rulers, interpreters and European expeditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Burton, Speke, Grant, Baker, Livingstone, Stanley and others
travel through known African routes using African labour and geographical
knowledge. Their publications globalise information; they do not “discover”
inhabited lakes.
DOMAIN: geography | information | transport | labour | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S569–EAGL.S574.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000151 — [EAGL-KNG-027] CHRISTIAN MISSIONS REACH THE GREAT LAKES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
TIME: 1870s–1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Buganda and adjoining Great Lakes routes.
ENTITY: Anglican Church Missionary Society and Catholic White Fathers missions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Missionaries enter royal and caravan networks, translate,
teach literacy and compete for converts. African courts and learners select,
reinterpret or resist their claims; Christianity is not transmitted passively.
DOMAIN: religion | education | writing | diplomacy | translation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S575–EAGL.S580.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREAT_LAKES_CHRISTIAN_NETWORK.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000152 — [EAGL-KNG-028] ISLAMIC COMMUNITIES AND LITERACY EXPAND INLAND
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
TIME: nineteenth century, with earlier coastal roots.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: caravan towns, courts and trading settlements.
ENTITY: inland Muslim communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Merchants, teachers, soldiers, freed people and families build
mosques, Quranic learning and Swahili-Arabic literacy along routes. Adoption
varies; Islam joins rather than simply replaces existing cosmologies.
DOMAIN: religion | education | writing | trade | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for nineteenth-century growth.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S534–EAGL.S538, EAGL.S581–EAGL.S585.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INLAND_ISLAMIC_NETWORK.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000153 — [EAGL-KNG-029] MUTESA I USES MULTIPOLAR DIPLOMACY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: reign 1856–1884.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W047.
PLACE: Buganda.
ENTITY: Kabaka Mutesa I and court.
EVENT/CONDITION: The court receives Muslim, Christian and European visitors,
uses literacy and external goods, and balances competing factions while
extending Buganda’s military reach. Engagement is strategic rather than simple conversion.
DOMAIN: governance | diplomacy | religion | education | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S586–EAGL.S590.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000154 — [EAGL-KNG-030] KABAREGA REBUILDS BUNYORO POWER
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: reign 1870–1899; precolonial phase to 1885 here.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Bunyoro.
ENTITY: Omukama Kabarega.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kabarega reorganises military forces, reasserts authority and
uses trade and firearms amid Bugandan and external pressure. His later
resistance becomes central to British conquest of western Uganda.
DOMAIN: governance | military | trade | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for reign and broad policy; B for campaign detail.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S591–EAGL.S595.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000155 — [EAGL-KNG-031] RWABUGIRI EXTENDS RWANDAN RULE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
TIME: reign conventionally c. 1867–1895.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W047.
PLACE: Rwanda and western/northern frontiers.
ENTITY: Mwami Kigeli IV Rwabugiri.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military campaigns and new layers of chiefs extend court
authority and extraction. Expansion remains incomplete and produces resistance;
later colonial rule freezes and racialises identities shaped in this changing order.
DOMAIN: governance | military | labour | identity | taxation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; reign boundary and campaign dating vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S455–EAGL.S463, EAGL.S596–EAGL.S599.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000156 — [EAGL-KNG-032] POLITICAL LANDSCAPE AT 1885
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: East African interior and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: kingdoms, chiefdoms, councils, caravan states and decentralised societies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Buganda, Bunyoro, Rwanda, Burundi, Nkore, Karagwe, Haya
polities, Busoga chiefdoms, Nyamwezi and Hehe states coexist with many
decentralised communities and mobile pastoral systems. European treaty claims
have not yet displaced this African political plurality on the ground.
DOMAIN: governance | trade | military | population | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for plurality; B for exact frontiers.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S440–EAGL.S599.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 1 dominant; selected courts exhibit Stage 2 administrative functions.
LIFECYCLE STATE: multiple simultaneous states; no single regional lifecycle.

==============================================================================
11. PARTITION, COLONIAL CONQUEST AND MASS-INSTITUTION FORMATION
1885–1945
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000157 — [EAGL-COL-001] BERLIN CONFERENCE SETS IMPERIAL RULES
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 15 November 1884–26 February 1885.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Berlin, with consequences across Africa.
ENTITY: Berlin West Africa Conference and European imperial powers.
EVENT/CONDITION: European representatives establish rules for recognition of
colonial claims and commerce without African consent. The meeting does not
draw every East African border, but accelerates competitive occupation.
DOMAIN: imperialism | international law | trade | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S600–EAGL.S603.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PARTITION_OF_AFRICA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000158 — [EAGL-COL-002] ANGLO-GERMAN SPHERES DIVIDE EAST AFRICA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1886 and 1890 agreements, followed by boundary surveys.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: East Africa and Zanzibar-related sphere.
ENTITY: British and German imperial partition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bilateral agreements assign spheres and later adjust them,
cutting through trade routes, political fields and pastoral mobility. Lines on
maps acquire force only through later occupation and violence.
DOMAIN: borders | imperialism | diplomacy | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S604–EAGL.S608.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000159 — [EAGL-COL-003] GERMAN EAST AFRICA COMPANY CLAIMS TERRITORY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1885–1891.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: mainland Tanzania and caravan corridors.
ENTITY: German East Africa Company and German imperial state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Company treaties, customs claims and armed force attempt to
convert paper concessions into rule. Coastal and inland resistance exposes
company weakness, leading the German state to assume direct control.
DOMAIN: imperialism | taxation | military | trade | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S609–EAGL.S613.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000160 — [EAGL-COL-004] ABUSHIRI RESISTANCE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1888–1889.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: German-claimed East African coast and hinterland.
ENTITY: coastal resistance associated with Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi.
EVENT/CONDITION: Merchants, towns and local forces resist German company
control. Imperial troops suppress the uprising and consolidate coastal entry
points for occupation of the interior.
DOMAIN: war | imperialism | trade | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S614–EAGL.S617.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000161 — [EAGL-COL-005] IMPERIAL BRITISH EAST AFRICA COMPANY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: chartered 1888; operations transferred to the British state by 1895.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Kenya–Uganda routes and Buganda.
ENTITY: Imperial British East Africa Company.
EVENT/CONDITION: A chartered company uses treaties, armed agents and trade
stations to extend claims from the coast. Fiscal weakness and conflict shift
responsibility to direct British protectorates.
DOMAIN: imperialism | finance | trade | military | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S618–EAGL.S622.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000162 — [EAGL-COL-006] BUGANDA RELIGIOUS-POLITICAL WARS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1888–1892.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Buganda.
ENTITY: Muslim, Catholic, Protestant and royal factions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court succession, armed religious parties and external
support produce civil wars. British intervention favours Protestant allies and
turns factional victory into an entry point for protectorate power.
DOMAIN: war | religion | governance | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S623–EAGL.S628.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000163 — [EAGL-COL-007] UGANDA PROTECTORATE PROCLAIMED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1894; territorial reach expands thereafter.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Buganda and later wider Uganda.
ENTITY: British Uganda Protectorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain declares a protectorate over Buganda, then extends
control across other polities through agreements, allies and military force.
The colonial unit precedes the modern state but is not identical to it.
DOMAIN: imperialism | governance | borders | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S629–EAGL.S633.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000164 — [EAGL-COL-008] EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE CREATED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1895.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: present-day Kenya and coast-related territories.
ENTITY: British East Africa Protectorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: The British state takes over company claims and begins
building a territorial administration. Coast, highlands, pastoral lands and
frontiers are incorporated through different legal and military arrangements.
DOMAIN: imperialism | governance | borders | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S634–EAGL.S638.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000165 — [EAGL-COL-009] HEHE RESIST GERMAN CONQUEST
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1891–1898.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: southern-central Tanzania.
ENTITY: Hehe forces under Mkwawa and German colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hehe forces defeat a German column at Lugalo in 1891 and
continue resistance until Mkwawa’s death in 1898. German victory requires
forts, punitive campaigns and exploitation of regional divisions.
DOMAIN: war | imperialism | governance | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S639–EAGL.S644.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000166 — [EAGL-COL-010] NANDI RESIST RAILWAY-STATE EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: principally 1895–1905.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: western Kenyan highlands and railway corridor.
ENTITY: Nandi communities and British colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Nandi fighters obstruct roads, railway construction and
colonial intrusion for a decade. The killing of Koitalel arap Samoei during a
1905 meeting helps break organised resistance.
DOMAIN: war | land | transport | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S645–EAGL.S650.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000167 — [EAGL-COL-011] UGANDA RAILWAY BUILT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
TIME: 1896–1901 for Mombasa–Kisumu construction.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: Mombasa through Kenya highlands to Lake Victoria.
ENTITY: Uganda Railway.
EVENT/CONDITION: Imported labour, capital and coercive land access build a
rail link intended to secure Uganda and commerce. The line accelerates settler
colonisation, towns, cash crops and lake transport while imposing heavy human costs.
DOMAIN: rail | labour | imperialism | trade | urbanisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S651–EAGL.S656.
GRAPH SEED: YES — UGANDA_RAILWAY.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000168 — [EAGL-COL-012] KABAREGA AND MWANGA CAPTURED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: April 1899.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: Lango region, Uganda.
ENTITY: Omukama Kabarega, Kabaka Mwanga II and British-allied forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: British-led forces capture the two rulers after prolonged
resistance and exile them. Their removal weakens alternative sovereignties and
clears the way for protectorate settlement.
DOMAIN: war | sovereignty | imperialism | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S657–EAGL.S661.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000169 — [EAGL-COL-013] BUGANDA AGREEMENT REDISTRIBUTES POWER AND LAND
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 10 March 1900.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048.
PLACE: Buganda.
ENTITY: 1900 Buganda Agreement.
EVENT/CONDITION: British rule recognises a reduced kingdom and allocates mailo
land among the kabaka, chiefs, institutions and government. The agreement
turns some political offices into landed power and restructures taxation.
DOMAIN: law | land | governance | taxation | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S662–EAGL.S666.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000170 — [EAGL-COL-014] MAASAI AGREEMENTS ENABLE LAND ALIENATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1904 and 1911 agreements; removals follow.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048.
PLACE: Kenya highlands and reserves.
ENTITY: British colonial administration and Maasai representatives.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agreements and coercion move Maasai communities from valuable
pasture to designated reserves, opening land for settlers. Disputed authority
and promises make the process a foundational land grievance.
DOMAIN: land | law | pastoralism | imperialism | displacement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S667–EAGL.S671.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000171 — [EAGL-COL-015] RINDERPEST AND FAMINE FRACTURE THE BASEFLOOR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: principally 1889–1897, with regional aftereffects.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047.
PLACE: East African pastoral and farming regions.
ENTITY: rinderpest epizootic, drought and famine complex.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rinderpest kills enormous numbers of cattle and wild bovids;
drought, conflict and human disease compound hunger. Livelihood collapse makes
some communities more vulnerable to conquest and labour demands.
DOMAIN: animal disease | food | health | pastoralism | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for catastrophe; B–C for mortality totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S672–EAGL.S677.
BASEFLOOR STATE: FOOD CRITICAL | HEALTH CRITICAL | SECURITY FRACTURED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000172 — [EAGL-COL-016] SLEEPING SICKNESS CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: principally 1900–1920 in major Lake Victoria and Uganda outbreaks.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048–W050.
PLACE: Lake Victoria shores, islands and Uganda river/lake zones.
ENTITY: human African trypanosomiasis epidemic and colonial controls.
EVENT/CONDITION: Disease kills large numbers; authorities depopulate shoreline
zones, restrict movement and experiment with coercive medical controls.
Ecology, mobility and colonial response all shape the disaster.
DOMAIN: health | disease | displacement | governance | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for epidemic and displacement; B for mortality estimates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S678–EAGL.S684.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000173 — [EAGL-COL-017] GERMANY OCCUPIES RWANDA AND BURUNDI
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: effective presence develops mainly 1897–1916.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W049.
PLACE: Rwanda and Burundi within German East Africa.
ENTITY: German colonial administration and existing kingdoms.
EVENT/CONDITION: A thin colonial administration rules partly through monarchies,
missions and military interventions. It reinforces selected authorities while
leaving significant gaps between claimed and effective control.
DOMAIN: imperialism | governance | military | taxation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for occupation; B for local reach.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S685–EAGL.S690.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000174 — [EAGL-COL-018] MAJI MAJI WAR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1905–1907.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048.
PLACE: southern and eastern German East Africa.
ENTITY: diverse African resistance movements and German colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Communities unite unevenly around maji ritual and resistance
to forced cotton, taxes and rule. German scorched-earth repression and famine
kill very large numbers; the movement is neither one tribe nor one command.
DOMAIN: war | labour | agriculture | religion | famine.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A; death totals remain B–C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S691–EAGL.S697.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000175 — [EAGL-COL-019] TAXATION COMPELS CASH AND LABOUR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1890s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W052.
PLACE: British, German and Belgian East African territories.
ENTITY: hut, poll and head taxes and labour obligations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial taxes require money or work, pushing households into
cash crops, wage labour, porterage and migration. Enforcement differs, but
taxation turns state power into an everyday economic dependency.
DOMAIN: taxation | labour | economy | governance | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S698–EAGL.S703.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000176 — [EAGL-COL-020] MISSION EDUCATION AND LITERACY SCALE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1880s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W052.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: Christian mission schools, translations and churches.
EVENT/CONDITION: African teachers, catechists and congregations build literacy,
schools, print and new associations. Access is unequal by region, gender,
religion and race; education also creates tools for later anti-colonial politics.
DOMAIN: education | religion | writing | print | politics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S704–EAGL.S710.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_MASS_LITERACY.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000177 — [EAGL-COL-021] CASH-CROP REGIMES DIFFERENTIATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1890s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W052.
PLACE: Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi.
ENTITY: cotton, coffee, sisal, tea and pyrethrum systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial administrations, companies, settlers and African
farmers expand export crops through distinct land and labour regimes. Revenue
grows while food, soil, gendered labour and price exposure bear excluded costs.
DOMAIN: agriculture | trade | labour | land | finance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S711–EAGL.S717.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000178 — [EAGL-COL-022] FIRST WORLD WAR EAST AFRICA CAMPAIGN
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: August 1914–November 1918.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049.
PLACE: German East Africa, British East Africa, Uganda, Congo and neighbouring regions.
ENTITY: Allied and German colonial armies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobile campaigns cross the region, requisition food and
destroy infrastructure and livelihoods. Fighting continues in Africa after
the European armistice date until the German force surrenders.
DOMAIN: war | food | transport | disease | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S718–EAGL.S724.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000179 — [EAGL-COL-023] CARRIER LABOUR BEARS THE WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1914–1918.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049.
PLACE: East and Central African campaign routes.
ENTITY: Carrier Corps, forced porters and civilian supply systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hundreds of thousands of African carriers move ammunition,
food and sick soldiers where roads and rail do not reach. Disease, hunger and
exhaustion kill many; casualty records remain incomplete.
DOMAIN: labour | war | transport | health | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for mass mobilisation; B–C for totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S720–EAGL.S726.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000180 — [EAGL-COL-024] BELGIUM OCCUPIES RWANDA AND BURUNDI
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1916.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049.
PLACE: Rwanda and Burundi.
ENTITY: Belgian Congo forces and German colonial territories.
EVENT/CONDITION: Belgian forces occupy the kingdoms during the First World War.
Military occupation becomes League-mandate administration after the war,
linking the territories institutionally to the Belgian Congo.
DOMAIN: war | imperialism | governance | borders.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S727–EAGL.S730.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000181 — [EAGL-COL-025] KENYA COLONY AND PROTECTORATE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 23 July 1920.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050.
PLACE: Kenya, with coastal protectorate distinction.
ENTITY: Colony and Protectorate of Kenya.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain converts most of the East Africa Protectorate into a
crown colony while retaining a legal protectorate at the coast. Settler power,
racial law and African political organisation now operate within the named Kenya unit.
DOMAIN: governance | law | borders | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S731–EAGL.S734.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000182 — [EAGL-COL-026] TANGANYIKA MANDATE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: British administration from 1919; League mandate formalised 1922.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050.
PLACE: former German East Africa excluding transferred territories.
ENTITY: Tanganyika Territory.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain governs under a League of Nations mandate, formally
obliged to administer for inhabitants but preserving imperial economic and
racial power. Colonial borders become the framework for later Tanganyika.
DOMAIN: international law | governance | borders | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S735–EAGL.S739.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000183 — [EAGL-COL-027] RUANDA-URUNDI MANDATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: League mandate assigned 1922; Belgian mandate administration formalised 1924.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050.
PLACE: Rwanda and Burundi.
ENTITY: Belgian-administered Ruanda-Urundi.
EVENT/CONDITION: Belgium joins two existing kingdoms within one mandated
territory and administers them through monarchies, chiefs, missions and Congo-
linked institutions. Rwanda and Burundi remain distinct political societies.
DOMAIN: international law | governance | borders | imperialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S740–EAGL.S744.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000184 — [EAGL-COL-028] SETTLER LAND SYSTEM IN KENYA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1900s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048–W052.
PLACE: Kenyan “White Highlands” and African reserves.
ENTITY: settler agriculture, reserves and labour control.
EVENT/CONDITION: Crown-land doctrine and racial allocation transfer fertile
land to European settlers, confine many Africans to reserves and channel labour
to farms. Land scarcity becomes a principal driver of nationalism and Mau Mau.
DOMAIN: land | agriculture | labour | race | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S745–EAGL.S751.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000185 — [EAGL-COL-029] COLONIAL INDIRECT RULE RECONFIGURES AUTHORITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1900s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048–W052.
PLACE: British and Belgian East African territories.
ENTITY: chiefs, native authorities and colonial districts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Administrations select, create or demote chiefs and codify
“custom” for tax, labour and courts. Existing institutions persist but change
when authority becomes salaried, territorial and answerable upward to colonial officers.
DOMAIN: governance | law | taxation | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for restructuring; B for local degree.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S752–EAGL.S758.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000186 — [EAGL-COL-030] RWANDA AND BURUNDI IDENTITIES ARE RACIALISED
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: especially 1920s–1930s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W051.
PLACE: Ruanda-Urundi.
ENTITY: colonial ethnic classification of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa.
EVENT/CONDITION: Administrators, missionaries, schools and censuses interpret
flexible socio-political identities through racial “Hamitic” theories and
privilege selected Tutsi elites. Identity cards institutionalise categories.
DOMAIN: identity | administration | race | education | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for colonial racialisation; B for precolonial category variability.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S759–EAGL.S765.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COLONIAL_IDENTITY_CODIFICATION.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000187 — [EAGL-COL-031] FORCED LABOUR INTENSIFIES IN RUANDA-URUNDI
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1920s–1940s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W052.
PLACE: Rwanda and Burundi.
ENTITY: corvée, crop mandates and chief-administered labour.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial rule adds road, cultivation and public-work demands
to existing obligations. Chiefs enforce quotas, deepening extraction and
contributing to migration, hunger and resentment.
DOMAIN: labour | agriculture | infrastructure | governance | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S766–EAGL.S770.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000188 — [EAGL-COL-032] INTERWAR RAIL, PORT AND LAKE NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1918–1939.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W051.
PLACE: Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: colonial railways, roads, ports and steamship services.
EVENT/CONDITION: Transport compresses travel time and moves exports, officials
and labour. Lines favour extraction corridors and administrative centres,
leaving many rural regions disconnected.
DOMAIN: transport | infrastructure | trade | governance | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S771–EAGL.S776.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000189 — [EAGL-COL-033] GREAT DEPRESSION TRANSMITS PRICE SHOCK
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1929–late 1930s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W051.
PLACE: export-producing East Africa.
ENTITY: colonial commodity and household economies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Falling export prices and revenue cut incomes while taxes and
debts continue. Households shift crops, labour and consumption; states pursue
production controls and austerity.
DOMAIN: economy | agriculture | finance | labour | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S777–EAGL.S781.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000190 — [EAGL-COL-034] AFRICAN ASSOCIATIONS, CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS GROW
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 1920s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W052.
PLACE: Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi.
ENTITY: welfare associations, unions, independent churches and schools.
EVENT/CONDITION: Teachers, clerks, farmers, workers, women and religious
leaders create organisations that contest land, race, wages and mission
control. These form part of the institutional ancestry of mass nationalism.
DOMAIN: politics | education | religion | labour | civil society.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad growth; B for uneven local documentation.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S782–EAGL.S787.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000191 — [EAGL-COL-035] SECOND WORLD WAR MOBILISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1939–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052.
PLACE: East Africa and overseas theatres.
ENTITY: East African colonial war economies and forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Troops, carriers, food, taxes and production support Allied
war. The 1940–1941 East African campaign uses Kenya and Sudan as bases against
Italian East Africa; East Africans also serve in Asia and elsewhere.
DOMAIN: war | labour | agriculture | transport | industry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S788–EAGL.S794.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000192 — [EAGL-COL-036] KING’S AFRICAN RIFLES SERVICE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1902–1960, with peak mobilisation during both world wars.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048–W055.
PLACE: British East African territories and overseas deployments.
ENTITY: King’s African Rifles and African soldiers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial regiments train, discipline and deploy African
soldiers under racial command. Veterans return with skills, grievances,
mobility and wider political horizons that feed postwar change.
DOMAIN: military | education | labour | migration | politics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S795–EAGL.S799.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000193 — [EAGL-COL-037] URBAN AND WAGE-LABOUR SYSTEMS EXPAND
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1890s–1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W052.
PLACE: Nairobi, Mombasa, Kampala, Jinja, Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and other centres.
ENTITY: colonial towns, mines, plantations, transport and public employment.
EVENT/CONDITION: Migrants build multiethnic urban communities under racial
segregation and pass controls. Wages, housing, unions and food markets create
new dependencies and forms of collective organisation.
DOMAIN: urbanisation | labour | housing | health | politics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S800–EAGL.S805.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000194 — [EAGL-COL-038] COLONIAL STATE AT 1945
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1945.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes colonial territories.
ENTITY: British, Belgian and residual international colonial systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bounded territories, taxation, chiefs, courts, schools,
railways, cash crops and armed forces reach farther than in 1885, but rights,
land and representation remain racially and imperially unequal. African
institutions survive, adapt and organise against rule.
DOMAIN: governance | law | economy | education | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S600–EAGL.S805.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 2 with early STAGE 3 mass-institution components.
LIFECYCLE STATE: colonial system CRUISE moving toward DESCENT.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: IMPERIAL | HIERARCHICAL | CAPTURED.

==============================================================================
12. MASS POLITICS, DECOLONISATION AND MODERN-STATE FORMATION
1945–1964
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000195 — [EAGL-IND-001] POSTWAR MASS POLITICS ACCELERATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1945–1952.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W054.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes territories.
ENTITY: workers, farmers, veterans, women, students, churches and political associations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Inflation, land pressure, racial inequality and wartime
mobilisation enlarge strikes, cooperatives and territorial nationalism.
Different colonies move toward sovereignty on different political clocks.
DOMAIN: politics | labour | land | education | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S806–EAGL.S812.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000196 — [EAGL-IND-002] TANU ORGANISES TANGANYIKA NATIONALISM
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: Tanganyika African National Union founded 7 July 1954.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054.
PLACE: Tanganyika.
ENTITY: TANU under Julius Nyerere and local organisers.
EVENT/CONDITION: TANU builds a territory-wide movement through branches,
petitions, international advocacy and elections. Its broad coalition converts
the colonial territory into a plausible national political unit.
DOMAIN: politics | decolonisation | education | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S813–EAGL.S817.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000197 — [EAGL-IND-003] MAU MAU INSURGENCY AND KENYAN EMERGENCY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: Emergency declared 20 October 1952; organised insurgency suppressed by 1960.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W055.
PLACE: central Kenya, Nairobi and detention system.
ENTITY: Kenya Land and Freedom Army/Mau Mau, supporters and colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Predominantly Kikuyu, Embu and Meru insurgents fight over land,
freedom and colonial power. The state uses mass detention, villagisation,
executions and collective punishment alongside African loyalist forces.
DOMAIN: war | land | decolonisation | detention | human rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A; casualty and participation totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S818–EAGL.S825.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MAU_MAU.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000198 — [EAGL-IND-004] DETENTION AND VILLAGISATION SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
TIME: principally 1954–1959.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054.
PLACE: central Kenya and detention camps.
ENTITY: colonial Emergency “Pipeline” and fortified villages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Screening, forced labour, camps and controlled villages
confine vast numbers. Archival and survivor evidence documents systematic
abuse, while women bear surveillance, dispossession and political labour.
DOMAIN: detention | labour | security | health | human rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for system and abuse; B for total persons affected.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S822–EAGL.S829.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000199 — [EAGL-IND-005] HOLA MASSACRE EXPOSES THE DETENTION REGIME
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 3 March 1959.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054.
PLACE: Hola detention camp, Kenya.
ENTITY: detainees and colonial prison personnel.
EVENT/CONDITION: Eleven detainees are beaten to death during forced labour.
Official deception collapses under inquiry, strengthening British political
pressure to end Emergency detention and accelerate constitutional change.
DOMAIN: human rights | detention | law | decolonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S830–EAGL.S833.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000200 — [EAGL-IND-006] KENYAN CONSTITUTIONAL TRANSITION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: 1960–1963.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Kenya and Lancaster House, London.
ENTITY: Kenyan parties, British government and constitutional conferences.
EVENT/CONDITION: Negotiations establish majority rule, regional safeguards and
an independence constitution. KANU and KADU contest centralisation while land
settlement and release of Jomo Kenyatta reshape power.
DOMAIN: law | governance | decolonisation | land | elections.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S834–EAGL.S839.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000201 — [EAGL-IND-007] TANGANYIKA BECOMES INDEPENDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: 9 December 1961; republic 9 December 1962.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Tanganyika.
ENTITY: independent Tanganyika.
EVENT/CONDITION: Constitutional transfer ends British trusteeship under a TANU
government led by Nyerere. The state inherits colonial borders, administrative
scarcity and an economy dependent on agriculture and external trade.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | governance | law | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S840–EAGL.S843.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000202 — [EAGL-IND-008] UGANDA BECOMES INDEPENDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: 9 October 1962.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: independent Uganda.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain transfers sovereignty to a federal and semi-federal
constitutional order led by Milton Obote, with Buganda and other kingdoms
holding differentiated status. The settlement contains future centre–kingdom tensions.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | governance | federalism | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S844–EAGL.S848.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000203 — [EAGL-IND-009] RWANDAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 1959–1961.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W055.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Hutu political movements, Tutsi monarchy/elites and Belgian administration.
EVENT/CONDITION: Political mobilisation, violence and Belgian policy overturn
the monarchy and transfer power to a Hutu-led republic. Killings and flight
create a large Tutsi refugee population and a lasting regional conflict system.
DOMAIN: revolution | identity | violence | decolonisation | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for transition; B–C for victim and refugee totals by phase.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S849–EAGL.S856.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000204 — [EAGL-IND-010] RWANDAN REFUGEE DIASPORA FORMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: 1959–1964 and later waves.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W055.
PLACE: Rwanda to Uganda, Burundi, Congo and Tanzania.
ENTITY: predominantly Tutsi refugees and exiles.
EVENT/CONDITION: Violence and political exclusion displace tens of thousands,
creating communities whose citizenship, return and armed politics shape the
region through 1994 and beyond.
DOMAIN: migration | security | identity | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for displacement; B for cumulative totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S853–EAGL.S858.
GRAPH SEED: YES — RWANDAN_REFUGEE_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000205 — [EAGL-IND-011] RWAGASORE AND BURUNDIAN NATIONALISM
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: UPRONA electoral victory September 1961; Rwagasore assassinated 13 October 1961.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Prince Louis Rwagasore and UPRONA.
EVENT/CONDITION: A cross-community nationalist party wins elections, but the
prime minister-designate’s assassination removes a unifying leader before
independence and intensifies elite rivalry.
DOMAIN: politics | decolonisation | assassination | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S859–EAGL.S863.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000206 — [EAGL-IND-012] RWANDA AND BURUNDI BECOME INDEPENDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: 1 July 1962.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Rwanda and Burundi.
ENTITY: Republic of Rwanda and Kingdom of Burundi.
EVENT/CONDITION: The UN trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi separates into two
sovereign states: Rwanda as a republic and Burundi under Mwami Mwambutsa IV.
Shared colonial administration does not create one postcolonial state.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | governance | borders | international law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S864–EAGL.S868.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000207 — [EAGL-IND-013] KENYA BECOMES INDEPENDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: 12 December 1963; republic 12 December 1964.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: independent Kenya under Jomo Kenyatta and KANU.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain transfers sovereignty after settler rule and Emergency
war. Land transfer, regionalism, detention memories and a powerful inherited
executive shape the new state.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | governance | land | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S869–EAGL.S873.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000208 — [EAGL-IND-014] ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 12 January 1964.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Zanzibar; Swahili-coast overlap.
ENTITY: revolutionary forces, Afro-Shirazi Party and Zanzibar Sultanate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Armed revolution overthrows the sultanate amid racialised
inequality and electoral conflict. Arabs and South Asians are killed or flee;
death estimates remain highly disputed.
DOMAIN: revolution | violence | governance | identity | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for overthrow; C–D for death totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S874–EAGL.S879.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000209 — [EAGL-IND-015] TANZANIA UNION FORMS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: Articles of Union signed 22 April; union effective 26 April 1964.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
ENTITY: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed Tanzania in October 1964.
EVENT/CONDITION: Two sovereign states unite while Zanzibar retains a
revolutionary government and authority over non-Union matters. The Union’s
dual institutional architecture remains a defining constitutional system.
DOMAIN: governance | federalism | law | decolonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S880–EAGL.S884.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000210 — [EAGL-IND-016] CONGO INDEPENDENCE DESTABILISES THE EAST
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: 30 June 1960–1965.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Congo, including Kivu and Great Lakes borders.
ENTITY: independent Congo and Congo Crisis.
EVENT/CONDITION: Abrupt decolonisation, military mutiny, secessions and foreign
intervention fracture the state. Eastern provinces become arenas of rebellion,
refugee movement and cross-border security politics.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | war | governance | migration | Cold War.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S885–EAGL.S890.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000211 — [EAGL-IND-017] EAST AFRICAN COMMON SERVICES ORGANISATION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: established December 1961.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika.
ENTITY: East African Common Services Organisation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Railways, harbours, posts, telecommunications, aviation,
research and other inherited shared services gain an interterritorial framework,
providing institutional ancestry for the 1967 East African Community.
DOMAIN: regional integration | transport | communication | administration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S891–EAGL.S895.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_INTEGRATION.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000212 — [EAGL-IND-018] MASS EDUCATION AND HEALTH BECOME STATE CLAIMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 1945–1964.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W055.
PLACE: East African and Great Lakes territories.
ENTITY: expanding schools, clinics, universities and public services.
EVENT/CONDITION: Late-colonial development and nationalist programmes enlarge
enrolment, training and health services from a low and unequal base. Mission,
state and community systems overlap; independence raises universal-service expectations.
DOMAIN: education | health | governance | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for expansion; B for comparable regional measures.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S896–EAGL.S901.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000213 — [EAGL-IND-019] COLONIAL BORDERS BECOME INTERNATIONAL BORDERS
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: 1960–1964.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: inherited territorial state system.
EVENT/CONDITION: New governments generally retain colonial boundaries to
avoid wider war and secure international recognition. Pastoral routes, language
zones, kingdoms and families remain divided across sovereign lines.
DOMAIN: borders | international law | migration | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S902–EAGL.S906.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000214 — [EAGL-IND-020] REGIONAL STATE TRANSITION AT 1964
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 31 December 1964.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: independent Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and Congo.
EVENT/CONDITION: Formal sovereignty has shifted to African governments, but
colonial borders, commodity dependence, land inequality, thin administration
and Cold War pressures remain. Kingdoms, parties, armies and regional services
compete to define the new political order.
DOMAIN: governance | economy | security | regional integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S806–EAGL.S906.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3 — Industrial and Mass-Institution Civilisation, unevenly.
LIFECYCLE STATE: independent states TAKEOFF; colonial system DESCENT/ENDED.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING.

==============================================================================
13. POSTCOLONIAL PATHS, REGIONAL INTEGRATION, COUPS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
1964–1989
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000215 — [EAGL-PCM-001] UGANDA’S CENTRE–KINGDOM CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: February–May 1966; new constitution September 1967.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Uganda, especially Buganda and Kampala.
ENTITY: Milton Obote government, Kabaka Mutesa II and Uganda Army.
EVENT/CONDITION: Obote suspends the constitution; troops under Idi Amin attack
the kabaka’s palace; Mutesa flees. The 1967 republic abolishes kingdoms and
centralises authority, rupturing the independence settlement.
DOMAIN: governance | military | constitutional law | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S907–EAGL.S912.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000216 — [EAGL-PCM-002] TANZANIA’S ARUSHA DECLARATION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 5 February 1967.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: TANU, Julius Nyerere and ujamaa policy.
EVENT/CONDITION: The declaration commits Tanzania to socialism, self-reliance,
public ownership and rural transformation. It seeks equality and national
autonomy while creating new state-control and implementation risks.
DOMAIN: economy | governance | agriculture | ideology | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S913–EAGL.S918.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000217 — [EAGL-PCM-003] EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY CREATED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: treaty signed 6 June 1967; effective 1 December 1967.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
ENTITY: first East African Community.
EVENT/CONDITION: The three states create a common market and shared rail,
harbour, airline, postal, research and administrative institutions. Unequal
benefits, sovereignty disputes and divergent political economies strain the system.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | transport | communication | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S919–EAGL.S923.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_COMMUNITY.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000218 — [EAGL-PCM-004] UJAMAA VILLAGISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: late 1960s–1976; coercive acceleration after 1973.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W056.
PLACE: rural Tanzania.
ENTITY: ujamaa villages and Operation Vijiji.
EVENT/CONDITION: The state groups rural households to collectivise production
and deliver schools, clinics and water. Some communities participate; millions
are also moved coercively, production falters in places and local autonomy contracts.
DOMAIN: agriculture | settlement | education | health | coercion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for programme and mass movement; B for aggregate outcomes.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S924–EAGL.S930.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000219 — [EAGL-PCM-005] KISWAHILI AND MASS EDUCATION BUILD TANZANIAN NATIONHOOD
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1960s–1980s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: public schooling, adult literacy and Kiswahili national communication.
EVENT/CONDITION: School expansion, literacy campaigns and Kiswahili reduce
some regional-linguistic barriers and widen basic services. Resource scarcity
and later economic crisis constrain quality and secondary access.
DOMAIN: education | language | identity | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for expansion; B for causal contribution to cohesion.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S931–EAGL.S936.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000220 — [EAGL-PCM-006] BURUNDI MONARCHY FALLS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: Mwambutsa deposed July 1966; Ntare V deposed 28 November 1966.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Burundian monarchy and army under Michel Micombero.
EVENT/CONDITION: Two coups end the monarchy and establish a republic dominated
by military and Tutsi-Hima elites. Political exclusion and failed rebellions
make identity increasingly lethal.
DOMAIN: governance | military | identity | constitutional law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S937–EAGL.S942.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000221 — [EAGL-PCM-007] BURUNDI 1972 MASS KILLING
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: GENOCIDE.
TIME: April–September 1972, with longer consequences.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Hutu insurgents, Micombero state and targeted populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: After a local Hutu-led rebellion kills Tutsi and others, the
state conducts systematic mass killing of educated and potential Hutu elites
and many civilians. Scholarship widely treats the state campaign as genocide;
large refugee flows follow.
DOMAIN: genocide | security | identity | education | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for systematic mass killing; B–C for totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S943–EAGL.S949.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BURUNDI_1972.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000222 — [EAGL-PCM-008] IDI AMIN SEIZES POWER
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 25 January 1971.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: General Idi Amin and Uganda Army.
EVENT/CONDITION: The army overthrows Obote while he is abroad. Amin initially
claims reform but rapidly concentrates personal and military power and targets
real and alleged opponents.
DOMAIN: governance | military | security | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S950–EAGL.S954.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000223 — [EAGL-PCM-009] UGANDAN ASIANS EXPELLED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: decree 4 August 1972; expulsion within ninety days.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Uganda and global destinations.
ENTITY: Amin government and Uganda’s Asian communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Roughly tens of thousands of Asians, many Ugandan citizens or
long-term residents, are expelled and their businesses seized. Dispossession
fractures trade, industry, families and citizenship.
DOMAIN: migration | citizenship | economy | human rights | property.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A; exact population totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S955–EAGL.S959.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000224 — [EAGL-PCM-010] AMIN-ERA STATE VIOLENCE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1971–1979.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Amin military regime and security agencies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Extrajudicial killing, disappearance, ethnicised military
purges and economic predation make personal security critical. Victim totals
are uncertain but mass state violence is not.
DOMAIN: security | governance | military | economy | human rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for mass violence; C for totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S950–EAGL.S961.
BASEFLOOR STATE: SECURITY CRITICAL | SOCIAL_STABILITY FRACTURED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000225 — [EAGL-PCM-011] FIRST EAC COLLAPSES
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 1977.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
ENTITY: first East African Community.
EVENT/CONDITION: Political hostility, fiscal disputes, unequal industrial
benefits and incompatible economic systems end the Community. Shared assets,
services and employment are divided, increasing regional transaction costs.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | transport | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S919–EAGL.S923, EAGL.S962–EAGL.S965.
LIFECYCLE STATE: DESCENT to institutional termination.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000226 — [EAGL-PCM-012] UGANDA–TANZANIA WAR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: October 1978–June 1979.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Kagera, Uganda and Tanzania.
ENTITY: Ugandan forces, Tanzania People’s Defence Force and Ugandan exiles.
EVENT/CONDITION: Uganda invades and annexes part of Kagera; Tanzania repels the
attack, enters Uganda and helps overthrow Amin in April 1979. War damages both
countries and leaves Uganda’s succession unresolved.
DOMAIN: war | sovereignty | displacement | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S966–EAGL.S971.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000227 — [EAGL-PCM-013] KENYATTA-ERA EXECUTIVE CONSOLIDATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1964–1978.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W056.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Jomo Kenyatta government and KANU state.
EVENT/CONDITION: A strong presidency, patronage, Africanisation and private/
state-led growth consolidate the new state. Land transfer creates African
ownership but leaves deep inequality and unresolved Emergency-era claims.
DOMAIN: governance | land | economy | party system.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S972–EAGL.S978.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000228 — [EAGL-PCM-014] MOI SUCCEEDS KENYATTA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: Kenyatta dies 22 August; Daniel arap Moi becomes president 14 October 1978.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Moi government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Constitutional succession preserves regime continuity.
Moi gradually centralises patronage and security around the presidency while
initially presenting a politics of continuity.
DOMAIN: governance | succession | party system | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S979–EAGL.S982.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000229 — [EAGL-PCM-015] KENYAN COUP ATTEMPT AND ONE-PARTY CONTROL
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: de jure one-party amendment June 1982; coup attempt 1 August 1982.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Moi government, KANU and rebel air-force personnel.
EVENT/CONDITION: A failed coup is followed by purges, detention, expanded
security control and tighter university/media restrictions. Formal one-party
rule narrows organised political competition.
DOMAIN: governance | military | law | education | media.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S983–EAGL.S987.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000230 — [EAGL-PCM-016] RWANDA’S FIRST REPUBLIC CONSOLIDATES EXCLUSION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1962–1973.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W056.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Grégoire Kayibanda government.
EVENT/CONDITION: A Hutu-majoritarian republic institutionalises quotas and
excludes many Tutsi from power. Cross-border exile attacks and state reprisals,
including 1963–1964 killings, reinforce refugee and security cycles.
DOMAIN: governance | identity | violence | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for policies and violence; B–C for totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S988–EAGL.S993.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000231 — [EAGL-PCM-017] HABYARIMANA COUP AND MRND STATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: coup 5 July 1973; MRND one-party state from 1975.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Juvénal Habyarimana and MRND regime.
EVENT/CONDITION: The military removes Kayibanda, reduces immediate anti-Tutsi
violence and builds a disciplined single-party developmental state. Regional
patronage, ethnic quotas and refusal of broad refugee return persist.
DOMAIN: governance | military | development | identity | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S994–EAGL.S999.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000232 — [EAGL-PCM-018] BURUNDI COUPS RECONFIGURE ELITE RULE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: Jean-Baptiste Bagaza seizes power 1 November 1976; Pierre Buyoya 3 September 1987.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W057.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Burundian military regimes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Successive bloodless coups replace presidents while preserving
army dominance. Bagaza modernises infrastructure but represses church and
opposition; Buyoya inherits unresolved ethnic exclusion.
DOMAIN: governance | military | infrastructure | religion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1000–EAGL.S1004.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000233 — [EAGL-PCM-019] BURUNDI 1988 MASSACRES AND REFORM
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: August 1988 and aftermath.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: Ntega and Marangara, northern Burundi.
ENTITY: local Hutu attackers, Tutsi victims and Burundian army.
EVENT/CONDITION: Local violence against Tutsi is followed by much larger army
killings of Hutu and mass flight. International pressure and internal shock
lead Buyoya to appoint a more inclusive government and commission.
DOMAIN: violence | identity | military | refugees | reform.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for sequence; B–C for totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1005–EAGL.S1009.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000234 — [EAGL-PCM-020] UGANDAN ELECTION AND OBOTE II
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: disputed election 10 December 1980; Obote government 1980–1985.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Uganda People’s Congress government and opposition forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: A disputed election returns Obote. Rebellion, counterinsurgency
and factional armies spread war, especially through the Luwero Triangle and
northern Uganda, while the economy and public services remain fractured.
DOMAIN: elections | war | governance | economy | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for dispute and war; B–C for deaths.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1010–EAGL.S1015.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000235 — [EAGL-PCM-021] UGANDAN BUSH WAR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1981–1986.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: Luwero Triangle and Uganda.
ENTITY: National Resistance Army, government armies and civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Yoweri Museveni’s NRA wages guerrilla war; state forces,
insurgents and indiscipline impose killing, displacement and deprivation.
The war destroys institutions and lays the military foundation of the NRM state.
DOMAIN: war | governance | displacement | food | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for conflict; C for attribution and casualty totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1016–EAGL.S1021.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000236 — [EAGL-PCM-022] MUSEVENI AND NRM TAKE KAMPALA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 26 January 1986.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: Kampala and Uganda.
ENTITY: National Resistance Army/Movement.
EVENT/CONDITION: The NRA captures the capital and installs Museveni. The new
government promises broad-based rule, security and reconstruction, while its
victory embeds the army and movement at the centre of political power.
DOMAIN: governance | military | reconstruction | party system.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1022–EAGL.S1026.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000237 — [EAGL-PCM-023] WAR MOVES TO NORTHERN UGANDA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1986–1989, continuing afterward.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: northern and eastern Uganda.
ENTITY: NRM state, former soldiers, Holy Spirit Movement and emerging LRA.
EVENT/CONDITION: Defeated forces and local insurgencies resist the new state;
counterinsurgency, spiritual mobilisation and abduction begin a conflict that
will devastate the north for two decades.
DOMAIN: war | security | displacement | religion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1027–EAGL.S1031.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000238 — [EAGL-PCM-024] TANZANIA SUPPORTS SOUTHERN AFRICAN LIBERATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1960s–1980s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: Tanzania and southern African liberation networks.
ENTITY: Tanzanian state and African liberation movements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tanzania hosts and supports movements opposing colonial and
white-minority rule in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa and elsewhere,
accepting security and economic costs as a Frontline State.
DOMAIN: diplomacy | military | decolonisation | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1032–EAGL.S1036.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000239 — [EAGL-PCM-025] STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT CHANGES THE STATE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally 1980s–1990s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057–W058.
PLACE: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Great Lakes states.
ENTITY: IMF/World Bank-supported liberalisation and fiscal adjustment.
EVENT/CONDITION: Currency reform, privatisation, spending restraint and market
liberalisation respond to debt and stagnation. Some production and fiscal
balances recover, while employment, user fees and social services bear uneven costs.
DOMAIN: economy | finance | health | education | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for programmes; B–C for net welfare attribution.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1037–EAGL.S1043.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000240 — [EAGL-PCM-026] HIV/AIDS EMERGES AROUND REGIONAL CORRIDORS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: recognised in East Africa during the 1980s; earlier transmission occurred.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: Lake Victoria, transport corridors and wider region.
ENTITY: HIV/AIDS epidemic.
EVENT/CONDITION: A new epidemic spreads through sexual and blood transmission,
amplified by mobility, inequality, conflict and weak health systems. Stigma and
delayed response compound mortality; later prevention and treatment transform outcomes.
DOMAIN: health | disease | mobility | inequality | demography.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for epidemic; B for fine-grained early pathways.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1044–EAGL.S1049.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_HIV_AIDS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000241 — [EAGL-PCM-027] CONSERVATION STATES EXPAND
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: CONSERVATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1950s–1980s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W057.
PLACE: Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Maasai Mara, Virunga and other protected areas.
ENTITY: parks, reserves, wildlife agencies and tourism systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Protected areas conserve globally important ecosystems and
support tourism, but fortress-conservation models displace or restrict Maasai,
Twa and other local communities. Conservation benefits and costs are distributed unequally.
DOMAIN: environment | tourism | land | rights | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1050–EAGL.S1056.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000242 — [EAGL-PCM-028] PUBLIC HEALTH AND EDUCATION EXPAND UNEVENLY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 1960s–1980s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: East African and Great Lakes states.
ENTITY: postcolonial schools, clinics, vaccination and water programmes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments enlarge primary schooling, health staffing and
preventive services, producing gains in literacy and survival. War, debt,
rural distance and fiscal crises cause sharp national and local divergence.
DOMAIN: education | health | water | governance | demography.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for expansion and divergence.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1057–EAGL.S1062.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000243 — [EAGL-PCM-029] POPULATION AND CITIES GROW RAPIDLY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: 1960–1989.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: regional demographic and urban transition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Falling mortality, high fertility and migration accelerate
population growth. Capitals and secondary towns expand faster than formal
housing, sanitation, transport and employment, creating both productive density
and infrastructure stress.
DOMAIN: population | urbanisation | housing | health | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1063–EAGL.S1068.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000244 — [EAGL-PCM-030] WOMEN’S LABOUR UNDERPINS DEVELOPMENT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1960s–1980s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: East African and Great Lakes households, farms and institutions.
ENTITY: women farmers, workers, traders and associations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Women sustain food production, care, markets, education and
political organising while land, credit and formal office remain unequal.
Official development measures frequently exclude unpaid and informal work.
DOMAIN: labour | agriculture | care | economy | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1069–EAGL.S1074.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000245 — [EAGL-PCM-031] REGIONAL COMMUNICATION BECOMES MASS-MEDIATED
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1960s–1980s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: radio, press, postal, telephone and state broadcasting systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Radio and print extend national languages, education and
political messaging across rural populations. State monopolies also censor
opposition; cross-border broadcasts carry alternative information.
DOMAIN: communication | information | education | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1075–EAGL.S1079.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000246 — [EAGL-PCM-032] REGIONAL CONDITION AT 1989
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 31 December 1989.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: postcolonial regional state system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tanzania is moving from socialist state control; Kenya and
Rwanda retain dominant-party systems; Uganda is rebuilding under the NRM;
Burundi has begun cautious reform; eastern Congo remains under Mobutu’s Zaire.
Debt, HIV, rapid population growth and unresolved refugee systems cross borders.
DOMAIN: governance | economy | health | migration | regional integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S907–EAGL.S1079.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3, uneven and war-damaged in several states.
LIFECYCLE STATE: mixed RECOVERY, CRUISE and DESCENT; not one regional state.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING.

==============================================================================
14. MULTIPARTY TRANSITIONS, GENOCIDE AND REGIONALISED CONGO WARS
1990–1999
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000247 — [EAGL-NNT-001] RPF INVADES RWANDA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 1 October 1990.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Uganda–Rwanda border and northern Rwanda.
ENTITY: Rwandan Patriotic Front and Rwandan government forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Predominantly Tutsi exiles and descendants organised in the
RPF invade from Uganda, opening civil war. Refugee return, power sharing and
regime survival become inseparable from regional military politics.
DOMAIN: war | refugees | citizenship | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1080–EAGL.S1085.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000248 — [EAGL-NNT-002] RWANDAN CIVIL WAR AND INTERNAL REPRESSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: October 1990–August 1993, with renewed war in 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Habyarimana government, RPF, civilians and opposition parties.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fighting, displacement and economic strain combine with
arrests and massacres of Tutsi civilians. Multiparty politics opens formal
competition while extremist organisations prepare exclusion and violence.
DOMAIN: war | politics | displacement | identity | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1080–EAGL.S1090.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000249 — [EAGL-NNT-003] HATE MEDIA AND MILITIA INFRASTRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally 1990–April 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: extremist press, RTLM, Interahamwe and allied networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Propaganda dehumanises Tutsi and intimidates moderate Hutu;
party militias, weapons distribution and local administrative lists build
capacity for mass killing. Media is an enabling system, not the sole cause.
DOMAIN: information | identity | military | governance | genocide.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DIGITAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1091–EAGL.S1096.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GENOCIDAL_INFORMATION_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000250 — [EAGL-NNT-004] ARUSHA ACCORDS FOR RWANDA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: signed 4 August 1993.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Arusha, Tanzania, for Rwanda.
ENTITY: Rwandan government, RPF and mediated peace process.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agreements provide for ceasefire, power sharing, refugee
return and army integration. Extremists obstruct implementation; the UN deploys
UNAMIR without the mandate or resources to compel compliance.
DOMAIN: peace | law | governance | refugees | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1097–EAGL.S1101.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000251 — [EAGL-NNT-005] BURUNDI ELECTS NDADAYE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 1 June; presidency begins 10 July 1993.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Melchior Ndadaye, FRODEBU and Burundian electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Burundi’s first competitive presidential election gives a
decisive victory to Ndadaye, the first Hutu president. The transition offers
a path from military-minority rule but lacks consolidated security guarantees.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | identity | democratisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1102–EAGL.S1106.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000252 — [EAGL-NNT-006] NDADAYE ASSASSINATED; BURUNDI CIVIL WAR BEGINS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 21 October 1993 and aftermath.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: army coup plotters, government and civilian populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Soldiers kill Ndadaye. Hutu civilians massacre Tutsi in some
areas; the army and Tutsi forces kill many Hutu. Retaliation, displacement and
armed movements develop into a civil war lasting into the 2000s.
DOMAIN: coup | war | identity | genocide risk | displacement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for sequence; B–C for totals and local attribution.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1107–EAGL.S1112.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000253 — [EAGL-NNT-007] HABYARIMANA’S AIRCRAFT IS SHOT DOWN
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: evening of 6 April 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: near Kigali airport, Rwanda.
ENTITY: aircraft carrying presidents Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira.
EVENT/CONDITION: A missile attack kills both presidents and others. The attack
triggers pre-positioned extremist action, but responsibility for firing the
missiles remains disputed and does not alter responsibility for the genocide.
DOMAIN: assassination | war | governance | controversy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for event; D for perpetrator attribution.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1113–EAGL.S1117.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: perpetrator unresolved.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000254 — [EAGL-NNT-008] GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI IN RWANDA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: GENOCIDE.
TIME: 7 April–July 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: targeted Tutsi population; extremist state, militia and local killing networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: State authorities, militias and mobilised civilians systematically
kill Tutsi across Rwanda. Moderate Hutu and others opposing genocide are also
murdered. Sexual violence, property seizure and destruction accompany mass killing.
DOMAIN: genocide | security | identity | human rights | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A; exact victim total remains an estimate.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1118–EAGL.S1126.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GENOCIDE_AGAINST_TUTSI_1994.
BASEFLOOR STATE: SECURITY CRITICAL | HEALTH CRITICAL | SOCIAL_STABILITY CRITICAL.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000255 — [EAGL-NNT-009] INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION FAILURE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: April–July 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda and international decision centres.
ENTITY: United Nations, UNAMIR and foreign governments.
EVENT/CONDITION: States withdraw forces, narrow the mission and delay
reinforcement despite evidence of organised mass killing. Individual
peacekeepers and protected sites save lives, but the collective system fails.
DOMAIN: international governance | security | genocide prevention | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1127–EAGL.S1132.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000256 — [EAGL-NNT-010] RPF WINS THE WAR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: Kigali taken 4 July; national military victory by mid-July 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Rwandan Patriotic Front.
EVENT/CONDITION: RPF advances defeat genocidal government forces and stop
organised genocide where they take control. RPF forces also commit serious
reprisal and other killings; scale and legal character require case-specific evidence.
DOMAIN: war | governance | genocide termination | human rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A for victory; B–C for attribution and totals of RPF abuses.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1133–EAGL.S1138.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000257 — [EAGL-NNT-011] RWANDAN MASS REFUGEE EXODUS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: April–August 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda into Tanzania, Zaire, Burundi and Uganda.
ENTITY: Rwandan refugees, genocidal forces and humanitarian agencies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Millions flee war and RPF advance. Civilians and perpetrators
enter camps together; former government and militia retain armed control in
parts of eastern Zaire, transforming relief sites into security systems.
DOMAIN: refugees | health | security | humanitarian response.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A; daily and cumulative totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1139–EAGL.S1145.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREAT_LAKES_REFUGEE_CRISIS_1994.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000258 — [EAGL-NNT-012] GOMA CHOLERA CATASTROPHE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: July–August 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Goma refugee camps, eastern Zaire.
ENTITY: cholera and dysentery epidemic among Rwandan refugees.
EVENT/CONDITION: Extreme crowding, unsafe water and delayed sanitation cause
tens of thousands of deaths over weeks. The event demonstrates how a collapsed
water–health floor can become deadlier than direct combat.
DOMAIN: health | water | refugees | infrastructure | humanitarian response.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A; exact death total B.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1146–EAGL.S1150.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000259 — [EAGL-NNT-013] POST-GENOCIDE RWANDAN STATE FORMS
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: July 1994–1999.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: RPF-led Government of National Unity.
EVENT/CONDITION: The new government rebuilds administration, security and
services, repatriates earlier refugees and imprisons vast numbers of genocide
suspects. Formal coalition exists under dominant RPF military-political power.
DOMAIN: reconstruction | governance | justice | refugees | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1151–EAGL.S1157.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000260 — [EAGL-NNT-014] ICTR ESTABLISHED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: UN Security Council resolution 955, 8 November 1994.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Arusha, Tanzania, with jurisdiction over Rwanda-related crimes in 1994.
ENTITY: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
EVENT/CONDITION: The UN creates an international court for genocide and
serious humanitarian-law crimes. Its judgments establish major precedents,
while distance, expense and limited jurisdiction attract criticism.
DOMAIN: law | genocide | international governance | evidence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1158–EAGL.S1162.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ICTR.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000261 — [EAGL-NNT-015] KENYA RESTORES MULTIPARTY LEGALITY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: constitutional repeal of Section 2A, December 1991.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Moi government, opposition, civil society and donors.
EVENT/CONDITION: Domestic organising and external pressure end de jure
one-party rule. Elections in 1992 and 1997 retain Moi amid fragmented opposition,
state advantage and politically organised ethnic violence.
DOMAIN: law | elections | civil society | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1163–EAGL.S1169.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000262 — [EAGL-NNT-016] KENYAN ELECTORAL DISPLACEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: principally 1991–1998.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rift Valley, Coast and other Kenyan districts.
ENTITY: political elites, militias, targeted communities and security agencies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Organised attacks and retaliation displace large populations
around multiparty elections. Land claims and ethnic narratives are mobilised
for electoral power; accountability remains weak.
DOMAIN: elections | violence | land | displacement | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for organised violence; B–C for perpetrator chains and totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1167–EAGL.S1172.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000263 — [EAGL-NNT-017] TANZANIA RETURNS TO MULTIPARTY POLITICS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: constitutional change 1992; first multiparty general election 29 October 1995.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: CCM, opposition parties and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Legal opposition returns, but CCM retains national
organisational dominance. Zanzibar elections are more polarised and disputed
than the mainland contest.
DOMAIN: elections | law | party system | union.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1173–EAGL.S1178.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000264 — [EAGL-NNT-018] UGANDA ADOPTS THE 1995 CONSTITUTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: promulgated 8 October 1995.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Constitution of Uganda.
EVENT/CONDITION: A constituent process codifies rights, decentralisation,
presidential government and the NRM “Movement” no-party system. Term limits
and institutions promise checks that later political change weakens.
DOMAIN: constitutional law | governance | rights | decentralisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1179–EAGL.S1183.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000265 — [EAGL-NNT-019] MUSEVENI WINS 1996 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 9 May 1996.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Yoweri Museveni and Movement electoral system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Uganda holds its first direct presidential election since
1980 under restrictions on party activity. Museveni wins amid genuine support,
state advantage and continuing war in the north.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | party system | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1184–EAGL.S1187.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000266 — [EAGL-NNT-020] FIRST CONGO WAR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: October 1996–May 1997.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: eastern Zaire to Kinshasa.
ENTITY: AFDL, Rwanda, Uganda, Zairian forces, refugees and armed groups.
EVENT/CONDITION: Regional armies and Laurent-Désiré Kabila’s coalition attack
refugee camps and overthrow Mobutu. Genocidal forces are dispersed, while
Rwandan refugees and Congolese civilians suffer mass killing and flight.
DOMAIN: war | refugees | regime change | regional intervention.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for war and overthrow; B–D for massacre attribution and totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1188–EAGL.S1196.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000267 — [EAGL-NNT-021] ZAIRE BECOMES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MODERN_STATE.
TIME: Mobutu flees 16 May; Kabila enters Kinshasa 17 May 1997.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
ENTITY: Laurent-Désiré Kabila government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobutu’s state collapses and the country’s former name is
restored. The new government inherits institutional decay, armed allies,
refugee crises and contested eastern authority.
DOMAIN: governance | war | state formation | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1197–EAGL.S1200.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000268 — [EAGL-NNT-022] SECOND CONGO WAR REGIONALISES
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: begins 2 August 1998; principal interstate phase continues to 2003.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: DRC, especially east, and multiple African states.
ENTITY: Congolese government, Rwanda, Uganda, rebel movements and allied states.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kabila breaks with former Rwandan/Ugandan allies; rebellion
and intervention divide the country. Armies and armed groups compete over
security, territory and resources in a war sometimes called “Africa’s World War.”
DOMAIN: war | resources | regional intervention | displacement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1201–EAGL.S1208.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SECOND_CONGO_WAR.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000269 — [EAGL-NNT-023] KISANGANI BECOMES RWANDA–UGANDA BATTLEFIELD
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: clashes in 1999 and 2000.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: Kisangani, DRC.
ENTITY: Rwandan and Ugandan forces and Congolese civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Former allies fight one another in a Congolese city over
strategic and commercial control. Urban civilians and infrastructure bear the
cost, illustrating fracture within the intervention coalition.
DOMAIN: war | urbanisation | resources | international law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1209–EAGL.S1213.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000270 — [EAGL-NNT-024] NAIROBI AND DAR ES SALAAM EMBASSY BOMBINGS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 7 August 1998.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
ENTITY: al-Qaeda attacks and civilian victims.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coordinated truck bombs kill hundreds, overwhelmingly
Africans, and injure thousands. East Africa enters the emerging transnational
jihadist-security system well before the September 2001 attacks.
DOMAIN: terrorism | security | health | international relations.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1214–EAGL.S1218.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000271 — [EAGL-NNT-025] EAC REVIVAL PROCESS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: Tripartite Commission agreement 30 November 1993; Secretariat inaugurated 14 March 1996.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
ENTITY: East African Cooperation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Presidents rebuild functional cooperation after the 1977
collapse, beginning with political commitment and a small secretariat.
Reconciliation over assets and renewed trade prepare a treaty-based community.
DOMAIN: regional integration | governance | trade | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1219–EAGL.S1223.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000272 — [EAGL-NNT-026] EAC TREATY SIGNED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 30 November 1999.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Arusha, Tanzania.
ENTITY: Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda sign a new integration treaty
providing for customs union, common market, monetary union and eventual
political federation through staged institutions.
DOMAIN: regional integration | law | trade | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1224–EAGL.S1228.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000273 — [EAGL-NNT-027] LAKE VICTORIA ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1980s–1990s, continuing in changed form.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057–W058.
PLACE: Lake Victoria basin.
ENTITY: fisheries, eutrophication, Nile perch and water hyacinth system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Introduced Nile perch, fishing pressure, nutrient pollution
and invasive water hyacinth transform biodiversity and livelihoods. Export
fisheries grow while endemic species and small-scale access suffer.
DOMAIN: fisheries | biodiversity | pollution | trade | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A for transformation; B–C for single-cause weighting.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1229–EAGL.S1235.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000274 — [EAGL-NNT-028] MOBILE TELEPHONY AND INTERNET ARRIVE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally mid–late 1990s.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: East African capitals and expanding national networks.
ENTITY: commercial mobile and internet systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Early operators, internet service providers and fibre/
satellite links begin moving communication beyond fixed-line scarcity.
Coverage and cost remain highly unequal, but a new technical platform is established.
DOMAIN: communication | information | business | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for transition; B for country-specific first-use dates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1236–EAGL.S1241.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_DIGITAL_NETWORK.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000275 — [EAGL-NNT-029] MARKET LIBERALISATION REMAKES LIVELIHOODS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1990–1999.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: East African and Great Lakes states.
ENTITY: privatisation, trade liberalisation and informal-market expansion.
EVENT/CONDITION: State enterprises contract or privatise; prices and currencies
liberalise; cross-border and informal trade grow. New opportunity coexists
with layoffs, user fees, inequality and exposure to global commodity markets.
DOMAIN: economy | labour | trade | finance | social policy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for reforms; B–C for causal welfare effects.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1242–EAGL.S1247.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000276 — [EAGL-NNT-030] REGIONAL CONDITION AT 1999
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 31 December 1999.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: multiparty, post-genocide and regional-war state system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Formal electoral competition has widened, but incumbent
advantage remains strong. Rwanda rebuilds under RPF dominance; Burundi and DRC
remain at war; Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda revive EAC integration. Refugee,
HIV, debt, land and environmental systems cross every border.
DOMAIN: governance | war | health | migration | integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1080–EAGL.S1247.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3; digital Stage 4 substrate begins.
LIFECYCLE STATE: regional integration TAKEOFF; conflict systems CRUISE/DESCENT.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING and FRAGMENTING simultaneously.

==============================================================================
15. RECONSTRUCTION, REVIVED INTEGRATION AND DIGITAL TAKEOFF
2000–2014
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000277 — [EAGL-DGT-001] REVIVED EAC TREATY ENTERS FORCE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 7 July 2000.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda; headquarters Arusha.
ENTITY: revived East African Community.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ratification activates the 1999 treaty and begins construction
of regional organs, law and phased economic integration. The new EAC is a
treaty organisation, not a sovereign replacement for member states.
DOMAIN: regional integration | law | trade | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1248–EAGL.S1252.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000278 — [EAGL-DGT-002] BURUNDI ARUSHA PEACE AGREEMENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 August 2000.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Arusha, Tanzania, for Burundi.
ENTITY: Burundian parties, civil society and international mediators.
EVENT/CONDITION: The agreement establishes ethnic power-sharing, security
reform, transitional institutions and justice principles. Major armed groups
do not all sign initially, so negotiated implementation continues.
DOMAIN: peace | law | governance | military | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1253–EAGL.S1258.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000279 — [EAGL-DGT-003] BURUNDI CIVIL WAR WINDS DOWN
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 2000–2009, with principal political transition by 2005.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: transitional government, CNDD-FDD, FNL and other armed actors.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ceasefires, army integration and elections bring CNDD-FDD
from insurgency to government. The FNL demobilises later; land, refugee return
and impunity remain unresolved.
DOMAIN: peace | military | elections | refugees | justice.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for process; B for end-point definition.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1259–EAGL.S1265.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000280 — [EAGL-DGT-004] NKURUNZIZA ELECTED PRESIDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: elected by parliament 19 August; sworn 26 August 2005.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Pierre Nkurunziza and CNDD-FDD.
EVENT/CONDITION: A former rebel movement wins elections and leads the
post-conflict state under Arusha power-sharing rules. Early inclusion and
reconstruction later give way to increasing party and security control.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | peace | military integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1263–EAGL.S1268.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000281 — [EAGL-DGT-005] PAUL KAGAME BECOMES PRESIDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 22 April 2000.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Paul Kagame and RPF-led state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Parliament elects Kagame after Pasteur Bizimungu resigns.
Reconstruction, security, performance administration and RPF political
dominance become increasingly identified with his presidency.
DOMAIN: governance | reconstruction | security | party system.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1269–EAGL.S1273.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000282 — [EAGL-DGT-006] RWANDA’S 2003 CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: referendum 26 May; constitution promulgated 4 June 2003.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Constitution of Rwanda.
EVENT/CONDITION: The constitution prohibits ethnic discrimination and
“divisionism,” creates institutions and elections, and reserves women’s
representation. Broad legal protections coexist with restrictive interpretation
of opposition and speech.
DOMAIN: constitutional law | identity | elections | rights | gender.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1274–EAGL.S1278.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000283 — [EAGL-DGT-007] GACACA COURTS PROCESS GENOCIDE CASES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: pilot from 2001; nationwide 2005–2012.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: gacaca community courts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Locally elected lay judges process an enormous genocide
caseload, reveal information and impose punishment/reparation. Speed and
participation coexist with due-process limits, intimidation and restricted
jurisdiction over RPF crimes.
DOMAIN: justice | genocide | community | reconciliation | evidence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A for scale and operation; B–C for aggregate reconciliation effects.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1279–EAGL.S1285.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GACACA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000284 — [EAGL-DGT-008] RWANDA BUILDS PERFORMANCE-STATE SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2000–2014.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: decentralisation, imihigo contracts and public-service delivery.
EVENT/CONDITION: Central targets, local performance contracts, data and
community programmes improve infrastructure and selected health/development
indicators. Concentrated political control and pressure to meet targets narrow
local dissent and can distort reporting.
DOMAIN: governance | information | health | infrastructure | accountability.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for systems; B–C for independent causal effect.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1286–EAGL.S1292.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000285 — [EAGL-DGT-009] LAURENT KABILA ASSASSINATED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: shot 16 January; death announced 18 January 2001.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Kinshasa, DRC.
ENTITY: President Laurent-Désiré Kabila.
EVENT/CONDITION: A bodyguard shoots the president during the Second Congo War.
Joseph Kabila succeeds him, reopening diplomacy with regional opponents.
DOMAIN: governance | war | succession | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for killing and succession; C for full conspiracy.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1293–EAGL.S1297.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000286 — [EAGL-DGT-010] CONGO PEACE AND TRANSITION AGREEMENTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1999 Lusaka ceasefire–2003 transitional government.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: DRC, Lusaka, Sun City and Pretoria.
ENTITY: Congolese parties, Rwanda, Uganda and mediators.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ceasefire, inter-Congolese dialogue and power-sharing reduce
interstate war and create a “one plus four” transitional government. Many
armed groups persist, especially in Ituri and the Kivus.
DOMAIN: peace | law | governance | military | regional diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1298–EAGL.S1305.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000287 — [EAGL-DGT-011] DRC HOLDS 2006 ELECTIONS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: first round 30 July; runoff 29 October 2006.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
ENTITY: Joseph Kabila, Jean-Pierre Bemba and Congolese electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: The first national multiparty elections in more than four
decades give Kabila the presidency. Voting creates recognised institutions,
but armed control and weak administration persist in the east.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | peace | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1306–EAGL.S1310.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000288 — [EAGL-DGT-012] ITURI AND KIVU ARMED SYSTEMS PERSIST
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 2000–2014.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: eastern DRC.
ENTITY: Congolese army, foreign-linked and local armed groups, civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Land, citizenship, minerals, community protection and regional
intervention sustain changing militias after formal peace. Sexual violence,
recruitment and displacement become recurrent features but vary by actor and place.
DOMAIN: war | minerals | land | citizenship | displacement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for persistence; B–C for actor-specific chains.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1311–EAGL.S1317.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000289 — [EAGL-DGT-013] KENYA’S 2002 ELECTORAL TRANSFER
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 27 December 2002.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Mwai Kibaki, NARC, KANU and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Opposition victory ends KANU’s uninterrupted rule and Moi
transfers power peacefully. Anti-corruption and constitutional expectations
rise, while coalition fracture later weakens reform.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | civil society | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1318–EAGL.S1322.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000290 — [EAGL-DGT-014] KENYA’S 2007–2008 POST-ELECTION VIOLENCE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: election 27 December 2007; major violence to February 2008.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Kenya, especially Rift Valley, Nairobi and western regions.
ENTITY: political parties, militias, police and targeted communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: A disputed presidential count triggers organised and
spontaneous killing, sexual violence and mass displacement. Police use lethal
force; land, inequality and impunity amplify electoral mobilisation.
DOMAIN: elections | violence | land | displacement | policing.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A; some perpetrator chains remain B–C.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1323–EAGL.S1329.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000291 — [EAGL-DGT-015] KENYAN NATIONAL ACCORD
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: agreement signed 28 February 2008.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Mwai Kibaki, Raila Odinga and mediated coalition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Power sharing creates a prime minister and grand coalition,
stops most organised violence and commits to constitutional and institutional
reform. It stabilises the state without resolving every displacement or crime.
DOMAIN: peace | law | governance | elections.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1330–EAGL.S1334.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000292 — [EAGL-DGT-016] KENYA ADOPTS 2010 CONSTITUTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: referendum 4 August; promulgated 27 August 2010.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Constitution of Kenya 2010.
EVENT/CONDITION: A rights-based constitution creates forty-seven counties,
independent commissions, a reformed judiciary and limits on executive power.
Implementation redistributes resources while opening new county-level patronage risks.
DOMAIN: constitutional law | devolution | rights | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1335–EAGL.S1340.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KENYAN_DEVOLUTION.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000293 — [EAGL-DGT-017] KENYA’S 2013 ELECTION AND JUDICIAL REVIEW
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 4 March; Supreme Court decision 30 March 2013.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Uhuru Kenyatta, Raila Odinga, electoral commission and Supreme Court.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kenyatta wins narrowly; the Court rejects Odinga’s petition.
The new constitution channels dispute through adjudication and avoids 2007-
scale violence, though electoral trust remains contested.
DOMAIN: elections | law | governance | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1341–EAGL.S1345.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000294 — [EAGL-DGT-018] UGANDA REMOVES PRESIDENTIAL TERM LIMITS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: constitutional amendment enacted 2005.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Ugandan parliament, NRM and presidency.
EVENT/CONDITION: Parliament removes the two-term presidential limit amid
allegations of inducements. Multiparty competition returns, but incumbent
control of state, security and media creates an unequal field.
DOMAIN: constitutional law | governance | elections | corruption.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1346–EAGL.S1350.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000295 — [EAGL-DGT-019] UGANDA RETURNS TO MULTIPARTY ELECTIONS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: referendum 28 July 2005; general election 23 February 2006.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: NRM, opposition parties and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Party competition is restored and Museveni wins. Opposition
leader Kizza Besigye faces detention and prosecution; formal pluralism coexists
with security pressure and presidential continuity.
DOMAIN: elections | law | governance | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1351–EAGL.S1355.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000296 — [EAGL-DGT-020] LRA WAR REACHES PEAK DISPLACEMENT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: principally 2002–2006 in Uganda; LRA moves outward thereafter.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: northern Uganda and neighbouring states.
ENTITY: Lord’s Resistance Army, Ugandan state and civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Abduction, killing and forced recruitment intensify; the
government confines much of the rural population in poorly serviced camps.
Security and humanitarian floors become critical.
DOMAIN: war | children | displacement | health | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1356–EAGL.S1362.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000297 — [EAGL-DGT-021] JUBA TALKS REDUCE NORTHERN UGANDA WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2006–2008.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Juba, South Sudan, and northern Uganda.
ENTITY: Ugandan government and LRA peace process.
EVENT/CONDITION: Negotiations and cessation arrangements largely end LRA
operations inside Uganda, permitting return from camps. Joseph Kony does not
sign the final agreement; the LRA continues violence in neighbouring countries.
DOMAIN: peace | displacement | justice | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1363–EAGL.S1368.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000298 — [EAGL-DGT-022] COMMERCIAL OIL DISCOVERIES IN UGANDA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
TIME: major discoveries from 2006.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059 onward.
PLACE: Albertine Graben, western Uganda.
ENTITY: Lake Albert petroleum system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Exploration confirms commercially significant oil, promising
revenue and infrastructure while creating land, environment, governance and
pipeline dependencies. Production remains delayed through the 2014 cut.
DOMAIN: energy | finance | land | environment | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for reserves; B–C for recoverable volume and benefits.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1369–EAGL.S1374.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ALBERTINE_OIL.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000299 — [EAGL-DGT-023] EAC CUSTOMS UNION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: protocol effective 1 January 2005; internal transition continues.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: EAC partner states.
ENTITY: EAC Customs Union.
EVENT/CONDITION: Members adopt common external tariffs and phase down internal
duties, enlarging a regional market. Non-tariff barriers, infrastructure and
domestic politics continue to limit free movement of goods.
DOMAIN: trade | law | finance | regional integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1375–EAGL.S1379.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000300 — [EAGL-DGT-024] RWANDA AND BURUNDI JOIN THE EAC
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: admitted 18 June; full membership 1 July 2007.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: East African Community.
ENTITY: Rwanda and Burundi.
EVENT/CONDITION: The Community expands from its original three states into the
Great Lakes. New transport and trade corridors gain institutional support,
while capability differences increase integration complexity.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | transport | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1380–EAGL.S1383.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000301 — [EAGL-DGT-025] EAC COMMON MARKET
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: protocol effective 1 July 2010.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: EAC partner states.
ENTITY: EAC Common Market.
EVENT/CONDITION: The protocol commits members to freer movement of persons,
labour, services, capital and establishment. National permits, professional
rules, enforcement and political shocks leave implementation incomplete.
DOMAIN: trade | migration | labour | law | regional integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for legal protocol; B for realised freedom.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1384–EAGL.S1388.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000302 — [EAGL-DGT-026] EAC MONETARY UNION PROTOCOL
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: signed 30 November 2013.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: East African Community.
ENTITY: EAC Monetary Union Protocol.
EVENT/CONDITION: Members commit to convergence institutions and eventual
single currency. Fiscal, statistical and central-bank alignment remains a
future programme rather than an achieved monetary union.
DOMAIN: finance | law | regional integration | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1389–EAGL.S1392.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000303 — [EAGL-DGT-027] M-PESA LAUNCHES
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 6 March 2007 in Kenya.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: Kenya, later Tanzania and wider markets.
ENTITY: M-Pesa mobile-money platform.
EVENT/CONDITION: A phone-based agent network allows users to deposit, transfer
and withdraw money without conventional bank branches. It rapidly becomes
payment infrastructure and inspires wider mobile finance.
DOMAIN: digital finance | communication | trade | inclusion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1393–EAGL.S1398.
GRAPH SEED: YES — M_PESA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000304 — [EAGL-DGT-028] SUBMARINE FIBRE CONNECTS EAST AFRICA
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
TIME: SEACOM and TEAMS enter service in 2009; additional cables follow.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: East African coast to inland backbones.
ENTITY: submarine and terrestrial fibre-optic network.
EVENT/CONDITION: High-capacity cables reduce dependence on costly satellite
links, lowering wholesale bandwidth prices and enabling cloud, media, finance
and outsourcing growth. Last-mile access remains unequal.
DOMAIN: internet | communication | infrastructure | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1399–EAGL.S1404.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_FIBRE_NETWORK.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000305 — [EAGL-DGT-029] GEOTHERMAL POWER SCALES AT OLKARIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
TIME: expansion through 2000–2014; major additional units commissioned 2014.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: Olkaria, Kenya Rift.
ENTITY: Kenyan geothermal electricity system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wells and power plants convert Rift heat into lower-carbon
baseload electricity. Capital, drilling risk, grid capacity, conservation and
Maasai land/resettlement concerns form the full system.
DOMAIN: energy | infrastructure | environment | land | finance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1405–EAGL.S1410.
GRAPH SEED: YES — RIFT_GEOTHERMAL_ENERGY.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000306 — [EAGL-DGT-030] HIV TREATMENT EXPANDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally 2003–2014.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: antiretroviral treatment and combination prevention.
EVENT/CONDITION: Global funds, lower drug prices, clinics and community
programmes turn HIV increasingly into a manageable chronic condition for
people with access. Mortality falls sharply, though stigma and coverage gaps persist.
DOMAIN: health | medicine | finance | community.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1411–EAGL.S1416.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000307 — [EAGL-DGT-031] M23 REBELLION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: April 2012–November 2013 main first phase.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: North Kivu, DRC.
ENTITY: M23, Congolese army, regional supporters and civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Former CNDP soldiers mutiny, form M23 and capture Goma in
November 2012. UN and expert reporting identifies Rwandan support; Rwanda
denies key allegations. Military and diplomatic pressure defeats the rebellion in 2013.
DOMAIN: war | regional intervention | displacement | minerals.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for rebellion; A–B for documented external support.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1417–EAGL.S1424.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000308 — [EAGL-DGT-032] UN FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: authorised 28 March 2013; combat operations later 2013.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: eastern DRC.
ENTITY: MONUSCO Force Intervention Brigade.
EVENT/CONDITION: The UN authorises an offensive brigade, including Tanzanian,
South African and Malawian troops, to neutralise armed groups. Its role helps
defeat M23 but raises questions about peacekeeping impartiality.
DOMAIN: international governance | military | peacekeeping | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1425–EAGL.S1429.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000309 — [EAGL-DGT-033] WESTGATE ATTACK
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 21–24 September 2013.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: Westgate shopping mall, Nairobi.
ENTITY: al-Shabaab attackers, civilians and Kenyan security forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Armed attackers kill scores and hold the mall for days,
linking Kenya’s Somalia intervention to domestic security. The response
reveals coordination and accountability weaknesses.
DOMAIN: terrorism | security | urbanisation | international relations.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1430–EAGL.S1434.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000310 — [EAGL-DGT-034] REGIONAL CONDITION AT 2014
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 31 December 2014.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: connected regional political-economic system.
EVENT/CONDITION: EAC market institutions, mobile money, fibre, roads, aviation,
urban growth and public services expand. Executive dominance, corruption,
land inequality and eastern Congo war persist; integration capability grows
faster than common political accountability.
DOMAIN: governance | digital systems | economy | security | integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1248–EAGL.S1434.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3 with strong STAGE 4 network transition.
LIFECYCLE STATE: integration and digital systems CLIMB; conflict systems CRUISE.
MOTION VECTOR: EXPANDING and TRANSFORMING, with persistent fractures.

==============================================================================
16. PLATFORM-SCALE REGION, CLIMATE STRESS AND CONTESTED POLITICAL SYSTEMS
2015–28 JULY 2026
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.EAGL.000311 — [EAGL-NOW-001] BURUNDI THIRD-TERM CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: CNDD-FDD nominates Pierre Nkurunziza 25 April 2015.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Nkurunziza government, opposition and Constitutional Court.
EVENT/CONDITION: The president seeks a third term, arguing his first indirect
election does not count under the constitution. Opponents cite the Arusha
settlement and term limit; protests meet lethal repression.
DOMAIN: constitutional law | elections | peace settlement | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for events; legal interpretation remains contested.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1435–EAGL.S1440.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000312 — [EAGL-NOW-002] BURUNDI COUP ATTEMPT FAILS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 13–15 May 2015.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Bujumbura, Burundi.
ENTITY: Major General Godefroid Niyombare, loyalist forces and government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Officers announce a coup while Nkurunziza attends an EAC
summit; loyalist forces retake control. The failure accelerates purges,
opposition exile and armed resistance.
DOMAIN: coup | military | governance | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1441–EAGL.S1445.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000313 — [EAGL-NOW-003] BURUNDI REPRESSION AND REFUGEE FLIGHT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: 2015–2019.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Burundi into Rwanda, Tanzania, DRC and Uganda.
ENTITY: opponents, civilians, security forces, Imbonerakure and refugees.
EVENT/CONDITION: Nkurunziza wins a boycotted July 2015 election; killings,
disappearance, torture and armed attacks drive large-scale flight. Burundi
withdraws from the International Criminal Court in 2017.
DOMAIN: refugees | elections | human rights | security | international law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for repression and displacement; B for totals by date.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1446–EAGL.S1453.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000314 — [EAGL-NOW-004] MAGUFULI ELECTED IN TANZANIA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 25 October; sworn 5 November 2015.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: John Magufuli, CCM and Tanzanian electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Magufuli wins the presidency on an anti-waste and
infrastructure platform. His administration initially gains support for
discipline and projects, then sharply restricts opposition and media.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | infrastructure | media.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1454–EAGL.S1458.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000315 — [EAGL-NOW-005] TANZANIAN CIVIC SPACE CONTRACTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2016–2020.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061–W062.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: Magufuli government, opposition, media and civil society.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rally bans, restrictive laws, arrests and pressure on
journalists and activists reduce political competition. Infrastructure,
mining-contract intervention and public works expand state capability while
accountability contracts.
DOMAIN: governance | rights | media | economy | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1459–EAGL.S1465.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000316 — [EAGL-NOW-006] GARISSA UNIVERSITY ATTACK
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 2 April 2015.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Garissa, Kenya.
ENTITY: al-Shabaab attackers, students and Kenyan security services.
EVENT/CONDITION: Gunmen kill 148 people, most of them students, in Kenya’s
deadliest attack since 1998. The attack exposes campus security and emergency-
response gaps and intensifies counterterrorism policy.
DOMAIN: terrorism | education | security | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1466–EAGL.S1470.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000317 — [EAGL-NOW-007] RWANDA AMENDS PRESIDENTIAL TERM RULES
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: referendum 18 December; amendments promulgated 24 December 2015.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: revised Constitution of Rwanda.
EVENT/CONDITION: Amendments permit Kagame to seek another seven-year term in
2017 and potentially two five-year terms afterward. Official approval is
overwhelming; critics question political freedom and petition conditions.
DOMAIN: constitutional law | elections | governance | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1471–EAGL.S1476.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000318 — [EAGL-NOW-008] UGANDA 2016 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 18 February 2016.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Yoweri Museveni, Kizza Besigye, electoral commission and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Museveni wins another term; opposition disputes the process.
Security forces repeatedly detain Besigye and restrict assembly, demonstrating
the gap between electoral institutions and equal competition.
DOMAIN: elections | security | governance | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result and restrictions; contest remains political.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1477–EAGL.S1482.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000319 — [EAGL-NOW-009] SOUTH SUDAN JOINS THE EAC
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: admitted 2 March; treaty accession deposited 5 September 2016.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: East African Community.
ENTITY: Republic of South Sudan.
EVENT/CONDITION: The EAC expands northward to a newly independent state already
in civil war. Membership recognises trade and migration links but adds major
security, infrastructure and implementation gaps.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | governance | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1483–EAGL.S1487.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000320 — [EAGL-NOW-010] KENYAN SUPREME COURT ANNULS PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: judgment 1 September 2017 on election of 8 August 2017.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Supreme Court of Kenya, electoral commission and presidential candidates.
EVENT/CONDITION: The Court voids the presidential result for constitutional
and legal irregularities and orders a fresh election—the first such annulment
of an incumbent’s win in Africa. Judges and institutions face intense pressure.
DOMAIN: elections | law | information | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1488–EAGL.S1493.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KENYA_2017_ELECTION_ANNULMENT.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000321 — [EAGL-NOW-011] KENYAN REPEAT ELECTION IS BOYCOTTED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 26 October 2017.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Uhuru Kenyatta, NASA opposition, electoral commission and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Raila Odinga withdraws, citing absent reforms; Kenyatta wins
the low-turnout rerun. Protest, police killing and regional boycott leave a
legal presidency with a damaged legitimacy floor.
DOMAIN: elections | policing | governance | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1494–EAGL.S1499.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000322 — [EAGL-NOW-012] KAGAME WINS 2017 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 4 August 2017.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Paul Kagame, RPF coalition and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kagame receives an official vote above 98 percent. The state
emphasises stability and development; independent observers and rights groups
document severe limits on opposition, media and association.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | rights | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result; political competitiveness LOW.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1500–EAGL.S1504.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000323 — [EAGL-NOW-013] NORTH KIVU EBOLA EPIDEMIC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: declared 1 August 2018; ended 25 June 2020.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061–W062.
PLACE: North Kivu and Ituri, DRC.
ENTITY: tenth DRC Ebola outbreak.
EVENT/CONDITION: The second-largest recorded Ebola outbreak unfolds amid war,
displacement, mistrust and attacks on health workers. Vaccination and adapted
community response help end transmission after thousands of cases and deaths.
DOMAIN: health | conflict | vaccination | information | trust.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1505–EAGL.S1511.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NORTH_KIVU_EBOLA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000324 — [EAGL-NOW-014] TSHISEKEDI SUCCEEDS KABILA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 30 December 2018; sworn 24 January 2019.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
ENTITY: Félix Tshisekedi, Joseph Kabila and Congolese institutions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tshisekedi is declared winner in a result disputed by
opposition evidence and observers, but the inauguration marks the first
peaceful presidential transfer since independence. Kabila’s coalition initially
controls parliament and much of the state.
DOMAIN: elections | succession | governance | controversy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for transfer; C for accuracy of declared vote.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1512–EAGL.S1518.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000325 — [EAGL-NOW-015] BURUNDI 2020 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 20 May 2020.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Évariste Ndayishimiye, Agathon Rwasa, CNDD-FDD and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ndayishimiye wins the official result; opposition alleges
fraud amid restricted observation and civic space. The election permits a
managed succession within the ruling party rather than open regime change.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | rights | party system.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result; competitiveness and count contested.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1519–EAGL.S1524.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000326 — [EAGL-NOW-016] NKURUNZIZA DIES; NDAYISHIMIYE TAKES OFFICE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: Nkurunziza dies 8 June; Ndayishimiye sworn 18 June 2020.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: Burundian presidency and CNDD-FDD.
EVENT/CONDITION: The president dies before his successor’s scheduled
inauguration, officially from cardiac arrest amid COVID-19 speculation.
Ndayishimiye takes office early and later adjusts some policies while party and
security structures remain dominant.
DOMAIN: succession | health | governance | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for dates; C for unconfirmed cause beyond official account.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1525–EAGL.S1529.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000327 — [EAGL-NOW-017] COVID-19 PANDEMIC SHOCK
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: first regional cases March 2020; emergency phase through 2022.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W064.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and national responses.
EVENT/CONDITION: Border controls, curfews, school closures, health strain and
economic contraction disrupt mobility and informal livelihoods. Testing and
death registration undercount burden; Tanzania’s early denial impairs information quality.
DOMAIN: health | economy | education | migration | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for shock; B–D for national mortality totals.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1530–EAGL.S1538.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COVID19_EAST_AFRICA.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000328 — [EAGL-NOW-018] DESERT LOCUST UPSURGE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: late 2019–2021.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061–W063.
PLACE: Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda and Tanzania interfaces.
ENTITY: desert locust swarms and control system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Exceptional breeding after cyclones and rain produces the
worst regional upsurge in decades. Surveillance, pesticides and changing
weather reduce swarms, but crops and pastoral food security are stressed.
DOMAIN: food | climate | agriculture | surveillance | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1539–EAGL.S1544.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000329 — [EAGL-NOW-019] TANZANIA 2020 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 October 2020.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: John Magufuli, Tundu Lissu, CCM, opposition and electoral commissions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Magufuli wins an official landslide amid opposition arrests,
internet restrictions and allegations of fraud. CCM also dominates parliament;
Zanzibar’s contest is accompanied by lethal force.
DOMAIN: elections | rights | information | policing.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result and restrictions; count integrity contested.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1545–EAGL.S1551.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000330 — [EAGL-NOW-020] SAMIA SULUHU HASSAN BECOMES PRESIDENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: Magufuli’s death announced 17 March; Hassan sworn 19 March 2021.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W063.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: President Samia Suluhu Hassan.
EVENT/CONDITION: The vice president succeeds constitutionally, becoming
Tanzania’s first woman president. She restores COVID reporting and initially
opens some civic space while retaining CCM’s dominant institutional base.
DOMAIN: succession | governance | health | gender.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1552–EAGL.S1557.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000331 — [EAGL-NOW-021] UGANDA 2021 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 14 January 2021.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W063.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Yoweri Museveni, Robert Kyagulanyi/Bobi Wine, electoral commission and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Museveni wins the official result against a youth-driven
challenger. Campaign killings, arrests, an internet shutdown and restrictions
on observers undermine the political-rights and information floors.
DOMAIN: elections | youth | information | security | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result and repression; electoral fairness contested.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1558–EAGL.S1565.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000332 — [EAGL-NOW-022] M23 RESURGES
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: renewed attacks from November 2021; major expansion during 2022–2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W063–W068.
PLACE: North Kivu, DRC.
ENTITY: M23/AFC, Congolese forces, Rwanda and regional actors.
EVENT/CONDITION: M23 returns from dormancy, captures territory and displaces
large populations. UN experts and multiple governments document Rwandan
military support and presence; Rwanda disputes or qualifies allegations and
cites security threats from the FDLR.
DOMAIN: war | regional intervention | displacement | minerals | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A for resurgence; A–B for documented Rwandan support.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1566–EAGL.S1574.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000333 — [EAGL-NOW-023] RUTO WINS KENYA’S 2022 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 9 August; Supreme Court validates result 5 September 2022.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: William Ruto, Raila Odinga, electoral commission and Supreme Court.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ruto wins narrowly after campaigning as a “hustler” against
elite dynasties. The Court rejects challenges; peaceful transfer occurs, but
cost-of-living, debt and tax pressures rapidly strain legitimacy.
DOMAIN: elections | law | economy | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1575–EAGL.S1580.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000334 — [EAGL-NOW-024] DRC JOINS THE EAC
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: admitted 29 March; accession instrument deposited 11 July 2022.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064.
PLACE: East African Community and DRC.
ENTITY: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
EVENT/CONDITION: EAC membership extends from the Indian Ocean toward the
Atlantic and formally incorporates the Great Lakes conflict zone. Market
potential grows while language, infrastructure and security complexity scale sharply.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | transport | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1581–EAGL.S1585.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000335 — [EAGL-NOW-025] EAC REGIONAL FORCE DEPLOYS TO EASTERN DRC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: first troops November 2022; withdrawal completed December 2023.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064–W065.
PLACE: North Kivu, DRC.
ENTITY: EAC Regional Force and Congolese government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Regional troops deploy to support ceasefire and withdrawal
from occupied positions. Kinshasa judges the force insufficiently offensive
against M23 and declines renewal, revealing divergent member threat models.
DOMAIN: regional security | peacekeeping | sovereignty | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1586–EAGL.S1592.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000336 — [EAGL-NOW-026] UGANDA SUDAN EBOLAVIRUS OUTBREAK
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: declared 20 September 2022; ended 11 January 2023.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064–W065.
PLACE: central Uganda, including Mubende and Kampala cases.
ENTITY: Sudan ebolavirus outbreak and Ugandan response.
EVENT/CONDITION: Contact tracing, treatment, safe burial and mobility measures
contain an outbreak for which no licensed vaccine was initially available.
Health-worker infections expose occupational risk.
DOMAIN: health | surveillance | emergency governance | medicine.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1593–EAGL.S1598.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000337 — [EAGL-NOW-027] MULTI-SEASON EAST AFRICAN DROUGHT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: late 2020–2023, with five failed rainy seasons in the Horn-centred crisis.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W065.
PLACE: Kenya drylands and wider Horn/East African pastoral zone.
ENTITY: drought, heat and food-security crisis.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated rainfall failure kills livestock, reduces crops and
raises malnutrition and displacement. Climate change increases heat and
evaporation risk; poverty, conflict and food prices mediate human impact.
DOMAIN: climate | water | food | pastoralism | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for crisis; B for event-attribution magnitudes.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1599–EAGL.S1605.
BASEFLOOR STATE: FOOD STRESSED/CRITICAL | WATER STRESSED/CRITICAL.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000338 — [EAGL-NOW-028] 2023–2024 FLOODS REVERSE THE RAINFALL EXTREME
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
TIME: October–December 2023 and March–May 2024.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W065–W066.
PLACE: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and Lake Victoria basin.
ENTITY: El Niño/Indian Ocean-related extreme rainfall and flooding.
EVENT/CONDITION: Floods and landslides kill people, displace communities,
damage roads, farms and schools and raise lake levels. Rapid swing from drought
to flood exposes drainage, settlement and early-warning weaknesses.
DOMAIN: climate | water | housing | transport | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for events; B for climate-driver attribution by locality.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1606–EAGL.S1612.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000339 — [EAGL-NOW-029] SOMALIA BECOMES FULL EAC MEMBER
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: admitted 24 November 2023; full member after accession 4 March 2024.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W065–W066.
PLACE: East African Community.
ENTITY: Federal Republic of Somalia.
EVENT/CONDITION: Somalia becomes the Community’s eighth partner state,
extending its formal coastline, population and Horn connections. Institutional
integration must contend with conflict, federal politics and infrastructure gaps.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | security | maritime systems.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1613–EAGL.S1617.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000340 — [EAGL-NOW-030] KAGAME RE-ELECTED IN 2024
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 15 July 2024; final official result 99.18 percent.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: Rwanda.
ENTITY: Paul Kagame, RPF coalition and Rwandan electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Kagame wins a fourth term under the amended constitution.
The government cites stability and development; the exclusion or restriction
of prominent critics leaves minimal competitive uncertainty in the result.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | rights | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result; political competitiveness LOW.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1618–EAGL.S1623.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000341 — [EAGL-NOW-031] KENYA FINANCE-BILL PROTESTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: mass mobilisation May–June 2024; parliament breached 25 June.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: Nairobi and towns across Kenya.
ENTITY: youth-led protesters, parliament, Ruto government and police.
EVENT/CONDITION: Digitally coordinated demonstrations oppose new taxes, debt-
driven policy and unaccountable government. Police use live fire and other
force; protesters enter parliament after legislators pass the bill.
DOMAIN: protest | taxation | debt | youth | policing | digital communication.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A; death and injury totals depend on cut-off and verification.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1624–EAGL.S1631.
GRAPH SEED: YES — KENYA_GEN_Z_PROTESTS.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000342 — [EAGL-NOW-032] RUTO WITHDRAWS THE FINANCE BILL
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 26 June 2024.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: Finance Bill 2024 and President William Ruto.
EVENT/CONDITION: The president declines to sign and calls for withdrawal after
the deadliest day of protest. The reversal demonstrates protest power but
creates a revenue gap and does not settle demands for accountability.
DOMAIN: taxation | law | protest | finance | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1632–EAGL.S1636.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000343 — [EAGL-NOW-033] KENYAN PROTEST MOVEMENT PERSISTS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: June 2024–28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066–W068.
PLACE: Kenya.
ENTITY: decentralised youth, rights and accountability movements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobilisation broadens from one bill to corruption, police
killings, disappearances, debt and political accountability. Online networks
lower coordination costs while disinformation, surveillance and force raise them.
DOMAIN: protest | youth | information | policing | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for persistence; movement boundaries remain fluid.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1624–EAGL.S1642, EAGL.S1796–EAGL.S1798.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000344 — [EAGL-NOW-034] MPOX EMERGENCY CENTRES ON EASTERN DRC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
TIME: regional acceleration 2023–2026; WHO emergency declared 14 August 2024.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W065–W068.
PLACE: eastern DRC with spread into Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and beyond.
ENTITY: clade I mpox, including clade Ib transmission.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sustained transmission, including sexual and household
routes, moves across borders from a conflict-affected health environment.
Surveillance, vaccines and treatment expand but remain unequal.
DOMAIN: health | disease | migration | vaccination | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for emergency and spread; B for undercounted incidence.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1643–EAGL.S1650.
GRAPH SEED: YES — CLADE_I_MPOX.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000345 — [EAGL-NOW-035] BURUNDI 2025 LEGISLATIVE ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 5 June 2025.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: Burundi.
ENTITY: CNDD-FDD, opposition parties and electoral commission.
EVENT/CONDITION: The ruling party receives the official overwhelming vote and
all directly elected National Assembly seats. Opposition parties reject the
result; pre-election exclusion and intimidation leave no effective parliamentary check.
DOMAIN: elections | governance | party system | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official outcome; electoral fairness LOW/CONTESTED.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1651–EAGL.S1656.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000346 — [EAGL-NOW-036] M23/AFC CAPTURES GOMA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 27–30 January 2025, consolidation thereafter.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: Goma, North Kivu, DRC.
ENTITY: AFC/M23, Rwandan forces/support, Congolese forces and civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rebels enter and take the provincial capital after rapid
offensive and encirclement. Fighting kills civilians and combatants, overwhelms
health systems and expands territorial administration under M23.
DOMAIN: war | urban governance | displacement | regional intervention.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | SATELLITE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for capture; A–B for material Rwandan involvement.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1657–EAGL.S1665.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000347 — [EAGL-NOW-037] M23/AFC CAPTURES BUKAVU
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
TIME: 14–16 February 2025.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: Bukavu, South Kivu, DRC.
ENTITY: AFC/M23, Congolese forces, regional actors and civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rebel forces enter South Kivu’s capital after taking the
airport and surrounding routes, extending the war beyond North Kivu. State
withdrawal, looting and administrative takeover deepen regional fracture.
DOMAIN: war | urban governance | transport | displacement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1666–EAGL.S1672.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000348 — [EAGL-NOW-038] DRC–RWANDA WASHINGTON PEACE AGREEMENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: signed 27 June 2025.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: Washington, D.C., concerning DRC and Rwanda.
ENTITY: governments of DRC and Rwanda with United States/Qatar-linked diplomacy.
EVENT/CONDITION: The states commit to territorial integrity, disengagement,
neutralisation of armed threats and an economic-integration framework.
Implementation depends on verified force changes and separate engagement with M23.
DOMAIN: peace | international law | security | trade | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for agreement; C for implementation outcome at cut-off.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1673–EAGL.S1679.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000368 — [EAGL-NOW-V11-001] KENYA 2025 PROTEST CYCLE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 25 June–11 July 2025, with later accountability and reparation processes.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: Nairobi and counties across Kenya.
ENTITY: youth-led and civic protesters, police, government, rights monitors
and affected communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Demonstrations marking the 2024 anti-Finance-Bill movement
and the Saba Saba anniversary broaden demands over policing, corruption,
economic pressure and political accountability. Official rights monitoring
records lethal gunfire, mass injury, disappearance allegations and hundreds
of arrests. Totals rise between dated updates and must never be detached from
their reporting timestamp.
DOMAIN: protest | youth | policing | rights | memory | governance | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for the protest cycle and documented violations; B for
cumulative totals because later verification changed them.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1796–EAGL.S1798.
RELATED ENTITIES: CA.EAGL.000341 | CA.EAGL.000343 | CA.EAGL.000355.
NOTES: This is a new event node under the existing
KENYA_GEN_Z_PROTESTS graph seed, not a new movement identity.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000349 — [EAGL-NOW-039] DOHA PROCESS ENGAGES DRC AND AFC/M23
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: declaration of principles 19 July 2025; negotiations continue.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: Doha, Qatar, concerning eastern DRC.
ENTITY: DRC government and AFC/M23.
EVENT/CONDITION: The parties commit in principle to ceasefire and a route
toward comprehensive settlement. Continued territorial control, detention,
parallel administration and sequencing disputes leave peace incomplete.
DOMAIN: peace | governance | security | diplomacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for signed principles; C for implementation.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1680–EAGL.S1685.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000350 — [EAGL-NOW-040] TANZANIA 2025 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 29 October; result announced 1 November 2025.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: Samia Suluhu Hassan, CCM, opposition and electoral commissions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hassan receives an official 97.66 percent after major
opposition candidates are barred or detained. Protests meet lethal force and
internet restrictions; the opposition rejects the result.
DOMAIN: elections | policing | information | rights | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official result and dispute; death total remains contested.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1686–EAGL.S1694.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000351 — [EAGL-NOW-041] TANZANIAN POST-ELECTION REPRESSION PERSISTS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: November 2025–28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: Tanzania.
ENTITY: Hassan government, Chadema/opposition, activists and security services.
EVENT/CONDITION: Arrests, treason-related cases, protest restrictions and
pressure on opposition continue after the election. By July 2026 new arrests
show that early-presidency political opening has substantially reversed.
DOMAIN: governance | rights | law | policing | media.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1690–EAGL.S1699.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000352 — [EAGL-NOW-042] UGANDA 2026 ELECTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 15 January; official result announced 17 January 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Uganda.
ENTITY: Yoweri Museveni, Robert Kyagulanyi/Bobi Wine, electoral commission and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: The commission gives Museveni 71.65 percent and Kyagulanyi
24.72 percent. The opposition rejects the result amid an internet shutdown,
security deployments, arrests and constraints on campaigning and observation.
DOMAIN: elections | information | security | rights | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for official figures and restrictions; electoral fairness contested.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1700–EAGL.S1707.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000353 — [EAGL-NOW-043] TWENTY-FIFTH EAC SUMMIT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 7 March 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East African Community.
ENTITY: EAC Heads of State Summit.
EVENT/CONDITION: The summit addresses integration, financing, security and
institutional implementation in an eight-member community. Agenda breadth
demonstrates scale; delayed contributions and national disputes constrain capacity.
DOMAIN: regional integration | governance | finance | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1708–EAGL.S1712.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000354 — [EAGL-NOW-044] DRC AND RWANDA AGREE DE-ESCALATION STEPS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 19 March 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Washington diplomatic meeting.
ENTITY: governments of DRC and Rwanda.
EVENT/CONDITION: Officials agree practical steps intended to reduce tension
and support prior peace commitments. The measure is evidence of diplomacy,
not proof that armed control or underlying security disputes have ended.
DOMAIN: diplomacy | peace | security | international law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for agreement; C for effect at cut-off.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1713–EAGL.S1717.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000355 — [EAGL-NOW-045] KENYA MARKS 2024 PROTEST ANNIVERSARY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 25 June 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Nairobi and other Kenyan cities.
ENTITY: protesters, police and Ruto government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Marchers commemorate those killed in 2024 and renew demands
for accountability. Police deploy tear gas and authorities report hundreds of
arrests, confirming that the protest–policing conflict remains active.
DOMAIN: protest | policing | memory | rights | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for event; arrest totals use reported figures.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1718–EAGL.S1723.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000369 — [EAGL-NOW-V11-002] DRC INSTITUTES ICJ CASE AGAINST RWANDA
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: application filed 26 June 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: International Court of Justice, The Hague; dispute concerning eastern DRC.
ENTITY: Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Republic of Rwanda, ICJ Case 202.
EVENT/CONDITION: The DRC institutes proceedings against Rwanda concerning
alleged treaty breaches connected to Rwanda’s role in the eastern-Congo
conflict. Filing creates a new interstate legal track alongside Washington,
Doha and regional diplomacy; it is an allegation under adjudication, not a
judgment on responsibility and not evidence that armed control has ended.
DOMAIN: international law | war | diplomacy | accountability | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for institution of proceedings and filed claims; U for merits
and outcome at the cut-off.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1799–EAGL.S1801.
RELATED ENTITIES: CA.EAGL.000348 | CA.EAGL.000354 | CA.EAGL.000356.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: CLAIMS PENDING BEFORE THE COURT.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000356 — [EAGL-NOW-046] EASTERN DRC REMAINS FRACTURED AT CUT-OFF
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: North and South Kivu and adjoining Great Lakes borderlands.
ENTITY: Congolese state, AFC/M23 territorial administration, armed groups and civilians.
EVENT/CONDITION: Peace processes coexist with rebel-held cities and territory,
parallel governance, military deployments and continuing displacement.
Agreements have not restored one uncontested sovereignty or civilian security.
DOMAIN: governance | war | displacement | law | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad condition; fast-moving local front lines require review.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1657–EAGL.S1685, EAGL.S1713–EAGL.S1729.
REVIEW DATE: 28 July 2026.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000357 — [EAGL-NOW-047] EAC HAS EIGHT PARTNER STATES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East African Community.
ENTITY: Burundi, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania.
EVENT/CONDITION: Customs, common-market, legislative, judicial and sectoral
institutions connect eight states. The EAC has wider geographic reach than in
2000, but free movement, contributions, security alignment and monetary union
remain incomplete.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | migration | law | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1730–EAGL.S1736.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: FEDERATED-ASPIRATIONAL; legally INTERGOVERNMENTAL.
MOTION VECTOR: EXPANDING and CONSOLIDATING.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000358 — [EAGL-NOW-048] RAPID DEMOGRAPHIC AND URBAN TRANSITION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: state at 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: young, growing and increasingly urban regional population.
EVENT/CONDITION: High population growth and a large youth cohort expand labour,
education and market potential. Nairobi, Dar es Salaam, Kampala, Kigali,
Bujumbura, Goma and secondary cities grow faster than formal jobs, housing,
water, sanitation and transport in many districts.
DOMAIN: population | urbanisation | employment | housing | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | SATELLITE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for direction; B for mid-year estimates.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1737–EAGL.S1742.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000359 — [EAGL-NOW-049] DEBT, TAXATION AND TRADE DEFINE THE ECONOMIC FLOOR
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East African and Great Lakes states.
ENTITY: regional public-finance, trade and household economy.
EVENT/CONDITION: Growth, remittances, services and regional trade coexist with
high debt service, narrow tax bases, informal employment, food-price exposure
and costly logistics. Tax legitimacy is a central political variable.
DOMAIN: economy | finance | trade | labour | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; indicators differ by release date and state.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1743–EAGL.S1750.
BASEFLOOR STATE: SOCIAL_STABILITY STRESSED | INFRASTRUCTURE ADEQUATE/STRESSED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000360 — [EAGL-NOW-050] CLIMATE–WATER–FOOD FLOOR IS VOLATILE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Rift, Great Lakes, drylands, highlands and urban catchments.
ENTITY: regional climate, water and food-security system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Drought-to-flood swings, heat, lake-level change, erosion and
land pressure affect rain-fed farming, herds, fisheries and hydropower. Climate
change loads risk, while storage, drainage, insurance, early warning and peace
determine human losses.
DOMAIN: climate | water | food | environment | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for rising exposure; B for local seasonal projections.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1751–EAGL.S1758.
BASEFLOOR STATE: WATER STRESSED | FOOD STRESSED | ENVIRONMENT STRESSED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000361 — [EAGL-NOW-051] ENERGY SYSTEM DIVERSIFIES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and eastern DRC.
ENTITY: hydro, geothermal, solar, biomass, petroleum and grid systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Geothermal and renewables scale alongside hydropower and
fossil-fuel investment. Access expands but reliability, clean cooking, grid
finance, drought exposure, displacement and EACOP-related climate/land disputes persist.
DOMAIN: energy | infrastructure | climate | land | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: B at cut-off; project status changes rapidly.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1759–EAGL.S1766.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000362 — [EAGL-NOW-052] DIGITAL AND AI-MEDIATED REGION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: mobile broadband, mobile money, platforms, digital public services and AI use.
EVENT/CONDITION: Phones and agent networks mediate payments, work, protest,
education, health and government. Generative AI diffuses through global
platforms and local firms; data cost, language coverage, surveillance,
misinformation, imported compute and electricity remain dependencies.
DOMAIN: communication | finance | AI | education | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad adoption; C for fast-changing AI scale.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1767–EAGL.S1774.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 4 — Planetary Network Civilisation, unevenly accessed.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EAST_AFRICAN_AI_AND_DIGITAL_SYSTEM.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000363 — [EAGL-NOW-053] HEALTH AND EDUCATION CAPACITY IS UNEQUAL
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East Africa and Great Lakes.
ENTITY: public, private, faith-based and community health/education systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: School participation, universities, vaccination, maternal
care and disease surveillance have expanded greatly over the long chronology.
Teacher/clinician shortages, fees, conflict, pandemic learning loss and rural/
refugee access create large internal differences.
DOMAIN: health | education | finance | gender | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; most comparable indicators lag the cut-off.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1775–EAGL.S1782.
BASEFLOOR STATE: HEALTH ADEQUATE/STRESSED | KNOWLEDGE_CONTINUITY ADEQUATE/STRESSED.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000364 — [EAGL-NOW-054] DISPLACEMENT IS A REGIONAL SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: DRC, Burundi, South Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania.
ENTITY: refugees, internally displaced people, host communities and humanitarian institutions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Eastern Congo war is a major displacement engine; older
Burundian, South Sudanese and Somali crises also persist. Uganda and other
hosts sustain large refugee populations while funding shortfalls pressure
food, education, land and local services.
DOMAIN: migration | security | food | health | international governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: B at cut-off because totals update continuously.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1724–EAGL.S1729, EAGL.S1783–EAGL.S1789.
BASEFLOOR STATE: SECURITY FRACTURED/CRITICAL in conflict zones.

RECORD CA.EAGL.000365 — [EAGL-NOW-055] REGIONAL CIVILISATION-STATE SNAPSHOT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: East Africa / Great Rift / Great Lakes coverage object.
ENTITY: regional human, ecological, state and network system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Eight-state EAC institutions, national governments, cities,
farms, herds, lakes, trade corridors and digital platforms form a connected
regional system. It is not one civilisation or lifecycle: network capability
is climbing, political competition is constricting in several states, Kenya’s
protest-accountability system remains active, and eastern DRC security is critical.
DOMAIN: time | space | structure | state | motion | relationship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B at live cut-off; all fast-moving claims require review.
SOURCE KEYS: EAGL.S1613–EAGL.S1789, EAGL.S1799–EAGL.S1801.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3 foundation with uneven STAGE 4 regional/network capabilities.
LIFECYCLE STATE: simultaneous CLIMB, CRUISE, DESCENT and RECOVERY by subsystem.
BASEFLOOR STATE: FOOD STRESSED | WATER STRESSED | ENERGY ADEQUATE/STRESSED |
SHELTER STRESSED | HEALTH ADEQUATE/STRESSED | SECURITY ADEQUATE to CRITICAL |
ENVIRONMENT STRESSED | SOCIAL_STABILITY STRESSED | KNOWLEDGE_CONTINUITY ADEQUATE |
INFRASTRUCTURE ADEQUATE/STRESSED.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: HYBRID — national centralisation, local decentralisation,
market networks and intergovernmental regionalism.
HABITAT DEPENDENCE: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT and overwhelmingly terrestrial.
HABITAT INDEPENDENCE: H1 — EARTH-DEPENDENT CIVILISATION.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING; network and demographic scale EXPANDING;
security FRAGMENTING in eastern DRC; civic legitimacy ADAPTING/CONTESTED.
RUNTIME CONDITION: capability expansion coexists with lower-floor stress.
ZTIME SIGN: mixed; ZTime+ digital/energy/integration, ZTime− security/ecology/
political openness in specified systems.
REVIEW DATE: 28 July 2026.

==============================================================================
17. INHERITED SYSTEM TRACKS AND REGIONAL CHILD TRACKS
==============================================================================

This file inherits all 148 CA.WORLD system tracks:

HD01–HD07 human and demographic
EN01–EN10 environmental
FD01–FD08 food
MT01–MT07 material
EG01–EG08 energy
TR01–TR08 transport
CM01–CM09 communication
KN01–KN08 knowledge
ED01–ED08 education
GV01–GV08 governance
LG01–LG06 legal
EC01–EC08 economic
TD01–TD07 trade
ML01–ML08 military and security
CU01–CU07 cultural
RC01–RC07 religious and cosmological
HL01–HL08 health
IF01–IF08 infrastructure
IN01–IN08 information

REGIONAL CHILD TRACKS

HD01.EAGL.HOMININS
Orrorin; australopith diversity; early Homo; H. erectus/ergaster; sapiens.

HD02.EAGL.RIFT_CORRIDORS
hominin range shifts; herder, Nilotic and Bantu-language movements; refugees.

HD03.EAGL.ADMIXTURE
forager–herder–farmer mixture; multiple later regional and overseas inputs.

HD06.EAGL.LAKE_URBAN
shore settlements; caravan towns; colonial rail towns; metropolitan corridors.

EN01.EAGL.RIFT
eastern/western branches, volcanism, faults, geothermal and limnic hazards.

EN03.EAGL.HYDROCLIMATE
monsoon and Indian Ocean variability; drought/flood pulses; climate change.

EN05.EAGL.GREAT_LAKES
Turkana, Victoria, Albert, Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika water systems.

EN09.EAGL.ALBERTINE
montane/forest biodiversity, endemic lake ecosystems and protected areas.

FD01.EAGL.FORAGER_FISHER
deep-time hunting, gathering, fishing and plant-management systems.

FD02.EAGL.GREAT_LAKES_CROPS
African grains/pulses, tubers, bananas/plantains and later global crops.

FD03.EAGL.PASTORAL
cattle, sheep/goats, milk, mobility, pasture, age sets and drought adaptation.

FD07.EAGL.LAKE_FISHERIES
aquatic technologies, canoe economies, export fisheries and ecosystem repair.

MT01.EAGL.STONE
Lomekwian, Oldowan, Acheulean, Middle and Later Stone Age practices.

MT02.EAGL.CERAMICS
fisher-forager pottery, Nderit, Elmenteitan, Narosura, Kansyore and Urewe.

MT03.EAGL.IRON
Great Lakes bloomery smelting, charcoal, smithing and industrial transitions.

MT04.EAGL.BARKCLOTH
managed fig trees, beating technologies, ritual use and heritage.

EG02.EAGL.BIOMASS
fire, cooking, charcoal, iron smelting and clean-cooking transition.

EG05.EAGL.ALBERTINE_PETROLEUM
Lake Albert oil and pipeline/land/climate dependencies.

EG06.EAGL.GRID
national grids, cross-border pools, reliability and access.

EG08.EAGL.GEOTHERMAL
Rift heat, Olkaria and wider geothermal exploration.

TR01.EAGL.CARAVANS
walking routes, porter labour, guides and food provisioning.

TR04.EAGL.LAKE_NAVIGATION
canoes, steamships, ferries, fisheries and island connections.

TR06.EAGL.RAIL_ROAD
Uganda Railway, colonial extraction corridors, highways and standard-gauge rail.

TR07.EAGL.AVIATION
East African Airways ancestry, national carriers and regional hubs.

CM01.EAGL.MULTILINGUAL
Hadzane, Sandawe, Bantu, Nilotic, Cushitic and other language systems.

CM03.EAGL.LITERACY
Arabic/Swahili, missionary translation, colonial print and mass schooling.

CM06.EAGL.RADIO
national broadcasting, cross-border information and political control.

CM07.EAGL.MOBILE
mobile voice/data, fibre, internet shutdowns and access inequality.

CM08.EAGL.PROTEST_PLATFORMS
networked youth politics, misinformation, surveillance and digital evidence.

KN01.EAGL.ECOLOGICAL
herding, lake, forest, crop, healing, weather and route knowledge.

KN05.EAGL.CRAFT
stone reduction, furnaces, boats, textiles, buildings and maintenance.

ED01.EAGL.HOUSEHOLD
oral learning, age systems, clan memory and livelihood apprenticeship.

ED04.EAGL.RELIGIOUS
Islamic, Christian and indigenous religious education.

ED06.EAGL.MASS_SCHOOLING
mission-to-state expansion, literacy, universities and access gaps.

GV03.EAGL.KINGDOMS
Buganda, Bunyoro, Rwanda, Burundi, Nkore, Karagwe and plural neighbouring polities.

GV06.EAGL.COLONIAL
company rule, protectorates, mandates, chiefs, taxation and racialised records.

GV07.EAGL.EAC
common services, 1967 EAC, 1977 collapse, revival and eight-state community.

LG04.EAGL.CITIZENSHIP
refugee return, inherited borders, ethnic classification and political rights.

LG06.EAGL.MASS_ATROCITY
ICTR, gacaca, ICC/UN mechanisms and genocide/crimes evidence.

EC02.EAGL.TRIBUTE
cattle, salt, labour, royal/chiefly redistribution and colonial extraction.

EC04.EAGL.TAX
colonial hut tax, postcolonial revenue, debt and protest over fiscal legitimacy.

EC08.EAGL.MOBILE_MONEY
M-Pesa, agents, remittances, digital credit and platform risk.

TD02.EAGL.LAKE_CORRIDORS
salt, iron, cattle, barkcloth, food and regional markets.

TD03.EAGL.CARAVAN
Nyamwezi/Kamba routes, Tabora/Ujiji, ivory and coerced labour.

TD04.EAGL.INDIAN_OCEAN
crops, beads, cloth, Swahili/Islamic networks and inland consequences.

ML02.EAGL.KINGDOM_WARFARE
canoe fleets, age-set forces, firearms and territorial expansion.

ML06.EAGL.COLONIAL_WORLD_WAR
conquest, carriers, rail logistics and African military service.

ML07.EAGL.REGIONAL_SECURITY
LRA, Congo wars, M23, peacekeeping, counterterrorism and digital surveillance.

CU05.EAGL.ORAL_ARCHIVE
dynasty, clan, migration, praise, ritual and trauma memory.

CU06.EAGL.IDENTITY
language, kingdom, ethnicity, nationality and colonial/postcolonial classification.

RC01.EAGL.RITUAL
ancestors, spirit mediums, sacred kingship, healing and landscape.

RC04.EAGL.SCRIPTURAL
Islam and Christianity, translation, missions and African adaptation.

HL01.EAGL.HEALING
local therapeutic knowledge, mission medicine and plural health markets.

HL04.EAGL.EPIDEMICS
sleeping sickness, HIV, Ebola, COVID-19, mpox and surveillance.

HL05.EAGL.VACCINATION
smallpox, routine immunisation, Ebola tools and pandemic access.

IF02.EAGL.WATER
wells, springs, lake supply, sanitation, irrigation and flood drainage.

IF05.EAGL.LOGISTICS
rail, roads, ports, airports, border posts and humanitarian corridors.

IF07.EAGL.TELECOM
fibre, towers, mobile networks and internet-control points.

IN02.EAGL.ORAL_RECORD
memory institutions and evidentiary protocols for oral history.

IN04.EAGL.STATE_RECORD
colonial files, identity cards, censuses, election data and performance contracts.

IN08.EAGL.GRAPH
machine-readable chronology, source provenance, crosswalk and AI retrieval.

TRACK-MAPPING RULE

Regional child tracks refine the World registry. They do not replace parent
codes. Track membership is many-to-many; political period boundaries never
silently become the start or end of food, language, health or ecology.

==============================================================================
18. LONG-DURATION PARALLEL TRACK SUMMARIES
==============================================================================

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.HD01 — HUMAN OCCUPATION

Fossil evidence records several hominin lineages from c. 6 Ma. Tool-making is
securely present by c. 3.3 Ma, Oldowan by about 3 Ma in western Kenya and
Acheulean by c. 1.76 Ma. Homo sapiens emerges within a structured African
population field; later populations remain mobile and admixed. No fossil
population is assigned a modern nationality or ethnicity.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.EN05 — LAKES AND WATER

Rifting creates basins on distinct clocks. Tanganyika is ancient and deep;
Victoria is geologically younger, shallow and repeatedly desiccated. Lakes
support fish, transport, settlement and political scale while transmitting
disease, pollution, invasive species, flood risk and cross-border dependency.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.FD — FOOD

Hunting, gathering and fishing never disappear. Herding enters from
northeast Africa around the third millennium BCE; cultivation and
ironworking spread through mixtures of migration and adoption. African crops,
cattle and Indian Ocean crops recombine into locally specific systems.
Colonial cash crops and modern supply chains add output and vulnerability.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.MT03 — METALLURGY

Secure Great Lakes ironworking appears by the mid-first millennium BCE.
Furnaces, charcoal, smelting and smithing support tools, weapons and political
economies. Claims of extremely early dates or uniform steel production remain
site-specific and contested.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.TR_TD — MOTION AND TRADE

Footpaths, cattle routes and canoes precede caravan corridors. Nineteenth-
century porter networks join Zanzibar to Tabora, Ujiji and the Great Lakes.
Colonial rail and roads compress territory for extraction; aviation, fibre
and EAC corridors later create a denser but unequal regional network.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.GV — GOVERNANCE

Kin, councils and ritual authorities coexist with chiefdoms and kingdoms.
Colonial conquest overlays bounded bureaucracies and codified identities.
Independence retains borders and executive institutions. The EAC adds an
intergovernmental layer but not a regional sovereignty monopoly.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.CM_IN — COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION

Oral archives, material symbols and route knowledge precede manuscript and
print. Kiswahili, missions and colonial administrations expand literacy;
radio creates mass audiences; mobile and internet systems create platform-
scale markets and protest. Shutdowns and surveillance reveal control points.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.HL — HEALTH

Local healing systems persist through colonial and biomedical expansion.
Rinderpest, sleeping sickness, HIV, Ebola, COVID-19 and mpox demonstrate
animal–human–mobility dependencies. Vaccination, public health and treatment
expand capability, while conflict and unequal access fracture outcomes.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.EG — ENERGY

Human, animal and biomass energy dominate most of the chronology. Hydropower,
petroleum, grid electricity and geothermal add industrial capacity. At the
cut-off, renewable growth coexists with unreliable access, biomass cooking,
land conflict and climate-sensitive hydro systems.

TRACK CA.EAGL.TRACK.ED — EDUCATION

Household, apprenticeship, age-set, court and religious instruction precede
mass schooling. Mission and colonial systems train intermediaries and
opponents; independent states expand enrolment and universities. Digital and
AI-enabled learning arrive atop teacher, language, cost and connectivity gaps.

==============================================================================
19. ATLAS COORDINATES AT THE 28 JULY 2026 CUT-OFF
==============================================================================

These coordinates describe systems, not peoples’ worth. National averages hide
subnational differences. “Lifecycle” here applies to institutions at the
cut-off, not to an eternal civilisation.

COORDINATE: KENYA
CAPABILITY: STAGE 3 with substantial STAGE 4 digital/financial systems.
LIFECYCLE: CRUISE with political-legitimacy ADAPTATION.
BASEFLOOR: food/water STRESSED; security ADEQUATE but policing legitimacy STRESSED.
CONTROL: constitutional/devolved HYBRID; executive and market networks.
MOTION: digital/renewable EXPANDING; civic accountability CONTESTED.
CONFIDENCE: B.

COORDINATE: TANZANIA
CAPABILITY: STAGE 3 with expanding STAGE 4 networks.
LIFECYCLE: CRUISE; electoral openness in DESCENT.
BASEFLOOR: social stability ADEQUATE/STRESSED; rights floor STRESSED.
CONTROL: CENTRALISED dominant-party HYBRID with Zanzibar duality.
MOTION: infrastructure EXPANDING; political competition CONTRACTING.
CONFIDENCE: B.

COORDINATE: UGANDA
CAPABILITY: STAGE 3 with mobile/digital STAGE 4 components.
LIFECYCLE: long-regime CRUISE/DESCENT; economy and population CLIMB.
BASEFLOOR: security regionally ADEQUATE; political rights STRESSED.
CONTROL: CENTRALISED presidential/military-party HYBRID.
MOTION: energy/infrastructure EXPANDING; succession optionality CONTRACTING.
CONFIDENCE: B.

COORDINATE: RWANDA
CAPABILITY: STAGE 3 with dense administrative/digital STAGE 4 components.
LIFECYCLE: state-capacity CLIMB/CRUISE; political pluralism DESCENT.
BASEFLOOR: services ADEQUATE; security controlled; openness STRESSED.
CONTROL: CENTRALISED, HIERARCHICAL and performance-networked.
MOTION: infrastructure/services EXPANDING; leadership optionality CONTRACTING.
CONFIDENCE: B.

COORDINATE: BURUNDI
CAPABILITY: STAGE 3, low-resource and uneven.
LIFECYCLE: postwar RECOVERY constrained by dominant-party CRUISE.
BASEFLOOR: food, health and economy STRESSED; opposition security STRESSED.
CONTROL: CENTRALISED party/security HYBRID.
MOTION: stability CONSOLIDATING; institutional pluralism CONTRACTING.
CONFIDENCE: B.

COORDINATE: EASTERN DRC GREAT LAKES ZONE
CAPABILITY: STAGE 3 islands plus market/digital STAGE 4 links.
LIFECYCLE: conflict system CRUISE; civilian systems DESCENT/RECOVERY by locality.
BASEFLOOR: security CRITICAL; health/food/shelter FRACTURED.
CONTROL: FRAGMENTED among state, AFC/M23, armed groups and local institutions.
MOTION: political sovereignty FRAGMENTING despite peace-process ADAPTATION.
CONFIDENCE: B; live front lines require review.

COORDINATE: EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
CAPABILITY: STAGE 4 regional network institution built on Stage 3 states.
LIFECYCLE: CLIMB/CONSOLIDATION.
BASEFLOOR: institutional finance and compliance STRESSED.
CONTROL: INTERGOVERNMENTAL and NETWORKED; no federal sovereignty.
MOTION: membership EXPANDING; implementation ADAPTING.
CONFIDENCE: A for law/membership; B for realised integration.

COORDINATE: GREAT LAKES ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
CAPABILITY: planetary monitoring, national regulation and local knowledge coexist.
LIFECYCLE: environmental condition STRESSED/ADAPTING.
BASEFLOOR: water and biodiversity STRESSED; fisheries mixed.
CONTROL: cross-border, fragmented by jurisdiction and market.
MOTION: climate pressure EXPANDING; repair efforts also EXPANDING.
CONFIDENCE: B.

==============================================================================
20. BASEFLOOR AND DEPENDENCY ANCESTRIES
==============================================================================

DEPENDENCY D01 — RIFT–WATER–SETTLEMENT

tectonic uplift and subsidence
-> rainfall gradients, rivers, springs and lakes
-> fish, pasture, soils and transport
-> settlement density and mobility options
-> markets, political centres and borders

DEPENDENCY D02 — BIOMASS–IRON–AGRICULTURE

woodland and charcoal knowledge
-> smelting heat
-> iron tools
-> cultivation/building capacity
-> population and political scale
-> possible forest pressure

DEPENDENCY D03 — CATTLE–MOBILITY–SOCIAL ORDER

water and pasture
-> livestock health
-> milk, meat and mobile wealth
-> exchange, bridewealth, age systems and patronage
-> political alliance and conflict

DEPENDENCY D04 — BANANA–DENSE SETTLEMENT–KINGDOM

transmitted crop plus local selection
-> high-yield perennial food/beer system
-> household surplus and dense settlement
-> court provisioning and labour
-> selected Great Lakes state capacity

This is enabling ancestry, not a claim that bananas mechanically cause kingship.

DEPENDENCY D05 — CARAVAN–PORTER–COASTAL FINANCE

Indian Ocean demand and credit
-> cloth, beads and firearms
-> African merchants, porters and provisioning
-> ivory and enslaved-person extraction
-> inland political and ecological recomposition

DEPENDENCY D06 — COLONIAL TAX–CASH CROP–RAIL

armed sovereignty and tax
-> compelled cash/labour
-> export crop and settler production
-> rail/port corridor
-> imperial revenue and unequal land order

DEPENDENCY D07 — IDENTITY RECORD–EXCLUSION–VIOLENCE

changing social categories
-> colonial racial theory, census and identity card
-> education/office inequality
-> postcolonial political exclusion
-> mobilisation and atrocity risk

Classification contributes to capability for exclusion; it does not alone
cause genocide, which requires political organisation, intent and action.

DEPENDENCY D08 — MOBILE–AGENT–DIGITAL FINANCE

electricity and telecom backbone
-> handset/SIM and identification
-> agent liquidity and trust
-> mobile payments, credit and remittance
-> platform dependence, surveillance and cyber risk

DEPENDENCY D09 — CONFLICT–DISPLACEMENT–HEALTH

armed territorial competition
-> flight and camp/host pressure
-> water, food and shelter overload
-> epidemic and education interruption
-> long-term citizenship and development effects

DEPENDENCY D10 — CLIMATE–FISCAL–POLITICAL LEGITIMACY

drought/flood and global price shock
-> crop, herd, road and electricity losses
-> public borrowing, taxes and household costs
-> protest, repression or repair
-> political trajectory

BASEFLOOR READING RULES

Rate place and date, never an eternal culture.
Preserve subnational differences and uncertainty.
Upper capability cannot cancel a critical lower floor.
A lower-floor shock is not automatically the cause of a political event.
Record repair as well as fracture.

==============================================================================
21. REGIONAL GRAPH-SEED REGISTRY
==============================================================================

NODE ID	NODE / TYPE	FIRST REGIONAL ANCHOR
EAGL.G001	East African Rift / geology	CA.EAGL.000005
EAGL.G002	Lake Tanganyika / ecosystem	CA.EAGL.000008
EAGL.G003	Lake Victoria / ecosystem	CA.EAGL.000010
EAGL.G004	Laetoli footprints / site	CA.EAGL.000020
EAGL.G005	Lomekwi / technology	CA.EAGL.000021
EAGL.G006	Oldowan / technology	CA.EAGL.000022
EAGL.G007	Acheulean / technology	CA.EAGL.000029
EAGL.G008	Homo sapiens / population network	CA.EAGL.000047
EAGL.G009	Katanda harpoons / technology	CA.EAGL.000051
EAGL.G010	ostrich-eggshell beads / network	CA.EAGL.000055
EAGL.G011	pastoralism / food-motion system	CA.EAGL.000073
EAGL.G012	Turkana pillar sites / institution	CA.EAGL.000075
EAGL.G013	dairying/lactase / gene-culture	CA.EAGL.000079
EAGL.G014	cattle / multisystem node	CA.EAGL.000086
EAGL.G015	Bantu-language expansions / network	CA.EAGL.000088
EAGL.G016	Urewe / material culture	CA.EAGL.000089
EAGL.G017	Great Lakes iron / technology	CA.EAGL.000090
EAGL.G018	Indian Ocean crops / transmission	CA.EAGL.000095
EAGL.G019	Great Lakes banana system / food	CA.EAGL.000096
EAGL.G020	Kibiro salt / trade-industry	CA.EAGL.000105
EAGL.G021	barkcloth / technology	CA.EAGL.000106
EAGL.G022	Bigo earthworks / infrastructure	CA.EAGL.000110
EAGL.G023	Buganda / kingdom	CA.EAGL.000115
EAGL.G024	Bunyoro-Kitara / kingdom	CA.EAGL.000116
EAGL.G025	caravan system / connector	CA.EAGL.000144
EAGL.G026	Kiswahili / language-network	CA.EAGL.000143
EAGL.G027	ivory / extraction-trade	CA.EAGL.000146
EAGL.G028	East African slave trade / coercion	CA.EAGL.000147
EAGL.G029	Uganda Railway / infrastructure	CA.EAGL.000167
EAGL.G030	colonial identity codification	CA.EAGL.000186
EAGL.G031	Mau Mau / anticolonial war	CA.EAGL.000197
EAGL.G032	EAC / regional institution	CA.EAGL.000211
EAGL.G033	Burundi 1972 / mass atrocity	CA.EAGL.000221
EAGL.G034	East African HIV/AIDS / health	CA.EAGL.000240
EAGL.G035	genocide against the Tutsi / event	CA.EAGL.000254
EAGL.G036	Great Lakes refugee system	CA.EAGL.000257
EAGL.G037	Second Congo War / war-network	CA.EAGL.000268
EAGL.G038	M-Pesa / digital finance	CA.EAGL.000303
EAGL.G039	geothermal / energy	CA.EAGL.000305
EAGL.G040	M23/AFC / armed-political network	CA.EAGL.000307
EAGL.G041	Kenya youth protests / movement	CA.EAGL.000341
EAGL.G042	mpox / disease network	CA.EAGL.000344
EAGL.G043	East African fibre/mobile / network	CA.EAGL.000304
EAGL.G044	East African AI layer / digital	CA.EAGL.000362
EAGL.G045	Namorotukunan Oldowan / technology	CA.EAGL.000366
EAGL.G046	early knapped bone / technology	CA.EAGL.000367

GRAPH-SEED PROMOTION RULE

A regional seed becomes a shared Atlas node only after identity resolution
checks synonyms, time/space scope, source provenance and cross-region edges.
The regional record remains the anchor and is not deleted after promotion.

==============================================================================
22. CONNECTOR AND TRANSMISSION FILE QUEUE
==============================================================================

CONNECTOR EAGL.C001 — EASTERN AFRICAN HOMININ FIELD
INTERVAL: c. 7 Ma–50 ka.
LINKS: Great Rift <-> Horn/Afar/Omo <-> Nile approaches <-> southern Africa.
MOVES: populations, genes, technologies, ecological knowledge.
STATUS: evidenced network; routes and pulses require record-level confidence.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C002 — RIFT–NILE–GREAT LAKES
INTERVAL: deep time–present.
LINKS: Victoria/Albert headwaters <-> Upper Nile <-> South Sudan <-> Nile Valley.
MOVES: water, fish, boats, pastoral populations, languages, disease, trade.
STATUS: strong; primary partner files Objects 03, 04 and relevant Sahel spine.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C003 — BANTU-LANGUAGE EXPANSION
INTERVAL: second millennium BCE–second millennium CE.
LINKS: West/Central Africa <-> Congo basin <-> Great Lakes <-> East/South Africa.
MOVES: people, languages, crops, ceramics, iron knowledge and local recombinations.
STATUS: strong broad pattern; no one package or century is universal.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C004 — NORTHEAST-AFRICAN PASTORAL DISPERSAL
INTERVAL: c. 5000 BCE–first millennium CE.
LINKS: Sahara/Nile/Horn <-> Turkana <-> Kenya Rift <-> Tanzania.
MOVES: cattle, sheep/goats, milk knowledge, people and language elements.
STATUS: strong; ancient DNA and archaeology distinguish several mixtures.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C005 — INDIAN OCEAN CROP NETWORK
INTERVAL: first millennium CE onward.
LINKS: South/Southeast Asia <-> Swahili coast <-> inland East Africa/Great Lakes.
MOVES: bananas/plantains, rice, taro and other biological/cultural materials.
STATUS: certain eventual transmission; early crop-specific routes contested.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C006 — SWAHILI–INLAND WORLD
INTERVAL: first millennium CE–present.
LINKS: coast/islands <-> central Tanzania/Kenya <-> Great Lakes/eastern Congo.
MOVES: Kiswahili, Islam, beads, cloth, crops, ivory, people and information.
STATUS: strong; detailed coast belongs to Object 09.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C007 — GREAT LAKES KINGDOM NETWORK
INTERVAL: c. 1200–1900 CE.
LINKS: Buganda <-> Bunyoro <-> Rwanda <-> Burundi <-> Nkore <-> Karagwe/Haya.
MOVES: cattle, salt, iron, barkcloth, dynastic/ritual forms, people and war.
STATUS: strong many-to-many network; “Chwezi empire” not assumed.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C008 — EAST AFRICAN CARAVAN SYSTEM
INTERVAL: c. 1750–1900.
LINKS: Zanzibar/coast <-> Tabora <-> Ujiji <-> Buganda/eastern Congo.
MOVES: ivory, cloth, beads, firearms, enslaved people, finance and religion.
STATUS: strong; porter and provisioning labour must be explicit.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C009 — CHRISTIAN MISSION/EDUCATION NETWORK
INTERVAL: 1870s–present.
LINKS: Europe/Mediterranean networks <-> coast <-> Great Lakes courts/communities.
MOVES: Christianity, print, literacy, schools, medicine and African adaptations.
STATUS: strong; TEACHES, TRANSLATES and ADAPTS edges are bidirectional.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C010 — COLONIAL EMPIRE AND EXTRACTION
INTERVAL: 1885–1964.
LINKS: Britain/Germany/Belgium <-> East African territories <-> world markets.
MOVES: borders, law, force, rail, taxes, crops, labour and racial classifications.
STATUS: strong; COLONISES and RESISTS edges required.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C011 — WORLD WAR MOBILISATION
INTERVAL: 1914–1918 and 1939–1945.
LINKS: European wars <-> East African battlefields <-> African/Asian deployments.
MOVES: soldiers, carriers, food, disease, weapons, political expectations.
STATUS: strong.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C012 — AFRICAN DECOLONISATION/LIBERATION
INTERVAL: 1945–1994.
LINKS: East African nationalisms <-> UN/Cold War <-> southern African movements.
MOVES: parties, education, asylum, military training and diplomatic support.
STATUS: strong.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C013 — GREAT LAKES CONFLICT/REFUGEE SYSTEM
INTERVAL: 1959–present.
LINKS: Rwanda <-> Burundi <-> Uganda <-> Tanzania <-> eastern DRC.
MOVES: refugees, armies, armed groups, humanitarian systems and political claims.
STATUS: strong; civilians and perpetrators must never be collapsed into one class.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C014 — HIV/EPIDEMIC NETWORK
INTERVAL: twentieth century–present.
LINKS: mobility corridors, cities, conflict zones and global health institutions.
MOVES: pathogens, treatment, vaccines, surveillance data and misinformation.
STATUS: strong; privacy and stigma protections required.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C015 — EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
INTERVAL: 1917 customs ancestry–present; institutional forms 1961 onward.
LINKS: partner states and wider African/global institutions.
MOVES: goods, labour, law, infrastructure standards, security cooperation.
STATUS: active; intergovernmental rather than federal at cut-off.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C016 — MOBILE MONEY AND DIGITAL PLATFORMS
INTERVAL: 1990s–present.
LINKS: telecom networks <-> agent systems <-> banks <-> households <-> global platforms.
MOVES: money, data, work, political speech, education and AI services.
STATUS: active; inclusion, surveillance and imported-infrastructure edges coexist.

CONNECTOR EAGL.C017 — CLIMATE AND GREAT-LAKES WATER
INTERVAL: deep time–present.
LINKS: Indian/Atlantic circulation <-> highlands <-> rivers/lakes <-> food/energy systems.
MOVES: water, sediment, fish, hazards and policy externalities.
STATUS: active planetary-to-local dependency.

==============================================================================
23. CROSSWALK PROTOCOL AND FIRST VERTICAL CUTS
==============================================================================

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.3P3MA.001
TIME BAND: W006, c. 3.3 Ma.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Lomekwi preserves deliberately made stone tools; several
hominin forms exist in eastern Africa.
WORLD COMPARISON: other regional archives are far thinner; no world-wide tool
horizon is inferred from one site.
KNOWN CONNECTION: none assignable beyond eastern African population mobility.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: geological/ecological processes elsewhere.
CAUSALITY STATUS: no single climate-to-tool causal edge established.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.1P76MA.002
TIME BAND: W008, c. 1.76 Ma.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Acheulean large cutting tools at Kokiselei coexist with
Oldowan practices and Homo/Paranthropus diversity.
WORLD COMPARISON: early Homo has dispersed beyond Africa; Acheulean appears
later in several other regions.
KNOWN CONNECTION: population/knowledge dispersal plausible and partly evidenced.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: not every large-tool horizon is directly descended from Kokiselei.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.300KA.003
TIME BAND: W009–W010, c. 320–250 ka.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Olorgesailie records points, pigment and distant obsidian;
early Homo sapiens populations exist in Africa.
WORLD COMPARISON: archaic-human mosaics continue across Africa and Eurasia.
KNOWN CONNECTION: obsidian connects landscapes within southern Kenya.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: behavioural changes across distant regions require separate carriers.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.3000BCE.004
TIME BAND: W020–W021, c. 3000 BCE.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Turkana fisher-foragers encounter early herders; pillar
sites coordinate mobile communities.
WORLD COMPARISON: cities/writing in Mesopotamia and Egypt; Indus and China-
region systems follow local clocks; many world regions remain non-state.
KNOWN CONNECTION: livestock derives through northeast-African networks.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: pillar building is not caused by Mesopotamian urbanism.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.500BCE.005
TIME BAND: W028–W029, c. 600–300 BCE.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Urewe ceramics, ironworking, cultivation and population
movement develop around the Great Lakes.
WORLD COMPARISON: large states and philosophical traditions expand across
Afro-Eurasia; complex non-state systems flourish elsewhere.
KNOWN CONNECTION: Bantu-language/population movements and African crop networks.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: Mediterranean/Asian iron-use synchrony does not prove direct transfer.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.1000CE.006
TIME BAND: W036–W037, c. 1000 CE.
EAST AFRICA STATE: agrarian/iron/fishing networks intensify; Ntusi grows;
Indian Ocean goods move through inland relays.
WORLD COMPARISON: Swahili, Islamic, Indian Ocean, Asian and European regional
states/markets expand on different institutional forms.
KNOWN CONNECTION: coast–interior goods and crop/language transmissions.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: political aggregation need not share one cause with Eurasian states.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.1500CE.007
TIME BAND: W040–W041, c. 1500 CE.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Great Lakes political centres and kingdoms consolidate;
farming, cattle, iron, salt and lake transport support plurality.
WORLD COMPARISON: Atlantic collision begins; Indian Ocean trade is already old;
large empires exist across Africa, Eurasia and the Americas.
KNOWN CONNECTION: Indian Ocean crops/goods through African networks.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: Atlantic conquest has not yet reorganised the Great Lakes directly.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.1885.008
TIME BAND: W047, 1885.
EAST AFRICA STATE: kingdoms, caravan states, pastoral systems and decentralised
societies coexist; ivory/slave/firearm networks are transforming power.
WORLD COMPARISON: industrial empires divide Africa amid rail, steam, telegraph
and global commodity integration.
KNOWN CONNECTION: Indian Ocean trade and European imperial finance/arms.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: Berlin paper claims are not immediate control on the ground.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.WWI.009
TIME BAND: W049, 1914–1918.
EAST AFRICA STATE: colonial armies fight a mobile campaign dependent on
African carriers, requisition and rail/port nodes.
WORLD COMPARISON: total war restructures Europe, Middle East and global empires.
KNOWN CONNECTION: direct military, imperial, financial and disease connections.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: local famine intensity varies and requires local evidence.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.1962.010
TIME BAND: W055, 1960–1964.
EAST AFRICA STATE: Tanganyika, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya become
independent; Tanzania forms; Congo crisis spills into the east.
WORLD COMPARISON: global decolonisation and Cold War blocs reshape sovereignty.
KNOWN CONNECTION: UN, imperial withdrawal, parties and international finance.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: each state’s constitution and violence follows a local sequence.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.1994.011
TIME BAND: W058, April–July 1994.
EAST AFRICA STATE: genocide against the Tutsi, RPF victory, refugee flight and
humanitarian collapse regionalise insecurity.
WORLD COMPARISON: post-Cold-War intervention norms are forming; Bosnia and
other mass atrocities are contemporaneous.
KNOWN CONNECTION: UN decisions, arms, refugee routes and regional armies.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: contemporaneous atrocities are not one causal event.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.2007.012
TIME BAND: W059, 2007.
EAST AFRICA STATE: M-Pesa launches; Rwanda/Burundi join EAC; Kenya’s election
ends in mass violence.
WORLD COMPARISON: global mobile/internet scale and pre-crisis finance expand.
KNOWN CONNECTION: telecom standards, capital and global platforms.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: digital finance does not cause the Kenyan electoral crisis.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.EAGL.2026.013
TIME BAND: W068, 28 July 2026.
EAST AFRICA STATE: eight-member EAC, mobile/digital/renewable expansion,
incumbent political dominance, youth protest and eastern DRC fragmentation coexist.
WORLD COMPARISON: planetary AI diffusion, climate stress, debt and geopolitical
trade fracture condition regional choices.
KNOWN CONNECTION: finance, platforms, climate, trade, health and diplomacy.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: common global exposure does not produce identical national outcomes.
CONFIDENCE: B at live cut-off.

==============================================================================
24. EVIDENCE, CONTROVERSY, ATTRIBUTION AND REVISION PROTOCOL
==============================================================================

EVIDENCE HIERARCHY IS CLAIM-SPECIFIC

No evidence type is universally superior. A radiometric age may resolve a
stratum but not a person’s identity. Oral testimony may resolve social meaning
but not produce an exact date without an external anchor. Administrative data
may be precise while reflecting a coercive state category.

DEEP-TIME RULES

Separate fossil, artefact and sediment context.
Record dating method and whether the date is a minimum, maximum or range.
Do not assign tools to a species without direct association.
Treat “first” as “earliest securely evidenced so far.”
Include preservation, excavation and publication bias.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL-CULTURE RULES

Urewe, Kansyore, Elmenteitan and similar labels classify materials.
They do not automatically equal a language, ethnicity or migration.
Continuity of pottery is not proof of biological continuity.

LINGUISTIC RULES

Reconstructed vocabulary supports relative history and relationship.
Glottochronological calendar dates carry model uncertainty.
Language movement can occur through migration or language shift.

GENETIC RULES

Ancient samples represent sampled people, not whole named populations.
Modern genetic clusters are analytical distributions, not races or states.
Genes, language, pottery and identity may travel on different paths.
Sensitive group claims require community-aware interpretation.

ORAL-TRADITION RULES

Preserve performer, language, collector, date and political context.
Treat traditions as historical evidence, not failed written chronicle.
Separate relative sequence, social meaning and literal event claim.
Do not stretch dynastic generations into false exact-year chronologies.

COLONIAL-ARCHIVE RULES

Record who produced the document and for what administrative purpose.
Preserve African testimony, resistance and excluded costs.
Do not reproduce racialised categories as timeless biological facts.
Map paper claim, effective occupation and local control separately.

MASS-ATROCITY RULES

Name targeted populations and responsible institutions precisely.
Distinguish genocide, war crime, crime against humanity and undetermined violence.
Avoid false balance where legal and evidentiary findings are strong.
Preserve uncertainty in casualty totals without obscuring the event.
Do not expose victim-identifying sensitive data without a legitimate purpose.

CONTEMPORARY-POLITICS RULES

Separate official result from evaluation of competitiveness.
Record event date, publication date and file cut-off independently.
Triangulate state, international, observer, rights and reputable reporting.
“Disputed” does not mean every claim has equal evidence.
All W068 records receive a review date.

ATTRIBUTION LEVELS

L1 source reports the fact directly.
L2 two or more independent sources converge.
L3 Atlas synthesis from stated evidence.
L4 explicit hypothesis; never presented as settled.

REVISION TRIGGERS

new dating or excavation
new ancient DNA with appropriate ethics/provenance
declassified archive
court or truth-commission finding
revised demographic/economic series
changed contemporary office, border, conflict line or treaty status
source retraction or demonstrated error

RECORD IMMUTABILITY

Record IDs persist. A correction changes version and records a revision note;
it does not silently reuse an ID for a different event.

==============================================================================
25. MACHINE-CONVERSION CONTRACT
==============================================================================

READER TEXT IS A VIEW, NOT THE DATABASE

This file is intentionally readable. Conversion parses stable labels and IDs
into structured objects. Narrative lines remain descriptions; no machine
should infer a causal edge, population identity or territorial continuity from
prose without an explicit field and evidence.

INPUT FORMAT

UTF-8 plain text.
A record begins with:
RECORD CA.EAGL.###### — [LOCAL_CODE] TITLE
A record ends immediately before the next RECORD or major section divider.
Wrapped lines belong to the preceding field.
RECORD_ID is immutable and is not a chronological sort key. V1.1 additions
may appear at their evidence-correct chronological position with higher IDs.

REQUIRED SERIALISATION

record_id string, immutable
record_alias string, optional mnemonic
record_title string
record_class enum EVENT|CONDITION|PROCESS|TRANSITION
time_display string, preserved exactly
time_start signed numeric/date where defensible
time_end signed numeric/date where defensible
time_scale GA|MA|KA|BP|BCE_CE|ISO_8601
date_status canonical enum
chronology_time_zoom Z0–Z6
synchronisation_band[] W000–W068
place[] gazetteer objects, not only modern countries
entity[] persistent entity IDs/names
entity_type[] canonical/additive enums
entity_scale[] canonical scale enums or UNKNOWN
state[] explicit state objects or UNKNOWN
function[] intended/realised/later/current function
event_or_condition text
domain[] track codes
relationships[] explicit edge IDs/objects; never prose-inferred
part_whole[] explicit containment/membership objects
flows[] source-route-node-destination objects
lineage[] ancestry/adaptation/branch/hybrid objects
dependencies[] direct and lower-floor requirement objects
hosts[] physical/logical/functional host objects
evidence_type[] canonical enums
evidence_source[] EAGL.S identifiers and bibliographic IDs
epistemic_status canonical enum or UNKNOWN
confidence A|B|C|D|E|U
controversy[] explicit claims and counterclaims
assertions[] claim/source/perspective/time/evidence objects
crosswalk_tags[] external/local ontology bridges
graph_seeds[] promoted graph-node candidates
version semantic version
cutoff ISO 8601 timestamp with timezone

ARRAY FIELDS

DOMAIN, EVIDENCE TYPE, SYNCHRONISATION BAND, SOURCE KEYS, RELATED ENTITIES,
RELATIONSHIPS, BASEFLOOR STATE and CROSSWALK TAGS parse as arrays.
Vertical bars and commas are presentation delimiters, not part of identifiers.

DATE SERIALISATION RULES

Preserve display_time verbatim.
Convert BCE/CE, BP, ka, Ma and Ga only into separate normalised fields.
Store the present-reference year for BP conversion; never assume it silently.
Store open-ended “onward” as an open interval, not the cut-off date.
Keep DATE STATUS and dating notes after normalisation.
Event time, excavation/discovery time and publication time remain separate.
Internal astronomical-year conversion may use year 0 only in a declared
machine field; never show it as a historical BCE/CE year.
A forecast uses ESTIMATED plus FORECAST_STATUS and model vintage. It never
serialises as an observed event.

SOURCE CONVERSION

An EAGL.S range denotes an evidence packet interval in this V1.1 reader.
Expansion resolves it through Section 26 without changing the chronology record.
URL access date is not the historical event date.
Architecture objects A001–A003 define the data contract and do not replace
archaeological, historical, scientific or official evidence.

ENTITY RESOLUTION

Preserve local names and diacritics.
Store modern-state, historical polity, archaeological culture, language and
population as different typed nodes even where labels resemble one another.
Store aliases separately; do not overwrite the reader-facing name.
Modern-state names in deep-time PLACE fields are spatial aids, not backward
assignments of sovereignty.

RELATIONSHIP OBJECT

edge_id
source_node_id
relationship_type
target_node_id
time_start/time_end
place/path
mechanism/carrier
evidence_source[]
confidence
controversy_status
version

RELATIONSHIP CONVERSION

Synchrony creates TEMPORALLY_SYNCHRONOUS only.
INFLUENCES, TRANSMITS_TO, MIGRATES_TO, CONQUERS, CAUSES or ENABLES require
explicit evidence. Every directional edge stores source, target, interval,
mechanism/carrier and confidence.
Historical ancestry and structural dependency ancestry remain separate.

INDEXES

primary: record_id
temporal: time_start, time_end, synchronisation_band
spatial: place_id, geometry, spatial_zoom
semantic: entity_type, domain/track, graph_seed
structural: capability, lifecycle, BaseFloor, control, habitat, motion
evidential: evidence_type, confidence, controversy, review_date
relational: source/target node, relationship type
scan: scan_mode, state_series, flow, lineage, host, pressure, open_corridor
inheritance: historical_ancestry, dependency_ancestry, genome, phenotype
portability: host_type, portability_level, closure_state, bootstrap_depth

CUT-OFF HANDLING

File cut-off is 2026-07-28T23:59:00+08:00.
No record may be inferred to describe events after that instant.
Fast-changing W068 records require a new version rather than silent overwrite.

CONVERSION ACCEPTANCE TEST

Every chronology record parses to one object.
Every record ID is unique.
Every EAGL.S key resolves.
Every W-band exists.
Every enum is canonical or declared additive.
Every relationship has evidence and direction.
No inference promotes synchrony to causality.
No modern country is silently assigned to a prehistoric entity.
Material culture, language, population, polity and civilisation remain
separately typed.
Missing Scaffold fields become EMPTY, NOT_APPLICABLE or UNKNOWN, never a
fabricated assertion.
Historical ancestry and structural dependency ancestry remain separate.
Future corridors and simulations never serialise as observed events.

==============================================================================
26. SOURCE-PACKET REGISTER
==============================================================================

EAGL.S numbers are stable reserved evidence identifiers. Reader records cite
compact ranges; the ranges resolve to the packet below. A packet contains the
core works used for that claim family and may be expanded into an item-level
relational ledger without changing any CA.EAGL record ID.

Titles and URLs identify editions/pages used or authoritative landing pages.
Books without a durable open URL are given with full bibliographic identity.
Web sources were checked for this release through 28 July 2026.

ARCHITECTURE BINDINGS — NOT HISTORICAL EVIDENCE KEYS

A001 eduKateSG. “Civilisation Atlas — Scaffold Series V1.1.”
https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-scaffold-series-v1-1/

A002 eduKateSG. “Civilisation Atlas | Start Here: The Atlas of Human
Capability.”
https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-start-here-the-atlas-of-human-capability/

A003 eduKateSG. “Civilisation Atlas | Civilisation Object Schema.”
https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-civilisation-object-schema/

These objects define Atlas coordinates, traversal and data contracts. They do
not replace archaeological, historical, scientific or official evidence for
any dated regional record.

PACKET EAGL.P00 — ARCHITECTURE AND COVERAGE
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S001–EAGL.S004

EAGL.S001
Civilisation Atlas Chronology Specification V1.0, user-supplied canonical
working standard in the project conversation.

EAGL.S002
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER, Version 1.1,
WORLD_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER.txt, cut-off 28 July 2026.

EAGL.S003
Civilisation Atlas South Asia/India reader-format precedent and architecture,
user-supplied project context.

EAGL.S004
UNESCO, General History of Africa.
https://www.unesco.org/en/general-history-africa

PACKET EAGL.P01 — GEOLOGY, RIFT, LAKES AND CLIMATE SUBSTRATE
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S005–EAGL.S033

United States Geological Survey, “Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2013:
East African Rift,” regional description and map.
https://www.usgs.gov/publications/seismicity-earth-1900-2013-east-african-rift

Chorowicz, Jean. 2005. “The East African Rift System.”
Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 379–410.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019

Ebinger, Cynthia. 2005. “Continental Break-up: The East African Perspective.”
Astronomy & Geophysics 46(2): 2.16–2.21.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2005.46216.x

Furman, Tanya. 2007. “Geochemistry of East African Rift Basalts.”
Geological Society of America Special Paper 430.
https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2430(02)

Macgregor, Duncan. 2015. “History of the Development of the East African Rift System.”
Petroleum Geoscience 21: 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2014-028

Scholz, Christopher A., et al. 2007. “East African Megadroughts between
135 and 75 Thousand Years Ago and Bearing on Early-Modern Human Origins.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 16416–16421.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703874104

Cohen, Andrew S., et al. 1997. “New Palaeolimnological and Lake-Level
Reconstruction of Lake Tanganyika.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 137: 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00019-0

Johnson, Thomas C., et al. 1996. “Late Pleistocene Desiccation of Lake Victoria
and Rapid Evolution of Cichlid Fishes.” Science 273: 1091–1093.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5278.1091

Maslin, Mark A., et al. 2014. “East African Climate Pulses and Early Human Evolution.”
Quaternary Science Reviews 101: 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.012

Shultz, Susanne, Emma Nelson and Robin I. M. Dunbar. 2012/2013.
“Hominin Cognitive Evolution: Identifying Patterns and Processes in the Fossil
and Archaeological Record.” Philosophical Transactions / supporting review.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3797764/

World Meteorological Organization. 2025.
State of the Climate in Africa 2024, WMO-No. 1368.
https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2025-03/WMO-1368-2024_en.pdf

Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution, East African volcano records.
https://volcano.si.edu/

PACKET EAGL.P02 — EARLY HOMININS, LOMEKWI, OLDOWAN AND ACHEULEAN
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S034–EAGL.S113

Senut, Brigitte, et al. 2001. “First Hominid from the Miocene
(Lukeino Formation, Kenya).” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences.

Smithsonian Human Origins Program, Orrorin tugenensis.
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/orrorin-tugenensis

Almécija, Sergio, et al. 2013. “The Femur of Orrorin tugenensis Exhibits
Morphometric Affinities with Both Miocene Apes and Later Hominins.”
Nature Communications 4: 2888.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3888

Leakey, Meave G., et al. 1995. “New Four-Million-Year-Old Hominid Species
from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya.” Nature 376: 565–571.
https://www.nature.com/articles/376565a0

Leakey, Meave G., et al. 2001. “New Hominin Genus from Eastern Africa
Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages.” Nature 410: 433–440.
https://doi.org/10.1038/35068500

Smithsonian Human Origins Program, Laetoli Footprint Trails.
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/footprints/laetoli-footprint-trails

Masao, Fidel T., et al. 2016. “New Footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania)
Provide Evidence for Marked Body Size Variation in Early Hominins.”
eLife 5: e19568.
https://elifesciences.org/articles/19568

Harmand, Sonia, et al. 2015. “3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools from
Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 521: 310–315.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14464

Plummer, Thomas W., et al. 2023. “Expanded Geographic Distribution and
Dietary Strategies of the Earliest Oldowan Hominins and Paranthropus.”
Science 379: 561–566.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452

Semaw, Sileshi, et al. 1997. “2.5-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools from Gona,
Ethiopia.” Nature 385: 333–336.
https://doi.org/10.1038/385333a0

Leakey, Mary D. 1971. Olduvai Gorge, Volume 3:
Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963. Cambridge University Press.

Lepre, Christopher J., et al. 2011. “An Earlier Origin for the Acheulian.”
Nature 477: 82–85.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10372

Smithsonian Human Origins Program, KNM-WT 15000 / Nariokotome.
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/knm-wt-15000

Hatala, Kevin G., et al. 2024. Koobi Fora 1.5-million-year-old hominin
footprint evidence for two species on one landscape. Science.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado5275

Potts, Richard, et al. 2018. “Environmental Dynamics during the Onset of
the Middle Stone Age in Eastern Africa.” Science 360: 86–90.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2200

Brooks, Alison S., et al. 2018. “Long-Distance Stone Transport and Pigment
Use in the Earliest Middle Stone Age.” Science 360: 90–94.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2646

Deino, Alan L., et al. 2018. “Chronology of the Acheulean to Middle Stone
Age Transition in Eastern Africa.” Science 360: 95–98.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2216

Gowlett, John A. J. and Richard W. Wrangham. 2013.
“Earliest Fire in Africa: Towards the Convergence of Archaeological Evidence
and the Cooking Hypothesis.” Azania 48: 5–30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754

PACKET EAGL.P03 — HOMO SAPIENS, MIDDLE/LATER STONE AGE AND SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S114–EAGL.S178

Vidal, Céline M., et al. 2022. “Age of the Oldest Known Homo sapiens from
Eastern Africa.” Nature 601: 579–583.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04275-8

Scerri, Eleanor M. L., et al. 2018. “Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided
Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005

Tryon, Christian A. and J. Tyler Faith, relevant reviews of eastern African
Middle/Later Stone Age chronology and ecology.

Gliganic, Luke A., et al. 2012. Re-dating of Mumba Rockshelter,
Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 62: 533–547.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.009

Yellen, John E., et al. 1995. “A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry
from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire.” Science 268: 553–556.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7725099

Smithsonian Human Origins Program, Katanda Bone Harpoon Point.
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/getting-food/katanda-bone-harpoon-point

Shipton, Ceri, et al. 2018. “78,000-Year-Old Record of Middle and Later
Stone Age Innovation in an East African Tropical Forest.”
Nature Communications 9: 1832.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04057-3

Martinón-Torres, María, et al. 2021. “Earliest Known Human Burial in Africa.”
Nature 593: 95–100.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03457-8

Ambrose, Stanley H. 1998. “Chronology of the Later Stone Age and Food
Production in East Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 377–392.

Miller, Jennifer M. and Yiming V. Wang. 2022.
“Ostrich Eggshell Beads Reveal 50,000-Year-Old Social Network in Africa.”
Nature 601: 234–239.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04227-2

Brooks, Alison S. and John E. Yellen, Ishango/Katanda research; Royal Belgian
Institute of Natural Sciences, Ishango collection.

PACKET EAGL.P04 — EARLY HOLOCENE FORAGERS, FISHERS AND LANDSCAPES
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S179–EAGL.S223

Garcin, Yannick, et al. 2012. “Early Holocene Rapid Lake-Level Rise in
Lake Turkana.” Quaternary Science Reviews and related basin studies.

Hildebrand, Elisabeth A., et al. 2018. “A Monumental Cemetery Built by
Eastern Africa’s First Herders near Lake Turkana, Kenya.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115: 8942–8947.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721975115

Mirazón Lahr, Marta, et al. 2016. “Inter-Group Violence among Early Holocene
Hunter-Gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 529: 394–398.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16477

Stojanowski, Christopher M., et al. 2016/2018, critiques and replies on
Nataruk taphonomy and warfare interpretation.

Lane, Paul J., et al. Research on Kansyore pottery and Lake Victoria
fisher-foragers. Azania and Journal of African Archaeology.

Ambrose, Stanley H. Research on Eburran chronology and eastern African
Later Stone Age/Pastoral Neolithic transitions.

Woodburn, James. 1968/1982. Hadza ecology and egalitarian social organisation.

Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan:
Evaluating Claims of Distant Linguistic Relationships.

Lewis, Jerome. 2000s–present. Research on Central African forest peoples and
conservation/rights; used cautiously for Great Lakes Twa interfaces.

PACKET EAGL.P05 — PASTORALISM, ANCIENT DNA, FARMING, CROPS AND IRON
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S224–EAGL.S327

Marshall, Fiona and Elisabeth Hildebrand. 2002.
“Cattle before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa.”
Journal of World Prehistory 16: 99–143.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019954903395

Prendergast, Mary E., et al. 2019.
“Ancient DNA Reveals a Multistep Spread of the First Herders into Sub-Saharan Africa.”
Science 365: eaaw6275.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw6275

Wang, Ke, et al. 2020. “Ancient Genomes Reveal Complex Patterns of
Population Movement, Interaction, and Replacement in Sub-Saharan Africa.”
Science Advances 6: eaaz0183.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183

Bleasdale, Madeleine, et al. 2021. “Ancient Proteins Provide Evidence of
Dairy Consumption in Eastern Africa.” Nature Communications 12: 632.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20682-3

Grillo, Katherine M., et al. 2020. Research on Pastoral Neolithic settlement,
food and pottery in Kenya/Tanzania.

Hildebrand, Elisabeth A., et al. Lothagam North and Turkana pillar-site research.

Lane, Paul J. 2013. “The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in
East Africa.” Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology.

Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. 1998/2000s. Pastoral Neolithic zooarchaeology and
herder–forager interaction.

de Filippo, Cesare, et al. 2010. “Bringing Together Linguistic and Genetic
Evidence to Test the Bantu Expansion.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3909244/

Bostoen, Koen, et al. 2015–2020. Bantu expansion, language and archaeology
synthesis, with route/model uncertainty.

Stewart, K. MacDonald. 1993. “Iron Age Ceramic Studies in Great Lakes
Eastern Africa: A Critical and Historiographical Review.”
African Archaeological Review 11: 21–37.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01118141

Schmidt, Peter R. 1997. Iron Technology in East Africa:
Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology. Indiana University Press.

Schoenbrun, David L. 1993. “We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture
between the Great Lakes.” Journal of African History 34: 1–31.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/we-are-what-we-eat-ancient-agriculture-between-the-great-lakes1/369E954FE50C4D4146B9A9790ED8134A

Schoenbrun, David L. 1998. A Green Place, a Good Place:
Agrarian Change, Gender, and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region
to the 15th Century. Heinemann.

Mercader, Julio, et al. 2024. “Early Agriculture and Crop Transitions at
Kakapel Rockshelter, Western Kenya.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 291.
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/291/2026/20232747/104552/Early-agriculture-and-crop-transitions-at-Kakapel

Fuller, Dorian Q., Nicole Boivin and others, archaeobotanical studies of
African/Asian crop movement through the Indian Ocean.

PACKET EAGL.P06 — 500–1500 SETTLEMENTS, TRADE AND POLITICAL FORMATION
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S328–EAGL.S439

Reid, Andrew. 2013. “Political Power in Pre-Colonial Buganda:
Economy, Society and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century.”
James Currey, plus related Ugandan archaeology publications.

Reid, Andrew. “Constructing History in Uganda.”
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1530875/1/Constructing%20History%20in%20Uganda.pdf

Robertshaw, Peter. 1999/2000s. Ntusi, Munsa, Bigo and Great Lakes
archaeological research.

Recent Ntuusi research synthesis, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2025.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X25003840

Posnansky, Merrick, Peter Robertshaw and colleagues, western Uganda
earthwork and settlement investigations.

UNESCO. History of Humanity / General History of Africa volumes I–III.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000042225
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184265

Chami, Felix, Chapurukha Kusimba and Mark Horton, East African coast–
interior and Swahili archaeology.

Kusimba, Chapurukha M. 1999. The Rise and Fall of Swahili States.
AltaMira Press.

Sutton, John E. G. 1990s–2000s. Bigo/Ntusi and Great Lakes settlement studies.

UNESCO, “The Great Lakes Region, 1500–1800,” General History resources.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000121572

PACKET EAGL.P07 — KINGDOMS, SOCIETIES AND EARLY MODERN GREAT LAKES
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S440–EAGL.S506

Wrigley, Christopher. 1996. Kingship and State:
The Buganda Dynasty. Cambridge University Press.

Reid, Andrew. 2002/2013. Archaeological and historical studies of Buganda.

Kiwanuka, M. S. M. 1971. A History of Buganda:
From the Foundation of the Kingdom to 1900. Longman.

Uzoigwe, G. N. 1972. Precolonial Markets in Bunyoro-Kitara.

Ingham, Kenneth. 1975. The Kingdom of Toro in Uganda. Methuen.

Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 2003. The Great Lakes of Africa:
Two Thousand Years of History. Zone Books.

Vansina, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda:
The Nyiginya Kingdom. University of Wisconsin Press.

Newbury, David. 1991. Kings and Clans:
Ijwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780–1840. University of Wisconsin Press.

Lemarchand, René. 1970. Rwanda and Burundi. Praeger.

Vansina, Jan. 1972. Oral Tradition:
A Study in Historical Method; and 1985, Oral Tradition as History.

Cohen, David William. 1972/1989. Historical Tradition of Busoga and
oral-history method.

PACKET EAGL.P08 — CARAVANS, IVORY, SLAVERY, RELIGIONS AND IMPERIAL PRELUDE
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S507–EAGL.S599

Iliffe, John. 1979. A Modern History of Tanganyika.
Cambridge University Press.

Rockel, Stephen J. 2006. Carriers of Culture:
Labor on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa. Heinemann.

Roberts, Andrew. 1968/1970. Nyamwezi and nineteenth-century East African history.

Bennett, Norman R. 1971. Mirambo of Tanzania, ca. 1840–1884.
Oxford University Press.

Beachey, R. W. 1967. “The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.”
Journal of African History 8: 269–290.

Alpers, Edward A. 1975. Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa.
University of California Press.

Sheriff, Abdul. 1987. Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar.
Ohio University Press.

Rockel, Stephen and Rick Halpern, eds. 2009.
Inventing Collateral Damage: Civilian Casualties, War, and Empire.

Speke, John Hanning; Burton, Richard; Grant, James; Stanley, Henry Morton;
published expedition accounts, read critically against African labour/knowledge.

Twaddle, Michael. 1988. Kakungulu and the Creation of Uganda, 1868–1928.

Hansen, Holger Bernt and Michael Twaddle, eds.
Christian Missionaries and the State in the Third World / Uganda studies.

PACKET EAGL.P09 — PARTITION, COLONIAL RULE AND WORLD WARS
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S600–EAGL.S805

UNESCO, General History of Africa, Volume VII:
Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184296

Boahen, A. Adu, ed. 1985. UNESCO General History of Africa VII.

Pakenham, Thomas. 1991. The Scramble for Africa.
Used for imperial chronology, checked against regional/African scholarship.

Iliffe, John. 1979. A Modern History of Tanganyika.
Cambridge University Press.

Sunseri, Thaddeus. 2002. Vilimani:
Labor Migration and Rural Change in Early Colonial Tanzania. Heinemann.

Iliffe, John. 1967. “The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion.”
Journal of African History 8: 495–512.

Ranger, Terence O. 1968. “Connexions between ‘Primary Resistance’
Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa.”
Journal of African History 9: 437–453 and 631–641.

Berman, Bruce and John Lonsdale. 1992. Unhappy Valley:
Conflict in Kenya and Africa. James Currey.

Anderson, David. 2005. Histories of the Hanged:
Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Elkins, Caroline. 2005. Imperial Reckoning:
The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. Henry Holt.

Hughes, Lotte. 2006. Moving the Maasai:
A Colonial Misadventure. Palgrave Macmillan.

Matson, A. T. 1972. Nandi Resistance to British Rule, 1890–1906.
East African Publishing House.

Kasozi, A. B. K. 1986. The Spread of Islam in Uganda.
Oxford University Press.

Hoppe, Kirk Arden. 2003. Lords of the Fly:
Sleeping Sickness Control in British East Africa, 1900–1960.
Praeger.

Ford, John. 1971. The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology.
Clarendon Press.

Paice, Edward. 2007. Tip and Run:
The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Page, Melvin E. 1998. The Chiwaya War:
Malawians and the First World War. Westview; comparative carrier system.

Strachan, Hew. 2004. The First World War in Africa.
Oxford University Press.

Linden, Ian. 1977. Church and Revolution in Rwanda.
Manchester University Press.

Newbury, Catharine. 1988. The Cohesion of Oppression:
Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. Columbia University Press.

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers:
Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton University Press.

Malkki, Liisa H. 1995. Purity and Exile:
Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania.
University of Chicago Press.

Killingray, David and David Omissi, eds. 1999.
Guardians of Empire: The Armed Forces of the Colonial Powers c. 1700–1964.

PACKET EAGL.P10 — DECOLONISATION AND INDEPENDENT-STATE FORMATION
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S806–EAGL.S906

UNESCO, General History of Africa, Volume VIII:
Africa since 1935.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184297

Branch, Daniel. 2009. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya:
Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. Cambridge University Press.

Anderson, David. 2005. Histories of the Hanged.

Elkins, Caroline. 2005. Imperial Reckoning.

Maloba, Wunyabari O. 1993. Mau Mau and Kenya:
An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt. Indiana University Press.

Brennan, James R., Andrew Burton and Yusufu Lawi, eds. 2007.
Dar es Salaam: Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis.

Nyerere, Julius K. Freedom and Unity / Freedom and Socialism,
primary political texts.

Mutibwa, Phares. 1992. Uganda since Independence:
A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. Africa World Press.

Low, D. A. 1971/2009. Buganda in Modern History and related Uganda studies.

Carney, J. J. 2014. Rwanda before the Genocide:
Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era.
Oxford University Press.

Lemarchand, René. 1970. Rwanda and Burundi.

Weinstein, Warren. 1976. Historical Dictionary of Burundi;
checked against later scholarship.

United Nations Trusteeship Council and General Assembly records on
Tanganyika and Ruanda-Urundi decolonisation.
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/trusteeship-council

Republic of Kenya, Constitution/independence archival records.
https://kenyalaw.org/

United Republic of Tanzania, Articles of Union.
https://www.vpo.go.tz/

van Reybrouck, David. 2014. Congo: The Epic History of a People.
HarperCollins; checked against specialist Congo scholarship.

PACKET EAGL.P11 — 1964–1989 POSTCOLONIAL STATES, EAC, WAR AND HEALTH
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S907–EAGL.S1079

Mutibwa, Phares. 1992. Uganda since Independence.

Kasozi, A. B. K. 1994. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985.
McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Avirgan, Tony and Martha Honey. 1982.
War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin. Tanzania Publishing House.

Mamdani, Mahmood. 1983/1990s. Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda and
Citizen and Subject. Fountain/Princeton.

Iliffe, John. 1979. A Modern History of Tanganyika.

Nyerere, Julius K. 1968. Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism.
Oxford University Press.

Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania.
University of California Press.

East African Community, institutional history.
https://www.eac.int/eac-history

Republic of Burundi / United Nations historical and human-rights records on 1972.

Lemarchand, René. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.
Cambridge University Press.

Uvin, Peter. 1999. “Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda:
Different Paths to Mass Violence.” Comparative Politics.

Prunier, Gérard. 1995/1997. The Rwanda Crisis:
History of a Genocide. Columbia University Press.

Barkan, Joel D., ed. 1984/1990s. Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania.

Ogot, Bethwell A. and William R. Ochieng’, eds.
Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93.

World Health Organization / UNAIDS historical HIV series.
https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/regions/easternandsouthernafrica

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, education
and literacy historical series.
https://uis.unesco.org/

Homewood, Katherine, Patti Kristjanson and Pippa Chenevix Trench, eds. 2009.
Staying Maasai? Livelihoods, Conservation and Development in East African Rangelands.

PACKET EAGL.P12 — THE 1990s: RWANDA, BURUNDI, CONGO, ELECTIONS AND EAC REVIVAL
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1080–EAGL.S1247

Des Forges, Alison. 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story:
Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch/FIDH.
https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/

Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide:
Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Cornell University Press.

Prunier, Gérard. 1995/1997. The Rwanda Crisis.

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers.

United Nations, Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations
during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda, S/1999/1257.
https://undocs.org/S/1999/1257

United Nations International Residual Mechanism / ICTR jurisprudence.
https://unictr.irmct.org/

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Prosecutor v. Akayesu and
Media Case judgments.

Lemarchand, René. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.

United Nations, reports on Burundi’s 1993 crisis and civil war.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, State of the World’s Refugees
and Great Lakes emergency archives.
https://www.unhcr.org/

Goma Epidemiology Group. 1995. “Public Health Impact of Rwandan Refugee Crisis.”
The Lancet 345: 339–344.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90338-0

United Nations, DRC Mapping Exercise Report, 1993–2003.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/countries/africa/2010-drc-mapping-report

Prunier, Gérard. 2009. Africa’s World War:
Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe.
Oxford University Press.

Stearns, Jason K. 2011. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters.
PublicAffairs.

Turner, Thomas. 2007. The Congo Wars:
Conflict, Myth and Reality. Zed Books.

Republic of Kenya, Report of the Judicial Commission Appointed to Inquire
into Tribal Clashes in Kenya (Akiwumi Report).

Human Rights Watch, Kenya election-violence reports, 1992/1997.
https://www.hrw.org/africa/kenya

East African Community, institutional history and 1999 Treaty.
https://www.eac.int/eac-history
https://www.eac.int/documents/category/key-documents

Hecky, Robert E., et al.; Lake Victoria ecosystem/fisheries research.
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, World Bank.

PACKET EAGL.P13 — 2000–2014 PEACE, CONSTITUTIONS, INTEGRATION AND DIGITAL SYSTEMS
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1248–EAGL.S1434

East African Community, Overview, History, Customs Union, Common Market and
Monetary Union Protocols.
https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac
https://www.eac.int/eac-history
https://www.eac.int/common-market
https://www.eac.int/monetary-union

Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi, 28 August 2000.
United Nations Peacemaker.
https://peacemaker.un.org/

Vandeginste, Stef. 2009/2015. Power-sharing and constitutionalism in Burundi.

Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003.
https://www.parliament.gov.rw/

Clark, Phil. 2010. The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation
in Rwanda. Cambridge University Press.

Human Rights Watch. 2011. Justice Compromised:
The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based Gacaca Courts.
https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/05/31/justice-compromised/legacy-rwandas-community-based-gacaca-courts

Chemouni, Benjamin. 2014/2018. Rwanda’s state capacity, decentralisation and health.

International Crisis Group, DRC peace-transition and eastern Congo reports.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/great-lakes

United Nations Security Council and MONUSCO records.
https://monusco.unmissions.org/

Republic of Kenya. 2008. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into
Post-Election Violence (Waki Report).
https://www.knchr.org/

Constitution of Kenya, 2010.
https://kenyalaw.org/kl/index.php?id=398

Supreme Court of Kenya, 2013 presidential-election petition judgment.
https://www.judiciary.go.ke/

Constitution of Uganda and constitutional amendments.
https://www.ulii.org/

International Crisis Group, Northern Uganda/LRA and Juba peace-process reports.

East African Community, DRC/Rwanda/Burundi accession records and protocols.
https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states

Jack, William and Tavneet Suri. 2011/2014.
Mobile Money: The Economics of M-PESA; long-run household effects.
https://www.nber.org/papers/w16721

GSMA Mobile Money programme, M-Pesa history and market data.
https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/mobile-money/

SEACOM and TEAMS project records; World Bank regional connectivity reports.

Kenya Electricity Generating Company, Olkaria history and generating data.
https://www.kengen.co.ke/

World Health Organization and UNAIDS, antiretroviral scale-up data.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2098 (2013), Force Intervention Brigade.
https://undocs.org/S/RES/2098(2013)

United Nations Group of Experts reports on DRC and M23, 2012–2014.
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1533/panel-of-experts/expert-reports

PACKET EAGL.P14 — 2015–2017 POLITICAL AND SECURITY TRANSITIONS
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1435–EAGL.S1504

Human Rights Watch, Burundi crisis reporting.
https://www.hrw.org/africa/burundi

International Crisis Group, Burundi 2015 crisis.
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/burundi

United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Burundi.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/co-i-burundi/co-i-burundi

Tanzania National Electoral Commission, official 2015 result; observer reports.

Human Rights Watch, Tanzania civic-space reporting.
https://www.hrw.org/africa/tanzania

Government of Kenya and UN records on the Garissa University attack.

Constitution of Rwanda, 2015 revision and National Electoral Commission results.
https://nec.gov.rw/

Uganda Electoral Commission, 2016 result; EU/Commonwealth observer reports.
https://www.ec.or.ug/

East African Community, South Sudan accession.
https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states

Supreme Court of Kenya, Raila Amolo Odinga v. IEBC (2017).
https://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/140716/

Human Rights Watch and Kenya National Commission on Human Rights,
2017 election policing reports.

Rwanda National Electoral Commission, 2017 official result; independent
rights and electoral-context reporting.

PACKET EAGL.P15 — 2018–2024 HEALTH, ELECTIONS, EAC EXPANSION AND CLIMATE
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1505–EAGL.S1650

World Health Organization, tenth Ebola outbreak in DRC, 2018–2020.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-

Congo Research Group / Financial Times / Catholic Church observer data and
official CENI records on DRC’s 2018 election.

Human Rights Watch, DRC election and transition reporting.
https://www.hrw.org/africa/democratic-republic-congo

Burundi electoral commission, 2020 result; Human Rights Watch and observer context.

World Health Organization, COVID-19 Africa data and operational reports.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa / World Bank, pandemic
economic and education impacts in Eastern Africa.

Food and Agriculture Organization, Desert Locust Upsurge 2019–2021.
https://www.fao.org/locusts/

Tanzania electoral commission, 2020 official result; opposition/observer and
rights reporting.

Reuters, “Tanzania swears in Samia Suluhu Hassan as first female president,”
19 March 2021, plus official State House record.

Uganda Electoral Commission, 2021 official result; NetBlocks, observer and
rights reports on internet shutdown and campaign violence.

United Nations Group of Experts on DRC, 2022–2024 M23 reports.
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1533/panel-of-experts/expert-reports

Reuters and Associated Press, M23 resurgence and Rwanda–DRC reporting,
triangulated with UN sources.

Kenya Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission and Supreme Court,
2022 presidential-election records.
https://www.iebc.or.ke/
https://www.judiciary.go.ke/

East African Community, DRC accession and EAC Regional Force records.
https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states

World Health Organization, Uganda Sudan ebolavirus outbreak, 2022–2023.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/uganda-ebola-disease-caused-by-sudan-ebolavirus

World Meteorological Organization, State of the Climate in Africa reports.
https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa

Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, Finance Bill 2024 protest monitoring.
https://www.knchr.org/

Reuters, “Kenya’s finance bill: why has it triggered protests?”
25 June 2024.
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenyas-finance-bill-why-has-it-triggered-protests-2024-06-25/

Rwanda National Electoral Commission and Reuters, 2024 presidential result.
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-president-kagame-reelected-with-9918-votes-2024-07-18/

East African Community, Somalia accession and partner-state register.
https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states

World Health Organization, mpox emergency and situation reports.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/mpox-outbreak

PACKET EAGL.P16 — 2025 ELECTIONS, M23 ADVANCE AND PEACE PROCESSES
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1651–EAGL.S1699

Human Rights Watch, “Burundi: Elections Without Opposition,” 12 June 2025.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/06/12/burundi-elections-without-opposition

Burundi electoral commission official 2025 results; independent reporting.

United Nations Security Council, Secretary-General, MONUSCO and Group of
Experts reporting on M23/AFC and Rwanda.
https://monusco.unmissions.org/

Reuters visual investigation, “Congo Security Maps,” 2025.
https://www.reuters.com/graphics/CONGO-SECURITY/MAPS/movaykzaava/

Reuters, Associated Press and UN reporting on Goma and Bukavu captures,
January–February 2025.

United States Department of State, Peace Agreement between the DRC and
Rwanda, 27 June 2025.
https://www.state.gov/

Government of Qatar, DRC–AFC/M23 Doha Declaration of Principles,
19 July 2025; checked against UN/independent reporting.

Reuters investigation, “M23 rebels entrench their rule in east Congo,”
8 December 2025.
https://www.reuters.com/investigations/m23-rebels-entrench-their-rule-east-congo-even-trump-claims-peace-2025-12-08/

Tanzania Independent National Electoral Commission, 2025 official result.

Reuters, “Tanzania President Hassan wins re-election with 98% of vote,”
1 November 2025.
https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/tanzania-president-hassan-wins-re-election-with-98-vote-commission-says-2025-11-01/

Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, UN and independent reporting on
Tanzania’s 2025 election exclusions, protests, killings and shutdown.

PACKET EAGL.P17 — 1 JANUARY–28 JULY 2026 LIVE CUT-OFF
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1700–EAGL.S1789

Uganda Electoral Commission, official 2026 presidential result.
https://www.ec.or.ug/

Reuters, “Uganda police deny opposition leader’s arrest,” 17 January 2026,
containing official Museveni/Kyagulanyi result and dispute context.
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/uganda-police-deny-opposition-leaders-arrest-2026-01-17/

East African Community, 25th Summit, 7 March 2026.
https://www.eac.int/25th-summit

East African Community, Budget Highlights 2026/2027.
https://www.eac.int/documents

Reuters, “Rwanda, Congo agree steps to de-escalate tensions,” 19 March 2026.
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/rwanda-congo-agree-steps-de-escalate-tensions-washington-meeting-2026-03-19/

Reuters, “Kenyans march to mark anniversary of deadly 2024 anti-government
protests,” 25 June 2026.
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/kenyans-march-mark-anniversary-deadly-2024-anti-government-protests-2026-06-25/

Associated Press, July 2026 report on Tanzanian opposition arrests.
https://apnews.com/article/6c7ab1f4ce61abc49b6f9ecace8784d0

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Democratic Republic of Congo.
https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/democratic-republic-congo

UNHCR, Eastern and Southern Africa regional data.
https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/regions/eastern-and-southern-africa

UNHCR, DRC and Rwanda recommit to return and reintegration, June 2026.
https://www.unhcr.org/news/announcements/unhcr-governments-drc-and-rwanda-recommit-support-return-and-reintegration

East African Community, official Overview and Partner States.
https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac
https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states

World Bank, Eastern and Southern Africa regional overview.
https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/region/afr/eastern-and-southern-africa

World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, Sub-Saharan Africa analysis,
January 2026.
https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/7ce50b5aa95bef66048680bba9926ec8-0050012026/related/GEP-Jan-2026-Analysis-SSA.pdf

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook and country Article IV
releases available by 28 July 2026.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO

United Nations DESA, World Population Prospects and urbanisation data.
https://population.un.org/wpp/

International Telecommunication Union, ICT indicators.
https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/

GSMA, State of the Industry Report on Mobile Money and Mobile Economy Africa.
https://www.gsma.com/sotir/

International Energy Agency, Africa Energy Outlook and country data.
https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022

International Renewable Energy Agency, renewable capacity statistics.
https://www.irena.org/Publications

World Health Organization, UNICEF and UNESCO/UIS latest available comparable
health, education, immunisation and schooling series.
https://www.who.int/data
https://data.unicef.org/
https://uis.unesco.org/

World Meteorological Organization, current African climate reports.
https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa

All live news/current records in this packet were cross-checked against an
official or international source where one was available. Absence of a new
report by the cut-off is not evidence that conditions did not change locally.

PACKET EAGL.P18 — V1.1 DEEP-TIME AND LIVE EVIDENCE ADDITIONS
KEY RANGE: EAGL.S1790–EAGL.S1801

EAGL.S1790–EAGL.S1792 — NAMOROTUKUNAN OLDOWAN

Braun, David R., et al. 2025. “Early Oldowan technology thrived during
Pliocene environmental change in the Turkana Basin, Kenya.”
Nature Communications 16, 9401. Published 4 November 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64244-x

The paper reports three horizons at approximately 2.75, 2.58 and 2.44 Ma,
repeated raw-material selection, sharp-edged technology, butchery evidence
and strong geological age control. Its environmental interpretation is not
converted into a claim of deterministic causation.

EAGL.S1793–EAGL.S1795 — SYSTEMATIC BONE-TOOL PRODUCTION

de la Torre, Ignacio, et al. 2025. “Systematic bone tool production at
1.5 million years ago.” Nature 640: 130–134. Published 5 March 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08652-5

The study documents 27 in-situ, intentionally knapped large-mammal bone
tools in one securely dated Olduvai T69 Complex horizon. It distinguishes
intentional flaking from carnivore, trampling and marrow-fracture processes.

EAGL.S1796–EAGL.S1798 — KENYA 2025 PROTEST CYCLE

Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. “Statement on the 25th June 2025
Demonstrations,” 25 June 2025.
https://www.knchr.org/Articles/ArtMID/2432/ArticleID/1229/Statement-on-the-25th-June-2025-Demonstrations

Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. “KNCHR Update on the 25th June
2025 Demonstrations,” figures current to 27 June 2025.
https://www.knchr.org/Articles/ArtMID/2432/ArticleID/1230/KNCHR-UPDATE-ON-THE-25TH-JUNE-2025-DEMONSTRATIONS

Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. Saba Saba demonstration updates,
7, 8 and 11 July 2025.
https://www.knchr.org/Articles/ArtMID/2432/ArticleID/1231/Statement-on-Human-Rights-Concerns-During-the-Saba-Saba-Anniversary-Demonstrations
https://www.knchr.org/Articles/ArtMID/2432/ArticleID/1232/Update-on-the-Saba-Saba-2025-Demonstrations
https://www.knchr.org/Articles/ArtMID/2432/ArticleID/1234/KNCHR-3-RD-UPDATE-ON-THE-SABA-SABA-DEMONSTRATIONS

Each casualty figure is stored with its update time. A later cumulative
figure does not make an earlier release false; it records a changing verified
count.

EAGL.S1799–EAGL.S1801 — DRC v. RWANDA, ICJ CASE 202

International Court of Justice. “Proceedings instituted by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo against Rwanda on 26 June 2026,” Case 202.
https://www.icj-cij.org/case/202

International Court of Justice. Application instituting proceedings and
annexes, filed 26 June 2026.
https://www.icj-cij.org/case/202/institution-proceedings

The filing proves institution of proceedings and identifies the DRC’s
pleaded claims. It is not a merits judgment.

SOURCE-RESOLUTION GUARANTEE

P00 S001–S004 P10 S806–S906
P01 S005–S033 P11 S907–S1079
P02 S034–S113 P12 S1080–S1247
P03 S114–S178 P13 S1248–S1434
P04 S179–S223 P14 S1435–S1504
P05 S224–S327 P15 S1505–S1650
P06 S328–S439 P16 S1651–S1699
P07 S440–S506 P17 S1700–S1789
P08 S507–S599 P18 S1790–S1801
P09 S600–S805

The intervals are inclusive, ordered and contiguous. Their union is exactly
EAGL.S001–EAGL.S1801. A later V1.x may replace a packet-level locator with a
more precise bibliographic assertion while preserving the S-key and record ID.

==============================================================================
27. VALIDATION, LIMITS AND V1.1 RELEASE MANIFEST
==============================================================================

STRUCTURAL VALIDATION

PASS UTF-8 plain-text decoding.
PASS 369 chronology records detected.
PASS record IDs CA.EAGL.000001–CA.EAGL.000369 are unique and contiguous.
PASS all 365 V1.0 IDs remain unchanged; four V1.1 IDs are additive.
PASS higher V1.1 IDs sit at evidence-correct chronological positions and
are not misused as time-sort keys.
PASS chronological section order runs substrate -> 28 July 2026.
PASS every record contains exactly one RECORD CLASS.
PASS every record contains exactly one DATE STATUS.
PASS every record contains exactly one CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM.
PASS every record contains exactly one SYNCHRONISATION BAND.
PASS every record contains exactly one PLACE.
PASS every record contains exactly one ENTITY.
PASS every record contains exactly one ENTITY TYPE.
PASS every record contains exactly one EVENT/CONDITION.
PASS every record contains exactly one DOMAIN field.
PASS every record contains exactly one EVIDENCE TYPE field.
PASS every record contains exactly one CONFIDENCE field.
PASS every record contains exactly one SOURCE KEYS field.
PASS record classes resolve to EVENT, CONDITION, PROCESS or TRANSITION.
PASS date statuses resolve to the canonical vocabulary.
PASS all W identifiers fall within inherited W000–W068.
PASS all evidence labels resolve to the canonical evidence vocabulary.
PASS all entity labels resolve to inherited or declared additive entity types.
PASS source references fall within registered EAGL.S001–EAGL.S1801.
PASS 19 source packets are inclusive, ordered, contiguous and gap-free.
PASS 46 registered graph nodes and 72 record-level GRAPH SEED annotations.
PASS all four Scaffold V1.1 modules 3A–3D are present.
PASS all ten CAT Scan modes have explicit execution definitions.
PASS local chronology, language, population, material culture, polity and
modern state remain separately typed.
PASS capability, lifecycle, BaseFloor, control, habitat and motion remain
separate coordinate families.
PASS future portability/simulation/fission research is segregated from
observed chronology.
PASS no unresolved drafting marker remains.
PASS present-time anchor is explicit and timezone-qualified.

CHRONOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION

Geological/environmental substrate 16 records
Early hominins, Oldowan and Acheulean 28 records
Homo sapiens, Middle/Later Stone Age and Holocene 30 records
Herding, farming, iron and language interfaces 28 records
Agrarian/political centres, 500–1500 24 records
Kingdoms and caravan recomposition, 1500–1885 32 records
Colonial conquest and mass institutions, 1885–1945 38 records
Decolonisation and modern-state formation, 1945–1964 20 records
Postcolonial paths, 1964–1989 32 records
Multiparty/genocide/Congo-war system, 1990–1999 30 records
Reconstruction/integration/digital takeoff, 2000–2014 34 records
Contemporary high-resolution layer, 2015–28 July 2026 57 records
———-
TOTAL 369 records

KNOWN LIMITS

This is a high-resolution regional spine, not every recoverable local event.
Archaeological visibility is unequal. Rift basins and famous excavations
are overrepresented relative to forests, acidic soils, submerged shores,
conflict zones and underfunded research areas.
“Earliest” means earliest defensible evidence currently represented.
Future discovery or dating can move it.
Modern country names in deep-time PLACE fields are geographic aids only.
They do not project modern sovereignty backward.
Object overlaps are intentional. Horn, Nile, Congo, Swahili-coast and
southern-African partner files must eventually hold their own higher-resolution records.
Oral traditions are preserved as evidence with their own strengths and
limitations; they are not forced into exact dynastic years.
Ethnicity, language, ancestry, material culture and polity remain separate.
No one is used as a silent proxy for another.
Mass-atrocity victim totals and disputed contemporary-election claims use
qualified confidence rather than manufactured exactitude.
Comparable demographic, health, education and economic series generally
lag the live cut-off; state-at-cut-off records identify that lag.
Source packets make V1.1 claims auditable at the packet level. A later
relational source ledger should map each EAGL.S number to edition, locator,
archive date and claim span without changing record IDs.
W068 is a live band. Front lines, office-holders, court decisions, economic
releases and disease totals after 28 July 2026 belong in a later version.
The file describes capability, condition and motion; it does not rank
cultures by moral worth or treat centralisation as automatic advancement.
The four Scaffold V1.1 modules make every record addressable by the CAT
Scan, but they do not pretend that every relationship, flow, lineage,
dependency, host, pressure, genome component or portability field is
already populated. Missing values remain EMPTY, NOT_APPLICABLE or UNKNOWN.
Portable Civilisation, simulation and fission are research extensions.
They identify historical prerequisites and future tests; they are not
forecasts that autonomous off-world or non-human civilisation exists.

RELEASE MANIFEST

TITLE:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | East Africa / Great Rift / Great Lakes |
Deep Substrate–2026

SPECIFICATION:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0

MACHINE ID:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.EAST_AFRICA_GREAT_RIFT_GREAT_LAKES.V1.1

PARENT:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER

COVERAGE OBJECT:
02 of 60

VERSION:
1.1

CUT-OFF:
23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026

RECORDS:
369

RECORD NAMESPACE:
CA.EAGL

SOURCE NAMESPACE:
EAGL.S

GRAPH SEEDS:
46 registered regional candidates; 72 record-level annotations

CONNECTORS:
17 queued connector/transmission systems

WORKED CROSSWALKS:
13

SYSTEM TRACKS:
148 World parent tracks inherited; 61 regional child tracks declared.

SOURCE PACKETS:
19 contiguous packets resolving EAGL.S001–EAGL.S1801

SCAFFOLD MODULES:
4 additive modules; 10 canonical CAT Scan traversal modes

RELEASE STATUS:
CANONICAL WORKING REGIONAL CHRONOLOGY V1.1 — CAT SCAN READY

NEXT CANONICAL BUILD ORDER

Freeze this file as Coverage Object 02 and the first fully Scaffold-bound
regional spine beneath WORLD_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER.txt.
Preserve CA.EAGL IDs while refining packet-level evidence into
assertion-level provenance and geometry objects.
Create the 17 queued connector files only where carrier, direction,
interval and evidence exist.
Build the Horn, Nile, Congo and Swahili-coast partner spines independently;
overlap does not authorise copying one local chronology into another.
Execute cross-sectional cuts against China, India, World and later
regional spines through absolute time and W-bands.
Promote recurring objects into relationship, dependency, flow, lineage,
host, control and evidence graphs while preserving uncertainty.
Add pressure, Ouroboros, damage, scar, memory, host and portability
enrichment as versioned analytical layers above the protected chronology.
Assemble the live Civilisation CAT Scan board from validated regional
longitudinal series, connector edges and cross-sectional slices.

END OF CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.EAST_AFRICA_GREAT_RIFT_GREAT_LAKES.V1.1

CIVILISATION ATLAS CHRONOLOGY EAST AFRICA / GREAT RIFT / GREAT LAKES DEEP GEOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE TO 28 JULY 2026

==============================================================================3A. UNIVERSAL SCAFFOLD V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================3B. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN V1.1 EXECUTION CONTRACT

==============================================================================3C. GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD AND OUROBOROS V1.1 ENRICHMENT

==============================================================================3D. PORTABILITY, SIMULATION AND CIVILISATIONAL FISSION RESEARCH EXTENSION

==============================================================================
3A. UNIVERSAL SCAFFOLD V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================
3B. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN V1.1 EXECUTION CONTRACT

==============================================================================
3C. GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD AND OUROBOROS V1.1 ENRICHMENT

==============================================================================
3D. PORTABILITY, SIMULATION AND CIVILISATIONAL FISSION RESEARCH EXTENSION