Canonical title:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | West Africa / Sahel | Deep Substrate–2026

Specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
Specification status: Canonical Working Standard
Parent clock: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER
Coverage object: 06 of 60
Machine ID:
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.WEST_AFRICA_SAHEL.V1.1
Record namespace: CA.WASA
Source namespace: WASA.S
Graph namespace: WASA.G
Connector namespace: WASA.C
Version: 1.1
Cut-off: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026
Format: UTF-8 plain text
Reader format: World-Master-enriched, Scaffold-V1.1-bound
CAT Scan role: high-resolution regional longitudinal spine, evidence surface
and connector launch point for CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1
Scaffold bindings:
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001.V1.1 — Universal Scaffold
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1 — Civilisation CAT Scan
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.003.V1.1 — Genome, Pressure Field and Ouroboros
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.004.V1.1 — Portable Civilisation, Simulation and Fission
Architecture source keys: WASA.S002; WASA.S003; WASA.S111.

V1.1 INITIAL RELEASE NOTE

This first release implements Coverage Object 06 in the canonical sixty-spine
World Coverage Queue. It follows the West African–Sahelian human-geographic
coordinate from planetary and geological substrate through Pleistocene
occupation, Holocene pottery, food production, pastoral and fishing systems,
iron working, Nok material worlds, clustered urbanism, Ghana/Wagadu, Mali,
Songhai, Kanem–Bornu, plural Hausa states, Fulani pastoral and scholarly
networks, Atlantic and trans-Saharan systems, colonial conquest, independence,
regional integration, contemporary conflict, climate stress, digital systems
and observed AI-policy formation at the cut-off.

The parent World clock remains frozen at 28 July 2026. Publications or events
after that instant are outside this release even when they concern earlier
history.

==============================================================================
0. REGIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STATEMENT
==============================================================================

THIS IS NOT THE HISTORY OF ONE TIMELESS “WEST AFRICAN” OR “SAHELIAN
CIVILISATION.”

THIS IS NOT A SUCCESSION LIST IN WHICH NOK “BECOMES” GHANA, GHANA “BECOMES”
MALI, MALI “BECOMES” SONGHAI, OR SONGHAI “BECOMES” MODERN STATES.

THIS IS NOT PERMISSION TO PROJECT COLONIAL OR PRESENT-DAY BORDERS INTO DEEP
TIME.

The coordinate changes through:

ancient craton, basins, rivers, plateaux and changing Lake Chad
-> repeated Pleistocene humid/arid cycles and human occupation
-> hunter-gatherer, fisher and plant-management worlds
-> early pottery, grinding, storage and intensified wild-grain use
-> pastoral, millet, rice, cowpea, yam and mixed food systems
-> iron-production and terracotta-making communities
-> settlement clusters, towns and cities without one required state form
-> riverine, savanna, forest-edge and trans-Saharan exchange
-> Wagadu, Takrur, Mali, Songhai, Kanem–Bornu and many other polities
-> Hausa cities, scholarly networks, pastoral mobility and Fulani states
-> Atlantic commerce, enslavement, firearms and crop transfers
-> nineteenth-century reform, conquest, resistance and colonial rule
-> territorial states, decolonisation and regional institutions
-> urban, mobile-connected, climate-stressed and AI-planning systems

Geographic continuity is not biological, linguistic, ethnic, religious,
material-cultural or political continuity.

ONTOLOGICAL GUARDRAILS

• “West Africa” and “Sahel” are analytical human-geographic coordinates.
They are not actors and have no single lifecycle.

• NOK is an archaeological/material-cultural horizon identified through
pottery, terracotta, settlement, subsistence and metallurgy. It is not
serialized as one ethnicity, language, capital or kingdom.

• GHANA in medieval Arabic sources is a royal title and polity conventionally
called the Ghana Empire; WAGADU is the name carried in Soninke/Mande oral
traditions. Neither is the modern Republic of Ghana.

• KOUMBI SALEH is a major medieval town. Its equation with al-Bakri’s royal
capital is plausible but unproven; the missing royal town and lack of an
identifying inscription remain explicit.

• The often-repeated “Almoravid conquest of Ghana in 1076” lacks unambiguous
contemporary textual or archaeological proof and is not a settled event.

• MALI EMPIRE is not the modern Republic of Mali. Manden oral histories,
Arabic accounts, manuscripts and archaeology remain separately typed.

• SONGHAI language communities, river populations, Gao polities, Sonni and
Askia dynasties, imperial institutions and later Dendi states are not one
timeless entity.

• KANEM and BORNU are related but changing Lake Chad state systems. A moving
centre, dynastic continuity and later political memory do not erase the
populations governed, raided, enslaved or incorporated.

• HAUSA is a language and broad cultural field; Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir,
Daura, Rano, Biram and other states possess distinct clocks. The surviving
Kano Chronicle is a late-nineteenth-century composition drawing on older
oral and written materials, not a contemporary tenth-century annal.

• FULANI, FULA, FULƁE and PEUL name overlapping language and identity fields.
Pastoral dispersal, town residence, clerical affiliation, reform movements,
jihads and state formation require separate records.

• Islamisation, Arabic literacy, Ajami writing, commercial law, political
allegiance and conquest are distinct and uneven processes.

• Oral tradition is evidence, not an inferior placeholder for text; it is
nevertheless dated, attributed and compared rather than converted silently
into exact event chronology.

• Enslavement and coerced movement are recorded as coercive systems, not
neutral “trade goods.”

==============================================================================

GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE, OVERLAPS AND EXCLUSIONS

CORE HUMAN-GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE

the Senegal, Gambia, Falémé, Niger, Bani, Volta, Komadugu–Yobe and Chari–
Logone river systems;
the Inland Niger Delta and Niger Bend;
the western and central Sahel, Sudanian savannas and forest–savanna mosaic;
the Senegal valley, Senegambia, Manden, Massina, Mossi plateau, Hausaland
and the Lake Chad basin;
present-day Senegal, The Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Guinea,
northern Côte d’Ivoire, northern Ghana, northern Togo and Benin, northern
Nigeria and Chad as geographic aids only.

CONTROLLED OVERLAPS

OBJECT 05 — SAHARA AND MAGHREB
Mauritania, Saharan pastoralism, Awdaghost, Tichitt, Walata/Oualata,
Tuwat, Sijilmasa, Taghaza, caravan carriers, Amazigh/Tuareg communities
and coerced human movement are shared. Sahara–Maghreb detail remains in
Object 05.

OBJECT 07 — WEST AFRICAN FOREST ZONE
Kintampo, Nok’s southern interfaces, Bono, Akan/Asante, Yoruba/Ife, Benin,
Dahomey, Atlantic ports, kola and forest gold enter only where they alter
Sahelian systems. Their full histories retain Object 07.

OBJECT 08 — CENTRAL AFRICA / CONGO BASIN
Cameroon Grassfields, Adamawa, Chadic and Bantu interfaces are connector
problems. Shum Laka is used only for the deep-population caution it supplies.

OBJECT 03 — NILE VALLEY / NORTHEAST AFRICAN CONNECTORS
Wadai, Darfur, eastern Chad, pilgrimage and trans-Saharan routes overlap.

ATLANTIC, ISLAMIC, COLONIAL AND GLOBAL CONNECTORS
long-distance systems enter only with a carrier, direction, interval,
evidence and confidence value.

EXCLUSIONS

Modern nationality is not assigned to precolonial people.
Language families are not dated from archaeological pottery alone.
Present state territory is not legal ownership of all earlier entities.
Future plans are not observed history.

==============================================================================
2. INHERITED TIME, RECORD AND EVIDENCE RULES
==============================================================================

UNIVERSAL CLOCK

Every chronology record maps to one or more World Master W000–W068
synchronisation bands. Absolute or approximate time remains primary. A W-band
is an index, not a claim of shared causation.

INHERITED CANONICAL W-BANDS

W000 4.54–4.0 Ga
W001 4.0–2.5 Ga
W002 2.5 Ga–541 Ma
W003 541–66 Ma
W004 66–7 Ma
W005 7–3.3 Ma
W006 3.3–2.6 Ma
W007 2.6–1.8 Ma
W008 1.8 Ma–800 ka
W009 800–300 ka
W010 300–130 ka
W011 130–70 ka
W012 70–50 ka
W013 50–20 ka
W014 20–11.7 ka
W015 9700–8000 BCE
W016 8000–6000 BCE
W017 6000–5000 BCE
W018 5000–4000 BCE
W019 4000–3500 BCE
W020 3500–3000 BCE
W021 3000–2500 BCE
W022 2500–2000 BCE
W023 2000–1500 BCE
W024 1500–1200 BCE
W025 1200–1000 BCE
W026 1000–800 BCE
W027 800–600 BCE
W028 600–500 BCE
W029 500–300 BCE
W030 300–100 BCE
W031 100 BCE–1 CE
W032 1–200 CE
W033 200–400 CE
W034 400–600 CE
W035 600–800 CE
W036 800–1000 CE
W037 1000–1200 CE
W038 1200–1300 CE
W039 1300–1400 CE
W040 1400–1500 CE
W041 1500–1600 CE
W042 1600–1700 CE
W043 1700–1750 CE
W044 1750–1800 CE
W045 1800–1850 CE
W046 1850–1870 CE
W047 1870–1900 CE
W048 1900–1914 CE
W049 1914–1918 CE
W050 1918–1929 CE
W051 1929–1939 CE
W052 1939–1945 CE
W053 1945–1950 CE
W054 1950–1960 CE
W055 1960–1970 CE
W056 1970–1980 CE
W057 1980–1990 CE
W058 1990–2000 CE
W059 2000–2008 CE
W060 2008–2014 CE
W061 2014–2019 CE
W062 2020
W063 2021
W064 2022
W065 2023
W066 2024
W067 2025
W068 1 January–28 July 2026

CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM

Z0 geological deep time
Z1 deep human time
Z2 late Palaeolithic / early Holocene
Z3 food production and early complex society
Z4 early historical civilisation
Z5 medieval / early modern historical time
Z6 modern / contemporary time

DATE STATUS

RECORD CLASS

EVENT | CONDITION | PROCESS | TRANSITION

CONFIDENCE

A very high: multiple strong independent sources
B high: well-supported scholarly interpretation
C moderate: reasonable interpretation with material uncertainty
D low: limited or substantially contested evidence
E speculative: hypothesis only
U unknown or insufficient

EVIDENCE TYPES

CAPABILITY STAGES

FOUNDATION 0 Adaptive Human Worlds
STAGE 1 Settlement and Surplus
STAGE 2 Administrative and Recorded Civilisation
STAGE 3 Industrial and Mass-Institution Civilisation
STAGE 4 Planetary Network Civilisation
STAGE 5 Regenerative and Self-Correcting Civilisation

LIFECYCLE: TAKEOFF | CLIMB | CRUISE | DESCENT

SYNCHRONY IS NOT CAUSALITY

A relationship edge requires source, target, carrier or mechanism, direction,
interval and confidence. Shared date, stylistic resemblance, genetic affinity,
language classification or proximity alone does not create an edge.

==============================================================================
3. REGIONAL RECORD SCHEMA
==============================================================================

SCAFFOLD V1.1 UNIVERSAL RECORD

RECORD {
RECORD_ID
ENTITY
ENTITY_TYPE
ENTITY_SCALE
TIME
SPACE
STATE
EVENT_PROCESS
FUNCTION
RELATIONSHIPS[]
PART_WHOLE[]
FLOWS[]
LINEAGE[]
DEPENDENCIES[]
HOSTS[]
SYSTEM_TRACKS[]
EVIDENCE[]
EPISTEMIC_STATUS
CONFIDENCE
CONTROVERSY
ASSERTIONS[]
CROSSWALK_TAGS[]
GRAPH_SEEDS[]
}

Reader projection in this file:

File-level Version and Cut-off are inherited by every record. Missing arrays
resolve to EMPTY; fields that do not apply resolve to NOT_APPLICABLE; unavailable
values remain UNKNOWN. No blank means “probably.”

ENTITY TYPES USED

Material culture, population, language, identity, religion, polity, dynasty,
state and civilisation remain different entity types.

==============================================================================
3A. UNIVERSAL SCAFFOLD V1.1 BINDING

Core invariants:

01 LOCAL TRUTH MUST SURVIVE GLOBAL ALIGNMENT.
02 UNKNOWN MUST REMAIN UNKNOWN.
03 ASSERTION MUST NOT BE MISTAKEN FOR FACT.
04 ENTITY IDENTITY MUST SURVIVE STATE CHANGE.
05 TIME RESOLUTION MUST MATCH EVIDENCE.
06 PHYSICAL LOCATION IS NOT LEGAL OWNERSHIP.
07 EXISTENCE IS NOT OPERATION.
08 INVENTION IS NOT MASS CAPABILITY.
09 PHYSICAL HOST IS NOT LOGICAL IDENTITY.
10 HISTORICAL ANCESTRY IS NOT STRUCTURAL DEPENDENCY ANCESTRY.
11 ONE LABEL MAY HIDE MANY ENTITIES.
12 CIVILISATION REMAINS NESTED INSIDE PLANETARY SUBSTRATE.

West Africa–Sahel implementation:

• a stone-tool assemblage is not a named people;
• a crop’s domestication region is not a single inventor community;
• pottery or terracotta is not a language family;
• iron working does not itself prove state centralisation;
• a merchant quarter is not the whole city;
• royal tradition, dynastic list and excavated sequence retain distinct clocks;
• a pilgrimage displays connections but does not begin them;
• a jihad may create institutions while also producing war, enslavement and
coerced incorporation;
• colonial boundaries are imposed political geometries, not recovered ancient
borders;
• national AI strategy is a policy state, not demonstrated universal capability.

==============================================================================
3B. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN V1.1 BINDING

The chronology can be traversed in ten modes:

MODE 01 — LONGITUDINAL
Follow one entity, function, place or dependency through time.

MODE 02 — CROSS-SECTIONAL
Cut one W-band across this and other regional spines.

MODE 03 — STRUCTURAL
Read entities, part-whole relations, functions, institutions and flows.

MODE 04 — DEPENDENCY/HOST
Identify what carries food, water, memory, power, exchange and computation.

MODE 05 — PRESSURE FIELD
Test climate, disease, coercion, ecology, inequality and external shocks.

MODE 06 — OUROBOROS/FEEDBACK
Locate reinforcing or balancing loops and their excluded costs.

MODE 07 — GENOME/PHENOTYPE
Separate persistent operating rules from visible implementations.

MODE 08 — CONNECTOR/TRANSMISSION
Follow evidenced people, genes, livestock, crops, metals, goods, beliefs,
scripts, institutions, force, capital, energy, data or technology.

MODE 09 — SIMULATION/COUNTERFACTUAL
Change an explicit dependency or pressure without rewriting observed history.

MODE 10 — PORTABILITY/FISSION
Ask which functions can move, which substrates remain indispensable and
where a daughter system would become structurally independent.

No single lifecycle score is assigned to the whole coordinate.

==============================================================================
3C. GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD AND OUROBOROS V1.1 BINDING

CIVILISATIONAL GENOME stores recurrent operating rules, not biological genes:

seasonal mobility and transhumance;
river-flood adaptation and floodplain cultivation;
millet, sorghum, rice, cowpea, yam and mixed food portfolios;
iron, leather, cloth, pottery and specialised craft transmission;
kinship, household, age-grade, lineage and village coordination;
market, caravan, river and diaspora brokerage;
royal redistribution, tribute, taxation and provincial delegation;
scholarly, clerical, manuscript, oral and Ajami memory;
military capture, enslavement and labour extraction;
colonial cash-crop, rail, tax and forced-labour systems;
postcolonial centralisation, military rule and regional integration;
mobile money, platform, satellite, cable, cloud and AI-policy dependence.

PRESSURE_FIELD[] may include:

Candidate OUROBOROS[] structures for evidence testing:

rainfall–pasture–mobility–conflict/negotiation;
floodplain surplus–market density–craft specialisation–urban demand;
caravan protection–tax revenue–military capacity–route control;
cavalry/firearms–capture–enslaved labour–state expansion;
colonial tax–cash crop/forced labour–resistance–repression;
drought–herd/crop loss–migration–resource pressure;
insecurity–military spending–civilian harm–recruitment/legitimacy loss;
extraction rent–centralisation–weak diversification–rent dependence;
mobile access–market coordination–data capture–platform dependence.

These are hypotheses until instantiated by evidence.

==============================================================================
3D. PORTABLE CIVILISATION, SIMULATION AND FISSION V1.1 BINDING

PORTABILITY LEVELS

P0 place-bound
P1 knowledge-portable
P2 institution-portable
P3 infrastructure-portable
P4 materially closed and reproducible
P5 independently self-maintaining

Pastoral knowledge, merchant diasporas, oral epics, manuscripts, legal schools,
craft guilds, languages, currencies and digital services demonstrate partial
portability. They do not demonstrate closed ecological reproduction.

At the cut-off the coordinate’s interacting state systems remain H1 —
EARTH-DEPENDENT CIVILISATION, crosswalking to PLANETARY_DEPENDENT. Food,
water, health, settlement and energy remain biosphere- and human-host-dependent;
telecommunications, finance, satellite navigation, cloud services and AI add
planetary infrastructure dependencies.

Simulation and fission outputs must be labelled MODELLED, HYPOTHETICAL or
UNKNOWN. No forecast is serialized as observed chronology.

==============================================================================
4. COMPRESSED REGIONAL SPINE
==============================================================================

deep time West African Craton, sedimentary basins, plateaux, river
systems and Lake Chad create the changing substrate.
Pleistocene discontinuously preserved stone-tool records show repeated
human occupation; the record is sparse, not an empty region.
62–25 ka Tiémassas preserves repeated Middle Stone Age coastal
occupations; other regions maintain distinct tool traditions.
16.3–11.7 ka Iho Eleru burial documents late-Pleistocene/early-Holocene
human diversity without proving a surviving archaic species.
before 9400 BCE Ounjougou pottery appears among hunter-gatherer/forager
systems during early-Holocene ecological change.
8000–3000 BCE fishing, gathering, pottery, mobility, herding and plant
management recombine across rivers, savannas and lake basins.
c.2500 BCE on pearl millet domestication and dispersal support increasingly
diverse food systems; rice, cowpea, yam and other crops have
separate, partly unresolved histories.
c.2200–400 BCE Tichitt-tradition settlements grow and contract as aridity
shifts; no automatic direct line to Wagadu is asserted.
c.1500 BCE–
early CE Nok material horizons include farming, terracotta and later
iron working; they do not form a demonstrated single kingdom.
first millennium
BCE–CE iron production expands unevenly; Jenné-jeno, Daima, Kissi
and other sites show plural settlement and craft trajectories.
c.250 BCE–
1400 CE Jenné-jeno and the Inland Niger Delta demonstrate clustered
urbanism without requiring palace-centred government.
c.700–1200 Gao, Tadmekka, Awdaghost, Takrur and Wagadu connect river,
savanna and Saharan systems through trade, Islam and politics.
c.1000–1400 Kanem and later Bornu develop around Lake Chad; Hausa cities
consolidate on distinct clocks.
c.1230s–1600s Mali grows through Manden coalitions, gold and river routes;
Songhai later builds an empire centred on Gao and Niger fleets.
1591 Saadian forces defeat Songhai at Tondibi; Arma/Pashalik and
Dendi successors continue rather than an empty “collapse.”
1500s–1800s Hausa, Bornu, Mossi, Jolof, Segu and many other systems trade,
fight, farm, produce and transmit knowledge.
1720s–1903 Fulani-led reform movements and states form in Futa Jallon,
Futa Toro, Sokoto, Adamawa, Massina and elsewhere, with
institution-building, warfare, enslavement and resistance.
1800s–1914 Atlantic and Saharan pressures intensify; African states and
coalitions resist French, British and German conquest.
1914–1945 conscription, forced labour, cash crops, wars, rail and
anticolonial resistance reshape colonial territories.
1945–1965 parties, unions, veterans and mass movements accelerate
decolonisation; territorial states become independent.
1960s–1990s nation-building, coups, civil wars, drought, ECOWAS and
structural adjustment transform state and household systems.
2000–2014 mobile connectivity expands while Boko Haram and Sahel wars
generate new military, humanitarian and border systems.
2014–2020 Ebola, climate extremes, urban protest, insurgency and
democratic transitions coexist with digital growth.
2020–2025 COVID-19 and coups alter institutions; AES forms and Mali,
Burkina Faso and Niger leave ECOWAS.
1 Jan–28 Jul
2026 conflict, displacement and food insecurity remain severe;
ECOWAS and AES coexist; national AI strategies move from
planning toward uneven implementation.

==============================================================================
5. DEEP SUBSTRATE, CLIMATE AND HUMAN OCCUPATION
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000001 — [WASA-GEO-001] PLANETARY SUBSTRATE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 4.54–4.0 billion years ago | W-BAND: W000 | PLACE: planetary substrate beneath the later West Africa–Sahel coordinate.
ENTITY: early Earth crust, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
EVENT/CONDITION: Planetary differentiation creates the material substrate; no regional territory, population or civilisation yet exists.
DOMAIN: geology | EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S001; WASA.S004.

RECORD CA.WASA.000002 — [WASA-GEO-002] ARCHEAN CRATONIC NUCLEI
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 3.5–2.5 billion years ago | W-BAND: W001 | PLACE: West African Craton.
ENTITY: Archean crustal blocks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ancient continental crust stabilises parts of the later western Sahelian substrate.
DOMAIN: geology | EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S004.

RECORD CA.WASA.000003 — [WASA-GEO-003] BIRIMIAN ASSEMBLY AND MINERALISATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally approximately 2.25–2.05 billion years ago | W-BAND: W002 | PLACE: West African Craton and Birimian belts.
ENTITY: Paleoproterozoic volcanic, sedimentary and orogenic systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Crustal growth and deformation form major gold-bearing terrains that much later condition mining, exchange and political economy.
DOMAIN: geology | minerals | EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S004; WASA.S094.

RECORD CA.WASA.000004 — [WASA-GEO-004] BASINS, SEAS AND SEDIMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 541–66 million years ago | W-BAND: W003 | PLACE: Taoudeni, Iullemmeden, Chad and adjoining basins.
ENTITY: marine and continental sedimentary systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated deposition forms aquifers, plains, fossil beds and mineral-bearing strata beneath later human landscapes.
DOMAIN: geology | water | EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S004; WASA.S005.

RECORD CA.WASA.000005 — [WASA-GEO-005] CENOZOIC SURFACES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 66–7 million years ago | W-BAND: W004 | PLACE: Fouta Djallon, Jos, Adamaoua and West African erosion surfaces.
ENTITY: plateaux, escarpments and weathered landscapes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Uplift, erosion and deep tropical weathering shape later watersheds, soils, ironstone and mobility corridors.
DOMAIN: geology | geomorphology | EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S004; WASA.S006.

RECORD CA.WASA.000006 — [WASA-CLM-001] MONSOON AND GRASSLAND VARIABILITY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 7–3.3 million years ago | W-BAND: W005 | PLACE: West African tropics and southern Sahara.
ENTITY: African monsoon, vegetation and dust systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Orbital forcing and global cooling repeatedly alter rainfall, grassland, woodland and river discharge; later Sahel boundaries are not fixed.
DOMAIN: climate | ecology | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S007.

RECORD CA.WASA.000007 — [WASA-GEO-006] NIGER–CHAD DRAINAGE REORGANISATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED | ZOOM: Z0 | ENTITY TYPE: WATER_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 3.3–2.6 million years ago and later | W-BAND: W006 | PLACE: Niger basin, Inland Delta and Chad basin.
ENTITY: ancestral Niger River and endorheic lake drainage.
EVENT/CONDITION: Long-term river capture, sedimentation and basin change create the floodplains and inland deltas later used by people; exact phases remain debated.
DOMAIN: hydrology | geomorphology | EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S006.

RECORD CA.WASA.000008 — [WASA-HUM-001] EARLY PLEISTOCENE PRESERVATION GAP
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ.
TIME: 2.6–1.8 million years ago | W-BAND: W007 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel coordinate.
ENTITY: possible early hominin occupations and a sparse archaeological record.
EVENT/CONDITION: Suitable habitats probably existed, but secure, well-dated regional evidence is extremely limited; absence of finds is not proof of absence.
DOMAIN: human evolution | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: U | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S010; WASA.S023.

RECORD CA.WASA.000009 — [WASA-HUM-002] LOWER PALAEOLITHIC POTENTIAL
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: 1.8 million–800,000 years ago | W-BAND: W008 | PLACE: river terraces and sedimentary exposures across West Africa.
ENTITY: poorly dated core, flake, spheroid and bifacial technologies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Surface and stratified finds indicate deep occupation potential, but many assemblages lack secure chronology and cannot be assigned to a named hominin.
DOMAIN: archaeology | technology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S010; WASA.S023; WASA.S027.

RECORD CA.WASA.000010 — [WASA-HUM-003] OUNJOUGOU LOWER SEQUENCE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: Middle Pleistocene, exact age unresolved | W-BAND: W009 | PLACE: Ounjougou, Bandiagara Plateau, Mali.
ENTITY: lowest lithic levels in the Yamé Valley sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Spheroid-rich core-and-flake assemblages show a deep local sequence; “Oldowan-like” describes technology and does not establish an East African population migration.
DOMAIN: archaeology | lithics | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S008; WASA.S027.

RECORD CA.WASA.000011 — [WASA-HUM-004] MIDDLE STONE AGE MOSAIC
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: 300,000–130,000 years ago | W-BAND: W010 | PLACE: West African river valleys, plateaux and savanna zones.
ENTITY: multiple Middle Stone Age technological traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Prepared-core, point and flake technologies occur in a discontinuous record; regional populations and connections remain under-sampled.
DOMAIN: archaeology | human adaptation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S010; WASA.S023.

RECORD CA.WASA.000012 — [WASA-CLM-002] HUMID–ARID HABITAT PULSES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 130,000–70,000 years ago | W-BAND: W011 | PLACE: Sahara–Sahel–forest gradient.
ENTITY: monsoon, lake, river and vegetation shifts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Recurrent humid intervals open north–south habitat corridors while arid phases fragment them; movement direction cannot be inferred from climate alone.
DOMAIN: climate | population connectivity | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S007.

RECORD CA.WASA.000013 — [WASA-HUM-005] LATE PLEISTOCENE REGIONAL CONTINUITY
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: POPULATION.
TIME: 70,000–50,000 years ago | W-BAND: W012 | PLACE: Senegalese coast, river valleys and interior West Africa.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens populations using diverse Middle Stone Age technologies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Occupations persist in ecological mosaics while preservation and dating remain uneven; one pan-regional culture is not inferred.
DOMAIN: human adaptation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S009; WASA.S010.

RECORD CA.WASA.000014 — [WASA-HUM-006] TIÉMASSAS OCCUPATIONS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: approximately 62,000–25,000 years ago | W-BAND: W012–W013 | PLACE: Tiémassas, coastal Senegal.
ENTITY: repeatedly occupied Middle Stone Age locality.
EVENT/CONDITION: Distinct assemblages document repeated coastal occupation across roughly forty millennia, including dated phases near 62, 44 and 25 ka.
DOMAIN: archaeology | coastal adaptation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S009.

RECORD CA.WASA.000015 — [WASA-HUM-007] FALÉMÉ TECHNOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: later Pleistocene | W-BAND: W013–W014 | PLACE: Falémé Valley, eastern Senegal.
ENTITY: Middle and Later Stone Age occupation sequences.
EVENT/CONDITION: Contrasting lithic industries show that technological change was regionally varied rather than a single continent-wide replacement event.
DOMAIN: archaeology | technology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S010; WASA.S014.

RECORD CA.WASA.000016 — [WASA-CLM-003] LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM LANDSCAPES
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 26,500–19,000 years ago | W-BAND: W013–W014 | PLACE: West Africa and exposed Atlantic shelf.
ENTITY: cooler, drier Last Glacial Maximum environments.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forest contraction, savanna expansion, lower sea level and altered rivers reorganise habitats without eliminating human occupation.
DOMAIN: climate | ecology | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S007.

RECORD CA.WASA.000017 — [WASA-HUM-008] IHO ELERU BURIAL
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN.
TIME: approximately 16,300–11,700 years ago | W-BAND: W014 | PLACE: Iho Eleru rock shelter, present-day southwestern Nigeria.
ENTITY: Later Stone Age human burial.
EVENT/CONDITION: A cranium with unusual morphology documents late regional human diversity; newer mandibular study places it within broad Homo sapiens variation, so no surviving archaic species is asserted.
DOMAIN: paleoanthropology | burial | EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S011.

RECORD CA.WASA.000018 — [WASA-HUM-009] LATE MSA SURVIVAL
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: until approximately 11,000 years ago | W-BAND: W014–W015 | PLACE: Senegal valley sites including Saxomununya and Laminia.
ENTITY: late Middle Stone Age technological traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Middle Stone Age technologies persist into the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene, cautioning against universal stage boundaries.
DOMAIN: archaeology | technology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S009.

RECORD CA.WASA.000019 — [WASA-CLM-004] YOUNGER DRYAS DISRUPTION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 10,900–9700 BCE | W-BAND: W014–W015 | PLACE: West African monsoon zone.
ENTITY: abrupt terminal-Pleistocene cooling and weakened rainfall.
EVENT/CONDITION: Drier conditions alter water, vegetation and settlement opportunities before rapid early-Holocene monsoon recovery.
DOMAIN: climate | water | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S008.

RECORD CA.WASA.000020 — [WASA-CLM-005] AFRICAN HUMID PERIOD TAKEOFF
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: from approximately 9700 BCE | W-BAND: W015 | PLACE: Sahara, Sahel, Chad and Niger basins.
ENTITY: strengthened monsoon and expanding lake–grassland systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rapid humidification expands surface water, game, fish and plant resources and increases connectivity across the later desert–Sahel gradient.
DOMAIN: climate | ecology | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S008.

RECORD CA.WASA.000021 — [WASA-TEC-001] OUNJOUGOU EARLY POTTERY
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: before approximately 9400 BCE | W-BAND: W015 | PLACE: Ounjougou, Mali.
ENTITY: ceramic vessels associated with small bifacial points.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pottery appears among mobile forager/hunter systems during early-Holocene savanna formation; farming is not required for its invention.
DOMAIN: technology | food processing | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S008; WASA.S013.

RECORD CA.WASA.000022 — [WASA-HUM-010] EARLY HOLOCENE FALÉMÉ FORAGERS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNITY.
TIME: approximately ninth millennium BCE | W-BAND: W015–W016 | PLACE: Ravin Blanc X, Falémé Valley, Senegal.
ENTITY: hunter-gatherer stone-tool production locality.
EVENT/CONDITION: Preserved workshop and occupation deposits show that early-Holocene lifeways continued alongside emergent pottery and later food production elsewhere.
DOMAIN: archaeology | subsistence | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S010.

RECORD CA.WASA.000023 — [WASA-ECO-001] MEGA-CHAD AND AQUATIC WORLDS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: WATER_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 9000–5000 BCE, with fluctuations | W-BAND: W015–W017 | PLACE: Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: greatly expanded Holocene Lake Chad and wetlands.
EVENT/CONDITION: High lake stands support fishing, hunting, gathering, mobility and shoreline settlement across areas later separated by aridity and borders.
DOMAIN: water | food | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S021.

RECORD CA.WASA.000024 — [WASA-POP-001] POPULATION CONNECTIVITY WITHOUT HOMOGENEITY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: POPULATION.
TIME: 8000–6000 BCE | W-BAND: W016 | PLACE: Sahara–Sahel–forest interfaces.
ENTITY: mobile hunter-gatherer, fisher and early pastoral populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Humid corridors enable movement and contact, but do not create one “Green Sahara people,” language or ancestry.
DOMAIN: population | mobility | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; GENETIC | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S012.

RECORD CA.WASA.000025 — [WASA-GEN-001] SHUM LAKA POPULATION CAUTION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2–Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: POPULATION.
TIME: burials approximately 6000 and 1000 BCE | W-BAND: W016 and W026 | PLACE: Shum Laka, Cameroon Grassfields; controlled Object 08 overlap.
ENTITY: ancient western Central African foragers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Genomes show deep African population structure and little direct affinity to most later Bantu-speaking populations; archaeological “homelands” cannot be equated automatically with biological ancestors.
DOMAIN: population history | EVIDENCE: GENETIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S012.

RECORD CA.WASA.000026 — [WASA-FOOD-001] INTENSIFIED WILD-PLANT USE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: 8000–5000 BCE | W-BAND: W016–W017 | PLACE: Ounjougou, rivers, wetlands and savannas.
ENTITY: grinding, storage and selective gathering systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pottery and grinding equipment support intensified processing of wild grasses and other plants; cultivation and domestication remain separate claims.
DOMAIN: food | technology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S008; WASA.S013.

RECORD CA.WASA.000027 — [WASA-TEC-002] CERAMIC NETWORK DIVERSIFICATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: 8000–5000 BCE | W-BAND: W016–W017 | PLACE: Sahel, southern Sahara, Niger and Chad basins.
ENTITY: multiple ceramic traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Vessel forms and decoration diversify through local manufacture and contact; similarity does not by itself prove population replacement or one language.
DOMAIN: technology | information | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S008; WASA.S021.

RECORD CA.WASA.000028 — [WASA-FOOD-002] LIVESTOCK INTERFACES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2–Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: broadly seventh–fifth millennia BCE | W-BAND: W016–W018 | PLACE: southern Sahara and Sahel margins.
ENTITY: cattle, sheep and goat herding systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Livestock and herding knowledge move through several routes and are combined with fishing, gathering and mobility; their adoption need not mean wholesale population replacement.
DOMAIN: pastoralism | mobility | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; GENETIC | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S017.

RECORD CA.WASA.000029 — [WASA-CLM-006] UNEVEN ARIDIFICATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 6000–3500 BCE, regionally uneven | W-BAND: W017–W019.
PLACE: Sahara–Sahel transition, western Sahel and Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: end phases of the African Humid Period.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rainfall contraction and lake regression shift pasture, cultivation and settlement southward or toward reliable water; no single abrupt “Sahara exodus” is asserted.
DOMAIN: climate | migration pressure | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S007.

RECORD CA.WASA.000030 — [WASA-ECO-002] SAHEL AS MOBILE ECOLOGICAL FIELD
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: ECOSYSTEM.
TIME: 5000–3000 BCE | W-BAND: W018–W020 | PLACE: Atlantic Senegal to Lake Chad.
ENTITY: shifting semi-arid grassland and savanna belt.
EVENT/CONDITION: The Sahel moves north and south with rainfall; people manage risk through mobility, crop diversity, exchange and access negotiation.
DOMAIN: ecology | adaptation | EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S007.

==============================================================================
6. FOOD PRODUCTION, SETTLEMENT, METALLURGY AND NOK WORLDS
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000031 — [WASA-FOOD-003] WEST AFRICAN DOMESTICATION MOSAIC
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: fourth–second millennia BCE | W-BAND: W019–W023 | PLACE: western Sahel, Niger basin and forest–savanna interface.
ENTITY: pearl millet, African rice, cowpea, yam, oil palm and other managed plants.
EVENT/CONDITION: Different crops enter cultivation and domestication on different clocks; no single “Neolithic package” or origin point explains the region.
DOMAIN: agriculture | food | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL; GENETIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S014; WASA.S015; WASA.S016.

RECORD CA.WASA.000032 — [WASA-FOOD-004] PEARL MILLET DOMESTICATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: by approximately 2500 BCE | W-BAND: W021–W022 | PLACE: western Sahel/southern Sahara, probably including northern Mali–Mauritania zones.
ENTITY: domesticated pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus/Pennisetum glaucum).
EVENT/CONDITION: Archaeobotanical and genomic evidence supports a western Sahelian domestication process followed by rapid dispersal; one community of inventors is unknown.
DOMAIN: agriculture | genetics | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL; GENETIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S014.

RECORD CA.WASA.000033 — [WASA-FOOD-005] TILEMSI MILLET
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: approximately 2500 BCE | W-BAND: W021–W022 | PLACE: Lower Tilemsi Valley, Mali.
ENTITY: domesticated pearl-millet impressions and food-producing communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ceramic temper preserves early domesticated millet, anchoring cultivation north of the later Niger Bend.
DOMAIN: agriculture | archaeology | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S014.

RECORD CA.WASA.000034 — [WASA-SET-001] PRE-TICHITT AGROPASTORAL FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNITY.
TIME: approximately 2600–2200/1900 BCE | W-BAND: W021–W023 | PLACE: southeastern Mauritania; Object 05 overlap.
ENTITY: mobile communities preceding the stone-built Tichitt settlement phase.
EVENT/CONDITION: Herding, gathering and developing millet cultivation combine before large settlement clusters; direct ethnic or dynastic succession remains unknown.
DOMAIN: settlement | pastoralism | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S017.

RECORD CA.WASA.000035 — [WASA-SET-002] KINTAMPO FOOD-PRODUCING COMPLEX
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: approximately 2100–1400 BCE | W-BAND: W022–W024 | PLACE: central and northern Ghana and adjoining forest–savanna zones.
ENTITY: Kintampo archaeological complex.
EVENT/CONDITION: Villages and rock shelters combine pearl millet, cowpea, oil palm, livestock, hunting, gathering and exchange; “forager” and “farmer” are overlapping practices.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S016.

RECORD CA.WASA.000036 — [WASA-FOOD-006] BIRIMI MILLET
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: approximately 1740–1100 BCE, broad calibrated ranges | W-BAND: W023–W025 | PLACE: Birimi, northern Ghana.
ENTITY: pearl millet in Kintampo contexts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Directly associated remains demonstrate cultivated pearl millet well south of its probable domestication zone.
DOMAIN: agriculture | transmission | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S016.

RECORD CA.WASA.000037 — [WASA-FOOD-007] COWPEA AND MIXED SUBSISTENCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: second millennium BCE | W-BAND: W023–W025 | PLACE: central Ghana and wider savanna–forest interface.
ENTITY: cultivated cowpea and mixed plant use.
EVENT/CONDITION: Charred cowpea, millet and oil-palm remains show diversified food production; domestication centres and exact dates remain under study.
DOMAIN: agriculture | diet | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S016.

RECORD CA.WASA.000038 — [WASA-FOOD-008] AFRICAN RICE TRAJECTORY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: probably second–first millennia BCE | W-BAND: W023–W029 | PLACE: Inland Niger Delta and adjacent West Africa.
ENTITY: African rice (Oryza glaberrima) domestication and cultivation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Genomic evidence favours an Inner Niger origin more than 3,000 years ago, while early archaeological grains are scarce and difficult to classify.
DOMAIN: agriculture | genetics | EVIDENCE: GENETIC; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S015.

RECORD CA.WASA.000039 — [WASA-FOOD-009] YAM DOMESTICATION FIELD
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: INFERRED | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: later Holocene, exact archaeological clock unresolved | W-BAND: W021–W031 | PLACE: Niger basin and forest–savanna West Africa.
ENTITY: white Guinea yam domestication.
EVENT/CONDITION: Crop genomics supports a major West African domestication region; poor tuber preservation prevents an exact event date.
DOMAIN: agriculture | genetics | EVIDENCE: GENETIC; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S015.

RECORD CA.WASA.000040 — [WASA-FOOD-010] SORGHUM, FONIO AND LOCAL PORTFOLIOS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: second–first millennia BCE and later | W-BAND: W023–W031 | PLACE: Sudanian savannas and Sahel.
ENTITY: sorghum, fonio and locally adapted crop repertoires.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cultivators diversify crops across rainfall and soil niches; precise domestication and arrival dates differ and remain incomplete.
DOMAIN: agriculture | resilience | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S015; WASA.S016.

RECORD CA.WASA.000041 — [WASA-SET-003] STORAGE AND HOUSEHOLD SURPLUS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: third–second millennia BCE | W-BAND: W021–W024 | PLACE: western Sahel and savanna settlements.
ENTITY: compounds, granaries, enclosures and seasonal villages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Food storage and built space increase settlement persistence and coordination but do not alone prove hereditary hierarchy or statehood.
DOMAIN: settlement | food | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S016; WASA.S017.

RECORD CA.WASA.000042 — [WASA-TIC-001] EARLY TICHITT SETTLEMENTS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: approximately 2200/1900–1600 BCE | W-BAND: W022–W023 | PLACE: Dhar Tichitt and related dhars, Mauritania.
ENTITY: early Tichitt-tradition agropastoral settlements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Millet cultivation and herding support growing stone-built communities with continued mobility.
DOMAIN: settlement | agriculture | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S017.

RECORD CA.WASA.000043 — [WASA-TIC-002] CLASSIC TICHITT SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: approximately 1600–1000 BCE | W-BAND: W023–W025 | PLACE: Tichitt–Walata–Nema dhar systems.
ENTITY: clusters of stone compounds, villages and large centres.
EVENT/CONDITION: Settlement size differences, storage and communal walls indicate organised regional systems; their exact political geometry remains debated.
DOMAIN: settlement | governance | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S017.

RECORD CA.WASA.000044 — [WASA-TIC-003] TICHITT CONTRACTION
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNITY.
TIME: approximately 1000–400 BCE | W-BAND: W026–W029 | PLACE: southeastern Mauritania and western Sahel.
ENTITY: late Tichitt-tradition settlements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Intensifying aridity contributes to settlement contraction and reorientation; destinations and links to later Soninke/Wagadu communities are plausible research questions, not proven direct descent.
DOMAIN: climate | migration | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S017; WASA.S028.

RECORD CA.WASA.000045 — [WASA-POP-002] SOUTHWARD AND RIVERWARD REORIENTATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: second–first millennia BCE | W-BAND: W023–W031 | PLACE: southern Sahara toward Senegal, Niger and Volta basins.
ENTITY: multiple pastoral, cultivating and craft communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Aridity and opportunity redirect settlement and exchange toward rivers and savannas; no single migration wave or ethnic label is assigned.
DOMAIN: mobility | climate adaptation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S005; WASA.S017.

RECORD CA.WASA.000046 — [WASA-MET-001] EARLY IRON QUESTION
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: late second–first millennia BCE | W-BAND: W024–W031 | PLACE: West and west-central Africa.
ENTITY: iron smelting and forging traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Multiple early dates have been proposed; contamination, old charcoal and context problems require site-by-site evaluation. Independent invention and transmission are not resolved by chronology alone.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | epistemology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S020.

RECORD CA.WASA.000047 — [WASA-MET-002] COPPER–IRON PATHWAYS ARE NON-LINEAR
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: second–first millennia BCE | W-BAND: W023–W031 | PLACE: Sahara–Sahel and West African savannas.
ENTITY: copper use, iron production and pyrotechnology.
EVENT/CONDITION: West African metallurgical sequences need not reproduce a Near Eastern “copper–bronze–iron” ladder; ore, furnace and social histories vary regionally.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | technology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S020.

RECORD CA.WASA.000048 — [WASA-NOK-001] NOK HORIZON BEGINS
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: approximately 1500 BCE | W-BAND: W023–W024 | PLACE: central Nigeria.
ENTITY: early Nok archaeological horizon.
EVENT/CONDITION: A recognisable pottery tradition and settlement record emerge; later terracotta and iron are not projected back to the opening phase.
DOMAIN: archaeology | material culture | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018.

RECORD CA.WASA.000049 — [WASA-NOK-002] NOK FARMING COMMUNITIES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNITY.
TIME: approximately 1500–500 BCE | W-BAND: W024–W028 | PLACE: central Nigerian savanna and plateau margins.
ENTITY: dispersed Nok-associated settlements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Communities cultivate pearl millet, gather plants, hunt and organise households across many small sites; evidence does not require one capital or centralised kingdom.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018; WASA.S019.

RECORD CA.WASA.000050 — [WASA-NOK-003] NOK TERRACOTTA TRADITION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: ARTEFACT.
TIME: principally first millennium BCE | W-BAND: W026–W031 | PLACE: central Nigeria.
ENTITY: large, stylised terracotta figures and fragments.
EVENT/CONDITION: Skilled production and patterned deposition support social and ritual interpretation, but isolated sculptures without excavated context cannot identify rulers, gods or ethnicities.
DOMAIN: art | ritual | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ART_HISTORICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018.

RECORD CA.WASA.000051 — [WASA-NOK-004] NOK IRON PRODUCTION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: from approximately 700–500 BCE | W-BAND: W027–W029 | PLACE: Nok-associated central Nigerian sites including Taruga.
ENTITY: iron smelting and forging.
EVENT/CONDITION: Furnaces, slag and iron objects document established production after the Nok horizon began; iron is therefore not its founding marker.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | craft | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018; WASA.S020.

RECORD CA.WASA.000052 — [WASA-NOK-005] TERRACOTTA DEPOSITION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: PROCESS.
TIME: first millennium BCE | W-BAND: W026–W031 | PLACE: Nok-associated sites.
ENTITY: breakage, placement and discard of terracotta.
EVENT/CONDITION: Excavated fragments occur in domestic and possible ritual contexts; looting destroys the relationships needed to distinguish production, use and deposition.
DOMAIN: ritual | heritage | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018.

RECORD CA.WASA.000053 — [WASA-NOK-006] NOK SOCIAL SCALE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: first millennium BCE | W-BAND: W026–W031 | PLACE: central Nigeria.
ENTITY: interacting farming and craft communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hundreds of sites and shared material practices indicate a broad network, but current settlement evidence does not demonstrate an urban state or empire.
DOMAIN: social organisation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018.

RECORD CA.WASA.000054 — [WASA-NOK-007] NOK HORIZON ENDS
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z3–Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
TIME: last centuries BCE to beginning of Common Era | W-BAND: W030–W032 | PLACE: central Nigeria.
ENTITY: Nok material-cultural horizon.
EVENT/CONDITION: Diagnostic pottery and terracotta traditions cease or transform; no documented mass disappearance or direct dynastic successor is inferred.
DOMAIN: archaeology | transition | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018.

RECORD CA.WASA.000055 — [WASA-MET-003] LEJJA AND EARLY-IRON CLAIMS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: proposed second–first millennia BCE | W-BAND: W023–W031 | PLACE: Lejja, southeastern Nigeria; Object 07 interface.
ENTITY: slag blocks, furnaces and ritual landscape.
EVENT/CONDITION: The site is important for long iron-working history, but very early dates and their contexts require cautious treatment; it is not used to date all West African iron.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | epistemology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S020.

RECORD CA.WASA.000056 — [WASA-MET-004] TARUGA FURNACES
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: first millennium BCE | W-BAND: W027–W031 | PLACE: Taruga, central Nigeria.
ENTITY: iron-smelting furnaces within Nok contexts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Secure associations link metallurgy to Nok-period communities while preserving furnace-level technical variation.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | production | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S018; WASA.S020.

RECORD CA.WASA.000057 — [WASA-MET-005] KISSI METALLURGY AND BURIAL
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3–Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: first millennium BCE–first millennium CE | W-BAND: W027–W035 | PLACE: Kissi region, Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: iron-working settlements and burial traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Production debris, iron objects and graves document specialised craft and long-distance materials on the Sahel–savanna interface.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | burial | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S025.

RECORD CA.WASA.000058 — [WASA-CHD-001] DAIMA SETTLEMENT SEQUENCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3–Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: approximately first millennium BCE–second millennium CE | W-BAND: W027–W039 | PLACE: Daima mound, Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: long-lived settlement sequence.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fishing, farming, livestock, pottery, iron and changing architecture accumulate over centuries, demonstrating local development rather than a single invasion horizon.
DOMAIN: settlement | food | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S021; WASA.S042.

RECORD CA.WASA.000059 — [WASA-CHD-002] GAJIGANNA–KURSAKATA FOOD SYSTEMS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: second–first millennia BCE | W-BAND: W023–W031 | PLACE: Chad basin, northeastern Nigeria.
ENTITY: herding, cultivation, pottery and settled communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Millet and possible early African-rice evidence accompany increasingly persistent settlement around changing lake and dune environments.
DOMAIN: agriculture | pastoralism | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S015; WASA.S021.

RECORD CA.WASA.000060 — [WASA-MET-006] IRON-WORKING EXPANSION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3–Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: approximately 800 BCE–500 CE | W-BAND: W027–W034 | PLACE: Niger, Volta, Senegal and Chad basins.
ENTITY: plural iron-smelting and smithing traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Iron tools and weapons spread unevenly through local production and exchange; technology changes agriculture, craft and war without predetermining political centralisation.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | capability | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S020; WASA.S025.

RECORD CA.WASA.000061 — [WASA-URB-001] JENNÉ-JENO FOUNDATION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: approximately 250 BCE | W-BAND: W030 | PLACE: Inland Niger Delta, Mali.
ENTITY: early settlement at Jenné-jeno.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rice/millet cultivators, fishers, herders and iron users establish a floodplain community that grows within a dense regional cluster.
DOMAIN: settlement | food | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S022.

RECORD CA.WASA.000062 — [WASA-URB-002] INLAND NIGER CLUSTERED URBANISM
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: approximately 200 BCE–900 CE | W-BAND: W030–W036 | PLACE: Jenné-jeno and Inland Niger Delta.
ENTITY: large settlement and surrounding specialised mounds.
EVENT/CONDITION: Population growth, craft specialisation and exchange produce a city-region without known palace, citadel or single coercive centre.
DOMAIN: urbanism | governance | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S022.

RECORD CA.WASA.000063 — [WASA-URB-003] FLOODPLAIN SPECIALISATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: first millennium CE | W-BAND: W032–W036 | PLACE: Inland Niger Delta.
ENTITY: rice, fish, livestock, pottery, iron and exchange networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ecological and occupational specialisation among nearby settlements supports interdependence and urban density.
DOMAIN: economy | food | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; BOTANICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S015; WASA.S022.

RECORD CA.WASA.000064 — [WASA-URB-004] DIA SETTLEMENT SEQUENCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: first millennium BCE–second millennium CE | W-BAND: W029–W039 | PLACE: Dia, Inland Niger Delta, Mali.
ENTITY: long-lived mound settlements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Dia’s sequences demonstrate that Jenné-jeno was one node within an older, plural floodplain settlement landscape.
DOMAIN: urbanism | regional network | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S022.

RECORD CA.WASA.000065 — [WASA-URB-005] BIRNIN LAFIYA
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4–Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: approximately 100–1300 CE | W-BAND: W032–W039 | PLACE: eastern arc of Niger River, present-day Benin.
ENTITY: multi-mound settlement at Birnin Lafiya.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mud architecture, burials, ornaments and potsherd pavements document a long-lived community within Niger trade and craft networks.
DOMAIN: settlement | trade | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S024.

RECORD CA.WASA.000066 — [WASA-CON-001] IGBO-UKWU CONNECTOR
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: SITE.
TIME: ninth century CE | W-BAND: W036 | PLACE: southeastern Nigeria; Object 07.
ENTITY: Igbo-Ukwu burials and specialised metal/glass assemblages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Imported and locally transformed materials demonstrate long-distance connections; the site is a connector, not evidence that one Sahel empire controlled the forest zone.
DOMAIN: craft | trade | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ART_HISTORICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S023; WASA.S058.

RECORD CA.WASA.000067 — [WASA-GAO-001] EARLY GAO SETTLEMENT FIELD
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
TIME: first millennium CE, securely by approximately 700 CE | W-BAND: W032–W035 | PLACE: Gao Ancien and Gao-Saney, Niger Bend.
ENTITY: riverine settlement and craft nodes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Local food production, iron, copper and glass working grow before and during intensified trans-Saharan exchange.
DOMAIN: settlement | trade | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S023.

RECORD CA.WASA.000068 — [WASA-CHD-003] LAKE CHAD SETTLEMENT NETWORKS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: first millennium CE | W-BAND: W032–W036 | PLACE: Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: mound settlements, fishers, farmers, herders and craft specialists.
EVENT/CONDITION: Networks across lake, floodplain and dune zones support exchange and emerging authority before securely documented Kanem dynastic history.
DOMAIN: settlement | ecology | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S021; WASA.S042.

RECORD CA.WASA.000069 — [WASA-LNG-001] LANGUAGE–ARCHAEOLOGY FIREWALL
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3–Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: LANGUAGE.
TIME: later Holocene | W-BAND: W021–W036 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel.
ENTITY: Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Afroasiatic and other language histories.
EVENT/CONDITION: Linguistic reconstruction can model branching and contact, but no Nok pot, Tichitt wall or Daima layer is assigned automatically to a named language.
DOMAIN: language | epistemology | EVIDENCE: LINGUISTIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S002; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000070 — [WASA-TRD-001] REGIONAL EXCHANGE BEFORE IMPERIAL TEXTS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: first centuries BCE–first centuries CE | W-BAND: W030–W033 | PLACE: Senegal, Niger, Volta and Lake Chad corridors.
ENTITY: river, overland and ecological-zone exchange.
EVENT/CONDITION: Salt, stone, metals, food, livestock and crafted goods circulate across regional networks before surviving external authors describe Sahelian empires.
DOMAIN: trade | mobility | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S022; WASA.S023; WASA.S025.

==============================================================================
7. EARLY CITIES, TRANS-SAHARAN SYSTEMS AND WAGADU
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000071 — [WASA-TRD-002] CAMEL-BASED SAHARAN CROSSING
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally first millennium CE | W-BAND: W032–W035 | PLACE: western and central Sahara toward the Sahel.
ENTITY: camel-caravan transport.
EVENT/CONDITION: Increasing camel use lowers some transport constraints and supports staged desert crossings; it does not create exchange from nothing.
DOMAIN: transport | trade | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000072 — [WASA-TRD-003] TRANSAHARAN SYSTEM INTENSIFICATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 600–1000 CE | W-BAND: W035–W036 | PLACE: Sijilmasa/Awdaghost/Wagadu, Tadmekka/Gao and Kawar/Lake Chad corridors.
ENTITY: caravan routes, oases, merchant communities and Sahelian markets.
EVENT/CONDITION: Gold, salt, copper, cloth, glass, books, horses and enslaved people move through protected, taxed and credit-supported routes.
DOMAIN: trade | coercion | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000073 — [WASA-WAG-001] WAGADU FORMATION HORIZON
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: first millennium CE, exact beginning unknown | W-BAND: W032–W035 | PLACE: Aukar, southeastern Mauritania–western Mali.
ENTITY: political formations later called Ghana/Wagadu.
EVENT/CONDITION: Settlement, agriculture, iron and regional exchange precede clear written references; dates such as “c.300” are heuristic, not an exact foundation.
DOMAIN: state formation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S028; WASA.S030; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000074 — [WASA-WAG-002] EARLY ARABIC NOTICE OF GHANA
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: late eighth century CE | W-BAND: W035 | PLACE: western Sahel.
ENTITY: Ghana polity in al-Fazari’s geographic tradition.
EVENT/CONDITION: An external Arabic notice identifies Ghana among known states and routes; it reports knowledge, not an origin date.
DOMAIN: political history | geography | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026.

RECORD CA.WASA.000075 — [WASA-TRD-004] AWDAGHOST
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4–Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: approximately eighth–eleventh centuries CE | W-BAND: W035–W037 | PLACE: Awdaghost, present-day Mauritania.
ENTITY: oasis-market town and merchant community.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agriculture, wells, crafts and caravan trade connect Maghreb and Sahel; political control changes and cannot be reduced to one ethnic merchant population.
DOMAIN: urbanism | trade | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000076 — [WASA-TRD-005] TADMEKKA/ESSOUK
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4–Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: approximately eighth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W035–W040 | PLACE: Essouk/Tadmekka, present-day Mali.
ENTITY: caravan city and metallurgical/merchant node.
EVENT/CONDITION: Buildings, inscriptions, coin moulds and imported materials document an Islamic commercial centre linking Gao, Sahara and Mediterranean markets.
DOMAIN: urbanism | trade | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; EPIGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S023; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000077 — [WASA-GAO-002] GAO-SANEY COMMERCIAL GROWTH
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4–Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: approximately 700–1100 CE | W-BAND: W035–W037 | PLACE: Gao-Saney, Mali.
ENTITY: large trading and production settlement.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mud-brick buildings, imported copper and glass, and local reworking show early long-distance commerce alongside local food systems.
DOMAIN: urbanism | craft | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; SCIENTIFIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S023.

RECORD CA.WASA.000078 — [WASA-GAO-003] GAO RULER AND ISLAM
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
TIME: tenth–eleventh centuries CE | W-BAND: W036–W037 | PLACE: Gao.
ENTITY: royal conversion and Muslim merchant/scholarly communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Islam enters court and commercial life while local religious practice continues; conversion of a ruler is not conversion of every subject.
DOMAIN: religion | governance | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; EPIGRAPHIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S023; WASA.S026.

RECORD CA.WASA.000079 — [WASA-TKR-001] TAKRUR
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4–Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: approximately ninth–thirteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W036–W038 | PLACE: middle Senegal River valley.
ENTITY: Takrur polity and agricultural–commercial settlements.
EVENT/CONDITION: River farming, gold-route access and political authority support a western Sahel state; rulers adopt Islam by the eleventh century without erasing religious plurality.
DOMAIN: state | agriculture | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S048.

RECORD CA.WASA.000080 — [WASA-WAG-003] WAGADU POLITICAL ECONOMY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: approximately eighth–eleventh centuries CE | W-BAND: W035–W037 | PLACE: western Sahel and Aukar.
ENTITY: Ghana/Wagadu royal and tributary system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Authority over agricultural communities, routes, markets and tribute supports cavalry and court; actual boundaries and provincial control fluctuate.
DOMAIN: governance | economy | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S030; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000081 — [WASA-WAG-004] AL-BAKRI’S GHANA
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1068 CE composition | W-BAND: W037 | PLACE: al-Andalus describing western Sahel.
ENTITY: al-Bakri’s written account.
EVENT/CONDITION: A non-eyewitness compilation describes Ghana’s ruler, court, taxes, gold, religion and two-town capital; its claims are evidence with source distance, not transparent observation.
DOMAIN: historiography | governance | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A for text; B–C for individual reported conditions | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S027.

RECORD CA.WASA.000082 — [WASA-WAG-005] KOUMBI SALEH IDENTIFICATION
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: occupation broadly fifth–fourteenth centuries CE; urban florescence later first/early second millennium | W-BAND: W034–W039 | PLACE: Koumbi Saleh, Mauritania.
ENTITY: large stone-built Muslim town.
EVENT/CONDITION: Houses, mosque, burials and imports fit a major commercial centre, but no inscription identifies it as Ghana’s capital and al-Bakri’s royal town has not been located.
DOMAIN: archaeology | urbanism | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: A for city; C for capital equation | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S029.

RECORD CA.WASA.000083 — [WASA-WAG-006] GOLD–SALT–TAX FLOWS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: ninth–twelfth centuries CE | W-BAND: W036–W037 | PLACE: forest goldfields–Wagadu–Sahara–Maghreb.
ENTITY: gold, salt and customs system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Merchants and carriers move gold north and salt and manufactured goods south; rulers tax passage and market transactions rather than necessarily producing the gold.
DOMAIN: trade | taxation | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; NUMISMATIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000084 — [WASA-WAG-007] RELIGIOUS PLURALITY IN WAGADU
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
TIME: tenth–twelfth centuries CE | W-BAND: W036–W037 | PLACE: Ghana/Wagadu towns and court.
ENTITY: royal/local religions and Muslim merchant, jurist and scholar communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Muslim quarters and officials coexist with a court retaining other ritual institutions; Islamisation is networked and unequal.
DOMAIN: religion | law | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S027.

RECORD CA.WASA.000085 — [WASA-WAG-008] “1076 ALMORAVID CONQUEST” DISPUTE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: PROCESS.
TIME: claimed 1076 CE | W-BAND: W037 | PLACE: Ghana/Wagadu–western Sahara interface.
ENTITY: alleged Almoravid conquest.
EVENT/CONDITION: No unambiguous contemporary written or archaeological evidence proves a conquest in 1076; interaction, commercial pressure, religious change and conflict remain possible.
DOMAIN: historiography | war | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: D for conquest claim | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S028.
[CONTROVERSY STATUS: NOT SERIALIZED AS SETTLED FACT.]

RECORD CA.WASA.000086 — [WASA-WAG-009] WAGADU TRANSFORMATION
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: eleventh–thirteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W037–W038 | PLACE: western Sahel.
ENTITY: Ghana/Wagadu political system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Route shifts, environmental pressure, internal political change and neighbouring powers reduce or redistribute authority; “collapse” is multi-causal and regionally uneven.
DOMAIN: political change | climate | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S028; WASA.S030; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000087 — [WASA-SOS-001] KANIAGA/SOSSO ASCENDANCY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: late twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W037–W038 | PLACE: western Sahel and upper Niger approaches.
ENTITY: Kaniaga/Sosso political formations associated in tradition with Sumanguru.
EVENT/CONDITION: Power shifts among successor and rival states before Mali’s expansion; oral epic and later text supply different chronologies.
DOMAIN: state formation | war | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S033.

RECORD CA.WASA.000088 — [WASA-KAN-001] EARLY KANEM FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z4–Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: broadly first millennium CE, commonly c.700 onward | W-BAND: W035–W036 | PLACE: northeast of Lake Chad.
ENTITY: early Kanem political system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pastoral, agricultural, iron-working and route communities are incorporated under rulers titled mai; exact foundation and early ethnicity are unresolved.
DOMAIN: state formation | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S042.

RECORD CA.WASA.000089 — [WASA-KAN-002] DUGUWA AND GIRGAM
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: traditions concerning first millennium; surviving transcriptions nineteenth century | W-BAND: W035–W047 | PLACE: Kanem–Bornu.
ENTITY: Duguwa ruler traditions and royal girgam.
EVENT/CONDITION: King lists preserve institutional memory but include oral transmission, contradictions and legitimating genealogy; listed reigns are not all independently dated.
DOMAIN: historiography | dynasty | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S041.

RECORD CA.WASA.000090 — [WASA-KAN-003] HUMMAY AND ISLAM
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
TIME: approximately 1075 CE | W-BAND: W037 | PLACE: Kanem.
ENTITY: Mai Hummay and Sayfawa/Sefuwa political transition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court Islam and a new dynastic formulation consolidate; conversion remains a court and network process rather than instant basin-wide religious change.
DOMAIN: religion | dynasty | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S041.

RECORD CA.WASA.000091 — [WASA-KAN-004] KANEM ROUTE AND CAPTURE ECONOMY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: eleventh–thirteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W037–W038 | PLACE: Lake Chad–Kawar–Fazzan corridor.
ENTITY: Kanem taxation, cavalry, caravan and raiding system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Salt, horses, livestock, ivory and enslaved people support court and army; coercive extraction is integral, not a neutral trade footnote.
DOMAIN: economy | war | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000092 — [WASA-KAN-005] DUNAMA DABBALĒMI
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: approximately 1210/1221–1259 CE | W-BAND: W038 | PLACE: Kanem and central Saharan routes.
ENTITY: reign of Mai Dunama Dabbalēmi.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military expansion, Islamic patronage and control of routes enlarge Kanem’s sphere; royal sources may magnify territorial permanence.
DOMAIN: empire | religion | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S041.

RECORD CA.WASA.000093 — [WASA-KAN-006] BULALA CONFLICT AND LOSS OF NJIMI
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: fourteenth century CE | W-BAND: W039 | PLACE: Kanem and Lake Chad.
ENTITY: Sayfawa court, Bulala opponents and Kanem populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sustained conflict and succession struggles displace the Sayfawa centre west of Lake Chad; Kanem society continues beyond court relocation.
DOMAIN: war | migration | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S041.

RECORD CA.WASA.000094 — [WASA-BOR-001] BORNU RECENTRING
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: late fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W039–W040 | PLACE: west and southwest of Lake Chad.
ENTITY: Bornu-centred Sayfawa state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court, cavalry and taxation adapt to more productive agricultural and cattle zones while retaining claims and connections to Kanem.
DOMAIN: state | agriculture | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040.

RECORD CA.WASA.000095 — [WASA-HAU-001] HAUSA URBAN FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: broadly eleventh–fourteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W037–W039 | PLACE: Hausaland, northern Nigeria and southern Niger.
ENTITY: Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, Daura, Rano, Biram and other towns.
EVENT/CONDITION: Walled settlements, craft quarters, markets and rulers consolidate on distinct clocks; no single founding migration explains all cities.
DOMAIN: urbanism | state formation | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S044.

RECORD CA.WASA.000096 — [WASA-HAU-002] KANO WALLS AND SETTLEMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: second millennium CE, with major growth by thirteenth–fifteenth centuries | W-BAND: W037–W040 | PLACE: Kano.
ENTITY: urban settlement, walls, gates and market space.
EVENT/CONDITION: Built infrastructure and craft density support a durable city-state; precise early royal dates in later chronicles remain source-dependent.
DOMAIN: urbanism | infrastructure | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S044.

RECORD CA.WASA.000097 — [WASA-HAU-003] PLURAL HAUSA STATES
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: twelfth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W040 | PLACE: Hausaland.
ENTITY: independent and competing Hausa-speaking polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cities combine farming territories, market taxation, craft production and war while sharing language and institutions without forming one permanent federation.
DOMAIN: governance | economy | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043.

RECORD CA.WASA.000098 — [WASA-HAU-004] BAYAJIDDA TRADITIONS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: UNKNOWN | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: recorded in later traditions; narrated time undetermined | W-BAND: W037–W047 | PLACE: Daura and wider Hausaland.
ENTITY: Bayajidda and Hausa Bakwai origin narratives.
EVENT/CONDITION: Traditions organise relationships, rank and identity among states; they are not converted into a literal exact migration or biological genealogy.
DOMAIN: memory | identity | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: C as tradition; D as literal event | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S044.

RECORD CA.WASA.000099 — [WASA-HAU-005] HAUSA CRAFT–MARKET SYSTEM
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: thirteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W041 | PLACE: Kano, Katsina and connected towns.
ENTITY: textile, leather, dyeing, metal, grain and kola markets.
EVENT/CONDITION: Specialised production and merchant diasporas connect Lake Chad, Niger, forest and Sahara routes.
DOMAIN: craft | trade | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000100 — [WASA-HAU-006] ISLAMIC NETWORKS IN HAUSALAND
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
TIME: fourteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W039–W041 | PLACE: Kano, Katsina and neighbouring Hausa states.
ENTITY: Muslim rulers, merchants, scholars and communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Islam expands through courts, commerce, scholarship and migration while household and territorial ritual systems persist.
DOMAIN: religion | knowledge | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S045.

==============================================================================
8. MALI, SONGHAI, BORNU AND MATURE HAUSA SYSTEMS
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000101 — [WASA-MAL-001] MANDEN COALITION FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: late twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W037–W038 | PLACE: upper Niger and Manden.
ENTITY: Mande-speaking communities, lineages and allied polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Political coalitions grow amid competition with Kaniaga/Sosso; oral epics preserve social memory rather than a verbatim court archive.
DOMAIN: state formation | alliance | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S033.

RECORD CA.WASA.000102 — [WASA-MAL-002] SUNJATA AND KIRINA
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: approximately 1235 CE | W-BAND: W038 | PLACE: Manden, traditional location Kirina.
ENTITY: Sunjata Keita, allied forces and Sosso/Kaniaga opponents.
EVENT/CONDITION: Oral and later written traditions place a decisive victory and new political settlement here; exact date, location and battle details remain uncertain.
DOMAIN: war | foundation memory | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S033.

RECORD CA.WASA.000103 — [WASA-MAL-003] MANDEN CHARTER
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: traditionally thirteenth century; present oral enactments and inscription 2009 | W-BAND: W038 and W060.
PLACE: Kurukan Fuga/Kangaba cultural space, Mali.
ENTITY: orally transmitted Manden Charter.
EVENT/CONDITION: Norms concerning social relations, conflict, property and responsibility are maintained in living oral traditions; the current formulation is not treated as a surviving verbatim 1235 document.
DOMAIN: law | memory | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A as living heritage; C for exact medieval wording | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S032.

RECORD CA.WASA.000104 — [WASA-MAL-004] MALI IMPERIAL EXPANSION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: thirteenth–fourteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W039 | PLACE: upper and middle Niger, Senegambia and western Sahel.
ENTITY: Mali imperial system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mansas, provincial rulers, allied lineages and armies connect goldfields, agriculture, river transport and caravan routes; control varies by distance and season.
DOMAIN: empire | governance | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000105 — [WASA-MAL-005] GOLD AND SOUTHERN CONNECTORS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: thirteenth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W040 | PLACE: Bambuk, Bure, Akan interfaces, Mali and Sahara.
ENTITY: gold-production, merchant and taxation networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Gold moves through many producers and brokers to Mali-controlled or influenced markets; imperial power does not imply direct ownership of every mine.
DOMAIN: trade | taxation | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; NUMISMATIC | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S026; WASA.S057; WASA.S058.

RECORD CA.WASA.000106 — [WASA-MAL-006] MANSA MUSA’S REIGN
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: approximately 1312–1337 CE | W-BAND: W039 | PLACE: Mali Empire.
ENTITY: Mansa Musa and imperial court.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court patronage, provincial governance, gold revenue, cavalry and Islamic diplomacy mark an imperial high phase; precise territorial maps remain modern reconstructions.
DOMAIN: governance | economy | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S035.

RECORD CA.WASA.000107 — [WASA-MAL-007] MANSA MUSA’S PILGRIMAGE
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: 1324–1325 CE | W-BAND: W039 | PLACE: Mali–Cairo–Mecca route.
ENTITY: royal pilgrimage, diplomatic and commercial caravan.
EVENT/CONDITION: Musa’s passage displays Mali’s gold, Islamic and trans-Saharan connections and alters external knowledge of the empire; it does not begin those systems.
DOMAIN: religion | diplomacy | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S035.
[CONNECTOR SEED: WASA.C007 — MALI–MAGHREB–CAIRO–MECCA.]

RECORD CA.WASA.000108 — [WASA-KNW-001] TIMBUKTU SCHOLARLY GROWTH
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: thirteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W041 | PLACE: Timbuktu.
ENTITY: mosques, teachers, students, jurists, copyists and manuscript libraries.
EVENT/CONDITION: Scholarship grows through household, mosque and travelling-teacher networks; “university” is an analogy and not one modern corporate institution.
DOMAIN: knowledge | religion | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ARCHITECTURAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S036; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000109 — [WASA-URB-006] JENNÉ-JENO TO DJENNÉ
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: thirteenth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W040 | PLACE: Inland Niger Delta.
ENTITY: Jenné-jeno, Djenné and surrounding settlement cluster.
EVENT/CONDITION: Population and functions shift toward Djenné while occupations overlap; Jenné-jeno is largely abandoned around 1400 rather than instantaneously “replaced.”
DOMAIN: urbanism | religion | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S022; WASA.S036.

RECORD CA.WASA.000110 — [WASA-MAL-008] IBN BATTUTA IN MALI
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1352–1353 CE | W-BAND: W039 | PLACE: Mali court and Niger region.
ENTITY: Ibn Battuta’s travel account.
EVENT/CONDITION: An eyewitness describes court procedure, security, Islam, gender norms and travel while writing through his own legal and social expectations.
DOMAIN: historiography | society | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A for visit; B for generalisation | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S034.

RECORD CA.WASA.000111 — [WASA-MAL-009] LAYERED IMPERIAL GOVERNANCE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: thirteenth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W038–W040 | PLACE: Mali imperial sphere.
ENTITY: court, provinces, tributaries, towns, lineages and autonomous communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Authority combines appointment, alliance, tribute, hostages, warfare and local institutions; one uniform bureaucracy is not assumed.
DOMAIN: governance | part-whole | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000112 — [WASA-MAL-010] SUCCESSION AND PROVINCIAL PRESSURE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: later fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W039–W040 | PLACE: Mali Empire.
ENTITY: competing mansas, provincial elites and neighbouring states.
EVENT/CONDITION: Succession disputes, route shifts and external pressure reduce central reach while Mali institutions and communities continue.
DOMAIN: political change | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S031.

RECORD CA.WASA.000113 — [WASA-MAL-011] MALI PERSISTENCE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: fifteenth–seventeenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W042 | PLACE: upper Niger and Manden.
ENTITY: reduced Mali/Manden polities and Keita authority.
EVENT/CONDITION: Imperial contraction does not end political life; successor courts, towns and Manden institutions remain active into the seventeenth century.
DOMAIN: continuity | governance | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S037.

RECORD CA.WASA.000114 — [WASA-SON-001] EARLY SONGHAI/GAO POLITIES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: approximately eighth–fourteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W035–W039 | PLACE: Gao and middle Niger.
ENTITY: Gao kingdoms, river populations and Za/Zaghe traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Local rulership, commerce and Islamic connections develop before the later Songhai Empire; dynastic lists and Gao-Saney stelae do not align perfectly.
DOMAIN: state formation | historiography | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; EPIGRAPHIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S023; WASA.S037.

RECORD CA.WASA.000115 — [WASA-SON-002] SONNI ALI
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: 1464–1492 CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Niger Bend and western Sudan.
ENTITY: Sonni Ali and expanding Songhai forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: River fleets, cavalry and campaigns expand control over strategic towns and territories; hostile scholarly chronicles shape much of his later reputation.
DOMAIN: war | empire | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: A for reign; B–C for character claims | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000116 — [WASA-SON-003] SONGHAI TAKES TIMBUKTU
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: 1468 CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Timbuktu.
ENTITY: Songhai forces, Tuareg rulers and Timbuktu communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sonni Ali incorporates the city into his imperial system; violence and negotiation affect scholars and merchants unevenly.
DOMAIN: war | urban governance | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000117 — [WASA-SON-004] SONGHAI TAKES DJENNÉ
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: approximately 1473–1475 CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Djenné.
ENTITY: Songhai army/fleet and Djenné polity.
EVENT/CONDITION: A prolonged campaign brings the commercial city into the empire while local merchant and scholarly institutions persist.
DOMAIN: war | trade | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000118 — [WASA-SON-005] ASKIA DYNASTIC TRANSITION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: 1493 CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Songhai.
ENTITY: Muhammad Ture/Askia Muhammad and Sonni Baru.
EVENT/CONDITION: Muhammad Ture defeats Sonni Baru and establishes Askia rule, combining military coalition and Islamic legitimacy.
DOMAIN: dynasty | war | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000119 — [WASA-SON-006] ASKIA MUHAMMAD’S REIGN
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: 1493–1528 CE | W-BAND: W040–W041 | PLACE: Songhai imperial sphere.
ENTITY: Askia Muhammad I and provincial system.
EVENT/CONDITION: Expansion, provincial appointments, tax collection, military organisation and scholarly patronage strengthen imperial coordination.
DOMAIN: governance | empire | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000120 — [WASA-SON-007] ASKIA PILGRIMAGE
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: 1496–1498 CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Gao–Cairo–Mecca.
ENTITY: Askia Muhammad’s pilgrimage and diplomacy.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pilgrimage strengthens trans-Saharan scholarly and political claims; later caliphal-title narratives require source criticism.
DOMAIN: religion | diplomacy | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000121 — [WASA-SON-008] SONGHAI ADMINISTRATIVE GEOMETRY
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: sixteenth century CE | W-BAND: W041 | PLACE: Songhai Empire.
ENTITY: court, governors, fiscal officials, army, fleet and local authorities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Central appointments coexist with delegated and tributary rule; imperial maps overstate uniform day-to-day control.
DOMAIN: governance | military | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000122 — [WASA-KNW-002] TIMBUKTU–DJENNÉ KNOWLEDGE NETWORK
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: fifteenth–seventeenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W042 | PLACE: Timbuktu, Djenné and travelling scholarly circuits.
ENTITY: Arabic manuscript, Maliki jurisprudence, teaching and book markets.
EVENT/CONDITION: Knowledge is hosted by families, mosques, patrons, copyists and students and travels beyond imperial boundaries.
DOMAIN: knowledge | law | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S036; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000123 — [WASA-SON-009] IMPERIAL WAR AND ENSLAVEMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: fifteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W041 | PLACE: Songhai sphere and frontiers.
ENTITY: captives, servile communities, military and agricultural labour.
EVENT/CONDITION: Campaigns and tribute produce coerced movement and labour supporting courts, farms and exchange; imperial prosperity carries unequal costs.
DOMAIN: coercion | labour | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039; WASA.S056.

RECORD CA.WASA.000124 — [WASA-SON-010] SONGHAI–BORNU–HAUSA COMPETITION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: fifteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W041 | PLACE: Niger–Hausaland–Lake Chad corridor.
ENTITY: overlapping imperial, city-state and merchant spheres.
EVENT/CONDITION: War, tribute, diplomacy and trade shift influence over Hausaland without permanent absorption into one empire.
DOMAIN: geopolitics | trade | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S040; WASA.S043.

RECORD CA.WASA.000125 — [WASA-SON-011] ASKIA SUCCESSION STRUGGLES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: 1528–1588 CE | W-BAND: W041 | PLACE: Songhai.
ENTITY: competing Askia rulers and factions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Depositions and factional conflict weaken coordination while trade, farming and urban scholarship continue.
DOMAIN: succession | governance | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000126 — [WASA-SON-012] BATTLE OF TONDIBI
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 12 March 1591 CE | W-BAND: W041 | PLACE: Tondibi, north of Gao.
ENTITY: Songhai army and Saadian expedition under Judar Pasha.
EVENT/CONDITION: A smaller firearm-equipped force defeats Songhai’s army, breaking Askia imperial control of core cities; technological, political and logistical factors interact.
DOMAIN: war | technology | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000127 — [WASA-SON-013] ARMA/PASHALIK SYSTEM
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: 1591–seventeenth century CE and later local continuities | W-BAND: W041–W042 | PLACE: Timbuktu, Gao and Djenné.
ENTITY: Saadian-appointed pashalik and Arma communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Garrisons tax and negotiate with towns at great distance from Morocco; authority localises as direct Saadian control weakens.
DOMAIN: governance | diaspora | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S038.

RECORD CA.WASA.000128 — [WASA-SON-014] DENDI SONGHAI SUCCESSORS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: from 1591 through nineteenth century | W-BAND: W041–W047 | PLACE: downstream Niger/Dendi.
ENTITY: successor Songhai states and communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Political and dynastic continuities persist beyond the lost imperial capitals; “Songhai collapse” is therefore not civilisational extinction.
DOMAIN: continuity | state | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S039.

RECORD CA.WASA.000129 — [WASA-BOR-002] NGAZARGAMU CAPITAL
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: approximately 1470s CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Ngazargamu, Bornu.
ENTITY: walled Sayfawa capital.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ali Gaji establishes a durable political and commercial centre near agricultural zones and Hausa trade routes.
DOMAIN: urbanism | governance | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040.

RECORD CA.WASA.000130 — [WASA-BOR-003] RECOVERY OF KANEM
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: early sixteenth century CE | W-BAND: W041 | PLACE: Lake Chad and Kanem.
ENTITY: Bornu under Idris Katagarmabe and Bilala authorities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sayfawa forces reassert suzerainty east of the lake while the political centre remains in Bornu and local rule continues.
DOMAIN: empire | diplomacy | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040.

RECORD CA.WASA.000131 — [WASA-BOR-004] IDRIS ALOOMA
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: approximately 1571–1603 CE | W-BAND: W041–W042 | PLACE: Bornu, Kanem and Lake Chad corridors.
ENTITY: Mai Idris Alooma and Bornu state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military reform, fortified routes, Islamic law, diplomacy and taxation consolidate Bornu; campaigns also entail conquest and coerced movement.
DOMAIN: governance | military | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040.

RECORD CA.WASA.000132 — [WASA-BOR-005] BORNU–OTTOMAN–SAHARAN DIPLOMACY
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: late sixteenth century CE | W-BAND: W041 | PLACE: Bornu–Tripoli–Ottoman networks.
ENTITY: envoys, firearms, horses, merchants and letters.
EVENT/CONDITION: Alooma’s diplomacy strengthens northern connections, but imported weapons do not erase local production or political agency.
DOMAIN: diplomacy | technology | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000133 — [WASA-BOR-006] BORNU’S RURAL AND URBAN SUBSTRATE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: fifteenth–seventeenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W042 | PLACE: Bornu and Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: walled towns, farmers, herders, fishers, craftspeople and markets.
EVENT/CONDITION: Imperial durability depends on ordinary food, water, labour and exchange systems, not only court and cavalry.
DOMAIN: basefloor | economy | EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S042.

RECORD CA.WASA.000134 — [WASA-HAU-007] MUHAMMAD RUMFA’S KANO
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: approximately 1463–1499 CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Kano.
ENTITY: reign of Muhammad Rumfa.
EVENT/CONDITION: Palace, market, administrative and Islamic institutions expand Kano’s commercial reach; details rely partly on a much later chronicle.
DOMAIN: governance | urbanism | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S044; WASA.S045.

RECORD CA.WASA.000135 — [WASA-HAU-008] AL-MAGHĪLĪ AND POLITICAL ISLAM
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: late fifteenth century CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Kano and Saharan–Sahelian scholarly networks.
ENTITY: Muhammad al-Maghīlī, court advice and Islamic legal-political texts.
EVENT/CONDITION: A travelling scholar advises rulers and circulates models of Muslim governance; reception is selective and later reformers reinterpret the texts.
DOMAIN: law | religion | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S045; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000136 — [WASA-HAU-009] AMINA OF ZAZZAU TRADITIONS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: variously placed fifteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W041 | PLACE: Zazzau/Zaria.
ENTITY: Queen Amina traditions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Oral and chronicle traditions remember a female ruler and campaigns, but reign dates and biographical detail vary; her memory is not discarded or falsely made exact.
DOMAIN: gender | memory | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S044; WASA.S046.

RECORD CA.WASA.000137 — [WASA-HAU-010] CLOTH, LEATHER AND INDIGO
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: fifteenth–eighteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W044 | PLACE: Kano, Katsina and Hausa diaspora markets.
ENTITY: textile, dyeing and leather industries.
EVENT/CONDITION: Skilled household and workshop production supplies regional and Saharan markets, sustaining urban revenue and merchant mobility.
DOMAIN: craft | trade | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S057.

RECORD CA.WASA.000138 — [WASA-HAU-011] INTER-STATE COMPETITION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: fifteenth–eighteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W044 | PLACE: Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, Kebbi and neighbours.
ENTITY: Hausa and adjacent states.
EVENT/CONDITION: Trade, dynastic marriage, tribute, war and shifting alliances prevent one permanent Hausa political unit.
DOMAIN: geopolitics | governance | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S044.

RECORD CA.WASA.000139 — [WASA-MOS-001] MOSSI STATE FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: broadly eleventh–fifteenth centuries CE; traditions vary | W-BAND: W037–W040 | PLACE: central Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: Ouagadougou, Yatenga, Tenkodogo and other Mossi polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cavalry elites, earth-priest institutions, farming communities and dynastic traditions form multiple kingdoms; no single exact founding date applies.
DOMAIN: state formation | ritual | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: C | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S047.

RECORD CA.WASA.000140 — [WASA-MOS-002] MOSSI–MALI–SONGHAI FRONTIERS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: fourteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W039–W041 | PLACE: Niger Bend–Mossi plateau.
ENTITY: Mossi kingdoms and Sahel empires.
EVENT/CONDITION: Raids, defence, diplomacy and trade shape a contested frontier; Mossi polities retain autonomy despite imperial campaigns.
DOMAIN: war | frontier | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S047.

RECORD CA.WASA.000141 — [WASA-SEN-001] JOLOF CONFEDERATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: fourteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W039–W041 | PLACE: Senegambia.
ENTITY: Jolof and constituent Wolof/Serer polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tribute, lineage, trade and negotiated authority link kingdoms; the confederation later fragments into independent states.
DOMAIN: governance | Atlantic interface | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S048.

RECORD CA.WASA.000142 — [WASA-MAL-012] MALI–SONGHAI POWER SHIFT
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: fifteenth–sixteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W040–W041 | PLACE: upper and middle Niger.
ENTITY: Mali, Songhai and local polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Songhai captures northern commercial centres as Mali’s reach contracts, but Manden political, farming and merchant systems persist.
DOMAIN: political change | trade | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S030; WASA.S037.

RECORD CA.WASA.000143 — [WASA-ATL-001] PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC CONTACT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: from mid-fifteenth century CE | W-BAND: W040 | PLACE: Senegambian and Upper Guinea coasts, with Sahel hinterlands.
ENTITY: African rulers and merchants, Portuguese mariners and Luso-African brokers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Atlantic shipping adds a coastal route for gold, ivory, cloth, food and enslaved people without immediately replacing Saharan systems.
DOMAIN: trade | diplomacy | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S048; WASA.S058.

RECORD CA.WASA.000144 — [WASA-ATL-002] ATLANTIC CROP AND FIREARM TRANSFERS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: sixteenth–eighteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W041–W044 | PLACE: coastal–forest–savanna corridors.
ENTITY: American crops, firearms, metal goods and new consumption patterns.
EVENT/CONDITION: Maize, cassava, groundnuts and other crops enter different ecologies while firearms alter some military balances; adoption is uneven and locally mediated.
DOMAIN: Columbian exchange | technology | EVIDENCE: BOTANICAL; TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S058.

RECORD CA.WASA.000145 — [WASA-ATL-003] ATLANTIC ENSLAVEMENT EXPANDS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: sixteenth–nineteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W041–W046 | PLACE: West African interior, coasts and Atlantic.
ENTITY: capture, sale, forced march, embarkation and plantation systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: African and European actors create expanding coercive chains; regional warfare and social classification interact with external demand without reducing African history to export totals.
DOMAIN: enslavement | Atlantic system | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S056; WASA.S058.

RECORD CA.WASA.000146 — [WASA-KNW-003] ARABIC AND AJAMI LITERACIES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: SCRIPT.
TIME: medieval period onward | W-BAND: W036–W068 | PLACE: Sahel and savanna scholarly networks.
ENTITY: Arabic manuscripts and African-language Ajami writing.
EVENT/CONDITION: Scholars, traders, courts and households use Arabic script for law, theology, history, poetry, accounts and African languages; literacy is plural and uneven.
DOMAIN: information | knowledge | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; EPIGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S036; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000147 — [WASA-HIS-001] TĀRĪKH AL-SŪDĀN
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: composed mainly 1629–1655/56 CE | W-BAND: W042 | PLACE: Timbuktu and Arma administrative world.
ENTITY: al-Sa‘di’s Arabic chronicle.
EVENT/CONDITION: The work records Songhai, Timbuktu, Djenné, scholars and later rule, drawing on oral report, documents and near-contemporary experience with source biases.
DOMAIN: historiography | manuscript | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: A for composition; variable for narrated periods | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037.

RECORD CA.WASA.000148 — [WASA-HIS-002] TĀRĪKH AL-FATTĀSH TEXTUAL LAYERS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: seventeenth-century core and nineteenth-century reworking | W-BAND: W042–W046 | PLACE: Timbuktu–Massina manuscript networks.
ENTITY: Ibn al-Mukhtar chronicle and later text conventionally called Tarikh al-Fattash.
EVENT/CONDITION: Modern scholarship separates conflated manuscripts and ideological rewriting; claims must be tied to the textual layer that carries them.
DOMAIN: historiography | textual criticism | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; SCIENTIFIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S038.

RECORD CA.WASA.000149 — [WASA-BOR-007] BORNU AFTER ALOOMA
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: seventeenth–eighteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W042–W044 | PLACE: Bornu and Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: post-Alooma Sayfawa state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court, trade and Islamic scholarship remain influential despite succession conflict, ecological variability and competition.
DOMAIN: governance | resilience | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040.

RECORD CA.WASA.000150 — [WASA-HAU-012] SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY HAUSA CITIES
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: seventeenth century CE | W-BAND: W042 | PLACE: Hausaland.
ENTITY: Hausa urban, agricultural, craft and scholarly systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competing states support dense markets and diaspora links while warfare and tribute expose households to insecurity and capture.
DOMAIN: urbanism | economy | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S044.

RECORD CA.WASA.000151 — [WASA-SON-015] NIGER BEND AFTER EMPIRE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: seventeenth century CE | W-BAND: W042 | PLACE: Timbuktu, Gao, Djenné, Dendi and Inland Niger Delta.
ENTITY: Arma, Songhai, Tuareg, merchant, scholarly and local political systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Multiple authorities replace Askia imperial integration while cities, agriculture and river exchange continue under changing taxation.
DOMAIN: political ecology | trade | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S038.

RECORD CA.WASA.000152 — [WASA-TRD-006] TRANSAHARAN RESILIENCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: sixteenth–eighteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W041–W044 | PLACE: Sahara–Sahel routes.
ENTITY: caravan, credit, pilgrimage and scholarly networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Atlantic growth changes prices and routes but does not terminate salt, livestock, textile, book and human movement across the Sahara.
DOMAIN: trade | mobility | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT; ARCHAEOLOGICAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S057; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000153 — [WASA-LAB-001] COERCED LABOUR WITHIN REGIONAL SYSTEMS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: medieval–nineteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W035–W047 | PLACE: West Africa and Sahel.
ENTITY: enslaved, pawned, tributary and dependent people in households, farms, armies, courts and markets.
EVENT/CONDITION: Legal status and lived conditions vary, but loss of autonomy and inherited or violent coercion must remain visible alongside commerce and state formation.
DOMAIN: labour | inequality | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S056.

RECORD CA.WASA.000154 — [WASA-CON-002] FOREST–SAHEL COMMODITY INTERFACE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_SYSTEM.
TIME: medieval–early modern periods | W-BAND: W036–W044 | PLACE: Akan/Bono, Volta, Manden, Hausaland and Niger corridors.
ENTITY: gold, kola, salt, cloth, leather, livestock and captive flows.
EVENT/CONDITION: Brokers move commodities across ecological zones; Object 07 retains the internal histories of forest polities.
DOMAIN: trade | ecology | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ARCHAEOLOGICAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S057; WASA.S058.

RECORD CA.WASA.000155 — [WASA-XSEC-001] W042 CROSS-SECTION
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
TIME: 1600–1700 CE | W-BAND: W042 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel coordinate.
ENTITY: simultaneous regional systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bornu, Hausa states, Mossi kingdoms, reduced Mali, Dendi/Arma Niger systems, Jolof successors, merchant diasporas, farms, pastoralists, manuscripts and coerced labour coexist; no one polity represents the whole.
DOMAIN: CAT Scan cross-section | EVIDENCE: MULTI_SOURCE | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S037; WASA.S040; WASA.S043; WASA.S048; WASA.S057.

==============================================================================
9. FULANI NETWORKS, REFORM STATES AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY TRANSFORMATIONS
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000156 — [WASA-FUL-001] FULANI PASTORAL DISPERSAL
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POPULATION.
TIME: medieval period–eighteenth century CE | W-BAND: W036–W044 | PLACE: Senegambia, Sahel, Niger bend, Hausaland and Lake Chad.
ENTITY: Fulɓe/Fula pastoral and agro-pastoral communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cattle mobility, seasonal access agreements, kinship and exchange spread communities across many states; movement does not form one unified political project.
DOMAIN: pastoralism | migration | EVIDENCE: LINGUISTIC; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S049.

RECORD CA.WASA.000157 — [WASA-FUL-002] TORODƁE SCHOLARLY NETWORKS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: seventeenth–nineteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W042–W047 | PLACE: Senegambia through central Sahel.
ENTITY: Muslim clerical families and reform-oriented scholarly communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Teaching, pilgrimage, correspondence and mobility transmit legal and political critiques across language and pastoral–urban boundaries.
DOMAIN: religion | knowledge | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S049; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000158 — [WASA-FUL-003] FUTA JALLON REVOLUTION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: approximately 1725/1727–1750s CE | W-BAND: W043–W044 | PLACE: Futa Jallon, present-day Guinea.
ENTITY: Muslim reform coalition and opposing rulers/communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: War establishes an imamate through clerical, pastoral and local alliances; chronology and factional composition vary by source.
DOMAIN: religion | war | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S051.

RECORD CA.WASA.000159 — [WASA-FUL-004] FUTA JALLON CONFEDERAL GOVERNANCE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: mid-eighteenth century–1896 CE | W-BAND: W044–W047 | PLACE: Futa Jallon.
ENTITY: almamate, provincial diwals and alternating factions.
EVENT/CONDITION: A federated Islamic state coordinates taxation, education, war and Atlantic–interior trade while factional rivalry and enslaved labour remain structural.
DOMAIN: governance | labour | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S051; WASA.S056.

RECORD CA.WASA.000160 — [WASA-HAU-013] EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY HAUSA PRESSURES
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: 1700–1800 CE | W-BAND: W043–W044 | PLACE: Hausaland.
ENTITY: Hausa courts, merchants, peasants, scholars, pastoralists and captives.
EVENT/CONDITION: Commercial growth coexists with warfare, taxation, religious dispute and unequal land/pasture access, generating several reform constituencies.
DOMAIN: political economy | pressure field | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S043; WASA.S049.

RECORD CA.WASA.000161 — [WASA-FUL-005] FUTA TORO ALMAMATE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: 1776 CE onward | W-BAND: W044 | PLACE: middle Senegal River valley.
ENTITY: Torodɓe-led Futa Toro imamate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Reformers overthrow Denyanke rule and establish an almamate; political authority remains contested among clerical and regional factions.
DOMAIN: religion | governance | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S051.

RECORD CA.WASA.000162 — [WASA-SOK-001] ƊAN FODIO’S REFORM MOVEMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 1770s–1804 CE | W-BAND: W044–W045 | PLACE: Gobir and wider Hausaland.
ENTITY: Usman ɗan Fodio, family, students and communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Teaching and writing criticise taxation, enslavement of Muslims, elite practice and religious governance; Fulani identity alone does not explain the coalition.
DOMAIN: religion | political critique | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S049; WASA.S050.

RECORD CA.WASA.000163 — [WASA-SOK-002] SOKOTO JIHAD BEGINS
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 1804 CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: Gobir, Degel and Hausaland.
ENTITY: Jama‘a reform coalition and Gobir authorities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Flight, declarations of allegiance and armed conflict begin a multi-front revolution against several Hausa rulers.
DOMAIN: war | religion | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S049; WASA.S050.

RECORD CA.WASA.000164 — [WASA-SOK-003] SOKOTO CALIPHATE FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: 1804–1817 CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: Hausaland and adjoining regions.
ENTITY: Sokoto Caliphate, emirates and scholarly leadership.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military victories replace many dynasties with emirates acknowledging caliphal authority; actual governance is decentralised and negotiated.
DOMAIN: state formation | federation | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S050.

RECORD CA.WASA.000165 — [WASA-SOK-004] ƊAN FODIO, ABDULLAHI AND NANA ASMA’U
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: early–mid-nineteenth century CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: Sokoto and emirate networks.
ENTITY: scholarly family, teachers, poets, jurists and women’s education networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Arabic, Fulfulde and Hausa writings and itinerant teaching articulate law, governance, ethics and education; authority is intellectual as well as military.
DOMAIN: knowledge | gender | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S050; WASA.S059.

RECORD CA.WASA.000166 — [WASA-SOK-005] CALIPHATE AGRICULTURE AND ENSLAVED LABOUR
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: nineteenth century CE | W-BAND: W045–W047 | PLACE: Sokoto Caliphate and emirates.
ENTITY: farms, ribats, households, markets and enslaved populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agricultural expansion and security settlements support cities and cavalry, while mass enslavement and inherited dependency impose profound costs.
DOMAIN: food | coercion | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S050; WASA.S056.

RECORD CA.WASA.000167 — [WASA-ADA-001] ADAMAWA EMIRATE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: from approximately 1809 CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: Benue–Adamawa–northern Cameroon.
ENTITY: Modibbo Adama’s emirate and subordinate lamidates.
EVENT/CONDITION: A Sokoto-authorised jihad expands through alliances and warfare into highly diverse communities; later boundaries cross several colonial states.
DOMAIN: state formation | war | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S050.

RECORD CA.WASA.000168 — [WASA-BOR-008] SOKOTO PRESSURE ON BORNU
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1808–1811 CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: western Bornu and Ngazargamu.
ENTITY: jihad forces, Sayfawa rulers and Bornu communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forces associated with the jihad seize and destroy Ngazargamu, exposing state weakness but not ending Bornu.
DOMAIN: war | political change | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S050.

RECORD CA.WASA.000169 — [WASA-BOR-009] MUHAMMAD AL-KANEMI
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: approximately 1808–1837 CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: Bornu.
ENTITY: al-Kanemi scholarly-military coalition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Muhammad al-Kanemi mobilises defence, correspondence and alliances and becomes the effective ruler while Sayfawa legitimacy persists.
DOMAIN: governance | religion | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040.

RECORD CA.WASA.000170 — [WASA-MAC-001] MASSINA JIHAD
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: 1818 CE | W-BAND: W045 | PLACE: Inland Niger Delta.
ENTITY: Seku Amadu’s reform movement and Massina polity.
EVENT/CONDITION: Reform forces defeat Segu authority and construct an Islamic state regulating pasture, fishing, farming and towns.
DOMAIN: religion | ecological governance | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S052.

RECORD CA.WASA.000171 — [WASA-MAC-002] HAMDALLAHI AND DELTA REGULATION
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 1818–1862 CE | W-BAND: W045–W046 | PLACE: Massina and Hamdallahi.
ENTITY: Diina administration, councils, judges and local communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: State rules coordinate seasonal pasture and floodplain resources while warfare, taxation and enslavement constrain groups inside and beyond the polity.
DOMAIN: governance | water | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S052; WASA.S056.

RECORD CA.WASA.000172 — [WASA-BAM-001] SEGU AND KAARTA
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: eighteenth–mid-nineteenth centuries CE | W-BAND: W043–W046 | PLACE: middle Niger and western Mali.
ENTITY: Bamana/Bambara states of Segu and Kaarta.
EVENT/CONDITION: Armies, ton associations, river agriculture, tribute and trade sustain states often opposed to clerical reform movements; “pagan versus Muslim” is an inadequate total explanation.
DOMAIN: state | economy | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S054.

RECORD CA.WASA.000173 — [WASA-TAL-001] AL-HAJJ UMAR TALL’S NETWORK
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: 1820s–1850s CE | W-BAND: W045–W046 | PLACE: Futa Toro, pilgrimage routes and western Sahel.
ENTITY: Umar Tall, Tijaniyya students, migrants and military followers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pilgrimage, scholarship and recruitment create a mobile reform network before territorial conquest.
DOMAIN: religion | mobility | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S053.

RECORD CA.WASA.000174 — [WASA-TAL-002] TOUCOULEUR EMPIRE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
TIME: approximately 1852–1864 CE | W-BAND: W046 | PLACE: upper Senegal and middle Niger.
ENTITY: Umar Tall’s expanding state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Firearms, fortified bases and reform ideology enable conquest of Kaarta and Segu; resistance, destruction and captives accompany expansion.
DOMAIN: war | empire | EVIDENCE: MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S053; WASA.S056.

RECORD CA.WASA.000175 — [WASA-TAL-003] MASSINA CONQUEST AND UMAR TALL’S DEATH
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1862–1864 CE | W-BAND: W046 | PLACE: Hamdallahi and Bandiagara region.
ENTITY: Toucouleur forces, Massina state and local opponents.
EVENT/CONDITION: Umar Tall conquers Massina in 1862 and disappears/dies near Déguembéré in 1864; successors retain a contested state.
DOMAIN: war | succession | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL; MANUSCRIPT | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S052; WASA.S053.

RECORD CA.WASA.000176 — [WASA-SAM-001] SAMORI TOURÉ’S RISE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
TIME: 1860s–1880s CE | W-BAND: W046–W047 | PLACE: upper Niger and forest–savanna borderlands.
ENTITY: Samori Touré, Dyula networks and emerging Wassoulou state.
EVENT/CONDITION: Merchant connections, firearms, armies and provincial administration build a mobile state amid local rivalries and European pressure.
DOMAIN: state formation | military | EVIDENCE: ORAL_TRADITION; TEXTUAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S055.

RECORD CA.WASA.000177 — [WASA-SAM-002] WASSOULOU STATE AND RESISTANCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: approximately 1878–1898 CE | W-BAND: W047 | PLACE: present-day Guinea, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina interfaces.
ENTITY: Wassoulou Empire and French colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Samori relocates armies and populations, negotiates treaties and resists conquest; scorched-earth strategy and forced mobilisation burden civilians.
DOMAIN: resistance | war | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S055; WASA.S060.

RECORD CA.WASA.000178 — [WASA-RAB-001] RABIH AZ-ZUBAYR
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: 1879–1900 CE, Bornu seized 1893 | W-BAND: W047 | PLACE: Chari–Lake Chad–Bornu.
ENTITY: Rabih’s mobile military state.
EVENT/CONDITION: A Sudan-linked army conquers Bornu and imposes an extraction regime; this is neither simple “Arab invasion” nor continuation of Sayfawa rule.
DOMAIN: war | coercion | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S040; WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000179 — [WASA-COL-001] FRENCH SENEGAL RIVER EXPANSION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1850s–1880s CE | W-BAND: W046–W047 | PLACE: Senegal valley and western Sudan approaches.
ENTITY: French military-commercial administration and African states.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forts, treaties, rail ambitions and warfare extend colonial control inland; treaty consent operates under unequal force and competing sovereignties.
DOMAIN: colonialism | war | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000180 — [WASA-COL-002] FAIDHERBE SYSTEM
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: governorships 1854–1861 and 1863–1865 CE | W-BAND: W046 | PLACE: French Senegal.
ENTITY: forts, tirailleurs, telegraph and allied/chiefly administration.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military recruitment and infrastructure support territorial expansion while African soldiers and intermediaries act under mixed coercion and opportunity.
DOMAIN: colonialism | infrastructure | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061; WASA.S064.

RECORD CA.WASA.000181 — [WASA-ECO-003] GROUNDNUT BASIN
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5–Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: nineteenth–twentieth centuries CE | W-BAND: W045–W054 | PLACE: Senegal and Gambia hinterlands.
ENTITY: groundnut cash-crop economy.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rail, credit, labour migration and export demand expand cultivation, linking household food security to world prices and soil pressure.
DOMAIN: agriculture | colonial economy | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000182 — [WASA-COL-003] BRITISH COAST–NIGER EXPANSION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: nineteenth century CE | W-BAND: W045–W047 | PLACE: Gambia, lower Niger and northern Nigerian approaches.
ENTITY: British merchants, chartered companies, consuls and military forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Commerce, antislavery claims, treaties and armed intervention build imperial control; inland sovereignty is not voluntarily transferred as one event.
DOMAIN: colonialism | trade | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060.

RECORD CA.WASA.000183 — [WASA-COL-004] BERLIN CONFERENCE FRAME
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1884–1885 CE | W-BAND: W047 | PLACE: Berlin, applied to Africa.
ENTITY: European imperial rules of notification and “effective occupation.”
EVENT/CONDITION: European powers formalise procedures for partition without African representation; the meeting does not itself draw every later boundary.
DOMAIN: colonial law | geopolitics | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060.

RECORD CA.WASA.000184 — [WASA-COL-005] TREATY–CONQUEST CASCADE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1880s–1900s CE | W-BAND: W047–W048 | PLACE: West Africa and Sahel.
ENTITY: French, British and German colonial forces and African polities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rival treaties, protectorate declarations, punitive expeditions and military occupation impose territorial rule over plural political landscapes.
DOMAIN: colonialism | war | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000185 — [WASA-COL-006] FRENCH OCCUPATION OF TIMBUKTU
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1893–1894 CE | W-BAND: W047 | PLACE: Timbuktu and Niger Bend.
ENTITY: French columns, Tuareg coalitions and town communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: French forces seize the city and face sustained resistance, inserting it into colonial military administration.
DOMAIN: colonial conquest | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000186 — [WASA-COL-007] CAPTURE OF SAMORI
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 29 September 1898 CE | W-BAND: W047 | PLACE: Guélémou, present-day Côte d’Ivoire.
ENTITY: Samori Touré and French forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Samori’s capture terminates organised Wassoulou resistance but not local opposition to colonial rule.
DOMAIN: colonial conquest | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S055; WASA.S060.

RECORD CA.WASA.000187 — [WASA-COL-008] BATTLE OF KOUSSERI
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 22 April 1900 CE | W-BAND: W047–W048 | PLACE: Kousseri, Lake Chad.
ENTITY: Rabih az-Zubayr’s forces and French column.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rabih and French commander Lamy are killed; France consolidates a route toward Chad while colonial borders divide the Lake Chad system.
DOMAIN: colonial conquest | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000188 — [WASA-COL-009] BRITISH CONQUEST OF SOKOTO
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1903 CE | W-BAND: W048 | PLACE: Kano, Sokoto and northern Nigeria.
ENTITY: British West African Frontier Force and Sokoto emirates.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military occupation subordinates the caliphate; emirates continue under colonial “indirect rule” with altered sovereignty.
DOMAIN: colonial conquest | governance | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S050; WASA.S060.

RECORD CA.WASA.000189 — [WASA-COL-010] BOUNDARY PARTITION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: late nineteenth–early twentieth centuries CE | W-BAND: W047–W048 | PLACE: Senegal–Mali, Niger–Nigeria, Lake Chad and other frontiers.
ENTITY: colonial boundaries and administrative territories.
EVENT/CONDITION: Survey, treaty and inter-imperial negotiation cut pastoral ranges, trade corridors and political communities; later states inherit but do not retroactively validate the ancientness of the lines.
DOMAIN: borders | colonial law | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000190 — [WASA-RES-001] CONTINUING LOCAL RESISTANCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 1890s–1914 CE | W-BAND: W047–W048 | PLACE: Sahelian villages, Mossi lands, Niger and Chad.
ENTITY: local coalitions, religious leaders, pastoral groups and colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tax refusal, migration, armed resistance and negotiation continue after capitals fall, disproving a single “pacification” date.
DOMAIN: resistance | governance | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S061; WASA.S079.

==============================================================================
10. COLONIAL RULE, WORLD WARS AND DECOLONISATION
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000191 — [WASA-COL-011] FRENCH WEST AFRICA
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: federation formalised 1895; reorganised through 1958 | W-BAND: W047–W054 | PLACE: Afrique-Occidentale française.
ENTITY: Governor-General, colonies, commandants and appointed chiefs.
EVENT/CONDITION: A federal colonial hierarchy coordinates taxation, labour, law and infrastructure while administrative units and boundaries change repeatedly.
DOMAIN: colonial governance | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000192 — [WASA-COL-012] BRITISH INDIRECT RULE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: early twentieth century–independence | W-BAND: W048–W054 | PLACE: Northern Nigeria and Gambia.
ENTITY: colonial officers, emirates, native authorities and courts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain governs through selected rulers and codified “custom,” preserving titles while restructuring revenue, jurisdiction and accountability.
DOMAIN: colonial governance | law | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S074.

RECORD CA.WASA.000193 — [WASA-COL-013] GERMAN TOGOLAND AND PARTITION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
TIME: 1884–1914; partition after World War I | W-BAND: W047–W050 | PLACE: Togo and northern Volta interfaces.
ENTITY: German colony, British/French occupations and mandate territories.
EVENT/CONDITION: Infrastructure and extraction are followed by wartime conquest and partition, creating another boundary across communities.
DOMAIN: colonialism | borders | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000194 — [WASA-LAB-002] TAX AND FORCED LABOUR
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: LABOUR_SYSTEM.
TIME: c.1900–1946 and later residual practices | W-BAND: W048–W053 | PLACE: French West Africa and Chad.
ENTITY: prestations, requisition, corvée, porterage and labour recruitment.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial states compel work and monetise taxes, redirecting household labour to roads, rail, plantations and administration.
DOMAIN: coercion | infrastructure | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061; WASA.S066.

RECORD CA.WASA.000195 — [WASA-ECO-004] COLONIAL CASH-CROP REGIMES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1900s–1950s CE | W-BAND: W048–W054 | PLACE: Senegal groundnuts, Niger/Chad cotton, northern Ghana and Nigerian interfaces.
ENTITY: export agriculture, taxes, traders and marketing systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial policy and world demand expand cash crops, often increasing income opportunities and food/price vulnerability simultaneously.
DOMAIN: agriculture | world economy | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061; WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000196 — [WASA-INF-001] RAIL, ROAD AND TELEGRAPH
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
TIME: 1880s–1950s CE | W-BAND: W047–W054 | PLACE: Dakar–Niger, Nigerian and Gold Coast networks.
ENTITY: colonial transport and communication corridors.
EVENT/CONDITION: Infrastructure links mines, farms and administrative centres to ports, compressing travel time while prioritising extraction corridors.
DOMAIN: infrastructure | dependency | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ARCHITECTURAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000197 — [WASA-INF-002] OFFICE DU NIGER
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: WATER_SYSTEM.
TIME: established 1932; expansion thereafter | W-BAND: W051–W068 | PLACE: middle Niger irrigation zone, Mali.
ENTITY: dams, canals, resettlement and irrigated agriculture scheme.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial planners seek cotton and rice through large irrigation works and coerced/managed settlement; the scheme persists after independence with altered purposes.
DOMAIN: water | agriculture | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S063.

RECORD CA.WASA.000198 — [WASA-WWI-001] FIRST WORLD WAR RECRUITMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1914–1918 CE | W-BAND: W049 | PLACE: French and British West African territories.
ENTITY: tirailleurs, carriers, conscripts and colonial war economy.
EVENT/CONDITION: African troops and labourers serve in African and European campaigns under combinations of coercion, pay and obligation; communities absorb casualties and labour loss.
DOMAIN: war | labour | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S064.

RECORD CA.WASA.000199 — [WASA-RES-002] VOLTA–BANI WAR
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: November 1915–1917 CE | W-BAND: W049 | PLACE: Volta and Bani regions, present-day Burkina Faso and Mali.
ENTITY: multi-community anticolonial coalition and French forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Conscription, taxation and colonial intrusion trigger one of French Africa’s largest armed revolts; repression destroys villages and kills combatants and civilians.
DOMAIN: resistance | coercion | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S062.

RECORD CA.WASA.000200 — [WASA-COL-014] UPPER VOLTA CREATED
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1919 CE | W-BAND: W050 | PLACE: French West Africa.
ENTITY: colony of Upper Volta.
EVENT/CONDITION: France separates territories from Upper Senegal and Niger partly to improve control after war and resistance; the colony is later dissolved in 1932 and restored in 1947.
DOMAIN: borders | administration | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061; WASA.S062.

RECORD CA.WASA.000201 — [WASA-SOC-001] INTERWAR TOWNS AND LABOUR
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: 1918–1939 CE | W-BAND: W050–W051 | PLACE: Dakar, Bamako, Ouagadougou, Kano, Lagos connector and rail towns.
ENTITY: wage workers, traders, veterans, clerks, migrants and neighbourhood associations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Urbanisation and labour mobility create new unions, press networks and political publics while racial and legal hierarchies persist.
DOMAIN: urbanism | labour | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S061; WASA.S066.

RECORD CA.WASA.000202 — [WASA-KNW-004] PLURAL EDUCATION SYSTEMS
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
TIME: colonial period | W-BAND: W048–W054 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel.
ENTITY: Qur’anic schools, scholarly households, missions, colonial schools and apprenticeships.
EVENT/CONDITION: Education remains plural; colonial certification advantages a small school-trained elite but does not replace Arabic, Ajami, oral or craft knowledge.
DOMAIN: education | information | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MANUSCRIPT; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S059; WASA.S061.

RECORD CA.WASA.000203 — [WASA-WWII-001] SECOND WORLD WAR MOBILISATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1939–1945 CE | W-BAND: W052 | PLACE: West African colonies and global fronts.
ENTITY: African soldiers, workers, producers and colonial administrations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Recruitment, requisition and wartime service increase political claims for pay, rights and self-government.
DOMAIN: war | political change | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S064.

RECORD CA.WASA.000204 — [WASA-WWII-002] THIAROYE MASSACRE
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: PROCESS.
TIME: 1 December 1944 CE | W-BAND: W052 | PLACE: Thiaroye camp near Dakar.
ENTITY: repatriated West African tirailleurs and French colonial forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Soldiers demanding pay and equal treatment are killed by French forces; casualty totals and burial evidence remain contested, but the event is a colonial massacre.
DOMAIN: violence | veterans | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A for massacre; C for toll | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S065.

RECORD CA.WASA.000205 — [WASA-DEC-001] FORCED LABOUR ABOLISHED IN LAW
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1946 CE | W-BAND: W053 | PLACE: French overseas territories.
ENTITY: Houphouët-Boigny law ending compulsory labour.
EVENT/CONDITION: Metropolitan legislation abolishes forced labour, though implementation and disguised compulsion remain uneven.
DOMAIN: labour law | decolonisation | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S066.

RECORD CA.WASA.000206 — [WASA-DEC-002] AFRICAN DEMOCRATIC RALLY
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: founded October 1946 CE | W-BAND: W053 | PLACE: Bamako and French African territories.
ENTITY: Rassemblement Démocratique Africain and territorial parties.
EVENT/CONDITION: A trans-territorial party network coordinates electoral and anticolonial action while local branches follow distinct ideological paths.
DOMAIN: politics | decolonisation | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S066.

RECORD CA.WASA.000207 — [WASA-DEC-003] REPRESENTATION AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: 1946–1958 CE | W-BAND: W053–W054 | PLACE: French West Africa.
ENTITY: elected assemblies, parties, unions and Loi-cadre institutions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Expanding suffrage and territorial executives shift power toward African political leaders while preserving the colonial territorial frame.
DOMAIN: governance | decolonisation | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S066; WASA.S067.

RECORD CA.WASA.000208 — [WASA-DEC-004] GHANA INDEPENDENCE
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: 6 March 1957 CE | W-BAND: W054 | PLACE: Gold Coast/modern Ghana.
ENTITY: independent Republic-era state trajectory led initially by Kwame Nkrumah.
EVENT/CONDITION: The Gold Coast becomes independent as Ghana, choosing a name recalling ancient Ghana/Wagadu without claiming territorial or dynastic identity with it.
DOMAIN: independence | Pan-Africanism | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067; WASA.S073.

RECORD CA.WASA.000209 — [WASA-DEC-005] GUINEA VOTES “NO”
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: referendum 28 September; independence 2 October 1958 CE | W-BAND: W054 | PLACE: Guinea.
ENTITY: Guinean electorate and government of Ahmed Sékou Touré.
EVENT/CONDITION: Guinea rejects membership in the new French Community and becomes immediately independent amid abrupt French withdrawal.
DOMAIN: independence | sovereignty | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067.

RECORD CA.WASA.000210 — [WASA-DEC-006] MALI FEDERATION AND SENEGAL
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: federation independent 20 June; dissolution August; Senegal independence conventionally 4 April/20 August 1960 | W-BAND: W055.
PLACE: Senegal and former French Sudan.
ENTITY: Mali Federation, Senegal and Sudanese Republic.
EVENT/CONDITION: A federal decolonisation project separates after political conflict, creating Senegal and the Republic of Mali on distinct legal clocks.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | federation | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067; WASA.S075; WASA.S076.

RECORD CA.WASA.000211 — [WASA-DEC-007] SAHEL INDEPENDENCE CLUSTER
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: 1960 CE | W-BAND: W055 | PLACE: Mali, Niger, Upper Volta/Burkina Faso and Chad.
ENTITY: new sovereign territorial states.
EVENT/CONDITION: Former French territories become independent—Niger 3 August, Upper Volta 5 August, Chad 11 August and Mali 22 September—within inherited borders.
DOMAIN: independence | borders | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067; WASA.S076; WASA.S077; WASA.S078; WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000212 — [WASA-DEC-008] NIGERIA INDEPENDENCE
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: 1 October 1960 CE | W-BAND: W055 | PLACE: Nigeria.
ENTITY: Federation of Nigeria.
EVENT/CONDITION: British colonial rule ends under a federal constitution linking regions with divergent political and economic histories.
DOMAIN: independence | federation | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067; WASA.S074.

RECORD CA.WASA.000213 — [WASA-DEC-009] MAURITANIA AND GAMBIA
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
TIME: Mauritania 28 November 1960; The Gambia 18 February 1965 CE | W-BAND: W055.
PLACE: western Sahara–Sahel and Senegambia.
ENTITY: independent Mauritania and The Gambia.
EVENT/CONDITION: Two additional territorial states become sovereign; Mauritania remains a controlled Object 05 overlap and The Gambia follows the river-defined colonial geometry.
DOMAIN: independence | borders | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067.

RECORD CA.WASA.000214 — [WASA-DEC-010] COLONIAL INSTITUTIONAL INHERITANCE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1950s–1960s CE | W-BAND: W054–W055 | PLACE: independent West African and Sahelian states.
ENTITY: borders, civil services, armies, currencies, legal systems and export corridors.
EVENT/CONDITION: New governments inherit territorially centralised institutions and economies shaped toward ports and commodities, then adapt them through national projects.
DOMAIN: path dependence | governance | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S060; WASA.S067.

RECORD CA.WASA.000215 — [WASA-XSEC-002] INDEPENDENCE CROSS-SECTION
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
TIME: 1957–1965 CE | W-BAND: W054–W055 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel coordinate.
ENTITY: new states, older communities and cross-border systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sovereignty changes rapidly while river basins, pastoral routes, Islamic networks, languages, markets, families and colonial infrastructures continue across borders.
DOMAIN: CAT Scan cross-section | EVIDENCE: MULTI_SOURCE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S067; WASA.S071.

==============================================================================
11. INDEPENDENT STATES, REGIONAL SYSTEMS AND THE LIVE 2026 SURFACE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WASA.000216 — [WASA-IND-001] NKRUMAH AND PAN-AFRICAN STATECRAFT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1957–1966 CE | W-BAND: W054–W055 | PLACE: Ghana and continental networks.
ENTITY: Kwame Nkrumah’s government and Pan-African projects.
EVENT/CONDITION: State-led industrialisation, education and African union advocacy expand alongside one-party centralisation, fiscal pressure and opposition.
DOMAIN: governance | industrialisation | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S073.

RECORD CA.WASA.000217 — [WASA-GHA-001] GHANA COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 24 February 1966 CE | W-BAND: W055 | PLACE: Ghana.
ENTITY: National Liberation Council and Nkrumah government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military and police officers overthrow Nkrumah, opening recurrent military–civilian alternation.
DOMAIN: governance | military | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S073.

RECORD CA.WASA.000218 — [WASA-NGA-001] NIGERIAN COUPS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: January and July 1966 CE | W-BAND: W055 | PLACE: Nigeria.
ENTITY: federal government, military factions and regional political elites.
EVENT/CONDITION: Two coups, killings and retaliatory violence destroy the First Republic and intensify regional and ethnic insecurity.
DOMAIN: governance | violence | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S068; WASA.S074.

RECORD CA.WASA.000219 — [WASA-NGA-002] NIGERIA–BIAFRA WAR
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 6 July 1967–15 January 1970 CE | W-BAND: W055 | PLACE: Nigeria, concentrated in southeast.
ENTITY: Federal Republic of Nigeria and secessionist Republic of Biafra.
EVENT/CONDITION: Secession, blockade and war kill combatants and large numbers of civilians through violence, hunger and disease; detailed forest-zone history crosswalks to Object 07.
DOMAIN: civil war | health | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; DEMOGRAPHIC; PHOTOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S068; WASA.S074.

RECORD CA.WASA.000220 — [WASA-MLI-001] MALI COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 19 November 1968 CE | W-BAND: W055 | PLACE: Mali.
ENTITY: Moussa Traoré’s military committee and Modibo Keïta government.
EVENT/CONDITION: The army ends Mali’s socialist First Republic and builds a long authoritarian state.
DOMAIN: governance | military | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S076.

RECORD CA.WASA.000221 — [WASA-TCD-001] CHAD REBELLION AND CIVIL WAR
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: from 1965 through multiple phases into the 1990s | W-BAND: W055–W058 | PLACE: Chad.
ENTITY: central governments, FROLINAT and changing regional/foreign forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Unequal administration, regional division, rebellion and Libyan/French intervention fragment sovereignty and produce long civilian displacement.
DOMAIN: civil war | external intervention | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000222 — [WASA-SEN-002] SENEGALESE PARTY-STATE EVOLUTION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1960s–1980s CE | W-BAND: W055–W057 | PLACE: Senegal.
ENTITY: Léopold Sédar Senghor, Socialist Party institutions and opposition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Executive centralisation coexists with gradual legalisation of opposition and a 1980 constitutional succession to Abdou Diouf.
DOMAIN: governance | political institutions | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S075.

RECORD CA.WASA.000223 — [WASA-NER-001] NIGER FIRST REPUBLIC
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: 1960–1974 CE | W-BAND: W055–W056 | PLACE: Niger.
ENTITY: Hamani Diori government.
EVENT/CONDITION: A one-party state manages uranium prospects and French ties while drought, food insecurity and political exclusion erode legitimacy.
DOMAIN: governance | economy | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S077.

RECORD CA.WASA.000224 — [WASA-CLM-007] GREAT SAHEL DROUGHT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 1968–1974 CE | W-BAND: W055–W056 | PLACE: western and central Sahel.
ENTITY: multi-year rainfall failure and food/livestock crisis.
EVENT/CONDITION: Crop and herd losses, hunger, migration and relief dependence expose vulnerability produced by climate, poverty, governance and market access together.
DOMAIN: climate | food security | EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC; DEMOGRAPHIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S069.

RECORD CA.WASA.000225 — [WASA-REG-001] CILSS
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 12 September 1973 CE | W-BAND: W056 | PLACE: Sahel member states.
ENTITY: Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments create a regional institution for food security, drought, agriculture and natural-resource coordination.
DOMAIN: regional governance | climate adaptation | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S070.

RECORD CA.WASA.000226 — [WASA-NER-002] NIGER COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 15 April 1974 CE | W-BAND: W056 | PLACE: Niger.
ENTITY: Seyni Kountché’s Supreme Military Council and Diori government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military officers seize power during drought crisis, citing corruption and relief failure.
DOMAIN: governance | food crisis | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S077.

RECORD CA.WASA.000227 — [WASA-REG-002] ECOWAS FOUNDED
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 28 May 1975 CE | W-BAND: W056 | PLACE: Lagos and member states.
ENTITY: Economic Community of West African States.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fifteen states sign the Treaty of Lagos to promote regional economic integration; security, free movement and governance roles grow later.
DOMAIN: regional integration | trade | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S071.

RECORD CA.WASA.000228 — [WASA-BFA-001] UPPER VOLTA COUP CYCLES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 1966–1983 CE | W-BAND: W055–W057 | PLACE: Upper Volta.
ENTITY: civilian governments, armed forces and labour movements.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated military interventions interact with strong union and student mobilisation, producing unstable constitutional rule.
DOMAIN: governance | labour | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S078.

RECORD CA.WASA.000229 — [WASA-NGA-003] OIL-STATE EXPANSION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1970s–1980s CE | W-BAND: W056–W057 | PLACE: Nigeria and global oil markets.
ENTITY: petroleum revenue, federal allocation and state-led infrastructure.
EVENT/CONDITION: Oil income expands government capacity and urban growth while creating price, rent, corruption and regional-distribution dependencies.
DOMAIN: energy | political economy | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S074; WASA.S094.

RECORD CA.WASA.000230 — [WASA-GHA-002] RAWLINGS AND GHANAIAN TRANSITIONS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: coups 1979 and 31 December 1981; rule through 2001 | W-BAND: W056–W059 | PLACE: Ghana.
ENTITY: Jerry Rawlings, AFRC/PNDC and later constitutional government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military intervention, executions, economic reform and later electoral constitutionalism reshape the state.
DOMAIN: governance | economic reform | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S073.

RECORD CA.WASA.000231 — [WASA-CLM-008] 1980s DROUGHT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: early–mid-1980s CE | W-BAND: W057 | PLACE: Sahel.
ENTITY: renewed rainfall deficits, crop and livestock losses.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated drought deepens rural poverty and migration and prompts new early-warning and environmental programmes.
DOMAIN: climate | migration | EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S069; WASA.S070.

RECORD CA.WASA.000232 — [WASA-BFA-002] SANKARA REVOLUTION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 4 August 1983–15 October 1987 CE | W-BAND: W057 | PLACE: Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: Thomas Sankara and National Council for the Revolution.
EVENT/CONDITION: Vaccination, literacy, women’s rights, land/environment and anti-imperialist programmes expand under authoritarian revolutionary institutions.
DOMAIN: social policy | governance | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S078.

RECORD CA.WASA.000233 — [WASA-BFA-003] BURKINA FASO RENAMED
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: 4 August 1984 CE | W-BAND: W057 | PLACE: former Upper Volta.
ENTITY: Burkina Faso.
EVENT/CONDITION: The state adopts a new name combining Mooré and Dyula terms, explicitly replacing its colonial geographic label.
DOMAIN: identity | state | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S078.

RECORD CA.WASA.000234 — [WASA-BFA-004] COMPAORÉ COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 15 October 1987 CE | W-BAND: W057 | PLACE: Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: Blaise Compaoré’s forces and Sankara government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sankara and colleagues are killed and Compaoré begins a twenty-seven-year presidency.
DOMAIN: governance | violence | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S078.

RECORD CA.WASA.000235 — [WASA-TCD-002] HABRÉ, DÉBY AND CHADIAN STATE POWER
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: Hissène Habré 1982–1990; Idriss Déby 1990–2021 | W-BAND: W057–W063 | PLACE: Chad.
ENTITY: militarised presidencies, opposition and regional forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Habré’s rule entails systematic repression; Déby seizes power, later permits elections but retains authoritarian military dominance amid recurrent rebellion.
DOMAIN: governance | human rights | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000236 — [WASA-ECO-005] STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1980s–1990s CE | W-BAND: W057–W058 | PLACE: many West African and Sahelian states.
ENTITY: debt programmes, currency reform, privatisation and public-spending cuts.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments restructure under domestic crisis and international lending conditions, altering services, employment and commodity dependence.
DOMAIN: finance | social policy | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S091.

RECORD CA.WASA.000237 — [WASA-TRG-001] TUAREG REBELLIONS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: major phases 1963–64, 1990s and 2006–09 CE | W-BAND: W055; W058; W059–W060 | PLACE: northern Mali and Niger.
ENTITY: Tuareg-led armed movements, state forces and local communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Marginalisation, drought, return migration, autonomy demands and state violence drive recurrent conflict; Tuareg communities are not a single armed actor.
DOMAIN: rebellion | borders | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; TEXTUAL; ORAL_TRADITION | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S080.

RECORD CA.WASA.000238 — [WASA-DEM-001] MULTIPARTY TRANSITIONS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: approximately 1989–1995 CE | W-BAND: W057–W058 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel.
ENTITY: national conferences, constitutions, parties, unions and civil society.
EVENT/CONDITION: Economic crisis and mobilisation push many one-party and military regimes toward multiparty elections, with uneven durability.
DOMAIN: democratisation | governance | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S082.

RECORD CA.WASA.000239 — [WASA-REG-003] ECOMOG AND REGIONAL INTERVENTION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1990s CE | W-BAND: W058 | PLACE: Liberia and Sierra Leone with West African troop contributors.
ENTITY: ECOWAS Monitoring Group.
EVENT/CONDITION: Regional forces intervene in civil wars, establishing a security role beyond economic integration while facing allegations of partiality and abuse.
DOMAIN: regional security | war | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S081.

RECORD CA.WASA.000240 — [WASA-GHA-003] GHANA FOURTH REPUBLIC
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: constitution approved 1992; inaugurated 7 January 1993 CE | W-BAND: W058 | PLACE: Ghana.
ENTITY: constitutional multiparty republic.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competitive elections resume and later peaceful transfers make electoral succession a durable institution.
DOMAIN: democratisation | law | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S073; WASA.S082.

RECORD CA.WASA.000241 — [WASA-MLI-002] MALI REVOLUTION AND THIRD REPUBLIC
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: protests and coup March 1991; constitution 1992 CE | W-BAND: W058 | PLACE: Mali.
ENTITY: democratic movement, military defectors and transitional institutions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repression gives way to Traoré’s overthrow, a national conference and multiparty constitutional rule.
DOMAIN: democratisation | protest | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S076.

RECORD CA.WASA.000242 — [WASA-NER-003] NIGER NATIONAL CONFERENCE AND COUPS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 1991–1999 CE | W-BAND: W058 | PLACE: Niger.
ENTITY: sovereign national conference, elected governments and military factions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Democratic transition is interrupted by coups in 1996 and 1999, followed by another constitutional restoration.
DOMAIN: democratisation | military | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S077.

RECORD CA.WASA.000243 — [WASA-REG-004] WAEMU/UEMOA
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: treaty signed 10 January 1994 CE | W-BAND: W058 | PLACE: West African CFA-franc states.
ENTITY: West African Economic and Monetary Union.
EVENT/CONDITION: Member states deepen monetary and market coordination through a shared central bank and regional rules rooted partly in colonial currency history.
DOMAIN: finance | regional integration | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S071.

RECORD CA.WASA.000244 — [WASA-NGA-004] NIGERIA FOURTH REPUBLIC
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 29 May 1999 CE | W-BAND: W058 | PLACE: Nigeria.
ENTITY: elected federal government under 1999 Constitution.
EVENT/CONDITION: Civilian rule resumes after prolonged military government, while federal distribution, corruption, communal violence and security remain structural challenges.
DOMAIN: democratisation | federalism | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S074; WASA.S082.

RECORD CA.WASA.000245 — [WASA-SEN-003] SENEGALESE ELECTORAL ALTERNATION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: March–April 2000 CE | W-BAND: W059 | PLACE: Senegal.
ENTITY: Abdoulaye Wade, Abdou Diouf and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Opposition victory ends four decades of Socialist Party rule through a peaceful transfer.
DOMAIN: democratisation | election | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S075; WASA.S082.

RECORD CA.WASA.000246 — [WASA-BKH-001] BOKO HARAM FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: early 2000s, commonly 2002 CE | W-BAND: W059 | PLACE: Maiduguri and northeastern Nigeria.
ENTITY: movement associated with Muhammad Yusuf.
EVENT/CONDITION: A radical preaching and community network develops amid governance failure, inequality and religious debate; the label “Boko Haram” is externally popularised.
DOMAIN: insurgency formation | religion | EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S083.

RECORD CA.WASA.000247 — [WASA-ENV-001] GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: African Union initiative launched 2007 CE | W-BAND: W059 | PLACE: Sahel and wider drylands.
ENTITY: Great Green Wall for the Sahara and Sahel Initiative.
EVENT/CONDITION: A continental programme shifts from a literal tree belt toward landscape restoration and livelihood projects; implementation and survival rates vary.
DOMAIN: environment | adaptation | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; SATELLITE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S087.

RECORD CA.WASA.000248 — [WASA-FOOD-011] GLOBAL FOOD-PRICE SHOCK
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2007–2008 CE | W-BAND: W059 | PLACE: West African and Sahelian markets.
ENTITY: imported grain, fuel and household food economies.
EVENT/CONDITION: World price rises trigger protests and policy intervention, exposing urban and import dependencies alongside local production.
DOMAIN: food security | globalisation | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S090; WASA.S091.

RECORD CA.WASA.000249 — [WASA-BKH-002] BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: July 2009 onward | W-BAND: W060–W068 | PLACE: northeastern Nigeria and Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: Boko Haram factions, Nigerian state and affected communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: State repression after clashes and Yusuf’s extrajudicial killing is followed by organised insurgency, mass violence, abduction and displacement.
DOMAIN: insurgency | civilian security | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S083; WASA.S089.

RECORD CA.WASA.000250 — [WASA-FOOD-012] 2010–2012 SAHEL FOOD CRISES
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2010–2012 CE | W-BAND: W060 | PLACE: Niger, Mali, Chad, Burkina Faso and neighbours.
ENTITY: drought, high prices, malnutrition and relief systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rainfall shocks and market stress repeatedly push vulnerable households into crisis, demonstrating chronic rather than exceptional exposure.
DOMAIN: food security | climate | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC; SCIENTIFIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S069; WASA.S090.

RECORD CA.WASA.000251 — [WASA-MLI-003] LIBYA-WAR RETURN FLOWS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: 2011–2012 CE | W-BAND: W060 | PLACE: Libya to northern Mali and Niger.
ENTITY: returning fighters, weapons, migrants and Tuareg political networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Collapse of Libya’s regime releases people and arms into existing Sahel conflicts; it is a catalyst, not a sole cause.
DOMAIN: migration | war transmission | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S080; WASA.S084.

RECORD CA.WASA.000252 — [WASA-MLI-004] MALI REBELLION AND COUP
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: January–April 2012 CE | W-BAND: W060 | PLACE: northern Mali and Bamako.
ENTITY: MNLA, Malian armed forces, coup leaders and civilian government.
EVENT/CONDITION: A Tuareg-led rebellion and 22 March coup fracture state command, allowing rebels and jihadist groups to seize northern cities.
DOMAIN: rebellion | coup | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S080; WASA.S084.

RECORD CA.WASA.000253 — [WASA-MLI-005] JIHADIST RULE IN NORTHERN MALI
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: April 2012–January 2013 CE | W-BAND: W060 | PLACE: Gao, Timbuktu, Kidal and northern Mali.
ENTITY: Ansar Dine, AQIM, MUJAO and local populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Armed Islamist groups displace the MNLA in major towns and impose coercive rule, punishments and heritage destruction.
DOMAIN: occupation | religion | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; PHOTOGRAPHIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S084; WASA.S085.

RECORD CA.WASA.000254 — [WASA-MLI-006] OPERATION SERVAL
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: begins 11 January 2013 CE | W-BAND: W060 | PLACE: Mali.
ENTITY: French and Malian forces with regional support.
EVENT/CONDITION: Intervention retakes major northern towns from jihadist control but armed groups disperse and the conflict regionalises.
DOMAIN: external intervention | war | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S085.

RECORD CA.WASA.000255 — [WASA-MLI-007] MINUSMA
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: authorised 25 April 2013; operated July 2013–31 December 2023 CE | W-BAND: W060–W065 | PLACE: Mali.
ENTITY: United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali.
EVENT/CONDITION: Peacekeepers support stabilisation and civilian protection under extreme risk; withdrawal follows the transitional government’s request.
DOMAIN: peacekeeping | security | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S085.

RECORD CA.WASA.000256 — [WASA-BKH-003] CHIBOK ABDUCTIONS AND TERRITORIAL PEAK
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2014–early 2015 CE | W-BAND: W060–W061 | PLACE: northeastern Nigeria and Lake Chad.
ENTITY: Boko Haram, abducted schoolgirls, state forces and occupied communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: The group abducts 276 girls from Chibok and holds extensive territory, focusing global attention while many other abducted and displaced people remain less visible.
DOMAIN: civilian security | gender | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; PHOTOGRAPHIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S083; WASA.S089.

RECORD CA.WASA.000257 — [WASA-HLT-001] WEST AFRICAN EBOLA EPIDEMIC
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2014–2016 CE | W-BAND: W061 | PLACE: Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone with regional/global response.
ENTITY: Ebola virus disease epidemic.
EVENT/CONDITION: More than 28,000 recorded cases and over 11,000 deaths expose weak health systems while local caregivers, communities and international teams build control capacity.
DOMAIN: health | regional connector | EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC; ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S086.

RECORD CA.WASA.000258 — [WASA-BFA-005] BURKINA FASO UPRISING
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
TIME: 28–31 October 2014 CE | W-BAND: W061 | PLACE: Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: protest movements, armed forces and Compaoré government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mass mobilisation blocks a constitutional term extension and forces Compaoré’s resignation; a 2015 coup attempt fails against resistance.
DOMAIN: protest | democratisation | EVIDENCE: PHOTOGRAPHIC; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S078; WASA.S082.

RECORD CA.WASA.000259 — [WASA-REG-005] MULTINATIONAL JOINT TASK FORCE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: reactivated/expanded 2014–2015 CE onward | W-BAND: W061–W068 | PLACE: Lake Chad basin.
ENTITY: forces from Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon and Benin.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cross-border operations contest Boko Haram and later ISWAP while civilian harm, displacement and jurisdictional limits persist.
DOMAIN: regional security | borders | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S083; WASA.S089.

RECORD CA.WASA.000260 — [WASA-MIG-001] ATLANTIC AND SAHARAN MIGRATION PRESSURE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: 2014–2026 CE | W-BAND: W061–W068 | PLACE: Sahel, Maghreb and Atlantic routes.
ENTITY: migrants, refugees, smugglers, border agencies and diaspora networks.
EVENT/CONDITION: Conflict, work, family, climate and policy shape movement; “climate migrant” alone rarely captures individual causation.
DOMAIN: migration | borders | EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: B | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S089; WASA.S091.

RECORD CA.WASA.000261 — [WASA-GMB-001] GAMBIA ELECTORAL TRANSITION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: election 1 December 2016; transfer January 2017 CE | W-BAND: W061.
PLACE: The Gambia and ECOWAS diplomatic/military system.
ENTITY: Adama Barrow, Yahya Jammeh, electorate and ECOWAS.
EVENT/CONDITION: Jammeh initially rejects defeat, then leaves under regional pressure and deployment, enabling a transfer after twenty-two years of rule.
DOMAIN: election | regional governance | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S071; WASA.S082.

RECORD CA.WASA.000262 — [WASA-JNM-001] JNIM FORMATION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: announced March 2017 CE | W-BAND: W061 | PLACE: Mali and wider Sahel.
ENTITY: Jama‘at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin.
EVENT/CONDITION: Several al-Qaeda-aligned groups merge under a shared command, expanding attacks and local coercive governance across central Sahel.
DOMAIN: insurgency | network | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; DIGITAL; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S084; WASA.S103.

RECORD CA.WASA.000263 — [WASA-MLI-008] MALI PROTESTS AND 2020 COUP
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: June–18 August 2020 CE | W-BAND: W062 | PLACE: Bamako, Mali.
ENTITY: M5-RFP protests, armed forces and Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Anger over elections, corruption and insecurity culminates in a military overthrow and transitional authority.
DOMAIN: protest | coup | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; PHOTOGRAPHIC; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S076.

RECORD CA.WASA.000264 — [WASA-HLT-002] COVID-19
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2020 CE | W-BAND: W062 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel and global systems.
ENTITY: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and national responses.
EVENT/CONDITION: Border closures, school disruption, health measures and economic shocks affect states and informal livelihoods; recorded mortality understates uneven surveillance.
DOMAIN: health | economy | EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC; ADMINISTRATIVE; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S099.

RECORD CA.WASA.000265 — [WASA-TCD-003] IDRISS DÉBY DIES; MILITARY COUNCIL
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 20 April 2021 CE | W-BAND: W063 | PLACE: Chad.
ENTITY: Idriss Déby Itno, Transitional Military Council and Mahamat Idriss Déby.
EVENT/CONDITION: The president dies following rebel fighting and a military council headed by his son takes power outside ordinary constitutional succession.
DOMAIN: succession | military governance | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000266 — [WASA-MLI-009] MALI SECOND COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 24–25 May 2021 CE | W-BAND: W063 | PLACE: Mali.
ENTITY: Assimi Goïta and civilian transitional leaders.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military officers detain and remove the transitional president and prime minister; Goïta becomes transition president.
DOMAIN: governance | coup | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S076.

RECORD CA.WASA.000267 — [WASA-GIN-001] GUINEA COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 5 September 2021 CE | W-BAND: W063 | PLACE: Guinea.
ENTITY: Mamady Doumbouya’s forces and Alpha Condé government.
EVENT/CONDITION: The military overthrows Condé after his disputed third term, adding to regional constitutional and military ruptures.
DOMAIN: governance | coup | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072.

RECORD CA.WASA.000268 — [WASA-BFA-006] TWO BURKINA FASO COUPS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 24 January and 30 September 2022 CE | W-BAND: W064 | PLACE: Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: Paul-Henri Damiba, Ibrahim Traoré and Roch Marc Christian Kaboré government.
EVENT/CONDITION: Two military takeovers within eight months cite worsening insurgency and displace both elected and earlier junta leadership.
DOMAIN: security | coup | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S072; WASA.S078.

RECORD CA.WASA.000269 — [WASA-SEC-001] WESTERN FORCE WITHDRAWAL; RUSSIAN SECURITY TURN
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2021–2025 CE | W-BAND: W063–W067 | PLACE: Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger.
ENTITY: national militaries, French/US forces, Wagner/Africa Corps and other partners.
EVENT/CONDITION: Junta governments expel or end several Western deployments and deepen Russian ties; security outcomes remain contested and insurgent violence continues.
DOMAIN: geopolitics | security dependency | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S085; WASA.S102; WASA.S104.

RECORD CA.WASA.000270 — [WASA-NER-004] NIGER COUP
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
TIME: 26 July 2023 CE | W-BAND: W065 | PLACE: Niger.
ENTITY: presidential guard/CNSP, Abdourahamane Tchiani and Mohamed Bazoum government.
EVENT/CONDITION: The guard detains Bazoum and the military seizes power, triggering ECOWAS sanctions, failed restoration diplomacy and geopolitical realignment.
DOMAIN: governance | regional crisis | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S077; WASA.S107.

RECORD CA.WASA.000271 — [WASA-AES-001] ALLIANCE OF SAHEL STATES PACT
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 16 September 2023 CE | W-BAND: W065 | PLACE: Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger.
ENTITY: Alliance of Sahel States (AES/Liptako-Gourma Charter).
EVENT/CONDITION: Three military-led governments establish a mutual-defence pact in response to common security threats and ECOWAS pressure.
DOMAIN: regional security | law | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S100.

RECORD CA.WASA.000272 — [WASA-NGA-005] TINUBU REFORM SHOCK
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: from 29 May 2023 CE | W-BAND: W065–W068 | PLACE: Nigeria.
ENTITY: Bola Tinubu government, fuel pricing and foreign-exchange reforms.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fuel-subsidy removal and exchange-rate changes aim to reduce distortions but drive near-term inflation and household cost pressure.
DOMAIN: economy | energy | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S074; WASA.S091.

RECORD CA.WASA.000273 — [WASA-SEN-004] SENEGAL 2024 ELECTION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 24 March 2024 CE | W-BAND: W066 | PLACE: Senegal.
ENTITY: Bassirou Diomaye Faye, opposition coalition and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: After a delayed and contested election process, Faye wins in the first round and takes office on 2 April, marking another peaceful transfer.
DOMAIN: election | governance | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; LEGAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S075.

RECORD CA.WASA.000274 — [WASA-TCD-004] CHAD 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 6 May 2024 CE | W-BAND: W066 | PLACE: Chad.
ENTITY: Mahamat Idriss Déby and opposition candidates.
EVENT/CONDITION: Déby is declared winner, formally ending the military transition; opposition disputes and the inherited security apparatus constrain the transition’s democratic meaning.
DOMAIN: election | military legacy | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A for result; B for institutional assessment | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S079.

RECORD CA.WASA.000275 — [WASA-CLM-009] 2024 SAHEL FLOODS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2024 CE | W-BAND: W066 | PLACE: Sahel, including Niger, Chad, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal.
ENTITY: exceptionally wet monsoon, river and urban flooding.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rainfall more than 50 percent above average across much of the Sahel produces deaths, displacement, crop damage and infrastructure loss, demonstrating that drought and flood risks coexist.
DOMAIN: climate | infrastructure | EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC; SATELLITE; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S088.

RECORD CA.WASA.000276 — [WASA-GHA-004] GHANA 2024 ELECTION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 7 December 2024 election; 7 January 2025 inauguration | W-BAND: W066–W067 | PLACE: Ghana.
ENTITY: John Dramani Mahama, New Patriotic Party and electorate.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mahama wins and returns to office through constitutional transfer amid debt, inflation and energy-sector pressures.
DOMAIN: election | economy | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S073.

RECORD CA.WASA.000277 — [WASA-AES-002] AES CONFEDERATION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: 6 July 2024 CE | W-BAND: W066 | PLACE: Niamey; Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger.
ENTITY: Confederation of Sahel States.
EVENT/CONDITION: AES leaders convert the defence pact into a confederation and announce deeper political, economic and security coordination.
DOMAIN: regional integration | governance | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S100.

RECORD CA.WASA.000278 — [WASA-REG-006] AES STATES LEAVE ECOWAS
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
TIME: withdrawal effective 29 January 2025 CE | W-BAND: W067 | PLACE: West Africa.
ENTITY: Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, ECOWAS and AES.
EVENT/CONDITION: Three founding members formally exit ECOWAS; ECOWAS temporarily preserves free-movement and trade treatment while negotiations continue.
DOMAIN: regional integration | fragmentation | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S101.

RECORD CA.WASA.000279 — [WASA-SEC-002] FRENCH PERMANENT BASE WITHDRAWALS
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: Chad withdrawal completed January 2025; Senegal permanent presence ended July 2025 | W-BAND: W067 | PLACE: Chad and Senegal.
ENTITY: French and national armed forces.
EVENT/CONDITION: Defence agreements and permanent bases are ended or transferred, marking a regional renegotiation of postcolonial military relations.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | security | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; MILITARY | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S102.

RECORD CA.WASA.000280 — [WASA-MLI-010] MALI PARTIES DISSOLVED; GOÏTA MANDATE
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: parties dissolved 13 May; renewable five-year presidential mandate enacted July 2025 CE | W-BAND: W067 | PLACE: Mali.
ENTITY: Assimi Goïta’s military-led government and political opposition.
EVENT/CONDITION: Authorities dissolve political parties and extend Goïta’s rule without an election, sharply contracting organised political competition.
DOMAIN: authoritarianism | law | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S106.

RECORD CA.WASA.000281 — [WASA-NER-005] TCHIANI FIVE-YEAR TRANSITION
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 26 March 2025 CE | W-BAND: W067 | PLACE: Niger.
ENTITY: Abdourahamane Tchiani and refounded transitional institutions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tchiani is sworn in as president for a flexible five-year transition under a new charter and political parties are dissolved.
DOMAIN: military governance | law | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S107.

RECORD CA.WASA.000282 — [WASA-AI-001] NATIONAL AI STRATEGY FORMATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: AI_SYSTEM.
TIME: Senegal strategy 2023; Nigeria strategy published September 2025; Ghana 2025–2035 strategy launched April 2026 | W-BAND: W065–W068.
PLACE: Senegal, Nigeria and Ghana.
ENTITY: national AI policy, research, skills, ethics and infrastructure programmes.
EVENT/CONDITION: States frame AI for growth and public services; policy publication does not demonstrate universal compute, data, electricity, language or implementation capacity.
DOMAIN: AI | governance | EVIDENCE: DIGITAL; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S095; WASA.S096; WASA.S097; WASA.S098.

RECORD CA.WASA.000283 — [WASA-HUM-011] CENTRAL SAHEL DISPLACEMENT AT END-2025
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POPULATION.
TIME: 31 December 2025 CE | W-BAND: W067 | PLACE: Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and neighbouring states.
ENTITY: refugees, asylum-seekers and internally displaced people.
EVENT/CONDITION: UNHCR estimates approximately 4.1 million people from the three countries displaced within or beyond them, including about 2.9 million internally displaced.
DOMAIN: displacement | security | EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S089.

RECORD CA.WASA.000284 — [WASA-MLI-011] MALI INSURGENT OFFENSIVES IN 2026
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
TIME: April–July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Bamako approaches, northern and central Mali.
ENTITY: JNIM, Azawad Liberation Front, Malian forces and Russian allies.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coordinated attacks strike bases and routes across a wide area, showing that military rule and external security support have not restored territorial security.
DOMAIN: insurgency | state capacity | EVIDENCE: MILITARY; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A for attacks; B for strategic assessment | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S103.

RECORD CA.WASA.000285 — [WASA-BFA-007] BURKINA FASO POLITICAL CLOSURE
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: January–28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Burkina Faso.
ENTITY: Ibrahim Traoré’s military government, dissolved parties and civil society.
EVENT/CONDITION: Party activity is abolished and the leader rejects near-term electoral democracy while severe insurgency and civilian-protection allegations persist.
DOMAIN: authoritarianism | security | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A for policy; B for conflict condition | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S108.

RECORD CA.WASA.000286 — [WASA-AES-003] AES–RUSSIA MILITARY DEEPENING
CLASS: EVENT | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: NETWORK.
TIME: joint statement 8–9 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Niamey and AES states.
ENTITY: Russia, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger.
EVENT/CONDITION: Parties pledge deeper military cooperation as JNIM and Islamic State-linked attacks continue to gain reach.
DOMAIN: geopolitics | security dependency | EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S104.

RECORD CA.WASA.000287 — [WASA-NGA-006] NIGERIA SECURITY AND ECONOMIC WEIGHT
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
TIME: observed through 22–28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Nigeria and regional system.
ENTITY: Nigerian state, economy and armed/security threats.
EVENT/CONDITION: Africa’s most populous state remains West Africa’s largest economy and pivotal ECOWAS power while confronting ISWAP/Boko Haram, banditry, inflation and spillover risk from the central Sahel.
DOMAIN: economy | security | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE; TEXTUAL | CONFIDENCE: A for structural role; B for live risk | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S105.

RECORD CA.WASA.000288 — [WASA-TCD-005] CHAD DISPLACEMENT HOST
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: POPULATION.
TIME: 30 June 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Chad.
ENTITY: refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced people and host communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: UNHCR records approximately 2.26 million forcibly displaced people in Chad, including about 1.55 million refugees and asylum-seekers, heavily shaped by the Sudan war.
DOMAIN: displacement | humanitarian systems | EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S109.

RECORD CA.WASA.000289 — [WASA-FOOD-013] 2026 SAHEL HUMANITARIAN NEED
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
TIME: May–July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Sahel.
ENTITY: conflict-affected households, host communities and humanitarian agencies.
EVENT/CONDITION: OCHA estimates 24.3 million people need humanitarian assistance across the Sahel and millions face severe food insecurity during the lean season.
DOMAIN: food security | humanitarian response | EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC; ADMINISTRATIVE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S110.

RECORD CA.WASA.000290 — [WASA-DIG-001] MOBILE-CONNECTED REGIONAL ECONOMY
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 2000–28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W059–W068 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel.
ENTITY: mobile networks, smartphones, digital identity, mobile money and platforms.
EVENT/CONDITION: Connectivity lowers communication and payment friction and supports diaspora/remittance and market coordination, while access, cost, gender, language and rural coverage gaps persist.
DOMAIN: digital civilisation | inclusion | EVIDENCE: DIGITAL; ECONOMIC; DEMOGRAPHIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S091; WASA.S092; WASA.S093.

RECORD CA.WASA.000291 — [WASA-CLM-010] CLIMATE-HEATED BASEFLOOR
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: observed through 28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: West Africa and Sahel.
ENTITY: rising heat, variable monsoon, drought, flood and extreme-weather exposure.
EVENT/CONDITION: Climate change raises heat and hydrological risk on top of land use, poverty, conflict and infrastructure deficits; it does not determine political violence mechanically.
DOMAIN: climate | basefloor | EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC; SATELLITE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S088.

RECORD CA.WASA.000292 — [WASA-EXT-001] GOLD, URANIUM, OIL AND EXTRACTION
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
TIME: observed through 28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Ghana, Nigeria and Chad.
ENTITY: industrial and artisanal mineral/energy extraction.
EVENT/CONDITION: Gold, uranium and hydrocarbons provide exports and state revenue while exposing workers, communities and budgets to pollution, insecurity, price and governance risks.
DOMAIN: extraction | energy | EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC; ADMINISTRATIVE; SATELLITE | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S094.

RECORD CA.WASA.000293 — [WASA-URB-007] RAPID URBANISATION
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
TIME: late twentieth century–28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W057–W068 | PLACE: Lagos connector, Accra, Dakar, Bamako, Ouagadougou, Niamey, Kano, N’Djamena and secondary cities.
ENTITY: metropolitan and corridor growth.
EVENT/CONDITION: Population and markets concentrate faster than housing, drainage, electricity, transport and formal employment in many cities.
DOMAIN: urbanism | infrastructure | EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC; SATELLITE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S091.

RECORD CA.WASA.000294 — [WASA-AI-002] AI DEPENDENCY STACK
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: AI_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel and global infrastructure.
ENTITY: regional AI research, applications and public-policy ambitions.
EVENT/CONDITION: Capability depends on electricity, broadband, compute, cloud, capital, data governance, skilled labour and African-language corpora, much of it externally hosted or unequally distributed.
DOMAIN: AI | dependency/host | EVIDENCE: DIGITAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S095; WASA.S096; WASA.S097; WASA.S098.

RECORD CA.WASA.000295 — [WASA-REG-007] ECOWAS–AES DUAL REGIONAL GEOMETRY
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: West Africa and central Sahel.
ENTITY: twelve-member ECOWAS and three-state AES Confederation.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competing institutional blocs coexist while trade, currency, families, migration, security threats and infrastructure remain interdependent across their political boundary.
DOMAIN: regional integration | fragmentation | EVIDENCE: LEGAL; ADMINISTRATIVE; ECONOMIC | CONFIDENCE: A | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S100; WASA.S101; WASA.S104.

RECORD CA.WASA.000296 — [WASA-NOW-001] CUT-OFF CIVILISATION CAT SCAN
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6 | ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
TIME: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026 CE | W-BAND: W068 | PLACE: West Africa–Sahel coordinate.
ENTITY: simultaneous human, ecological, institutional and technical systems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deep agricultural, pastoral, craft, market, religious, oral and manuscript systems coexist with sovereign states, conflict, displacement, climate pressure, regional institutional fracture, mobile platforms and early AI-policy implementation; no single actor or lifecycle state describes the whole.
DOMAIN: CAT Scan live cross-section | EVIDENCE: MULTI_SOURCE | CONFIDENCE: A–C by subsystem | SOURCE KEYS: WASA.S088; WASA.S089; WASA.S095; WASA.S100; WASA.S101; WASA.S103; WASA.S104; WASA.S105; WASA.S109; WASA.S110.

==============================================================================
12. INHERITED SYSTEM TRACKS AND REGIONAL CHILD TRACKS
==============================================================================

This file inherits all 148 CA.WORLD system tracks:

HD01–HD07 human and demographic
EN01–EN10 environmental
FD01–FD08 food
MT01–MT07 material
EG01–EG08 energy
TR01–TR08 transport
CM01–CM09 communication
KN01–KN08 knowledge
ED01–ED08 education
GV01–GV08 governance
LG01–LG06 legal
EC01–EC08 economic
TD01–TD07 trade
ML01–ML08 military and security
CU01–CU07 cultural
RC01–RC07 religious and cosmological
HL01–HL08 health
IF01–IF08 infrastructure
IN01–IN08 information

REGIONAL CHILD TRACKS

HD01.WASA.DEEP_HUMAN
sparse Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Stone Age mosaics, Tiémassas and Falémé.

HD02.WASA.HUMAN_DIVERSITY
Iho Eleru, Shum Laka caution, sampled ancestry and deep population structure.

HD03.WASA.MOBILITY
forager movement, pastoral transhumance, caravan, pilgrimage, diaspora and exile.

HD04.WASA.URBANISATION
Jenné-jeno, Gao, Djenné, Timbuktu, Hausa cities, colonial and modern cities.

HD05.WASA.FORCED_MOVEMENT
raiding, enslavement, forced labour, conscription, deportation and displacement.

HD06.WASA.MODERN_DEMOGRAPHY
rapid population growth, youth cohorts, household change and migration.

EN01.WASA.CRATON_MINERALS
West African Craton, Birimian gold, ironstone and mineral dependence.

EN02.WASA.MONSOON
humid–arid cycles, African Humid Period, drought, flood and anthropogenic heating.

EN03.WASA.LAKE_CHAD
Mega-Chad, shoreline systems, lake variability and regional security ecology.

EN04.WASA.NIGER
river evolution, Inland Delta, flood-recession agriculture and hydropolitics.

EN05.WASA.SENEGAL_VOLTA
river valleys, dams, irrigation, fisheries and state boundaries.

EN06.WASA.SAHEL_FIELD
moving ecological belt, pasture, soils, vegetation and risk management.

FD01.WASA.FORAGER
wild grain, tuber, fruit, game, forest and savanna plant knowledge.

FD02.WASA.AQUATIC
fish, wetlands, floodplain rice and lake/river seasonality.

FD03.WASA.PASTORAL
cattle, sheep/goats, camel, mobility, veterinary knowledge and tenure.

FD04.WASA.MILLET
domestication, Tilemsi, Tichitt, Kintampo, Nok and modern dryland cultivation.

FD05.WASA.RICE
African rice domestication, Inland Niger systems, irrigation and imports.

FD06.WASA.CROP_PORTFOLIO
cowpea, yam, sorghum, fonio, oil palm, maize, cassava and groundnut.

FD07.WASA.COLONIAL_AGRICULTURE
groundnuts, cotton, irrigation, taxation, export corridors and labour.

FD08.WASA.FOOD_SECURITY
drought, price shock, conflict, malnutrition, early warning and relief.

MT01.WASA.LITHICS
core/flake, prepared-core, bifacial, Middle and Later Stone Age technologies.

MT02.WASA.CERAMICS
early Ounjougou pottery, Tichitt, Nok, mound and urban traditions.

MT03.WASA.IRON
ore, furnace, slag, smithing, technical transmission and dating disputes.

MT04.WASA.TERRACOTTA
Nok and later Inland Niger sculptural/material practices with context controls.

MT05.WASA.CRAFT
cloth, indigo, leather, beads, copper, glass, gold and specialist labour.

MT06.WASA.BUILT_EARTH
compounds, walls, mosques, palaces, mounds and urban maintenance.

EG01.WASA.BIOMASS
fuelwood, charcoal, crop residue, household energy and ecological pressure.

EG02.WASA.OIL_GAS
Nigerian and Chadian hydrocarbons, state rent and price exposure.

EG03.WASA.URANIUM_GOLD
Niger uranium, regional gold, artisanal mining and fiscal/ecological cost.

EG04.WASA.GRID
dams, thermal generation, regional power pools, access and reliability.

EG05.WASA.COMPUTE
electricity for towers, devices, data centres, cloud and AI systems.

TR01.WASA.RIVER
canoe, fleet, ferry, floodplain transport, ports and hydrological limits.

TR02.WASA.CARAVAN
camel, pack animal, well staging, guide, protection and customs.

TR03.WASA.ATLANTIC
Senegambian coast, slave routes, colonial ports and modern shipping.

TR04.WASA.RAIL
Dakar–Niger, Nigerian and Gold Coast extraction/commuter corridors.

TR05.WASA.ROAD
colonial roads, trans-Sahel highways, checkpoints and insecurity.

TR06.WASA.AVIATION
capitals, pilgrimage, trade, humanitarian air and airspace diplomacy.

CM01.WASA.ORAL
epic, genealogy, praise, place memory, specialist performers and public enactment.

CM02.WASA.ARABIC_AJAMI
Arabic scholarship and Hausa, Fulfulde, Manding and other Ajami traditions.

CM03.WASA.LANGUAGE_FIELDS
Mande, Atlantic, Gur, Kwa, Chadic, Songhay, Kanuri and contact ecologies.

CM04.WASA.PRINT_BROADCAST
colonial print, nationalist press, radio, television and multilingual publics.

CM05.WASA.DIGITAL
mobile voice/data, social media, shutdowns, disinformation and surveillance.

KN01.WASA.ARCHAEOLOGY
site sequences, dating, archaeobotany, metallurgy and heritage protection.

KN02.WASA.ORAL_HISTORY
Wagadu, Sunjata, Bayajidda, Amina, dynastic and community memory.

KN03.WASA.ISLAMIC_SCHOLARSHIP
Timbuktu, Djenné, Agadez, Katsina, Kano, Sokoto and travelling teachers.

KN04.WASA.MANUSCRIPT
household libraries, copying, chronicles, jurisprudence and conservation.

KN05.WASA.COLONIAL_KNOWLEDGE
map, census, ethnic category, archive, survey and “customary” codification.

KN06.WASA.MODERN_EDUCATION
public school, Qur’anic school, university, vocational and diaspora knowledge.

KN07.WASA.AI_RESEARCH
policy, data, language technology, skills, ethics and implementation evidence.

GV01.WASA.CLUSTERED_URBANISM
distributed settlement specialisation without required palace centrality.

GV02.WASA.SAHEL_EMPIRES
Wagadu, Mali and Songhai as changing layered political geometries.

GV03.WASA.LAKE_CHAD_STATE
Kanem, Bornu, Sayfawa and al-Kanemi state transformations.

GV04.WASA.HAUSA_STATES
plural city-state governance, market, craft, court and chronicle systems.

GV05.WASA.FULANI_REFORM_STATES
Futa Jallon, Futa Toro, Sokoto, Adamawa, Massina and successor structures.

GV06.WASA.COLONIAL
French federation, British indirect rule, German rule and territorial partition.

GV07.WASA.MODERN_STATES
republics, federalism, one-party rule, military government and elections.

GV08.WASA.REGIONAL
CILSS, ECOWAS, UEMOA, Lake Chad institutions and AES.

LG01.WASA.PLURAL_LAW
community norm, royal order, Islamic jurisprudence and merchant law.

LG02.WASA.COLONIAL_STATUS
subjecthood, indigénat, native authority, forced labour and land law.

LG03.WASA.CONSTITUTION
independence instruments, republics, federal compacts, coups and charters.

LG04.WASA.REGIONAL
free movement, trade, sanctions, mutual defence and withdrawal.

EC01.WASA.FLOODPLAIN
ecological specialisation, urban clusters, craft and market interdependence.

EC02.WASA.CARAVAN
tax, toll, credit, merchant diaspora, salt, gold, books and coerced people.

EC03.WASA.CASH_CROP
groundnut, cotton, cocoa connector, marketing boards and world prices.

EC04.WASA.EXTRACTION
gold, uranium, petroleum, rent, artisanal work and environmental cost.

EC05.WASA.DIGITAL
mobile money, platforms, remittance, data capture and cloud dependency.

TD01.WASA.ECOLOGICAL_ZONE
fish, grain, livestock, salt, kola, forest gold and manufactured goods.

TD02.WASA.TRANSSAHARAN
Maghreb–Sahel caravan systems and pilgrimage.

TD03.WASA.ATLANTIC
coastal exchange, slavery, crops, firearms and colonial commodities.

TD04.WASA.GLOBAL
energy, minerals, food imports, finance, logistics and digital services.

ML01.WASA.CAVALRY
horse supply, pasture, tribute, state expansion and military inequality.

ML02.WASA.COLONIAL
fort, column, forced carrier, conscription, repression and resistance.

ML03.WASA.COUP
praetorian institutions, legitimacy, transition charter and recurrence.

ML04.WASA.INSURGENCY
Boko Haram/ISWAP, JNIM, Islamic State affiliates and separatist conflict.

ML05.WASA.REGIONAL_SECURITY
ECOMOG, MNJTF, UN missions, ECOWAS and AES forces.

CU01.WASA.MATERIAL_MEMORY
Nok terracotta, architecture, grave, regalia, textile and heritage.

CU02.WASA.PERFORMANCE
epic, praise, music, festival and intergenerational transmission.

CU03.WASA.MODERN_IDENTITY
national, linguistic, religious, pastoral, urban and diaspora identities.

RC01.WASA.LOCAL_RELIGIONS
shrine, ancestor, earth, water, royal and community ritual systems.

RC02.WASA.ISLAM
merchant, court, Maliki, Sufi, reform, jihad and contemporary plurality.

RC03.WASA.CHRISTIANITY
mission, independent church, Pentecostal and interfaith systems.

HL01.WASA.FAMINE
drought, market, conflict, relief, nutrition and household coping.

HL02.WASA.EPIDEMIC
sleeping sickness, influenza, meningitis, Ebola, COVID-19 and surveillance.

HL03.WASA.CONFLICT_HEALTH
injury, displacement, service closure, malnutrition and trauma.

HL04.WASA.CLIMATE_HEALTH
heat, flood, water-borne disease, vector ecology and worker exposure.

IF01.WASA.WATER
well, floodplain, canal, dam, irrigation, urban water and sanitation.

IF02.WASA.TRANSPORT
caravan route, river port, rail, road, aviation and border post.

IF03.WASA.URBAN
wall, drainage, housing, market, hospital, school and electricity.

IF04.WASA.DIGITAL
cable, fibre, microwave, tower, satellite, device, cloud and data centre.

IN01.WASA.ORAL_MEMORY
embodied human host, performance protocol and social verification.

IN02.WASA.MANUSCRIPT
paper, ink, library, copyist, catalogue and digital surrogate.

IN03.WASA.STATE_ARCHIVE
court record, colonial dossier, census, law and national administration.

IN04.WASA.PLATFORM_AI
database, platform, model, algorithm, moderation and AI-policy record.

==============================================================================
13. GRAPH SEED REGISTER
==============================================================================

All nodes below are CANDIDATE graph objects. A node is not an asserted edge.
Chronology records remain the evidence anchors.

SUBSTRATE, HUMAN AND FOOD SYSTEMS

WASA.G001 WEST AFRICAN CRATON GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM
WASA.G002 NIGER RIVER–INLAND DELTA WATER_SYSTEM
WASA.G003 LAKE CHAD OSCILLATOR WATER_SYSTEM
WASA.G004 WEST AFRICAN MONSOON CLIMATE_SYSTEM
WASA.G005 TIÉMASSAS OCCUPATION SEQUENCE SITE
WASA.G006 IHO ELERU HUMAN BURIAL HUMAN
WASA.G007 OUNJOUGOU SEQUENCE SITE
WASA.G008 EARLY WEST AFRICAN POTTERY TECHNOLOGY
WASA.G009 AFRICAN HUMID PERIOD CLIMATE_SYSTEM
WASA.G010 PEARL MILLET DOMESTICATION FOOD_SYSTEM
WASA.G011 TICHITT SETTLEMENT NETWORK NETWORK
WASA.G012 KINTAMPO FOOD SYSTEM CULTURE
WASA.G013 AFRICAN RICE DOMESTICATION FOOD_SYSTEM
WASA.G014 NOK MATERIAL HORIZON CULTURE
WASA.G015 WEST AFRICAN IRON TRADITIONS TECHNOLOGY
WASA.G016 JENNÉ-JENO CITY
WASA.G017 INLAND NIGER CLUSTERED URBANISM NETWORK
WASA.G018 GAO-SANEY CITY
WASA.G019 DAIMA SETTLEMENT SEQUENCE SETTLEMENT
WASA.G020 BIRNIN LAFIYA SETTLEMENT

MEDIEVAL AND EARLY-MODERN SYSTEMS

WASA.G021 CAMEL CARAVAN SYSTEM TRADE_SYSTEM
WASA.G022 AWDAGHOST CITY
WASA.G023 TADMEKKA/ESSOUK CITY
WASA.G024 GHANA/WAGADU EMPIRE
WASA.G025 KOUMBI SALEH CITY
WASA.G026 TAKRUR POLITY
WASA.G027 EARLY KANEM POLITY
WASA.G028 HAUSA CITY-STATE FIELD NETWORK
WASA.G029 MALI IMPERIAL SYSTEM EMPIRE
WASA.G030 MANDEN CHARTER TRADITION LEGAL_SYSTEM
WASA.G031 MANSA MUSA PILGRIMAGE NETWORK
WASA.G032 TIMBUKTU KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM
WASA.G033 SONGHAI IMPERIAL SYSTEM EMPIRE
WASA.G034 TONDIBI TRANSITION MILITARY_SYSTEM
WASA.G035 ARMA/PASHALIK POLITY
WASA.G036 DENDI SUCCESSOR STATES POLITY
WASA.G037 BORNU STATE SYSTEM STATE
WASA.G038 IDRIS ALOOMA REFORM SYSTEM GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM
WASA.G039 KANO CITY
WASA.G040 MOSSI KINGDOM FIELD NETWORK
WASA.G041 JOLOF CONFEDERAL SYSTEM POLITY
WASA.G042 ATLANTIC EXCHANGE SYSTEM TRADE_SYSTEM
WASA.G043 WEST AFRICAN ENSLAVEMENT SYSTEM LABOUR_SYSTEM
WASA.G044 ARABIC–AJAMI KNOWLEDGE NETWORK INFORMATION_SYSTEM

REFORM, COLONIAL AND CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMS

WASA.G045 FUTA JALLON IMAMATE STATE
WASA.G046 FUTA TORO ALMAMATE STATE
WASA.G047 SOKOTO CALIPHATE STATE
WASA.G048 ADAMAWA EMIRATE STATE
WASA.G049 MASSINA DIINA STATE
WASA.G050 TOUCOULEUR STATE EMPIRE
WASA.G051 WASSOULOU STATE STATE
WASA.G052 RABIH MILITARY STATE STATE
WASA.G053 FRENCH WEST AFRICAN COLONIAL SYSTEM COLONISATION
WASA.G054 BRITISH INDIRECT-RULE SYSTEM COLONISATION
WASA.G055 COLONIAL FORCED-LABOUR SYSTEM LABOUR_SYSTEM
WASA.G056 VOLTA–BANI RESISTANCE REVOLUTION
WASA.G057 OFFICE DU NIGER INFRASTRUCTURE
WASA.G058 THIAROYE MASSACRE FILE MILITARY_SYSTEM
WASA.G059 WEST AFRICAN DECOLONISATION DECOLONISATION
WASA.G060 ECOWAS INSTITUTION
WASA.G061 SAHEL DROUGHT–FOOD PRESSURE CLIMATE_SYSTEM
WASA.G062 NIGERIAN OIL-RENT SYSTEM ENERGY_SYSTEM
WASA.G063 TUAREG REBELLION FIELD MILITARY_SYSTEM
WASA.G064 MULTIPARTY TRANSITION FIELD POLITICAL_SYSTEM
WASA.G065 BOKO HARAM/ISWAP CONFLICT SYSTEM MILITARY_SYSTEM
WASA.G066 GREAT GREEN WALL INSTITUTION
WASA.G067 MALI WAR SYSTEM MILITARY_SYSTEM
WASA.G068 WEST AFRICAN EBOLA RESPONSE HEALTH_SYSTEM
WASA.G069 MOBILE-MONEY/PLATFORM SYSTEM DIGITAL_SYSTEM
WASA.G070 SAHEL COUP–TRANSITION FIELD POLITICAL_SYSTEM
WASA.G071 ALLIANCE OF SAHEL STATES INSTITUTION
WASA.G072 CONTEMPORARY CLIMATE PRESSURE CLIMATE_SYSTEM
WASA.G073 SAHEL DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM MIGRATION
WASA.G074 WEST AFRICAN AI POLICY FIELD AI_SYSTEM
WASA.G075 ECOWAS–AES DUAL GEOMETRY GOVERNANCE_SYSTEM

GRAPH IDENTITY RULES

• WASA.G014 Nok material culture is not a language, ethnicity or kingdom.
• WASA.G024 Ghana/Wagadu is not the modern state Ghana.
• WASA.G025 Koumbi Saleh is not asserted to be the royal capital.
• WASA.G028 Hausa language/city network is not one timeless state.
• WASA.G029 Mali Empire is not the modern Republic of Mali.
• WASA.G033 Songhai Empire is not every Songhay-speaking population.
• WASA.G037 Bornu preserves lineages and functions without static borders.
• WASA.G047 Sokoto contains emirates and communities with distinct agency.
• WASA.G053 colonial administration is not legal ancestry of every local entity.
• WASA.G071 AES is an institution, not the aggregate identity of its peoples.
• WASA.G074 stores policy and measured implementation separately.

==============================================================================
14. CONNECTOR / TRANSMISSION QUEUE
==============================================================================

Each connector states a minimum defensible edge. Registration does not assert
every interval, direction or consequence.

CONNECTOR WASA.C001 — HUMID SAHARA–SAHEL CONNECTIVITY
SOURCE/TARGET: Sahara/Maghreb, Nile-adjacent zones, Sahel and forest margins.
CARRIER: people, genes, game, water, plants, tools and learned routes.
DIRECTION: multidirectional and interval-specific.
INTERVAL: repeated Pleistocene and early/middle Holocene humid phases.
EVIDENCE: palaeoenvironment, archaeology and sampled genetics.
CONFIDENCE: B; climate permits but does not prove every migration.

CONNECTOR WASA.C002 — LIVESTOCK AND PASTORAL KNOWLEDGE
SOURCE/TARGET: Sahara/Nile interfaces <-> Sahel, savanna and Lake Chad.
CARRIER: cattle, sheep/goats, herders, veterinary and water knowledge.
DIRECTION: multiple; species- and interval-specific.
INTERVAL: seventh millennium BCE–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, zooarchaeology, genetics, text and oral history.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CONNECTOR WASA.C003 — PEARL MILLET DISPERSAL
SOURCE/TARGET: western Sahel domestication field -> Tichitt, Niger basin,
Kintampo, Nok, wider Africa and South Asia.
CARRIER: seed, cultivator knowledge, exchange and migration.
DIRECTION: principally outward from western Sahel after domestication.
INTERVAL: approximately 2500 BCE onward.
EVIDENCE: archaeobotany, ceramic impressions and crop genomics.
CONFIDENCE: A for broad dispersal; C for every route.

CONNECTOR WASA.C004 — IRON TECHNOLOGY TRANSMISSION
SOURCE/TARGET: multiple West African ore, smelting and smithing communities.
CARRIER: specialist people, apprenticeship, ore/charcoal knowledge, furnaces
and objects.
DIRECTION: local development plus multiple regional exchanges.
INTERVAL: late second/first millennium BCE onward.
EVIDENCE: secure furnace contexts, slag science, objects and oral knowledge.
CONFIDENCE: B for regional production; OPEN for singular origin theory.

CONNECTOR WASA.C005 — FOREST–SAHEL ECOLOGICAL EXCHANGE
SOURCE/TARGET: Object 07 forest polities <-> Volta, Manden, Niger and Hausaland.
CARRIER: gold, kola, salt, cloth, livestock, food, people and information.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: first millennium CE–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, text, oral history, customs and market data.
CONFIDENCE: A for system; interval-specific for commodities.

CONNECTOR WASA.C006 — TRANSSAHARAN WORLD
SOURCE/TARGET: Sahara/Maghreb <-> Wagadu, Mali, Songhai, Hausaland and Lake Chad.
CARRIER: caravans, merchants, guides, wells, credit, gold, salt, copper, cloth,
books, horses and coerced people.
DIRECTION: multidirectional with commodity asymmetry.
INTERVAL: first millennium CE–twentieth century, with later continuities.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, Arabic texts, manuscripts and material science.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CONNECTOR WASA.C007 — MALI–CAIRO–MECCA PILGRIMAGE
SOURCE/TARGET: Mali -> Sahara/Maghrib -> Cairo -> Mecca and return.
CARRIER: Mansa Musa’s caravan, gold, people, gifts, information and diplomacy.
DIRECTION: outward pilgrimage and return; reputational effects circulate widely.
INTERVAL: 1324–1325 CE with longer knowledge effects.
EVIDENCE: Arabic textual accounts and later cartographic representation.
CONFIDENCE: A for journey; C for popular numerical claims.

CONNECTOR WASA.C008 — ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Timbuktu, Djenné, Gao, Katsina, Kano, Sokoto and Bornu <->
Maghreb, Egypt, Hijaz and wider Islamic worlds.
CARRIER: scholars, students, pilgrims, manuscripts, legal opinions and endowments.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: eighth century CE–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: manuscripts, biographies, inscriptions and travel accounts.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CONNECTOR WASA.C009 — MANDE MERCHANT AND LANGUAGE NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Manden, Niger, Volta, forest, Senegambia and Atlantic markets.
CARRIER: Dyula/Jula merchants, families, language, Islam, credit and goods.
DIRECTION: multidirectional with settlement diasporas.
INTERVAL: medieval period–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: oral history, linguistics, text, archaeology and market records.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CONNECTOR WASA.C010 — HAUSA COMMERCIAL–LANGUAGE NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Hausa cities <-> Bornu, Niger Bend, forest edge, Sahara and
modern regional cities.
CARRIER: merchants, migrants, cloth, leather, grain, kola, books and Hausa language.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: second millennium CE–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: archaeology, chronicles, manuscripts, linguistics and market data.
CONFIDENCE: A for modern/broad network; B for early phases.

CONNECTOR WASA.C011 — FULANI MOBILITY AND REFORM NETWORK
SOURCE/TARGET: Senegambia <-> Futa Jallon/Futa Toro <-> Niger/Massina <->
Hausaland/Sokoto <-> Adamawa/Lake Chad.
CARRIER: cattle, households, clerics, students, texts, armies and political ideas.
DIRECTION: multiple, not one eastward wave.
INTERVAL: medieval period–nineteenth century; communities continue thereafter.
EVIDENCE: linguistic, oral, manuscript and textual.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CONNECTOR WASA.C012 — LAKE CHAD WORLD
SOURCE/TARGET: Kanem, Bornu, Hausaland, Kawar/Fazzan, Darfur/Wadai, Adamawa
and modern Cameroon/Nigeria/Niger/Chad.
CARRIER: lake/river transport, caravans, livestock, salt, fish, grain, horses,
captives, migrants and armies.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: Holocene–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: palaeoenvironment, archaeology, text, oral history and current data.
CONFIDENCE: A for the integrated basin; B by historical edge.

CONNECTOR WASA.C013 — ATLANTIC EXCHANGE
SOURCE/TARGET: Senegambia and Upper Guinea <-> Europe, Atlantic islands,
Americas and West African hinterlands.
CARRIER: ships, Luso-African and African brokers, gold, ivory, crops, firearms,
cloth, capital and people.
DIRECTION: multidirectional under radically unequal power.
INTERVAL: mid-fifteenth century–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: text, archaeology, shipping and customs data.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CONNECTOR WASA.C014 — ATLANTIC ENSLAVEMENT
SOURCE/TARGET: interior capture zones -> coasts -> Atlantic ships -> Americas;
resistance, return and diaspora memory move in multiple directions.
CARRIER: military capture, legal status, forced march, fort, ship and plantation.
DIRECTION: coerced outward movement with return/knowledge flows.
INTERVAL: fifteenth–nineteenth centuries.
EVIDENCE: shipping database, court/merchant records, archaeology and testimony.
CONFIDENCE: A; undercounting remains.

CONNECTOR WASA.C015 — EUROPEAN COLONIAL IMPERIAL SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: France, Britain and Germany -> West African territories; African
labour, taxes, commodities and soldiers -> imperial centres and wars.
CARRIER: army, treaty, company, fort, rail, law, currency, school and archive.
DIRECTION: coercive imperial command outward; extraction and labour inward.
INTERVAL: nineteenth century–1960s.
EVIDENCE: legal, administrative, military, economic and oral.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CONNECTOR WASA.C016 — WORLD-WAR MOBILISATION
SOURCE/TARGET: West African colonies <-> African/European/global fronts.
CARRIER: soldiers, carriers, food, taxes, shipping, letters and veterans.
DIRECTION: personnel/material outward; military experience and political claims return.
INTERVAL: 1914–1918 and 1939–1945.
EVIDENCE: military and administrative archives, graves and oral history.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CONNECTOR WASA.C017 — DECOLONISATION AND PAN-AFRICANISM
SOURCE/TARGET: unions, parties, veterans, students and states across Africa,
Europe, UN and diaspora.
CARRIER: congress, print, radio, election, strike, law and diplomacy.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: 1945–1965, with later institutional effects.
EVIDENCE: legal, administrative, party and press archives.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CONNECTOR WASA.C018 — ECOWAS REGIONAL SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: member-state governments, residents, firms and regional institutions.
CARRIER: treaty, passport, road, market, tariff, payment, court and military mission.
DIRECTION: many-to-many.
INTERVAL: 28 May 1975–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: treaties, administrative and economic data.
CONFIDENCE: A; membership changes are date-stamped.

CONNECTOR WASA.C019 — MINERAL–ENERGY WORLD MARKET
SOURCE/TARGET: West African gold, uranium and petroleum zones <-> refineries,
utilities, manufacturers, investors and global commodity markets.
CARRIER: mine/well, road, pipeline, port, company, contract, currency and price.
DIRECTION: commodity outward; capital/equipment/revenue/volatility inward.
INTERVAL: colonial period–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: company, EITI, customs, satellite and market data.
CONFIDENCE: A for system; live flows need dated data.

CONNECTOR WASA.C020 — CLIMATE–MIGRATION SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: stressed rural/urban zones <-> national cities, neighbouring
states, Maghreb and Atlantic destinations.
CARRIER: households, labour networks, transport, borders, finance and information.
DIRECTION: multidirectional, including return.
INTERVAL: long-term; high-resolution 1968–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: climate, livelihood surveys, demographic and administrative data.
CONFIDENCE: B; climate is one interacting driver.

CONNECTOR WASA.C021 — TRANSNATIONAL INSURGENCY
SOURCE/TARGET: local armed cells and communities across Mali, Burkina Faso,
Niger, Nigeria, Chad and coastal-state frontiers.
CARRIER: fighters, ideology, weapons, motorcycles/vehicles, taxation, digital
media, grievances and smuggling routes.
DIRECTION: networked and shifting.
INTERVAL: 2009–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: attack data, claims, field reporting and community testimony.
CONFIDENCE: B because clandestine structure changes.

CONNECTOR WASA.C022 — HUMANITARIAN–DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
SOURCE/TARGET: conflict/climate zones -> host communities, camps, cities and
cross-border refuges; aid resources flow toward affected zones.
CARRIER: people, family networks, registration, food, cash, health and logistics.
DIRECTION: multidirectional.
INTERVAL: 1960s–28 July 2026; high-resolution 2012 onward.
EVIDENCE: UN/government data, surveys and satellite assessment.
CONFIDENCE: A for registered counts; B for total mobile population.

CONNECTOR WASA.C023 — MOBILE–PLATFORM DEPENDENCY
SOURCE/TARGET: global hardware, cable, satellite, cloud and platform hosts <->
West African operators, states, firms and users.
CARRIER: devices, towers, fibre, spectrum, electricity, software, capital and data.
DIRECTION: service, money and information multidirectional; hosting power unequal.
INTERVAL: 1990s–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: network, operator, regulatory and usage data.
CONFIDENCE: A for architecture; B for live ownership/dependency.

CONNECTOR WASA.C024 — AI POLICY AND CAPABILITY
SOURCE/TARGET: AU, global model/compute providers, universities, startups and
national institutions in Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and wider region.
CARRIER: models, data, chips, cloud, electricity, standards, finance and skills.
DIRECTION: multidirectional but structurally unequal.
INTERVAL: 2023–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: official strategies, deployments, procurement and measured use.
CONFIDENCE: A for policies; B/C for implementation.

CONNECTOR WASA.C025 — AES SECURITY REALIGNMENT
SOURCE/TARGET: Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger <-> Russia/Africa Corps and other
security partners; spillover links to ECOWAS neighbours.
CARRIER: treaty, training, weapons, advisers, intelligence, diplomacy and finance.
DIRECTION: support inward; access, influence and commitments outward.
INTERVAL: 2021–28 July 2026.
EVIDENCE: agreements, official statements and observed deployments.
CONFIDENCE: B because opaque terms and fast-changing operations.

==============================================================================
15. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN EXECUTION SURFACES
==============================================================================

15A. WORKED LONGITUDINAL SCANS

SCAN WASA.CAT.L01 — NIGER RIVER AS HOST

SUBSTRATE:
seasonal flood, sediment, fish, rice habitat, pasture, crossing and route.

HOST CHANGES:
mobile fishing/gathering
-> floodplain cultivation and mound settlement
-> Jenné-jeno city cluster
-> Mali/Songhai river transport and taxation
-> colonial navigation/irrigation
-> Office du Niger, dams and national water governance.

PERSISTENCE:
timing, flood knowledge, boats, rights negotiation and ecological specialisation.

FRACTURE:
drought, flood, dam operation, conflict, pollution and inaccessible corridors.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L02 — MILLET CIVILISATION FUNCTION

LONGITUDINAL PATH:
western Sahel domestication
-> Tilemsi/Tichitt
-> Kintampo/Nok and wider dispersal
-> urban provisioning
-> colonial and national dryland agriculture
-> climate-adapted breeding and food security.

FALSE CLAIM TO AVOID:
one crop does not identify one people or polity.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L03 — NOK

ENTITY:
archaeological horizon, not kingdom or ethnicity.

OBSERVED:
pottery from c.1500 BCE; dispersed settlements; pearl millet; terracotta
principally first millennium BCE; iron from approximately 700–500 BCE;
diagnostic horizon ends around the Common Era.

UNKNOWN:
language, self-name, political titles, capital, exact ritual meanings and
descendants of particular communities.

HERITAGE PRESSURE:
looting severs object from context and destroys graph edges.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L04 — WAGADU

EVIDENCE CHANNELS:
Arabic external texts | Soninke/Mande oral tradition | archaeology |
environmental and route reconstruction.

FUNCTIONS:
agricultural base, court, tribute, customs, cavalry, market protection and diplomacy.

DISALLOWED MERGES:
ancient Ghana != modern Ghana;
Koumbi Saleh != proven royal capital;
1076 conquest != settled event.

TRANSFORMATION:
route/environment/political pressures -> reduced authority and successor
states; populations and exchange continue.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L05 — MALI

FORMATION:
Manden coalitions and victory traditions, not one exact founding decree.

DEPENDENCIES:
gold, crops, river, cavalry, provincial alliance, merchant and caravan.

INFORMATION HOSTS:
epic performance, Arabic geography/travel, manuscript and archaeology.

MUSA 1324:
high-visibility connector that reveals, rather than creates, the network.

FISSION:
imperial contraction leaves Manden polities, lineages, cities and trade.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L06 — SONGHAI

CAPABILITIES:
Niger fleet, cavalry, taxation, provincial delegation, markets and scholarship.

FRACTURE:
succession conflict plus Saadian expedition and firearms at Tondibi.

NON-EXTINCTION:
loss of imperial centre is not disappearance of people, cities or knowledge.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L07 — KANEM–BORNU

HOST MOVEMENT:
Kanem/Njimi -> court displacement -> Bornu/Ngazargamu -> al-Kanemi centres.

PERSISTENCE:
mai/shehu authority, Lake Chad food base, cavalry, caravan and Islamic diplomacy.

STATE CHANGE:
Duguwa traditions -> Sayfawa/Sefuwa -> al-Kanemi; Rabih interruption;
colonial emirates retain limited titles.

PRESSURES:
lake ecology, Bulala conflict, succession, Sokoto jihad, route change,
colonial partition and modern insurgency.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L08 — HAUSA STATES

ENTITY SEPARATION:
Hausa language/culture | each city | each dynasty | merchant diaspora |
later Sokoto emirate.

SOURCE CONTROL:
Kano Chronicle combines oral and written material in a late-nineteenth-
century composition; early dates remain attributed.

FUNCTIONS:
grain, walls, market, cloth, leather, dye, tax, scholarship and diplomacy.

TRANSFORMATION:
plural city-states -> Sokoto emirates/other survivals -> colonial native
authorities -> modern states and traditional institutions.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L09 — FULANI NETWORKS

NON-IDENTITY:
cattle mobility != clerical network != jihad army != state != every Fulani person.

PORTABLE FUNCTIONS:
herd knowledge, kinship, Fulfulde, manuscript/teaching, legal argument and
federated emirate design.

EXCLUDED COST:
war, capture, enslaved labour, pastoral exclusion and factional rule.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L10 — COLONIAL EXTRACTION

HOSTS:
army, appointed chief, tax, forced labour, rail, road, port, cash crop,
school, map, census, currency and archive.

FEEDBACK:
tax -> labour/crop compulsion -> resistance/migration -> repression ->
greater administrative reach.

FISSION:
independence ends imperial sovereignty but inherits borders, corridors,
armies, legal forms, language hierarchies and commodity dependencies.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L11 — ECOWAS TO ECOWAS–AES

1975 GENOME:
economic integration and collective self-reliance.

LATER PHENOTYPE:
free movement, court, election diplomacy and military intervention.

PRESSURE:
coups, sanctions, insurgency, legitimacy dispute and external realignment.

2025–2026 STATE:
twelve-member ECOWAS and three-state AES coexist; human and market networks
cross the institutional split.

SCAN WASA.CAT.L12 — DIGITAL/AI

LOGICAL HOSTS:
applications, databases, models, identity/payment systems and platforms.

PHYSICAL HOSTS:
electricity, devices, towers, fibre/cable, spectrum, satellite, chips,
data centres, cloud, workers and cooling.

CAPABILITY:
payment, market information, education, media, public service, security,
language technology and research.

LOCK-IN:
imported hardware/compute, foreign clouds/platforms, capital, data and
uneven African-language corpora.

PLAN/OBSERVATION SPLIT:
national AI strategies are observed policies; future growth, jobs and
sovereignty targets remain plans.

15B. PRESSURE-FIELD MATRIX

TICHITT AGROPASTORAL SYSTEM
pressure: aridification
available moves: mobility, settlement contraction, crop/herd mix, river shift
lock-in: stone settlement and stored surplus
excluded cost: unequal access and displacement

INLAND NIGER CITY CLUSTER
pressure: flood variability and exchange interruption
available moves: settlement specialisation, seasonal mobility, food portfolio
lock-in: dense floodplain dependence
excluded cost: occupational and status inequality

WAGADU/MALI/SONGHAI IMPERIAL SYSTEMS
pressure: route shift, succession, frontier war and revenue loss
available moves: alliance, provincial delegation, route capture, taxation
lock-in: cavalry, court and long-distance revenue
excluded cost: tribute, warfare and enslavement

KANEM–BORNU
pressure: lake ecology, enemy displacement and caravan competition
available moves: move court, recover routes, federate, diplomatic trade
lock-in: cavalry and trans-Saharan supply
excluded cost: raiding and coerced labour

SOKOTO CALIPHATE
pressure: legitimacy, frontier war and provincial autonomy
available moves: scholarship, emirate delegation, ribat, tax and mediation
lock-in: cavalry/agrarian and enslaved-labour systems
excluded cost: capture, servitude and local dispossession

COLONIAL STATE
pressure: revenue target, war demand and resistance
available moves: tax, forced labour, appointed chief, rail and repression
lock-in: export corridor and racial/legal hierarchy
excluded cost: death, land/labour loss and structural dependency

CONTEMPORARY CENTRAL SAHEL
pressure: insurgency, displacement, food prices, climate and legitimacy
available moves: military partnership, decentralisation, negotiation,
social protection, regional coordination or repression
lock-in: weak fiscal base, commodity dependence and militarisation
excluded cost: civilian harm, closed politics and service loss

CONTEMPORARY COASTAL–SAHEL SYSTEM
pressure: urban jobs, debt, flood/heat, insecurity spillover and platform change
available moves: integration, infrastructure, diversification, education
and accountable digital/AI policy
lock-in: import energy/food, external finance/cloud and informal employment
excluded cost: inequality, surveillance and ecological damage

15C. PORTABILITY/FISSION TEST

KNOWLEDGE-PORTABLE:
route memory, livestock care, seed selection, iron recipe, oral epic,
jurisprudence, Ajami, commercial practice, administrative procedure and software.

INSTITUTION-PORTABLE:
scholarly circle, merchant diaspora, pastoral access council, emirate,
party, payment service and AI research group if human/legal hosts exist.

PLACE-BOUND:
river flood, lake ecology, aquifer, ore body, farmland, dam, city fabric,
burial ground and heritage site.

NOT CLOSED:
no state or city can reproduce food, water, energy, advanced hardware,
population and biosphere independently of Earth and global supply systems.

FISSION RULE:
a renamed, conquered, independent or seceded state is not automatically
functionally independent; dependencies and local continuities must be tested.

15D. LIVE SUBSYSTEM STATE AT THE FROZEN CUT-OFF

SNAPSHOT INSTANT:
23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026.

CAPABILITY:
STAGE 3 overall, with selected STAGE 4 network capabilities. Mobile money,
satellite observation, cloud services and AI-policy work do not make food,
energy, compute, security or institutional capacity uniformly planetary.

LIFECYCLE:
no single regional lifecycle. Urban and digital systems are in TAKEOFF or
CLIMB; several regional institutions are TRANSFORMING; conflict-affected
local systems range from DESCENT to partial RECOVERY.

BASEFLOOR:
FOOD ADEQUATE to CRITICAL, spatially unequal
WATER ADEQUATE to STRESSED
ENERGY STRESSED and highly unequal
SHELTER ADEQUATE to FRACTURED where displacement is severe
HEALTH ADEQUATE to STRESSED
SECURITY ADEQUATE to CRITICAL
ENVIRONMENT STRESSED
SOCIAL_STABILITY ADEQUATE to FRACTURED
KNOWLEDGE_CONTINUITY ADEQUATE to STRESSED in conflict zones
INFRASTRUCTURE ADEQUATE to STRESSED

CONTROL GEOMETRY:
HYBRID: constitutional states, military governments, local authorities,
customary and religious institutions, ECOWAS, AES, firms, platforms,
armed organisations and international actors exercise overlapping power.

MOTION VECTOR:
TRANSFORMING, ADAPTING and FRAGMENTING at the same time, depending on
subsystem and place.

HABITAT DEPENDENCE:
PLANETARY_DEPENDENT. Every polity remains dependent on Earth systems and
interregional food, energy, finance, logistics, communications and compute.

==============================================================================
16. WORKED WORLD-MASTER CROSS-SECTIONS
==============================================================================

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.9400BCE.001
TIME BAND: W015, before approximately 9400 BCE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Ounjougou pottery appears among mobile foragers as
the monsoon strengthens.
WORLD COMPARISON: early pottery exists in parts of East Asia; Southwest Asian
cultivation follows a different material sequence.
KNOWN CONNECTION: none required to explain West African ceramic emergence.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: pottery is not proof of agriculture or a shared inventor.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.2000BCE.002
TIME BAND: W022–W023, approximately 2000 BCE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: millet cultivation, Tichitt settlement growth and
Kintampo mixed food production coexist.
WORLD COMPARISON: Bronze Age states operate elsewhere; African food systems
do not require a bronze-stage predecessor.
KNOWN CONNECTION: pastoral and Saharan interactions have evidenced carriers.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: state scale elsewhere does not date West African hierarchy.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.700BCE.003
TIME BAND: W027, approximately 700 BCE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Nok terracotta and farming are established; iron
production appears in some secure contexts.
WORLD COMPARISON: iron use expands across several Old World regions.
KNOWN CONNECTION: no single diffusion edge is established by synchrony.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: “Iron Age” does not mean identical economy or state form.
CONFIDENCE: B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.100CE.004
TIME BAND: W032, approximately 100 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Jenné-jeno and other river/lake settlements grow;
iron, rice, fish, livestock and exchange support local complexity.
WORLD COMPARISON: Roman, Han, Kushan and other imperial systems flourish.
KNOWN CONNECTION: regional exchange is evidenced; global direct links are not required.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: urbanism need not include palace, script or empire.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.900CE.005
TIME BAND: W036, approximately 900 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Wagadu, Takrur, Gao, Jenné-jeno, Lake Chad and Hausa
formation fields coexist as trans-Saharan trade intensifies.
WORLD COMPARISON: Islamic commercial and scholarly networks expand across
North Africa and Southwest Asia.
KNOWN CONNECTION: camel caravans, merchants, salt, gold, books and law.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: merchant Islam is not instant population-wide conversion.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1076.006
TIME BAND: W037, claimed event-year 1076 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Wagadu remains a major polity amid caravan, religious
and environmental change.
WORLD COMPARISON: Almoravid power expands in western Sahara and Maghreb.
KNOWN CONNECTION: trade, religious and political interaction.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: proximity and later stories do not prove conquest of Ghana.
CONFIDENCE: D for a simple conquest narrative.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1235.007
TIME BAND: W038, approximately 1235 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Manden coalition and Sunjata victory traditions
anchor Mali’s formation; Kanem is powerful around Lake Chad.
WORLD COMPARISON: Afro-Eurasian states and Mongol expansions alter long-distance systems.
KNOWN CONNECTION: caravan and Islamic knowledge networks.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: exact Kirina details remain oral/traditional chronology.
CONFIDENCE: B for Mali formation; C for event particulars.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1324.008
TIME BAND: W039, 1324 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Mali links goldfields, Niger cities and Saharan routes;
Mansa Musa travels to Cairo and Mecca.
WORLD COMPARISON: large commercial and religious networks span Afro-Eurasia.
KNOWN CONNECTION: direct pilgrimage, gold, diplomacy and reported information.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: popular wealth rankings are not measurable historical facts.
CONFIDENCE: A for journey.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1493.009
TIME BAND: W040, 1493 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Askia transition begins; Mali persists; Bornu and
Hausa cities consolidate; Atlantic contact is growing.
WORLD COMPARISON: Atlantic imperial expansion and gunpowder states accelerate.
KNOWN CONNECTION: Portuguese coastal shipping; Saharan scholarly routes.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: Atlantic contact does not immediately replace caravans.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1591.010
TIME BAND: W041, 1591 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Saadian expedition defeats Songhai at Tondibi; Bornu
under Alooma and Hausa/Mossi systems remain active.
WORLD COMPARISON: firearm-supported imperial competition intensifies globally.
KNOWN CONNECTION: direct Moroccan expedition across Sahara.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: Songhai imperial defeat is not regional civilisational collapse.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1804.011
TIME BAND: W045, 1804 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Sokoto jihad begins amid Hausa state competition;
Futa states, Bornu, Segu and Atlantic commerce coexist.
WORLD COMPARISON: industrial/Atlantic empires and abolition movements expand.
KNOWN CONNECTION: manuscripts, pilgrimage, Atlantic goods and firearms.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: Fulani pastoral identity is not sufficient cause of jihad.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1898.012
TIME BAND: W047, 1898 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Samori is captured amid French, British and German
territorial conquest; Sokoto and Bornu still resist.
WORLD COMPARISON: industrial empires partition much of Africa.
KNOWN CONNECTION: guns, steam transport, telegraph, finance and imperial law.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: capital capture is not immediate social compliance.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1946.013
TIME BAND: W053, 1946 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: forced labour is abolished in French law; RDA forms;
veterans, unions and parties expand.
WORLD COMPARISON: UN order and global decolonisation claims develop after WWII.
KNOWN CONNECTION: war service, law, parties, print and international norms.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: legal abolition is not instant elimination of coercion.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1960.014
TIME BAND: W055, 1960 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: Nigeria, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Upper Volta, Chad and
Mauritania become sovereign on distinct dates.
WORLD COMPARISON: African and global decolonisation remakes international membership.
KNOWN CONNECTION: imperial withdrawal, UN law, Pan-African networks and Cold War.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: inherited borders do not create homogeneous nations.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.1975.015
TIME BAND: W056, 1975 CE.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: ECOWAS is founded after drought and postcolonial
economic fragmentation expose regional interdependence.
WORLD COMPARISON: regional economic organisations grow under oil shocks and
post-Bretton-Woods adjustment.
KNOWN CONNECTION: trade, diplomacy, currency and energy-price systems.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: one treaty does not produce immediate common market capability.
CONFIDENCE: A.

CROSSWALK ID: CA.XW.WASA.2026.016
TIME BAND: W068, 28 July 2026.
WEST AFRICA–SAHEL STATE: ECOWAS and AES coexist; conflict, displacement,
climate stress, rapid urbanisation, mobile systems and AI strategies overlap.
WORLD COMPARISON: planetary climate heating, AI diffusion, commodity markets,
debt and geopolitical realignment shape available choices.
KNOWN CONNECTION: finance, minerals, energy, migration, security partners,
platforms, cables, cloud and standards.
SIMULTANEOUS ONLY: common exposure yields divergent national outcomes.
CONFIDENCE: B at live cut-off.

==============================================================================
17. EVIDENCE, ATTRIBUTION AND REVISION PROTOCOL
==============================================================================

EVIDENCE RULES

A source proves only the claim and interval it supports.
Ancient event, excavation, measurement, publication and heritage-
inscription dates are different time objects.
“Earliest” means earliest defensible evidence in this version and remains
reviewable.
A stone-tool assemblage cannot identify its maker’s ethnicity or language.
Ancient DNA describes sampled people and modelled relationships; it does
not independently name a culture, language or civilisation.
Crop domestication, first preserved grain and mass dietary importance
retain separate dates.
Furnace, slag, iron object and proposed metallurgical invention are
separate evidence claims.
Nok, Kintampo, Tichitt and archaeological “traditions” remain material-
cultural classifications unless independent evidence supports more.
Oral tradition is attributed to performer/community, collection and
transmission context; current wording is not silently back-dated.
Medieval Arabic texts retain author, date, source distance and genre.
External labels are not assumed to be local self-names.
The Kano Chronicle and Timbuktu chronicles are source objects with their
own composition histories.
A modern state is not the successor-owner of every earlier polity in its
present territory.
Imperial “extent” distinguishes claim, raid, tribute, alliance, appointed
official and sustained operational control.
Enslavement, forced labour, conscription and displacement remain typed
coercive flows.
Colonial archives document administrative action and viewpoint, not a
neutral total description of colonised people.
Election, casualty, displacement, food-security and economic counts store
release date and revision state.
Government, armed-group, court, NGO and news claims remain attributed
until independently corroborated.
Strategy, target, scenario and forecast are not observed future events.

CONTROVERSY STATES

OPEN
legitimate competing interpretations with no decisive evidence.

BOUNDED
core fact secure; date, mechanism, scale or interpretation debated.

RESOLVED_FOR_VERSION
sufficient evidence for current serialization, still reviewable.

REJECTED
claim fails current evidentiary threshold; preserved in controversy log.

HIGH-PRIORITY CONTROVERSY LOG

• exact age and makers of very early West African core/spheroid industries: OPEN;
• population meaning of Iho Eleru morphology: BOUNDED;
• exact centre and community of pearl millet domestication: BOUNDED;
• independent invention/diffusion geometry of early iron: OPEN;
• Nok political and linguistic organisation: OPEN;
• Tichitt-to-Wagadu direct lineage: OPEN;
• beginning date and early boundaries of Ghana/Wagadu: OPEN;
• Koumbi Saleh as Ghana’s capital: OPEN;
• Almoravid conquest of Ghana in 1076: REJECTED as settled fact;
• exact Kirina date/place and verbatim medieval Manden Charter: BOUNDED;
• early Kano ruler dates and Bayajidda event-history: OPEN;
• Amina’s exact reign and campaigns: OPEN;
• early Kanem chronology and girgam historicity: BOUNDED;
• exact current armed-group territorial control: live and date-sensitive.

REVISION TRIGGERS

• new secure radiometric dates or excavated contexts;
• ancient DNA with ethical provenance and adequate comparative sampling;
• archaeobotanical reassessment of crop status;
• new manuscript stemma, edition or oral-history documentation;
• revised casualty/displacement/food-security datasets;
• constitutional, treaty, membership or territorial-control change;
• verified national AI implementation data;
• any event after the cut-off requires a new version, not silent insertion.

==============================================================================
18. SOURCE REGISTER
==============================================================================

The register mixes primary sources, critical editions, peer-reviewed research,
official datasets and dated live reporting. A URL aids retrieval; it does not
raise a source’s evidentiary class automatically.

FOUNDATION AND ARCHITECTURE

WASA.S001 — Civilisation Atlas, WORLD_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER.txt, V1.1,
parent W000–W068 clock and inherited tracks, cut-off 28 July 2026.

WASA.S002 — CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001–004.V1.1: Universal Scaffold; Civilisation
CAT Scan; Genome/Pressure/Ouroboros; Portable Civilisation/Simulation/Fission.

WASA.S003 — “Civilisation Atlas Architecture” working branch and uploaded
architecture note, including the sixty-spine coverage queue.

WASA.S111 — eduKateSG, “Civilisation Atlas Scaffold Series V1.1,” project
reference and public architecture surface,
https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-scaffold-series-v1-1/

GEOLOGY, CLIMATE AND DEEP HUMAN TIME

WASA.S004 — Wright, J. B. et al., Geology and Mineral Resources of West
Africa; Geological Society syntheses on the West African Craton and Birimian
belts.

WASA.S005 — Lézine, A.-M. et al., Lake Chad/African Humid Period research;
Drake, N. A. et al., Saharan palaeohydrology and lake/river corridors.

WASA.S006 — Niger River basin geomorphology and Inland Delta hydrographic
syntheses, including Niger Basin Authority technical resources,
https://www.abn.ne/

WASA.S007 — World Meteorological Organization, State of the Climate in
Africa series and palaeoclimate background,
https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa

WASA.S008 — Ounjougou Project, archaeological and environmental sequence,
https://www.ounjougou.org/en/

WASA.S009 — Scerri, E. M. L. et al. (2021), “Continuity of the Middle Stone
Age into the Holocene,” Scientific Reports,
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7801626/

WASA.S010 — Niang, K., Scerri, E. M. L. and colleagues, Falémé and West
African Stone Age research; Ndiaye, M. et al. (2024), final-Pleistocene
Falémé sites,
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10977785/

WASA.S011 — Harvati, K. et al. (2011), “The Later Stone Age Calvaria from
Iwo Eleru, Nigeria,” PLOS ONE,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0024024
and Cerasoni et al. (2024), Iho Eleru mandibular reassessment.

WASA.S012 — Lipson, M. et al. (2020), “Ancient West African foragers in the
context of African population history,” Nature,
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8386425/

WASA.S013 — Huysecom, E. et al. (2009), “The emergence of pottery in Africa
during the tenth millennium cal BC,” Antiquity 83:905–917,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00099245

FOOD, SETTLEMENT, METALLURGY AND EARLY URBANISM

WASA.S014 — Manning, K. et al. (2011), “4500-year-old domesticated pearl
millet from the Tilemsi Valley”; Fuller, D. Q. et al. (2021), transition
from wild to domesticated pearl millet,
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8550313/

WASA.S015 — Choi, J. Y. et al. (2019), African rice domestication,
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6424484/
and Scarcelli, N. et al. (2019), West African yam domestication,
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6527260/

WASA.S016 — D’Andrea, A. C. et al. (2001), “Archaeobotanical evidence for
pearl millet in sub-Saharan West Africa,” Antiquity,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/archaeobotanical-evidence-for-pearl-millet-pennisetum-glaucum-in-subsaharan-west-africa/E16FBBFE6B763DEF72E3BCDFBE805A6F
and Stahl/Casey/Logan studies of Kintampo mixed subsistence.

WASA.S017 — MacDonald, K. C., “The Tichitt Tradition in the West African
Sahel,” in The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology,
https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FA8A6F2725008517F6ABD93007B96405/9780511978807c19_p499-513_CBO.pdf
and McIntosh et al. (2026), “Revisiting Tichitt.”

WASA.S018 — Breunig, P., Rupp, N. and Franke, G., Nok chronology and
archaeology; Oxford Research Encyclopedia (2024), “The Archaeology of Nok
Culture in Nigeria,”
https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-1380

WASA.S019 — Champion, L. et al. (2023), “A question of rite—pearl millet
consumption at Nok culture sites,” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-022-00902-0

WASA.S020 — Killick, D., archaeometallurgy syntheses; UNESCO General History
of Africa methodological volumes on independent African metallurgical
development,
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000398434

WASA.S021 — Breunig, P., Neumann, K. and colleagues, Gajiganna/Kursakata and
Chad Basin settlement/food-production research.

WASA.S022 — McIntosh, S. K. and McIntosh, R. J., Jenné-jeno excavation and
“Cities without Citadels”; Smithsonian catalogue record,
https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_547751

WASA.S023 — Cissé, M. et al. (2013), “Excavations at Gao Saney,” Journal of
African Archaeology; Cambridge, trans-Saharan Gao chapter,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/trade-in-the-ancient-sahara-and-beyond/transsaharan-trade-connection-with-gao-mali-during-the-first-millennium-ad/AF96937AEFCED9FECE5BAC0B89200810

WASA.S024 — Haour, A. et al. (2016), “The settlement mound of Birnin
Lafiya,” Antiquity,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/settlement-mound-of-birnin-lafiya-new-evidence-from-the-eastern-arc-of-the-niger-river/5C852783FC6D63A6F98EEE2156688DA6

WASA.S025 — Magnavita, C., Hallier, M. and colleagues, Kissi burials,
metallurgy and first-millennium Sahel exchange, Journal of African Archaeology.

WAGADU, MALI, SONGHAI, KANEM–BORNU AND HAUSA

WASA.S026 — Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J. F. P. (eds.), Corpus of Early Arabic
Sources for West African History, critical source translations.

WASA.S027 — al-Bakri, Kitab al-Masalik wa’l-Mamalik (1068), Ghana passages,
in Levtzion and Hopkins, WASA.S026.

WASA.S028 — Fisher, H. J. and Conrad, D. C., “The Conquest That Never Was:
Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076,” History in Africa,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/conquest-that-never-was-ghana-and-the-almoravids-1076-ii-the-local-oral-sources/01C98BFDB91C78BFAC421A8F42C02407

WASA.S029 — Berthier, S., Recherches archéologiques sur la capitale de
l’empire de Ghana; UNESCO Tentative List, Kumbi Saleh,
https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1540/

WASA.S030 — Levtzion, N. (1973), Ancient Ghana and Mali, Methuen.

WASA.S031 — Gomez, M. A. (2018), African Dominion: A New History of Empire
in Early and Medieval West Africa, Princeton University Press.

WASA.S032 — UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, “Manden Charter,
proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga,”
https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/manden-charter-proclaimed-in-kurukan-fuga-00290

WASA.S033 — Johnson, J. W., The Epic of Son-Jara and scholarship on Mande
epic performance, transmission and historical interpretation.

WASA.S034 — Ibn Battuta, Rihla, Mali journey (1352–53), critical translations
including Levtzion and Hopkins, WASA.S026.

WASA.S035 — al-‘Umari and other Mansa Musa accounts in Levtzion and Hopkins;
Fauvelle, F.-X., The Golden Rhinoceros.

WASA.S036 — UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Timbuktu and Old Towns of Djenné,
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119/
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/116/

WASA.S037 — Hunwick, J. O. (trans.), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire:
Al-Sa‘di’s Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents.

WASA.S038 — Nobili, M. and Mathee, M. S. (2015), “Towards a New Study of the
So-Called Tarikh al-Fattash,” History in Africa,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/towards-a-new-study-of-the-socalled-tarikh-alfattash/F9AC89F940A7085882CCCA63A63D11A8

WASA.S039 — UNESCO General History of Africa, Volume IV, Africa from the
Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century,
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287

WASA.S040 — Dewière, R., Kanem–Bornu studies; Hiribarren, V., A History of
Borno; Brenner, L., The Shehus of Kukawa.

WASA.S041 — Lange, D. and Palmer editions/studies of the Kanem–Bornu girgam,
with source-critical ruler chronology.

WASA.S042 — Connah, G., Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man and His
Environment in the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria; Daima archaeological sequence.

WASA.S043 — Last, M., Smith, M. G. and later scholarship on Hausa states,
urbanism, markets and political institutions.

WASA.S044 — Lovejoy, P. E. (2018), “The Kano Chronicle Revisited,” in
Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past,
https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004380189/BP000025.xml

WASA.S045 — Hunwick, J. O., studies/translations of al-Maghīlī and Islamic
political advice in Kano and West Africa.

WASA.S046 — Smith, M. G., Kano studies and source-critical work on Amina of
Zazzau in oral and chronicle traditions.

WASA.S047 — Izard, M., political anthropology/history of the Mossi kingdoms;
UNESCO General History of Africa, Volumes IV–V.

WASA.S048 — Barry, B., Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade; scholarship
on Jolof, Waalo, Cayor and early Atlantic contact.

FULANI, REFORM STATES, LABOUR AND TRADE

WASA.S049 — Hiskett, M., The Development of Islam in West Africa; Robinson,
D. and Last, M. on Fulani/Torodɓe mobility and reform networks.

WASA.S050 — Last, M. (1967), The Sokoto Caliphate; primary writings of
Usman ɗan Fodio, Abdullahi ɗan Fodio, Muhammad Bello and Nana Asma’u.

WASA.S051 — Sanneh, L., The Jakhanke Muslim Clerics; Gomez and regional
histories of Futa Jallon and Futa Toro.

WASA.S052 — Brown, W. A., The Caliphate of Hamdallahi; studies of Massina’s
ecological and legal governance.

WASA.S053 — Robinson, D. (1985), The Holy War of Umar Tal: The Western Sudan
in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.

WASA.S054 — Roberts, R. L. (1987), Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State
and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914.

WASA.S055 — Person, Y., Samori: Une révolution dyula; studies of Wassoulou
state formation and anticolonial war.

WASA.S056 — Slave Voyages database and Lovejoy, P. E., Transformations in
Slavery,
https://www.slavevoyages.org/

WASA.S057 — Lydon, G. (2009), On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade
Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa.

WASA.S058 — Klein, M. A., Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa;
Green, T., A Fistful of Shells; Atlantic exchange scholarship.

WASA.S059 — Hunwick, J. O., manuscript scholarship; Bondarev, D. and
colleagues on African Ajami traditions; Hill Museum & Manuscript Library
West African collections,
https://www.vhmml.org/

COLONIALISM, WAR AND DECOLONISATION

WASA.S060 — UNESCO General History of Africa, Volume VII, Africa under
Colonial Domination, 1880–1935, and Volume VIII, Africa since 1935,
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000398442

WASA.S061 — Suret-Canale, J., French Colonialism in Tropical Africa,
1900–1945; Chafer, T., The End of Empire in French West Africa.

WASA.S062 — Saul, M. and Royer, P. (2001), West African Challenge to Empire:
Culture and History in the Volta-Bani Anticolonial War.

WASA.S063 — van Beusekom, M. M. (2002), Negotiating Development: African
Farmers and Colonial Experts at the Office du Niger, 1920–1960.

WASA.S064 — Echenberg, M. (1991), Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs
Sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857–1960.

WASA.S065 — Senegal historical commission/White Paper and critical
scholarship on the Thiaroye massacre; dated 2024–2025 reassessment.

WASA.S066 — Fall, B. (2002), Social History in French West Africa: Forced
Labour, Labour Market, Women and Politics,
https://sephis.org/wp-content/uploads/tainacan-items/4273/4359/LT7_Fall_2002_French_West_Africa-EN.pdf
and Cooper, F., Decolonization and African Society.

WASA.S067 — United Nations country/member-state records and national legal
instruments for independence dates,
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states

WASA.S068 — Heerten, L., The Biafran War and Postcolonial Humanitarianism;
Nigerian civil-war archives and demographic scholarship.

POSTCOLONIAL CLIMATE, REGIONALISM AND STATE PATHS

WASA.S069 — Ball, N. (1978), “Drought and Dependence in the Sahel,” and FAO
historical Sahel drought review,
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/640767/

WASA.S070 — CILSS, institutional history and food-security programmes,
https://www.cilss.int/

WASA.S071 — Economic Community of West African States, official history,
treaties and institutions,
https://www.ecowas.int/history-2/

WASA.S072 — national constitutions, official gazettes, African Union/ECOWAS
communiqués and comparative coup/political-transition datasets.

WASA.S073 — Ghana Electoral Commission, Constitution and national records,
https://ec.gov.gh/

WASA.S074 — Nigeria Constitution, Independent National Electoral Commission
and national economic/security records,
https://www.inecnigeria.org/

WASA.S075 — Senegal Constitutional Council/election records and national
historical sources,
https://conseilconstitutionnel.sn/

WASA.S076 — Mali national legal/administrative records and BTI country
chronology,
https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/MLI

WASA.S077 — Niger constitutional, electoral and transition records.

WASA.S078 — Burkina Faso national records and modern political histories.

WASA.S079 — Chad national/UN records and historical syntheses; Sciences Po,
colonial violence in Chad,
https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/colonial-violence-and-resistance-chad-1900-1960.html

WASA.S080 — Lecocq, B. (2010), Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing
Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali.

WASA.S081 — Adebajo, A., Liberia’s Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional
Security in West Africa; ECOWAS mission records.

WASA.S082 — V-Dem, African election/party datasets and country constitutional
histories,
https://www.v-dem.net/

CONTEMPORARY SECURITY, HEALTH, CLIMATE AND DIGITAL SYSTEMS

WASA.S083 — Thurston, A. (2017), Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist
Movement; UN and Lake Chad security records.

WASA.S084 — International Crisis Group and UN records on the 2012 Mali
rebellion, coup and jihadist occupation.

WASA.S085 — UN Security Council/MINUSMA mission history and resolutions,
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minusma

WASA.S086 — World Health Organization, 2014–2016 West African Ebola outbreak,
https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/ebola-outbreak-2014-2016-West-Africa

WASA.S087 — African Union, Great Green Wall Initiative,
https://au.int/en/ggwi

WASA.S088 — World Meteorological Organization, State of the Climate in
Africa 2024 and extreme-events supplement,
https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2025-05/Africa_2024final1.pdf

WASA.S089 — UNHCR, Global Report 2025: Sahel situation and Operational Data
Portal,
https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2026-06/global-report-2025-situation-overview-sahel.pdf

WASA.S090 — UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Sahel
food-security and humanitarian dashboards,
https://www.unocha.org/west-and-central-africa

WASA.S091 — World Bank, West African urbanisation, economic and digital
diagnostics,
https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/region/afr

WASA.S092 — GSMA, State of the Industry Report on Mobile Money and Mobile
Economy Sub-Saharan Africa,
https://www.gsma.com/sotir/

WASA.S093 — International Telecommunication Union, ICT DataHub and regional
connectivity data,
https://datahub.itu.int/

WASA.S094 — Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, country reports
for Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Chad,
https://eiti.org/countries

WASA.S095 — African Union, Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy
(July 2024),
https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44004-doc-EN-_Continental_AI_Strategy_July_2024.pdf

WASA.S096 — UNESCO Global AI Ethics and Governance Observatory, Senegal,
https://www.unesco.org/ethics-ai/en/senegal

WASA.S097 — Nigeria, National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (September 2025),
https://ncair.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/National-Artificial-Intelligence-Strategy-19092025.pdf

WASA.S098 — Republic of Ghana, National Artificial Intelligence Strategy
2025–2035 and April 2026 launch record.

WASA.S099 — World Health Organization, COVID-19 dashboard and country
reporting,
https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/

LIVE 2023–2026 STATE SOURCES

WASA.S100 — Liptako-Gourma Charter/AES founding and 6 July 2024 Confederation
treaty; official summit communiqué and Reuters background.

WASA.S101 — ECOWAS, statement that Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger withdrawal
became effective 29 January 2025; Reuters, 29 January 2025,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-africa-bloc-announces-formal-exit-three-junta-led-states-2025-01-29/

WASA.S102 — Reuters, French permanent troop withdrawal from Chad and Senegal,
including 17 July 2025 Senegal handover,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-ends-permanent-troop-presence-senegal-2025-07-17/

WASA.S103 — Reuters, Mali attacks and state-fracture reporting, 25 April–4
July 2026,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mali-risk-splintering-after-jihadi-separatist-attacks-2026-04-27/
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/insurgents-attack-multiple-towns-northern-central-mali-sources-say-2026-07-04/

WASA.S104 — Reuters, “Russia and Sahel states deepen military ties as
insurgent attacks persist,” 9 July 2026,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/russia-sahel-states-deepen-military-ties-insurgent-attacks-persist-2026-07-09/

WASA.S105 — Reuters, “Germany vows support for Nigeria on security, seeks
expanded economic ties,” 22 July 2026,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/germany-vows-support-nigeria-security-seeks-expanded-economic-ties-2026-07-22/

WASA.S106 — Reuters, Mali dissolves political parties, 13 May 2025, and legal
reporting on Goïta’s July 2025 renewable five-year mandate,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/malis-military-rulers-formally-dissolve-political-parties-2025-05-13/

WASA.S107 — Associated Press, Tchiani sworn in for five-year transition,
26 March 2025,
https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04

WASA.S108 — Reuters, Burkina Faso political-party dissolution and Traoré’s
rejection of near-term elections, 3 April 2026,
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/forget-democracy-burkina-faso-military-leader-traore-says-2026-04-03/

WASA.S109 — UNHCR, Chad forcibly displaced population, 30 June 2026,
published 7 July 2026,
https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/sahelcrisis

WASA.S110 — OCHA, Sahel 2026 Humanitarian Needs and Requirements Overview,
June 2026,
https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mali/sahel-2026-humanitarian-needs-requirements-overview-may-2026-enfr

==============================================================================
19. MACHINE-READABLE RELEASE MANIFEST AND VALIDATION
==============================================================================

RELEASE

canonical file: WEST_AFRICA_SAHEL_CHRONOLOGY.txt
machine ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.WEST_AFRICA_SAHEL.V1.1
coverage object: 06 of 60
parent: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER
architecture branch: Civilisation Atlas Architecture
specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
scaffold binding: CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001–004.V1.1
cut-off: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026
encoding: UTF-8 plain text

VALIDATED COUNTS

chronology records: 296
chronology ID interval: CA.WASA.000001–CA.WASA.000296
World Master bands represented: 69 of 69, W000–W068
regional child tracks: 93
graph seed nodes: 75
transmission connectors: 25
worked World crosswalks: 16
registered source keys: 111
longitudinal CAT Scan views: 12
live subsystem snapshots: 1

MACHINE CHECKS

PASS chronology identifiers are unique and contiguous.
PASS every chronology record contains class, date status, zoom and entity type.
PASS every chronology record contains time, W-band and place.
PASS every chronology record contains entity and event/condition projections.
PASS every chronology record contains domain, evidence, confidence and sources.
PASS every cited WASA.S key resolves to one source-register definition.
PASS no source-register definition is orphaned.
PASS record class, date status, evidence and entity values use declared vocabularies.
PASS graph, connector and crosswalk identifiers are unique.
PASS the final observed event surface does not pass the frozen cut-off.
PASS plans and forecasts are typed separately from observations.
PASS disputed propositions retain explicit epistemic status.

INTEROPERABILITY

EMPTY known empty array or relationship set.
NOT_APPLICABLE field has no meaningful application to the entity.
UNKNOWN a value should exist but is unavailable.
CANDIDATE graph object or edge awaits full graph ingestion.
CONTESTED evidence supports incompatible readings.
INFERRED claim is reasoned from evidence rather than directly observed.

==============================================================================
20. MAINTENANCE, HANDOFF AND NEXT QUEUE ITEM
==============================================================================

PATCH RULE

Preserve immutable RECORD IDs. Corrections replace assertion content under a
new file version and keep a revision note. New events after the cut-off enter
a later version; they are never backdated into V1.1.

HANDOFF

This file is ready to supply:
chronological retrieval;
World-band synchronisation;
CAT Scan longitudinal views;
entity and system-track extraction;
graph-node seeding;
connector adjudication;
pressure-field comparison;
simulation and fission tests;
source-critical teaching layers.

NEXT COVERAGE OBJECT

OBJECT 07 — WEST AFRICAN FOREST ZONE.
Status in this file: NOT_STARTED.
Boundary preparation only: Kintampo, Nok interfaces, Bono, Akan/Asante,
Yoruba/Ife, Benin, Dahomey, forest gold, kola and Atlantic ports remain
connector references here and require their own chronology.

END OF FILE

CIVILISATION ATLAS CHRONOLOGY WEST AFRICA AND SAHEL DEEP GEOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE TO 28 JULY 2026

==============================================================================3A. UNIVERSAL SCAFFOLD V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================3B. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================3C. GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD AND OUROBOROS V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================3D. PORTABLE CIVILISATION, SIMULATION AND FISSION V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================
3A. UNIVERSAL SCAFFOLD V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================
3B. CIVILISATION CAT SCAN V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================
3C. GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD AND OUROBOROS V1.1 BINDING

==============================================================================
3D. PORTABLE CIVILISATION, SIMULATION AND FISSION V1.1 BINDING