Canonical title:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Sri Lanka | Deep Substrate–29 July 2026

Specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
Runtime profile: CIVATLAS.REGIONAL.RUNTIME.V3.2
Root-integrity patch: CIVATLAS.REALITY_CONTINUUM.RUNTIME.V3.3
Release status: FROZEN_VALIDATED
Parent clock: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER.V1.1
Coverage object: 24 of 60
Canonical object ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.SRI_LANKA
Machine ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.SRI_LANKA.RUNTIME.V3.2
Record namespace: CA.SLK
Source namespace: SLK.S
Graph namespace: SLK.G
Connector namespace: SLK.C
Track namespace: SLK.T
Uncertainty namespace: SLK.U
Invariant namespace: SLK.I
Architecture-delta namespace: SLK.AD
Version: 3.2
Cut-off date: 29 July 2026
Retrieval freeze: 2026-07-29T21:08:12+08:00 Asia/Singapore
Format: UTF-8 plain text; deterministic field blocks
Canonical filename: SRI_LANKA_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER_RUNTIME_V3.2.txt

RUNTIME VERSION RULE
The regional object implements Runtime V3.2. Reality Continuum V3.3 is inherited
as the root-integrity layer above it. It does not license a false regional V3.3
label. Root logic is received through explicit inheritance and architecture deltas;
regional IDs, 23-field order and validation remain Runtime-V3.2-bound.

PURPOSE
This file is the canonical Object-24 longitudinal spine, evidence surface, relationship
graph, dependency map, invariant-convergence register and Civilisation CAT Scan launch
point for Sri Lanka. It begins with material, geological, climatic and ecological
substrates rather than a dynasty. It records the island as a changing threshold inside
South Asian and Indian Ocean webs, not as an isolated essence or one continuous people.

ARCHITECTURAL WARNING
THIS IS NOT A LADDER IN WHICH “BALANGODA MAN” BECOMES ANURADHAPURA, ANURADHAPURA
BECOMES POLONNARUWA, POLONNARUWA BECOMES KOTTE OR KANDY, AND COLONIAL CEYLON
BECOMES THE MODERN REPUBLIC. Populations, water systems, languages, religious
institutions, ports, labour regimes, laws and memories overlap, move between hosts,
fission and recombine on clocks that do not begin or end together.

================================================================================================
00 | ROOT-INTEGRITY RECEIPT AND DOMAIN CONTRACT

ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_DOMAINS
MATERIAL; GEOLOGICAL; GEOGRAPHICAL; SKY_CLIMATE; WATER; BIOSPHERE; PLANT;
ANIMAL; ECOLOGY; HUMAN_AGENT; INSTITUTION; INFORMATION; MACHINE.

SUBSTRATE STACK
PLANET_BIRTH -> ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE -> MATERIAL_WORLD -> SRI_LANKA_RECEIPTS.
Bedrock, relief, monsoon, rivers, sea-level thresholds, forests and coasts are
participants in every later capability. They are not a silent stage behind history.

NESTED CLOCKS
PLANETARY_TIME contains GEOLOGICAL_TIME contains ECOLOGICAL_TIME.
HUMAN_DEEP_TIME, ARCHAEOLOGICAL_TIME, INSCRIPTIONAL_TIME, TEXTUAL_TIME,
RITUAL_MEMORY_TIME, STATE_TIME, COLONIAL_ARCHIVE_TIME, HERITAGE_EVIDENCE_TIME
and LIVE_CONTROL_TIME interoperate but remain non-identical.
A Pleistocene food practice published in 2026 has at least two dates.

REALITY CONTINUUM TRANSFORMATION GRAMMAR
BEFORE_STATE -> TRANSFORMATION -> AFTER_STATE -> RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE.
Every protected record carries all four states. Major traces descend through
lower floors, identify control geometry and Receiver/Nobody, then follow the
consequence until verified repair or a named open queue.

CATEGORY FIREWALL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL_ASSEMBLAGE != GENOME != LANGUAGE != ETHNONYM != PEOPLE !=
POLITY != RELIGION != CASTE != LEGAL_CATEGORY != LIVING_IDENTITY.
PLACE CONTINUITY != POPULATION CONTINUITY != POLITICAL CONTINUITY.
CHRONICLE MEMORY != CONTEMPORARY OBSERVATION.

ROOT LAWS
INTEGRATION_NON_IDENTITY: integration preserves domain identities.
ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT: ecology and geography remain causal agents without
being assigned fictional human motive.
FUNCTIONAL_PORTABILITY: a capability moves only with declared dependencies.
TRUE_REVERSE_HYDRA: repair traces backward to substrate and outward to every
materially affected person or ecology.
HUMAN_AUTHORITY: machine ordering never overrides affected-person correction,
custody, refusal or appeal.

CLAIM LADDER
PROPOSED -> ANNOUNCED -> FUNDED -> PERMITTED -> UNDER_CONSTRUCTION ->
OPERATING -> MEASURED -> INDEPENDENTLY_VERIFIED.
A later scheduled date is FUTURE_AT_CUTOFF, not a completed event.

================================================================================================
01 | SCOPE, OVERLAPS, NAMES AND GUARDRAILS

BOUNDARY CONTRACT
PRIMARY: the present island of Sri Lanka as a dated legal-geographic layer;
its highlands, plains, dry and wet zones, river basins, lagoons, ports, offshore
shelves and changing Palk/Gulf of Mannar threshold.
DEEP TIME: coastline follows evidence for each sea-level interval, not the
modern shore.
INTERFACES: Object 23 South India / Tamilakam; Deccan and Gangetic South Asia;
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East African Coast,
Southeast Asia and successive European/global networks.
MODERN: state borders and provinces are dated control layers, never projected
backward as ancient ownership.

NAME CONTRACT
“Sri Lanka”, “Lanka”, “Tambapanni”, “Taprobane”, “Serendib” and “Ceylon”
belong to different textual, political and legal contexts. The object name is
a present indexing coordinate, not proof that one polity or identity persisted
unchanged across every record.

PRIMARY OVERLAP RULES

• Sri Lanka and Tamilakam remain typed interfaces, not one collapsed object.
• Palk movement transfers crops, people, texts, dynasties and force in
  evidence-bounded episodes; it transfers no automatic sovereignty.
• Anuradhapura, Ruhuna, Polonnaruwa, Jaffna, Kotte, Sitawaka and Kandy may
  overlap in political reach and need not occupy a single succession ladder.
• “Colonial” contains Portuguese Crown, VOC company-state and British Crown
  systems with different hosts, laws, objectives and territorial reach.

IDENTITY GUARDRAILS

• “Balangoda Man” is not a modern ethnicity.
• Wanniyalaeto/Vedda persons are living communities, not unchanged fossils.
• The Vijaya account is memory history, not a racial origin certificate.
• Dutthagamani–Elara memory is not a timeless Sinhala–Tamil racial war.
• Dynasty or language evidence never demonstrates population replacement.
• Sinhala, Tamil, Muslim/Moor, Burgher, Malay, Malaiyaga Tamil and other
  communities are plural historical and living formations.
• Ancient presence cannot automatically settle a modern constitutional claim.

CONFLICT AND RIGHTS GUARDRAILS

• No false equivalence: evidence is actor- and event-specific.
• No false adjudication: allegation, reasonable-grounds finding, denial and
  criminal judgment retain their own fields.
• A monument, treaty, census, archive or official report supports only the use
  declared in its source object.
• Colonial and postcolonial capability gains retain coercion, displacement,
  labour, ecological cost and excluded recipients in the same system record.

================================================================================================
02 | INHERITED CLOCK, EVIDENCE AND MACHINE CONTRACT

WORLD CLOCK
The World Master W000–W068 supplies synchronisation. Local periods never replace
absolute or calibrated ranges. The parent W068 ended 28 July 2026; this child
preserves it and declares an explicit live-tail delta to 2026-07-29T21:08:12+08:00.

W000 | 4.54–4.0 Ga | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W001 | 4.0–2.5 Ga | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W002 | 2.5 Ga–541 Ma | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W003 | 541–66 Ma | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W004 | 66–7 Ma | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W005 | 7–3.3 Ma | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W006 | 3.3–2.6 Ma | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W007 | 2.6–1.8 Ma | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W008 | 1.8 Ma–800 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W009 | 800–300 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W010 | 300–130 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W011 | 130–70 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W012 | 70–50 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W013 | 50–20 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W014 | 20–11.7 ka | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W015 | 9700–8000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W016 | 8000–6000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W017 | 6000–5000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W018 | 5000–4000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W019 | 4000–3500 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W020 | 3500–3000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W021 | 3000–2500 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W022 | 2500–2000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W023 | 2000–1500 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W024 | 1500–1200 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W025 | 1200–1000 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W026 | 1000–800 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W027 | 800–600 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W028 | 600–500 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W029 | 500–300 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W030 | 300–100 BCE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W031 | 100 BCE–1 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W032 | 1–200 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W033 | 200–400 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W034 | 400–600 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W035 | 600–800 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W036 | 800–1000 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W037 | 1000–1200 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W038 | 1200–1300 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W039 | 1300–1400 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W040 | 1400–1500 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W041 | 1500–1600 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W042 | 1600–1700 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W043 | 1700–1750 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W044 | 1750–1800 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W045 | 1800–1850 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W046 | 1850–1870 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W047 | 1870–1900 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W048 | 1900–1914 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W049 | 1914–1918 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W050 | 1918–1929 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W051 | 1929–1939 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W052 | 1939–1945 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W053 | 1945–1950 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W054 | 1950–1960 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W055 | 1960–1970 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W056 | 1970–1980 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W057 | 1980–1990 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W058 | 1990–2000 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W059 | 2000–2008 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W060 | 2008–2014 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W061 | 2014–2019 CE | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W062 | 2020 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W063 | 2021 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W064 | 2022 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W065 | 2023 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W066 | 2024 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W067 | 2025 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT
W068 | 1 January–28 July 2026 parent band; child overlay to 29 July 2026 | INHERITED_ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE_RECEIPT

EVIDENCE CLASSES
MATERIAL_DIRECT; STRATIFIED_ARCHAEOLOGY; INSCRIPTION; COIN; MANUSCRIPT;
ARCHIVE; ORAL_TRADITION; ENVIRONMENTAL_PROXY; GENETIC; LINGUISTIC;
OFFICIAL_RECORD; PEER_REVIEWED_PRIMARY; SCHOLARLY_SYNTHESIS;
CONTEMPORARY_REPORTING; REMOTE_SENSING; LIVE_SENSOR; VERIFIED_UNAVAILABLE.

DATE_STATUS VOCABULARY
INSTANT; RANGE; OPEN_INTERVAL; RECURRING; MEMORY_HISTORY; EVIDENCE_HISTORY;
CONTESTED. MEMORY_HISTORY and EVIDENCE_HISTORY require dual dates in TIME or
WORLD_BAND; CONTESTED requires a linked uncertainty ruling.

SOURCE PRIORITY
direct material or primary instrument
> peer-reviewed primary research
> critical scholarly synthesis
> official legal or statistical record for what it directly establishes
> high-quality current reporting
> heritage synthesis
> late tradition retained as tradition.
Priority is use-specific, not universal. A source key supports only its stated use.

CONFIDENCE
A = strongly established within the stated scale.
B = well supported but bounded by dating, coverage or interpretation.
C = plausible or actively contested synthesis.
D = weak, legendary or unsupported except as explicitly labelled memory history.

MACHINE RULES

• Stable IDs persist; correction creates a version or supersession relation.
• UNKNOWN != NONE; NOT_ATTESTED != DID_NOT_EXIST.
• REACHABLE != INTERACTED; COMPARED != INFLUENCED.
• Similar material != shared sovereignty.
• VERIFIED_UNAVAILABLE is a valid result, not a prompt for fabrication.
• Open questions remain outside the completed event stream.
• Human review can challenge classification, source use, custody and effect.

================================================================================================
03 | SCAFFOLD, CONTROL TOWER AND CAT-SCAN CONTRACT

SCAFFOLD BINDINGS
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001.V1.1 — Universal Civilisation Atlas Scaffold.
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1 — Civilisation CAT Scan.
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.003.V1.1 — Genome / Pressure / Ouroboros.
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.004.V1.1 — Portable Civilisation / Simulation / Fission.
CIVATLAS.RUNTIME.003.V3.2 — Reality Continuum / Invariant Convergence.
CIVATLAS.REALITY_CONTINUUM.RUNTIME.V3.3 — inherited root-integrity patch.

CONTROL-TOWER ORGANS
FLOOR — food, water, health, habitat, energy and ecological viability.
BODY — populations, labour, settlements, organisations and built systems.
FLOW — typed movement of people, material, capital, energy and information.
MEMORY — language, ritual, archive, law, education, heritage and trauma.
SENSOR — archaeology, statistics, journalism, scholarship and local knowledge.
CONTROL — authority, ownership, taxation, command, standards and coercion.
REPAIR — maintenance, relief, correction, justice, redundancy and regeneration.
EDGE — coast, pass, shelf, border, port and external dependency.

OBSERVER POSITIONS
SKY sees system geometry.
STRATEGIST selects corridors and allocations.
GENERAL acts under pressure and force.
ENGINEER builds, operates and maintains.
RECEIVER experiences the delivered effect.
NOBODY records the unnamed, uncounted, displaced, coerced or excluded.

CAT SCAN ROLE
The CAT Scan is diagnostic, non-ranking and longitudinal. It asks whether
capability is possessed, expressed, delivered, maintained and repaired. It does
not assign a civilisational worth score.

CORE TEST
RepairRate >= DriftRate is required for durable stabilisation.
Monument size, GDP, port throughput, electoral seats or military victory cannot
substitute for a healthy lower floor.

================================================================================================
04 | ONE-PAGE REGIONAL SPINE

c. 2.0 billion–550 Ma: metamorphic crust assembles the island’s material basement.
Pleistocene: land-sea thresholds repeatedly open and close across the Palk shelf.
possibly c. 125 ka: lithic-bearing red-earth contexts suggest early occupation.
c. 48 ka onward: Homo sapiens occupy wet-zone rainforest caves; bone projectiles,
symbolic objects, small-game hunting and diverse plant use become visible.
c. 25 ka: Pathirajawela adds a rare open-air coastal occupation record.
Holocene: sea-level rise re-isolates the island and removes part of the coastal archive.
c. 1200–500 BCE: food-production, iron and mortuary worlds expand unevenly.
c. 950–600 BCE: Anuradhapura grows from an Iron Age settlement into an early city.
3rd century BCE: Buddhist, inscriptional, monastic and court networks become durable.
1st millennium BCE–CE: tank-village and large-reservoir systems transform the dry zone.
1st–5th centuries CE: Anuradhapura scales urban, hydraulic and monastic capability.
5th–10th centuries: Pali scholarship, Sigiri public text, ports and craft systems
connect the island to wider Asian genealogies.
993–1070: Chola conquest shifts administration toward Polonnaruwa; Vijayabahu I
re-establishes island kingship and repairs ordination networks.
12th century: Polonnaruwa reaches high hydraulic, monumental and fiscal-military capacity.
13th–15th centuries: dry-zone contraction and political fission re-host court,
relic, literary and agrarian functions at Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Kurunegala,
Gampola, Jaffna and Kotte rather than ending civilisation.
15th–17th centuries: Kotte, Sitawaka, Kandy and Jaffna overlap under maritime pressure.
1505/1506–1658: Portuguese forts, missions and commodity systems reshape coasts;
Kandyan terrain and alliances limit inland control.
1638–1796: the VOC replaces Portugal, builds a company-state, archive, cinnamon
monopoly and portable legal order while Kandy remains independent.
1796–1815: Britain takes the coasts and then the Kandyan kingdom through the Convention.
1817–1948: rebellion, centralised administration, plantation land/labour, rail,
religious print publics, mass franchise, welfare and education remake colonial Ceylon.
1948–1978: independence inherits the unitary scaffold; citizenship, language and
constitutional decisions widen majority access while producing minority exclusions.
1971–2009: southern insurgencies and the north-east civil war scale emergency,
displacement, armed control and unresolved accountability.
2009–2022: reconstruction and constitutional power cycles coexist with incomplete
truth, land and devolution repair; crisis descends from debt into shortages.
2022–2026: Aragalaya changes the presidency; IMF-led stabilisation and 2024 electoral
realignment restore a functioning state, while poverty, ageing, accountability,
plantation inequality and climate exposure remain open Receiver tests.

================================================================================================
05 | PROTECTED CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD STREAM

FIELD ORDER
RECORD_ID; CLASS; DATE_STATUS; ZOOM; TYPE; SCALE; TIME; WORLD_BAND; LOCAL_PERIOD; PLACE; ENTITY; EVENT; DOMAIN; EVIDENCE; EPISTEMIC; CONFIDENCE; SOURCE_KEYS; UNCERTAINTY_KEYS; BEFORE_STATE; TRANSFORMATION; AFTER_STATE; RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE; GRAPH_SEED.

PROTECTION RULE
The following 193 records are sequential and unique. Each event is a bounded evidence
coordinate, not a step in one people’s inevitable biography.

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000001
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: SUBSTRATE
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 2.0 billion–550 million years ago
WORLD_BAND: W002
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PRECAMBRIAN_BASEMENT_001
PLACE: Sri Lankan landmass
ENTITY: Highland, Wanni and Vijayan complexes
EVENT: High-grade metamorphism and crustal assembly create the mineral and structural basement later exposed across the island; complex boundaries remain revised by geochronology.
DOMAIN: GEOLOGY; MATERIAL_FLOOR
EVIDENCE: Geochronology; structural geology; geological mapping
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S004
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U001
BEFORE_STATE: Older crustal materials and mobile belts existed within changing supercontinents.
TRANSFORMATION: High-grade metamorphism and crustal assembly create the mineral and structural basement later exposed across the island; complex boundaries remain revised by geochronology.
AFTER_STATE: A durable crystalline basement with central and peripheral lithological zones structured later terrain and mineral availability.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Ancient rock architecture continues to shape soils, groundwater, slope stability, gems and construction materials.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000001

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000002
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: SUBSTRATE
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Mesozoic–Cenozoic to present
WORLD_BAND: W003–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RELIEF_AND_HIGHLANDS_002
PLACE: Central Highlands and surrounding plains
ENTITY: Uplifted highlands, escarpments and radial drainage
EVENT: Long denudation, uplift and weathering produce a steep wet highland core, broad plains and radial river systems; no single event creates the modern relief.
DOMAIN: GEOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; WATER
EVIDENCE: Geomorphology; geological mapping; drainage analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S004; SLK.S005
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U001; SLK.U002
BEFORE_STATE: A crystalline basement existed without the present topographic and drainage expression.
TRANSFORMATION: Long denudation, uplift and weathering produce a steep wet highland core, broad plains and radial river systems; no single event creates the modern relief.
AFTER_STATE: Relief, escarpments, watersheds and sediment pathways differentiated island habitats.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Highland control of water and transport later concentrates settlement, plantation and landslide risks.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000002

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000003
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: SUBSTRATE
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Quaternary to present
WORLD_BAND: W007–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MONSOON_PARTITION_003
PLACE: Island-wide
ENTITY: Southwest and northeast monsoons; wet, intermediate, dry and arid zones
EVENT: Seasonal monsoon circulation interacting with relief creates sharply different rainfall regimes rather than one island climate.
DOMAIN: SKY_CLIMATE; WATER; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Instrumental climate; palaeoclimate proxies; climatology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S005; SLK.S098
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U002; SLK.U066
BEFORE_STATE: Topography and atmospheric circulation had not yet been expressed as the present climatic-zone map.
TRANSFORMATION: Seasonal monsoon circulation interacting with relief creates sharply different rainfall regimes rather than one island climate.
AFTER_STATE: Contrasting water availability, vegetation, cropping and settlement opportunities emerged.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Dry-zone water storage and wet-zone slope exposure become recurring civilisational constraints.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000003

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000004
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: SUBSTRATE
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Quaternary to present
WORLD_BAND: W007–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RADIAL_WATER_SYSTEM_004
PLACE: Mahaweli and other river basins
ENTITY: Rivers, seasonal streams, wetlands, lagoons and aquifers
EVENT: Rainfall drains from the highlands through short radial basins while dry-zone seasonality limits dependable surface water.
DOMAIN: WATER; ECOLOGY; BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: Hydrological observation; catchment mapping; palaeoenvironmental evidence
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S005; SLK.S097
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U002
BEFORE_STATE: Rainfall and relief existed without a human-managed island water network.
TRANSFORMATION: Rainfall drains from the highlands through short radial basins while dry-zone seasonality limits dependable surface water.
AFTER_STATE: Catchments, floodplains, tanks, lagoons and coasts formed linked but unequal water environments.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Water control becomes a foundation of settlement and an enduring site of ownership, maintenance and ecological debt.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000004

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000005
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: SUBSTRATE
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Late Cenozoic to present
WORLD_BAND: W004–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BIODIVERSITY_ARCHIPELAGO_005
PLACE: Wet-zone forests, dry-zone forests, highlands and coasts
ENTITY: Endemic and migratory species; ecological communities
EVENT: Isolation, climatic variation and altitudinal range support high endemism alongside strong ecological exchange with South Asia.
DOMAIN: BIOSPHERE; PLANT; ANIMAL; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Biogeography; conservation science; palaeoecology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S005; SLK.S099
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U002
BEFORE_STATE: Regional species pools existed across changing land and sea configurations.
TRANSFORMATION: Isolation, climatic variation and altitudinal range support high endemism alongside strong ecological exchange with South Asia.
AFTER_STATE: Island habitats accumulated distinctive endemic assemblages and migration corridors.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Human land use, plantations, conflict and climate change later return as extinction and habitat-fragmentation pressures.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000005

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000006
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RECURRING
ZOOM: SUBSTRATE
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Pleistocene low-sea-level intervals, most recently during the Last Glacial Maximum
WORLD_BAND: W008–W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PALK_LAND_CONNECTIONS_006
PLACE: Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar shelf
ENTITY: Exposed or narrowed land-sea corridor
EVENT: Lower sea levels periodically connect or nearly connect Sri Lanka to the South Asian mainland; the corridor opens and closes rather than defining permanent isolation.
DOMAIN: GEOGRAPHY; WATER; HUMAN_MOBILITY; ANIMAL
EVIDENCE: Bathymetry; sea-level reconstruction; coastal archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S010
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U002; SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Higher sea level separated island and mainland across a shallow shelf.
TRANSFORMATION: Lower sea levels periodically connect or nearly connect Sri Lanka to the South Asian mainland; the corridor opens and closes rather than defining permanent isolation.
AFTER_STATE: Falling seas exposed a traversable or shortened ecological and human corridor.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Later inundation conceals migration routes and complicates simple island-versus-mainland histories.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000006

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000007
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: possibly c. 125,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W011
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_IRANAMADU_RED_BEDS_007
PLACE: Northern and southeastern coastal deposits
ENTITY: Lithic-bearing red-earth and sand formations
EVENT: Stone artefacts in red-earth contexts are interpreted as evidence of Middle or Late Pleistocene human activity, but context, dating and makers remain bounded.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_DEEP_TIME; ARCHAEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Lithic typology; sedimentary context; institutional excavation synthesis
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: B/C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S006; SLK.S013
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U003; SLK.U004
BEFORE_STATE: The island’s Pleistocene deposits preserved environmental change without securely dated human association at every locality.
TRANSFORMATION: Stone artefacts in red-earth contexts are interpreted as evidence of Middle or Late Pleistocene human activity, but context, dating and makers remain bounded.
AFTER_STATE: Lithic-bearing sediments extend a possible occupation record beyond the cave sequences.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Early-date claims remain vulnerable to redeposition and cannot establish a named population or living identity.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000007

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000008
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 48,000 years ago onward
WORLD_BAND: W013–W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FA_HIEN_OCCUPATION_008
PLACE: Fa-Hien Lena, western wet zone
ENTITY: Homo sapiens rainforest occupants
EVENT: Stratified cave occupation documents Homo sapiens living in tropical rainforest environments by about 48,000 years ago.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_AGENT; ECOLOGY; ARCHAEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Radiocarbon dating; human remains; stratified artefacts; faunal and botanical remains
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S007; SLK.S008; SLK.S009
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U004; SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Rainforest occupation at this antiquity was poorly resolved in South Asian records.
TRANSFORMATION: Stratified cave occupation documents Homo sapiens living in tropical rainforest environments by about 48,000 years ago.
AFTER_STATE: Repeated cave use reveals durable human adaptation inside humid closed-canopy environments.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The sequence overturns models that treated rainforest as an unavoidable barrier while leaving ancestry-to-modern-identity claims unmade.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000008

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000009
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 45,000–3,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W013–W021
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RAINFOREST_SMALL_GAME_009
PLACE: Fa-Hien Lena and other wet-zone caves
ENTITY: Foraging communities and small arboreal mammals
EVENT: Intensive hunting of monkeys, squirrels and other small prey demonstrates specialised rainforest subsistence across long intervals.
DOMAIN: FOOD; ANIMAL; HUMAN_AGENT; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Zooarchaeology; cut marks; burning; age profiles; stratigraphy
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S007
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Human diets were often modelled through large-game and open-habitat assumptions.
TRANSFORMATION: Intensive hunting of monkeys, squirrels and other small prey demonstrates specialised rainforest subsistence across long intervals.
AFTER_STATE: Targeted small-game hunting widened dependable rainforest food strategies.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Specialisation could sustain occupation while returning hunting pressure and requiring fine-grained ecological knowledge.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000009

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000010
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 48,000–34,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W013
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BONE_PROJECTILE_SYSTEM_010
PLACE: Fa-Hien Lena
ENTITY: Bone points and projectile technology
EVENT: Worked bone points consistent with projectile hunting appear with other complex tools; functional interpretation is strong but individual use histories remain contextual.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY; INFORMATION; FOOD
EVIDENCE: Use-wear; manufacture traces; archaeological context
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S008
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Rainforest hunting required close-range or improvised strategies with an incompletely known toolkit.
TRANSFORMATION: Worked bone points consistent with projectile hunting appear with other complex tools; functional interpretation is strong but individual use histories remain contextual.
AFTER_STATE: Manufactured bone projectiles increased reach, precision and reproducibility of hunting practice.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Tool knowledge becomes a portable module only when raw material, apprenticeship and ecological skill travel together.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000010

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000011
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 48,000–34,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W013
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SYMBOLIC_DISPLAY_011
PLACE: Fa-Hien Lena
ENTITY: Perforated shell beads, ochre and worked materials
EVENT: Personal ornaments and colour materials indicate practices of display and information beyond subsistence alone.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; MEMORY; MATERIAL
EVIDENCE: Stratified ornaments; pigments; manufacture traces
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S008
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Social information was archaeologically visible mainly through tools and food remains.
TRANSFORMATION: Personal ornaments and colour materials indicate practices of display and information beyond subsistence alone.
AFTER_STATE: Durable display objects externalised affiliation, status or meaning without revealing a single fixed interpretation.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Objects survive more readily than voices, producing a recurring archive bias toward material expression.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000011

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000012
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: EVIDENCE_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 48,000 years ago–Early Holocene; evidence published 2026
WORLD_BAND: W013–W016; W068 evidence clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PLANT_USE_INTENSIFICATION_012
PLACE: Fa-Hien Lena and Sri Lankan rainforest caves
ENTITY: Gathered plant foods and processing practices
EVENT: Residue and archaeobotanical analyses indicate broad plant use with increasing importance through the terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene; this is intensification, not demonstrated cultivation.
DOMAIN: PLANT; FOOD; HUMAN_AGENT; EVIDENCE_TIME
EVIDENCE: Plant residues; starch; phytolith and contextual analysis; peer-reviewed 2026 study
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S009
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U006; SLK.U070
BEFORE_STATE: Plant contributions were undercounted because tropical remains preserve unevenly and research privileged animal evidence.
TRANSFORMATION: Residue and archaeobotanical analyses indicate broad plant use with increasing importance through the terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene; this is intensification, not demonstrated cultivation.
AFTER_STATE: New analysis makes a mixed plant-animal subsistence repertoire more visible across ancient and evidence clocks.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The update changes interpretation without changing the ancient event date and warns against turning plant use into premature agriculture.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000012

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000013
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Late Pleistocene–Holocene
WORLD_BAND: W013–W021
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MICROLITHIC_CONTINUITY_013
PLACE: Wet-zone caves and open-air localities
ENTITY: Geometric microlith and composite-tool traditions
EVENT: Small stone-tool technologies persist and vary across climatic transition without implying one unchanged population or culture.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY; MATERIAL; HUMAN_AGENT
EVIDENCE: Lithic sequences; radiocarbon dating; use-wear studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S006; SLK.S012; SLK.S013
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005; SLK.U007
BEFORE_STATE: Earlier tool assemblages were less standardised or differently preserved.
TRANSFORMATION: Small stone-tool technologies persist and vary across climatic transition without implying one unchanged population or culture.
AFTER_STATE: Microlithic production increased flexible cutting, piercing and composite-tool options.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Similar tools can recur across communities; typological continuity cannot carry ethnic identity by itself.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000013

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000014
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 38,000–12,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W013–W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BATADOMBA_KITULGALA_SEQUENCE_014
PLACE: Batadomba-lena, Beli-lena Kitulgala and related caves
ENTITY: Cave occupants, burials and subsistence deposits
EVENT: Long cave sequences preserve human remains, tools, shell and food debris across major climatic shifts.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_AGENT; FOOD; MEMORY; ARCHAEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Stratigraphy; radiocarbon dating; osteology; faunal and shell remains
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S006; SLK.S013
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005; SLK.U007
BEFORE_STATE: Mobile occupation left discontinuous and taphonomically filtered traces.
TRANSFORMATION: Long cave sequences preserve human remains, tools, shell and food debris across major climatic shifts.
AFTER_STATE: Repeated shelter use concentrated material, dietary and mortuary evidence.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Dense cave archives can distort the wider settlement map by making open-air lives comparatively invisible.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000014

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000015
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 25,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W013
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PATHIRAJAWELA_COASTAL_SITE_015
PLACE: Pathirajawela, southern coastal plain
ENTITY: Open-air foragers at a shifting coast
EVENT: Excavation documents late Pleistocene open-air occupation and adaptation near a coastline later transformed by sea-level rise.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_AGENT; COAST; FOOD; ARCHAEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating; lithics; fauna; geomorphology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S010
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Cave sites dominated reconstructions of late Pleistocene occupation.
TRANSFORMATION: Excavation documents late Pleistocene open-air occupation and adaptation near a coastline later transformed by sea-level rise.
AFTER_STATE: An open-air record expands the known habitat range and links land use to changing coastal geometry.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Sea-level rise later submerges or erodes comparable sites, returning a preservation bias into present knowledge.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000015

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000016
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 26,500–19,000 years ago
WORLD_BAND: W013–W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_LAST_GLACIAL_PALK_CORRIDOR_016
PLACE: Palk shelf and northern Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Human, animal and plant mobility corridor
EVENT: Last Glacial Maximum sea-level fall exposes or narrows the Palk connection, enabling movement while local routes remain unobserved.
DOMAIN: GEOGRAPHY; MOBILITY; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Sea-level modelling; bathymetry; regional archaeological comparison
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S010; SLK.S012
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U002; SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Island and mainland were separated by a shallow marine threshold.
TRANSFORMATION: Last Glacial Maximum sea-level fall exposes or narrows the Palk connection, enabling movement while local routes remain unobserved.
AFTER_STATE: Lower sea levels reduce the water barrier and expand coastal lowlands.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Postglacial inundation fragments habitats, hides routes and later invites deterministic migration stories unsupported by direct transactions.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000016

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000017
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 9700–6000 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W015–W016
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_HOLOCENE_ISLANDING_017
PLACE: Palk Strait, coasts and river mouths
ENTITY: Rising sea level and reconfigured shorelines
EVENT: Postglacial sea-level rise restores the maritime threshold, reshapes lagoons and removes parts of the Pleistocene coastal archive.
DOMAIN: WATER; GEOGRAPHY; ECOLOGY; HUMAN_MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: Sea-level curves; sediment cores; coastal geomorphology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S010; SLK.S097
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U002; SLK.U005
BEFORE_STATE: Low sea level maintained broad coastal plains and a shortened mainland connection.
TRANSFORMATION: Postglacial sea-level rise restores the maritime threshold, reshapes lagoons and removes parts of the Pleistocene coastal archive.
AFTER_STATE: Marine transgression narrows land, forms new estuaries and makes crossing primarily maritime.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Coastal loss becomes both an ancient archive gap and a modern warning under renewed sea-level rise.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000017

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000018
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Late Pleistocene–mid-Holocene
WORLD_BAND: W014–W018
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_HORTON_PLAINS_DISTURBANCE_018
PLACE: Horton Plains, central highlands
ENTITY: Highland vegetation, fire and possible human plant management
EVENT: Pollen, charcoal and other proxies show changing vegetation and disturbance; claims for very early agriculture remain contested and must not be equated with domestication.
DOMAIN: PLANT; ECOLOGY; HUMAN_AGENT
EVIDENCE: Pollen; charcoal; sediment; palaeoecological modelling
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: B/C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S011
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U006
BEFORE_STATE: Highland vegetation changed under climate and fire with uncertain human contribution.
TRANSFORMATION: Pollen, charcoal and other proxies show changing vegetation and disturbance; claims for very early agriculture remain contested and must not be equated with domestication.
AFTER_STATE: Disturbance and plant-use signals suggest recurrent highland intervention without a secure cultivation package.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A provocative hypothesis expands research while premature agricultural labels would overstate the evidence.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000018

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000019
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Early–mid-Holocene
WORLD_BAND: W015–W022
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FORAGER_FARMER_TRANSITION_GAP_019
PLACE: Island-wide, unevenly preserved
ENTITY: Mobile foragers, emerging cultivators and exchange networks
EVENT: The transition from foraging to food production remains regionally discontinuous; absence of dense sites is an evidence gap, not empty land.
DOMAIN: FOOD; HUMAN_AGENT; SETTLEMENT
EVIDENCE: Archaeological survey; botanical and faunal evidence; regional synthesis
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: B/C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S012; SLK.S013; SLK.S015
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005; SLK.U006
BEFORE_STATE: Pleistocene and terminal-Pleistocene sequences document diverse foraging lifeways.
TRANSFORMATION: The transition from foraging to food production remains regionally discontinuous; absence of dense sites is an evidence gap, not empty land.
AFTER_STATE: New crops, animals and settlement practices entered or emerged through poorly resolved interactions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Later agricultural states inherit landscapes whose intermediate histories remain under-recorded.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000019

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000020
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: Historical periods to 2026
WORLD_BAND: W030–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_WANNIYALAETO_LIVING_IDENTITY_020
PLACE: Eastern and central forest margins; dispersed communities
ENTITY: Wanniyalaeto/Vedda persons and communities
EVENT: Living communities maintain and revise identities, livelihoods and claims under state, conservation, settlement and market pressures; they are not archaeological fossils.
DOMAIN: LIVING_IDENTITY; LAW; LAND; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Ethnography; community testimony; legal and administrative records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S014
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U007; SLK.U008
BEFORE_STATE: Colonial and nationalist classifications portrayed communities as static remnants.
TRANSFORMATION: Living communities maintain and revise identities, livelihoods and claims under state, conservation, settlement and market pressures; they are not archaeological fossils.
AFTER_STATE: Living people negotiate displacement, assimilation, recognition and cultural continuity within changing institutions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Prehistory cannot confer or remove present rights; research requires consent, appeal and protection from relic narratives.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000020

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000021
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 1200–800 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W024–W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EARLY_FOOD_PRODUCTION_021
PLACE: Dry-zone and northern/southern settlements
ENTITY: Cultivation, livestock and exchanged crop packages
EVENT: Rice, millets, pulses and livestock become visible unevenly within wider South Asian food networks; local adoption cannot be reduced to one migration.
DOMAIN: FOOD; SETTLEMENT; PLANT; ANIMAL
EVIDENCE: Archaeobotany; zooarchaeology; settlement archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S012; SLK.S015
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U006; SLK.U009; SLK.U011
BEFORE_STATE: Mixed foraging and poorly resolved cultivation occupied multiple habitats.
TRANSFORMATION: Rice, millets, pulses and livestock become visible unevenly within wider South Asian food networks; local adoption cannot be reduced to one migration.
AFTER_STATE: Food-production packages increased storage and settlement potential while depending on seasonal water and labour.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Crop diversity becomes resilience, but later irrigation and land control redistribute access and risk.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000021

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000022
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 1000–500 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W026–W028
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_IRON_MEGALITHIC_WORLDS_022
PLACE: North-central, northern, eastern and southern Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Iron-using settlements and mortuary assemblages
EVENT: Iron tools, black-and-red wares and megalithic mortuary practices appear in regional networks; assemblage similarity does not define a single people, language or polity.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY; MATERIAL; MEMORY; SETTLEMENT
EVIDENCE: Excavated burials and settlements; metallurgy; ceramics
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S012; SLK.S016
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U009; SLK.U018
BEFORE_STATE: Stone and mixed-material technologies served smaller or less archaeologically visible communities.
TRANSFORMATION: Iron tools, black-and-red wares and megalithic mortuary practices appear in regional networks; assemblage similarity does not define a single people, language or polity.
AFTER_STATE: Ironworking and new mortuary forms expanded productive and symbolic repertoires.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Later ethnic histories repeatedly recruit these objects, making category separation a continuing repair requirement.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000022

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000023
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 950 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ANURADHAPURA_EARLY_IRON_023
PLACE: Anuradhapura citadel
ENTITY: Early Iron Age settlement
EVENT: Excavated levels contain early iron and occupation evidence by approximately the tenth century BCE, earlier than the kingdom chronologies of later texts.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; TECHNOLOGY; ARCHAEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Stratified excavation; radiocarbon chronology; artefact analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S017
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005; SLK.U009
BEFORE_STATE: The location was not yet an archaeologically visible large urban centre.
TRANSFORMATION: Excavated levels contain early iron and occupation evidence by approximately the tenth century BCE, earlier than the kingdom chronologies of later texts.
AFTER_STATE: Iron-using occupation establishes a durable settlement node in the north-central dry zone.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Later monumental Anuradhapura grows over earlier layers, making origin stories plural and excavation-sensitive.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000023

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000024
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 900–800 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ANURADHAPURA_TEN_HECTARES_024
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Expanding settlement community
EVENT: The settlement grows to an estimated roughly ten hectares, showing aggregation before secure royal or Buddhist institutional evidence.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; FOOD; FLOW
EVIDENCE: Excavation; survey; settlement-area estimates
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S017
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Small dispersed occupation characterised the locality.
TRANSFORMATION: The settlement grows to an estimated roughly ten hectares, showing aggregation before secure royal or Buddhist institutional evidence.
AFTER_STATE: Population, exchange and production aggregate at a larger permanent node.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Aggregation creates opportunities for storage and coordination while increasing water, waste and subsistence dependencies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000024

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000025
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 700–600 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ANURADHAPURA_URBAN_EXPANSION_025
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Early urban formation
EVENT: The occupied area may approach roughly fifty hectares, indicating an early city-scale formation whose political organisation remains incompletely known.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; CONTROL; FLOW
EVIDENCE: Excavation; survey; urban morphology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S017
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U005; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: A growing settlement linked nearby producers and exchange paths.
TRANSFORMATION: The occupied area may approach roughly fifty hectares, indicating an early city-scale formation whose political organisation remains incompletely known.
AFTER_STATE: Rapid spatial expansion intensifies craft, market, administrative and provisioning functions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Urban capability precedes some later textual labels and places a heavier maintenance burden on hinterland water and food systems.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000025

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000026
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: CONTESTED
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: possibly c. 600–400 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W027–W029
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EARLY_BRAHMI_DEBATE_026
PLACE: Anuradhapura and selected sites
ENTITY: Inscribed sherds and early writing claims
EVENT: Some excavated marks have been dated earlier than the securely widespread inscriptional horizon, but readings, contexts and chronology remain debated.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; SCRIPT; ADMINISTRATION
EVIDENCE: Stratigraphic context; palaeography; radiocarbon association
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: B/C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S018; SLK.S022
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U010
BEFORE_STATE: Urban growth increased demand for durable accounting, marking and identity practices.
TRANSFORMATION: Some excavated marks have been dated earlier than the securely widespread inscriptional horizon, but readings, contexts and chronology remain debated.
AFTER_STATE: Incised signs or early script may have externalised information before major rock-inscription corpora.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Disputed early dates affect models of literacy transmission but cannot independently establish language, ethnicity or state.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000026

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000027
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 500–200 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W029–W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SOUTHERN_EARLY_HISTORIC_PORTS_027
PLACE: Tissamaharama, Kirinda and southeastern corridors
ENTITY: Settlements, producers and maritime intermediaries
EVENT: Southern settlements combine local food production, craft and maritime-facing exchange within changing Ruhuna formations.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; FOOD; MARITIME_FLOW
EVIDENCE: Excavation; ceramics; archaeobotany; inscriptions
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S015; SLK.S034
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U011; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Local communities occupied river, lagoon and coastal niches with limited large-scale integration.
TRANSFORMATION: Southern settlements combine local food production, craft and maritime-facing exchange within changing Ruhuna formations.
AFTER_STATE: Growing settlements connect inland production to littoral exchange and political patronage.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Ports widen access to goods and ideas while shifting exposure to external demand and warfare.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000027

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000028
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 500 BCE–early centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W029–W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDARODAI_NORTHERN_NODE_028
PLACE: Kandarodai/Kadurugoda and Jaffna Peninsula
ENTITY: Northern settlement, burial and exchange network
EVENT: Material remains show a long-lived northern node integrated with island and South Indian circuits; later identities cannot be projected intact into its earliest phases.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; MEMORY; MARITIME_FLOW
EVIDENCE: Excavation; ceramics; coins; burials
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U018; SLK.U030
BEFORE_STATE: Peninsular communities used dispersed coastal and inland sites.
TRANSFORMATION: Material remains show a long-lived northern node integrated with island and South Indian circuits; later identities cannot be projected intact into its earliest phases.
AFTER_STATE: Exchange, burial and settlement activity concentrates at a durable northern node.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The site becomes politically meaningful in later memory, increasing the cost of overconfident ethnic attribution.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000028

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000029
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: by c. 300 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DIRECT_DATED_CROP_PACKAGE_029
PLACE: Kirinda, Kandarodai and other early historic sites
ENTITY: Rice, millets and pulses
EVENT: Direct dates show a diversified crop package by at least the late first millennium BCE, linking local cultivation with South Asian exchanges.
DOMAIN: FOOD; PLANT; TRADE
EVIDENCE: Direct AMS dating of grains; archaeobotany
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S015
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U011
BEFORE_STATE: Food production is known but crop timing and pathways remain unevenly resolved.
TRANSFORMATION: Direct dates show a diversified crop package by at least the late first millennium BCE, linking local cultivation with South Asian exchanges.
AFTER_STATE: Multiple cereals and pulses expand seasonal options and storage within farming communities.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Diversity improves resilience, yet crop presence alone cannot prove a single migrating people or central policy.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000029

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000030
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: mid-first millennium BCE onward
WORLD_BAND: W029–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_INDIAN_OCEAN_THRESHOLD_030
PLACE: Ports and sea lanes around Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Sailors, fishers, merchants, pilgrims and naval powers
EVENT: The island’s position near monsoon sea routes makes coasts recurring transfer points without rendering every hinterland or period equally connected.
DOMAIN: MARITIME_FLOW; PEOPLE; MATERIAL; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Ports; shipwrecks; imported goods; texts; maritime archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S032; SLK.S033; SLK.S034
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U020
BEFORE_STATE: Mainland-facing and local coastal exchange operated at smaller or less visible scales.
TRANSFORMATION: The island’s position near monsoon sea routes makes coasts recurring transfer points without rendering every hinterland or period equally connected.
AFTER_STATE: Monsoon navigation and port nodes connect the island to Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and wider ocean circuits.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Connectivity brings crops, religions, technologies and revenue while returning disease, coercion, piracy and external dependency.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000030

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000031
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: MEMORY_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: described as 6th–4th centuries BCE; chronicles compiled centuries later
WORLD_BAND: W028–W029 event claim; W033–W035 text clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VIJAYA_FOUNDATION_TRADITION_031
PLACE: Tambapanni and later island memory
ENTITY: Vijaya narrative
EVENT: Chronicles narrate Vijaya and companions as founders of a royal lineage; the story is retained as memory history, not demonstrated racial colonisation or a census of origins.
DOMAIN: MEMORY; TEXT; POLITY
EVIDENCE: Pali chronicles; textual criticism; archaeology cross-check
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: C/D
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S020; SLK.S025
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U013
BEFORE_STATE: Multiple communities and settlements existed before the narrative’s claimed arrival.
TRANSFORMATION: Chronicles narrate Vijaya and companions as founders of a royal lineage; the story is retained as memory history, not demonstrated racial colonisation or a census of origins.
AFTER_STATE: A later monastic text orders political beginnings through genealogy, exile and marriage.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The narrative becomes a powerful identity gene whose later expression can obscure prior population plurality.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000031

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000032
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: MEMORY_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: traditionally c. 437–367 BCE
WORLD_BAND: W029 event claim; W033–W035 text clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PANDUKABHAYA_TRADITION_032
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Royal foundation narrative and urban ordering
EVENT: The Mahavamsa attributes city planning and social-religious ordering to Pandukabhaya; archaeology establishes early growth but not every named act.
DOMAIN: MEMORY; POLITY; SETTLEMENT
EVIDENCE: Chronicle tradition; urban archaeology
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S019
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Anuradhapura had already grown through centuries of settlement aggregation.
TRANSFORMATION: The Mahavamsa attributes city planning and social-religious ordering to Pandukabhaya; archaeology establishes early growth but not every named act.
AFTER_STATE: Later narrative concentrates diverse urban transformations into a foundational reign.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The ruler-centred frame preserves institutional memory while suppressing anonymous builders, farmers and earlier residents.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000032

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000033
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 3rd century BCE
WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ASOKAN_BUDDHIST_CONNECTION_033
PLACE: Anuradhapura and transoceanic/peninsular routes
ENTITY: Buddhist monastic and court networks
EVENT: Buddhism becomes institutionally visible through connections conventionally associated with Ashoka, Mahinda and Devanampiya Tissa; mission details combine inscriptional context and later tradition.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; INFORMATION; POLITY; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Rock inscriptions; archaeology; Pali chronicles; comparative epigraphy
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S018; SLK.S019; SLK.S022; SLK.S023
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U014
BEFORE_STATE: Urban and royal institutions operated amid plural ritual practices.
TRANSFORMATION: Buddhism becomes institutionally visible through connections conventionally associated with Ashoka, Mahinda and Devanampiya Tissa; mission details combine inscriptional context and later tradition.
AFTER_STATE: Court patronage and monastic networks anchor Buddhist teaching, ritual and material institutions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Buddhist legitimacy, literacy and land patronage become durable; later exclusivist readings are not inherent in the first transfer.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000033

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000034
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: MEMORY_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: traditional 3rd century BCE; evidence and custody continue to 2026
WORLD_BAND: W030; W068 evidence clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BODHI_TREE_TRANSMISSION_034
PLACE: Anuradhapura, Sri Maha Bodhi precinct
ENTITY: Bodhi cutting, Sanghamitta tradition and ritual custodians
EVENT: Tradition records Sanghamitta bringing a Bodhi-tree cutting and supporting a bhikkhuni lineage; the living cult and tree custody are established, while event detail rests heavily on later texts.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; PLANT; MEMORY; GENDER
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; ritual continuity; heritage records; botanical and archaeological context
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S021; SLK.S023
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U015
BEFORE_STATE: Buddhist institutions were emerging without this enduring plant-centred sovereignty symbol.
TRANSFORMATION: Tradition records Sanghamitta bringing a Bodhi-tree cutting and supporting a bhikkhuni lineage; the living cult and tree custody are established, while event detail rests heavily on later texts.
AFTER_STATE: A living tree, lineage story and ritual place bind Indian Buddhist ancestry to local court and community practice.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Biological growth, ritual care and political memory recombine across centuries, returning maintenance and access duties to each generation.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000034

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000035
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 3rd–1st centuries BCE
WORLD_BAND: W030–W031
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MAHAVIHARA_FORMATION_035
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Mahavihara monastic complex
EVENT: Royal and lay patronage support a major monastic, educational and ritual institution integrated with the capital.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; EDUCATION; LAND; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; inscriptions; chronicles; architectural history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S021; SLK.S027
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Teachers, ritual specialists and donors lacked a comparably durable institutional host at the capital.
TRANSFORMATION: Royal and lay patronage support a major monastic, educational and ritual institution integrated with the capital.
AFTER_STATE: Land, buildings, texts, ordination and patronage consolidate a reproducible monastic organisation.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Knowledge transmission scales, but dependence on surplus, labour and royal favour creates future faction and resource conflicts.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000035

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000036
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 3rd century BCE–early centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W030–W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CAVE_DONOR_INSCRIPTIONS_036
PLACE: Island-wide rock shelters and monasteries
ENTITY: Monks, householders, rulers, women and occupational donors
EVENT: Early Brahmi inscriptions record gifts of caves and facilities, making a wider donor field visible beyond dynastic chronicles.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; RELIGION; SOCIAL_NETWORK
EVIDENCE: Epigraphy; palaeography; archaeological context
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S018; SLK.S022
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U010; SLK.U022
BEFORE_STATE: Patronage and identity circulated largely through perishable speech and ritual.
TRANSFORMATION: Early Brahmi inscriptions record gifts of caves and facilities, making a wider donor field visible beyond dynastic chronicles.
AFTER_STATE: Short durable inscriptions attach names, roles and gifts to monastic spaces.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The archive broadens social visibility while preserving donors more readily than labourers who made and maintained the sites.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000036

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000037
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 3rd century BCE–3rd century CE
WORLD_BAND: W030–W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_WOMEN_DONORS_AND_QUEENS_037
PLACE: Anuradhapura and regional monastic sites
ENTITY: Women patrons, nuns and royal women
EVENT: Inscriptions and texts attest women as donors and religious agents, though institutional and household constraints remain unevenly visible.
DOMAIN: GENDER; RELIGION; PROPERTY; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; chronicles; monastic texts; gender history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S018; SLK.S023
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U022
BEFORE_STATE: Male-centred court narratives obscure many channels of female property, work and authority.
TRANSFORMATION: Inscriptions and texts attest women as donors and religious agents, though institutional and household constraints remain unevenly visible.
AFTER_STATE: Recorded gifts and lineages place some women inside durable patronage and religious networks.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Visibility expands the civilisational genealogy but must not be mistaken for equal control or representative coverage.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000037

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000038
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: early first millennium BCE–early centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W026–W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EARLY_TANK_AND_VILLAGE_SYSTEMS_038
PLACE: North-central dry zone
ENTITY: Village tanks, bunds, channels, fields and maintainers
EVENT: Small and later larger reservoirs buffer monsoon seasonality through collective labour and political coordination; precise founding attributions differ by site.
DOMAIN: WATER; FOOD; LABOUR; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Hydraulic archaeology; inscriptions; landscape survey; palaeoenvironmental evidence
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S016; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U016
BEFORE_STATE: Seasonal rainfall constrained settlement and cropping in the dry zone.
TRANSFORMATION: Small and later larger reservoirs buffer monsoon seasonality through collective labour and political coordination; precise founding attributions differ by site.
AFTER_STATE: Stored and routed water lengthens cultivation windows and links upstream and downstream users.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Surplus and settlement expand, while siltation, malaria ecology, maintenance and unequal allocation return as systemic costs.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000038

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000039
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: MEMORY_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: traditionally 2nd century BCE
WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DUTTHAGAMANI_ELARA_MEMORY_039
PLACE: Anuradhapura and southern/northern political fields
ENTITY: Dutthagamani, Elara and later historical memory
EVENT: Chronicles narrate Dutthagamani’s victory over Elara and monumental patronage; it is a dynastic-religious conflict memory, not a timeless Sinhala-Tamil racial template.
DOMAIN: POLITY; WAR; MEMORY; RELIGION
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; archaeology; later reception history
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: B/C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S025; SLK.S037
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017; SLK.U018
BEFORE_STATE: Multiple regional powers and communities competed for revenue, allegiance and sacred legitimacy.
TRANSFORMATION: Chronicles narrate Dutthagamani’s victory over Elara and monumental patronage; it is a dynastic-religious conflict memory, not a timeless Sinhala-Tamil racial template.
AFTER_STATE: Military consolidation is narrated as restoration of Buddhist kingship under Dutthagamani.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The story supports state and monument memory but later ethnic mobilisation can reactivate it beyond its evidentiary scale.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000039

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000040
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 2nd century BCE
WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RUWANWELISAYA_CONSTRUCTION_040
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Ruwanwelisaya stupa, patrons and construction labour
EVENT: A monumental stupa materialises royal-Buddhist capability through engineering, donations and organised labour.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; BUILT_SYSTEM; LABOUR; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; architectural analysis; inscriptions; chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S021; SLK.S027
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Court and monastic networks operated without this scale of durable ritual focus.
TRANSFORMATION: A monumental stupa materialises royal-Buddhist capability through engineering, donations and organised labour.
AFTER_STATE: Resources, craft and labour are concentrated in a vast relic monument.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The stupa anchors pilgrimage and identity while transferring perpetual conservation and access obligations to later societies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000040

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000041
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 1st century BCE onward
WORLD_BAND: W031–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ABHAYAGIRI_COMPLEX_041
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Abhayagiri monastery and transregional Buddhist networks
EVENT: Abhayagiri develops as a major monastic centre connected to plural Buddhist learning and long-distance pilgrimage.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; EDUCATION; INFORMATION; MARITIME_FLOW
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; inscriptions; Chinese travel accounts; textual history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S021; SLK.S023; SLK.S027; SLK.S030
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: One dominant monastic centre structured much court patronage at Anuradhapura.
TRANSFORMATION: Abhayagiri develops as a major monastic centre connected to plural Buddhist learning and long-distance pilgrimage.
AFTER_STATE: A second major institutional host increases doctrinal, educational and political plurality.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Competition can stimulate learning and exchange while returning resource rivalry and later reformist suppression.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000041

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000042
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: MEMORY_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: traditionally c. 1st century BCE
WORLD_BAND: W031
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PALI_CANON_WRITING_TRADITION_042
PLACE: Aluvihara and monastic networks
ENTITY: Oral Buddhist canon and manuscript transmission
EVENT: Tradition associates famine and political stress with committing the Pali canon to writing; the event’s exact location and form are not independently documented contemporaneously.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; RELIGION; RESILIENCE
EVIDENCE: Chronicle and commentarial tradition; manuscript history
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED_OR_BOUNDED
CONFIDENCE: B/C
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S023; SLK.S025
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Oral recitation carried teachings through trained communities vulnerable to mortality and dispersal.
TRANSFORMATION: Tradition associates famine and political stress with committing the Pali canon to writing; the event’s exact location and form are not independently documented contemporaneously.
AFTER_STATE: Writing is remembered as redundancy for threatened oral memory.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Textual portability expands, but manuscript survival, copying authority and canon boundaries create new control dependencies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000042

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000043
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE
WORLD_BAND: W030–W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_GODAVAYA_SHIPWRECK_043
PLACE: Sea off Godavaya, southern Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Early seagoing vessel and cargo system
EVENT: A wreck with cargo materials documents regional seafaring near Sri Lanka; chronology is broad and does not establish a named route or polity.
DOMAIN: MARITIME_FLOW; MATERIAL; TECHNOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Underwater archaeology; ceramics; cargo analysis; radiocarbon context
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S033; SLK.S034
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U019; SLK.U020
BEFORE_STATE: Maritime exchange is inferred mainly from shore sites and imported objects.
TRANSFORMATION: A wreck with cargo materials documents regional seafaring near Sri Lanka; chronology is broad and does not establish a named route or polity.
AFTER_STATE: A wreck provides direct evidence of vessel-borne material transfer across an exposed coast.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The seabed preserves a transaction-like assemblage while currents, looting and dating limits constrain reconstruction.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000043

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000044
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1st century BCE–3rd century CE
WORLD_BAND: W031–W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_WESTERN_INDIAN_OCEAN_EXCHANGE_044
PLACE: Anuradhapura, southern and western ports
ENTITY: Merchants, coins, ceramics, beads and commodities
EVENT: Sri Lankan nodes participate in intensified Indian Ocean exchange with South Asia, the Red Sea and Mediterranean-linked markets; imports do not equal foreign rule.
DOMAIN: MARITIME_FLOW; CAPITAL; MATERIAL; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Coins; ceramics; beads; texts; port archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S032; SLK.S034; SLK.S035
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U020
BEFORE_STATE: Regional trade linked island coasts and nearby South India at variable intensity.
TRANSFORMATION: Sri Lankan nodes participate in intensified Indian Ocean exchange with South Asia, the Red Sea and Mediterranean-linked markets; imports do not equal foreign rule.
AFTER_STATE: Monsoon shipping and intermediary markets increase commodity and information flows.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Elite revenue and consumption grow while dependency on maritime demand and archive bias toward imports increase.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000044

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000045
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 67–111 CE, traditional reign chronology
WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VASABHA_HYDRAULIC_EXPANSION_045
PLACE: Rajarata
ENTITY: Royal administration and reservoirs
EVENT: Inscriptions and traditions associate Vasabha’s reign with expanded irrigation and administrative capability; individual works require site-specific attribution.
DOMAIN: WATER; POLITY; LABOUR; FOOD
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; chronicles; hydraulic archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S037; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U016; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Village-scale water control supported settlement but large-system reach remained limited.
TRANSFORMATION: Inscriptions and traditions associate Vasabha’s reign with expanded irrigation and administrative capability; individual works require site-specific attribution.
AFTER_STATE: Court-backed reservoirs and channels coordinate water across wider catchments.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Agrarian surplus and authority reinforce one another while downstream users and maintainers bear recurring costs.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000045

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000046
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 274–301 CE
WORLD_BAND: W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MAHASENA_MONASTIC_AND_WATER_REORDERING_046
PLACE: Anuradhapura and dry-zone reservoirs
ENTITY: King Mahasena, monasteries and irrigation works
EVENT: Mahasena’s reign is remembered for major reservoirs and sharp monastic patronage conflict, combining infrastructure growth with institutional coercion.
DOMAIN: WATER; RELIGION; CONTROL; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; archaeology; reservoir histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S037; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U016; SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Competing monastic institutions and water systems depended on negotiated patronage.
TRANSFORMATION: Mahasena’s reign is remembered for major reservoirs and sharp monastic patronage conflict, combining infrastructure growth with institutional coercion.
AFTER_STATE: Royal action redirects land, labour and legitimacy toward selected institutions and large works.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Expanded productive capacity returns alongside sectarian memory and maintenance burdens.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000046

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000047
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 3rd–4th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MINNERIYA_RESERVOIR_SYSTEM_047
PLACE: Minneriya catchment
ENTITY: Reservoir, channels, villages and ecosystems
EVENT: Minneriya becomes a major storage and irrigation node, though construction phases and later repairs exceed a single reign.
DOMAIN: WATER; FOOD; ECOLOGY; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Hydraulic archaeology; inscriptions; landscape and heritage studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U016
BEFORE_STATE: Seasonal streams and smaller tanks limited reliable cultivation across the catchment.
TRANSFORMATION: Minneriya becomes a major storage and irrigation node, though construction phases and later repairs exceed a single reign.
AFTER_STATE: Large storage integrates water, fields, settlement and political supervision.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The system supports food and habitat but requires repeated desiltation, bund safety and equitable release.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000047

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000048
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 3rd–4th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_JETAVANA_MONUMENTAL_SYSTEM_048
PLACE: Anuradhapura
ENTITY: Jetavanaramaya monastery and stupa
EVENT: Jetavana adds another vast monastic-urban complex, demonstrating high material and organisational capability amid institutional rivalry.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; BUILT_SYSTEM; LABOUR; EDUCATION
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; architectural analysis; inscriptions; chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S021; SLK.S027
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Anuradhapura already hosted major competing monasteries and monuments.
TRANSFORMATION: Jetavana adds another vast monastic-urban complex, demonstrating high material and organisational capability amid institutional rivalry.
AFTER_STATE: A new institutional complex concentrates land, brick production, craft and ritual authority.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Plural capability increases, but upkeep and political alignment become long-lived dependencies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000048

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000049
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 399–414 CE
WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FAXIAN_AT_ANURADHAPURA_049
PLACE: Anuradhapura and Abhayagiri
ENTITY: Faxian, monastic communities and pilgrims
EVENT: The Chinese pilgrim Faxian describes large monasteries and Buddhist practices, providing an external eyewitness filtered by religious purpose and translation.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; RELIGION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Travel account; textual criticism; archaeology cross-check
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S030; SLK.S021
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Most surviving descriptions of island institutions came from local retrospective texts and material remains.
TRANSFORMATION: The Chinese pilgrim Faxian describes large monasteries and Buddhist practices, providing an external eyewitness filtered by religious purpose and translation.
AFTER_STATE: A travelling observer records the capital within wider Asian Buddhist routes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The account strengthens transregional genealogy while its selective gaze leaves non-monastic life under-described.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000049

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000050
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 455–473 CE
WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DHATUSENA_KALA_WEWA_050
PLACE: Kala Oya–Anuradhapura system
ENTITY: Dhatusena, Kala Wewa and Jaya Ganga traditions
EVENT: Kala Wewa and the long canal system embody large-scale hydraulic integration; phases, labour regimes and royal attribution require bounded interpretation.
DOMAIN: WATER; FOOD; ENGINEERING; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Hydraulic archaeology; inscriptions; chronicles; engineering survey
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S037; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U016; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Existing reservoirs did not fully integrate the catchment with Anuradhapura demand.
TRANSFORMATION: Kala Wewa and the long canal system embody large-scale hydraulic integration; phases, labour regimes and royal attribution require bounded interpretation.
AFTER_STATE: Storage and low-gradient conveyance extend cultivable land and urban provisioning.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Engineering knowledge persists, while failure, silt, labour extraction and allocation disputes recur across centuries.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000050

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000051
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 477–495 CE
WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SIGIRIYA_CAPITAL_AND_PALACE_051
PLACE: Sigiriya
ENTITY: Kashyapa’s court, fortress-palace, gardens and workers
EVENT: A short-lived royal capital transforms a rock and surrounding water landscape into fortress, palace, gardens and image programme; motive narratives remain contested.
DOMAIN: POLITY; BUILT_SYSTEM; WATER; ART; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; hydraulic landscape analysis; inscriptions and later chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S028; SLK.S019
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U023
BEFORE_STATE: The rock and surrounding settlement landscape lacked this concentrated court-and-defence system.
TRANSFORMATION: A short-lived royal capital transforms a rock and surrounding water landscape into fortress, palace, gardens and image programme; motive narratives remain contested.
AFTER_STATE: Royal command assembles labour, water engineering, art and controlled access at a defensible node.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Court use contracts, but the designed landscape survives as monastic, memory and heritage infrastructure requiring new custodians.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000051

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000052
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 6th–10th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W035–W036
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SIGIRI_GRAFFITI_PUBLIC_TEXT_052
PLACE: Sigiriya mirror wall
ENTITY: Visitors, poets and inscribed responses
EVENT: Hundreds of verses and comments record multilingual, gendered and aesthetic response to the paintings, revealing a public beyond court chronicles.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; LANGUAGE; ART; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Epigraphy; palaeography; literary analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S028; SLK.S036
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U010; SLK.U022
BEFORE_STATE: The former palace landscape had shifted away from its original court function.
TRANSFORMATION: Hundreds of verses and comments record multilingual, gendered and aesthetic response to the paintings, revealing a public beyond court chronicles.
AFTER_STATE: Visitors inscribe reactions, names and poetic conventions onto a controlled monumental surface.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Informal writing becomes an archive of reception, but conservation must now balance access against cumulative damage.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000052

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000053
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 5th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BUDDHAGHOSA_COMMENTARIAL_TRANSFER_053
PLACE: Anuradhapura and Theravada manuscript networks
ENTITY: Buddhaghosa and Sinhala/Pali commentarial traditions
EVENT: Pali commentarial compilation associated with Buddhaghosa translates, reorganises and circulates earlier interpretive traditions through a transregional scholarly language.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; INFORMATION; EDUCATION; LANGUAGE
EVIDENCE: Pali commentaries; textual history; monastic tradition
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S023; SLK.S024
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Local and Sinhala commentarial materials circulated within monastic communities with limited portability.
TRANSFORMATION: Pali commentarial compilation associated with Buddhaghosa translates, reorganises and circulates earlier interpretive traditions through a transregional scholarly language.
AFTER_STATE: Pali redaction makes doctrine more reproducible across Theravada networks while transforming source form.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Sri Lankan scholarship travels outward, yet lost source texts and institutional selection narrow what later readers can recover.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000053

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000054
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 5th–6th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DIPAVAMSA_MAHAVAMSA_COMPOSITION_054
PLACE: Anuradhapura monastic milieu
ENTITY: Pali chronicles and monastic authors
EVENT: The Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa organise island, royal and Buddhist pasts into durable narratives composed long after many described events.
DOMAIN: MEMORY; INFORMATION; POLITY; RELIGION
EVIDENCE: Textual criticism; manuscript traditions; comparative chronology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S020; SLK.S025; SLK.S105
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U013
BEFORE_STATE: Oral, inscriptional and institutional memories lacked one continuous Pali narrative spine.
TRANSFORMATION: The Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa organise island, royal and Buddhist pasts into durable narratives composed long after many described events.
AFTER_STATE: Monastic authors select and sequence genealogies, missions, wars and monuments around Buddhist kingship.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Chronology and identity become portable, while retrospective theology can be mistaken for contemporary observation unless dual-dated.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000054

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000055
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 7th–11th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W035–W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SAMANALAWEWA_STEEL_055
PLACE: Samanalawewa and south-central highlands
ENTITY: Wind-powered furnaces, smelters and steel-production communities
EVENT: Furnaces oriented to monsoon winds produced high-carbon steel at substantial scale; distribution beyond excavated contexts remains under study.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY; ENERGY; MATERIAL; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Archaeometallurgy; furnace excavation; experimental reconstruction
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S031
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U024
BEFORE_STATE: Ironworking existed without this specifically documented wind-driven furnace geometry.
TRANSFORMATION: Furnaces oriented to monsoon winds produced high-carbon steel at substantial scale; distribution beyond excavated contexts remains under study.
AFTER_STATE: Seasonal wind is converted into process heat and controlled high-carbon metal production.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A locally hosted capability may enter wider trade, but ore, charcoal, craft knowledge and seasonal airflow limit portability.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000055

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000056
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 2nd century BCE–13th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W030–W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MANTAI_PORT_SYSTEM_056
PLACE: Mantai, Mannar coast
ENTITY: Port settlement, merchants, craft workers and hinterland suppliers
EVENT: Mantai grows into a major Indian Ocean entrepôt connecting northern Sri Lanka, South India and long-distance sea routes across changing political regimes.
DOMAIN: MARITIME_FLOW; SETTLEMENT; CAPITAL; MATERIAL
EVIDENCE: Urban excavation; ceramics; coins; archaeobotany; texts
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S032; SLK.S034
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U020; SLK.U025
BEFORE_STATE: Smaller coastal nodes moved goods without a comparably dense and durable port settlement.
TRANSFORMATION: Mantai grows into a major Indian Ocean entrepôt connecting northern Sri Lanka, South India and long-distance sea routes across changing political regimes.
AFTER_STATE: Harbour access, craft, storage and merchant networks concentrate transshipment and consumption.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Connectivity enriches intermediaries while exposing the port to silting, political conflict and route displacement.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000056

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000057
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 600–1100 CE
WORLD_BAND: W035–W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MANTAI_SPICE_AND_CEREAL_ARCHIVE_057
PLACE: Mantai
ENTITY: Rice, millets, pulses, black pepper and a clove
EVENT: Plant remains show everyday cereals alongside spices; a clove in a c. 900–1100 context evidences very long-distance movement but not a uniquely proven first use.
DOMAIN: FOOD; PLANT; MARITIME_FLOW
EVIDENCE: Archaeobotany; stratigraphy; radiocarbon association
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S032
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U011; SLK.U025
BEFORE_STATE: Long-distance trade was visible mainly through ceramics, coins and elite goods.
TRANSFORMATION: Plant remains show everyday cereals alongside spices; a clove in a c. 900–1100 context evidences very long-distance movement but not a uniquely proven first use.
AFTER_STATE: Food remains reveal routine provisioning and spice transfer inside the port economy.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A tiny preserved sample enlarges the known network while warning against publicity claims that outrun context.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000057

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000058
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: from at least the early medieval period
WORLD_BAND: W035–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MUSLIM_MERCHANT_COMMUNITIES_058
PLACE: Coastal ports and inland market connections
ENTITY: Arab, Persian, South Asian Muslim merchants and descendants
EVENT: Muslim communities develop through trade, migration, marriage and local institution-building over centuries; no single arrival date creates a homogeneous identity.
DOMAIN: PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; RELIGION; TRADE; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Travel accounts; inscriptions; mosque histories; archival and social history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S034; SLK.S035; SLK.S037
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U018; SLK.U026
BEFORE_STATE: Indian Ocean exchange connected ports without a fully visible permanent Muslim institutional network.
TRANSFORMATION: Muslim communities develop through trade, migration, marriage and local institution-building over centuries; no single arrival date creates a homogeneous identity.
AFTER_STATE: Repeated residence and kinship embed Muslim religious and commercial life in island society.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Commercial portability becomes local belonging, while later racial and communal labels overwrite diverse genealogies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000058

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000059
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 8th–13th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W035–W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_TAMIL_MERCANTILE_CORPORATIONS_059
PLACE: Northern, eastern and southern ports; inland routes
ENTITY: South Indian merchant guilds, craft and temple networks
EVENT: Inscriptions and material evidence attest mobile Tamil-speaking merchant and corporate networks operating across political boundaries.
DOMAIN: TRADE; LANGUAGE; RELIGION; CAPITAL
EVIDENCE: Tamil inscriptions; merchant-guild records; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S034; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U018; SLK.U020
BEFORE_STATE: Exchange occurred through less formally visible merchant and kin networks.
TRANSFORMATION: Inscriptions and material evidence attest mobile Tamil-speaking merchant and corporate networks operating across political boundaries.
AFTER_STATE: Corporate, religious and credit forms make people and goods more reproducible across ports and courts.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Economic institutions travel horizontally without transferring whole populations, sovereignty or a timeless ethnic frontier.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000059

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000060
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RECURRING
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 7th–10th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W035–W036
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SOUTH_INDIAN_INTERVENTIONS_060
PLACE: Rajarata, northern and eastern corridors
ENTITY: Pallava, Pandya and other South Indian powers; island polities
EVENT: Raids, alliances, mercenaries and dynastic interventions repeatedly cross the Palk threshold without erasing local populations or institutions.
DOMAIN: WAR; POLITY; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; MARITIME_FLOW
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; chronicles; South Indian records; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S019; SLK.S037; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017; SLK.U018
BEFORE_STATE: Island political competition operated within mostly local ruling formations.
TRANSFORMATION: Raids, alliances, mercenaries and dynastic interventions repeatedly cross the Palk threshold without erasing local populations or institutions.
AFTER_STATE: External forces and allies enter succession, tribute and territorial contests.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Military transfer reshapes courts and defence while later narratives risk turning episodic control into permanent ethnic ownership.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000060

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000061
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 993 CE
WORLD_BAND: W036
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CHOLA_CAPTURE_NORTH_061
PLACE: Northern and north-central Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Rajaraja I’s Chola forces and Anuradhapura polity
EVENT: Chola forces seize substantial northern territory and damage or displace the Anuradhapura court system; control remains spatially uneven.
DOMAIN: WAR; CONTROL; TAXATION; POLITY
EVIDENCE: Chola inscriptions; Sri Lankan chronicles; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U027
BEFORE_STATE: Anuradhapura-centred kingship retained a weakened but functioning northern dry-zone core.
TRANSFORMATION: Chola forces seize substantial northern territory and damage or displace the Anuradhapura court system; control remains spatially uneven.
AFTER_STATE: Imperial invasion captures strategic centres and redirects revenue toward Chola authority.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Administrative integration and temple building follow, while displacement and memory of conquest return in later political histories.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000061

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000062
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1017 CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CHOLA_CAPTURE_MAHINDA_V_062
PLACE: Rajarata and southern resistance zones
ENTITY: Rajendra I’s Chola state, Mahinda V and regional communities
EVENT: The Chola state captures Mahinda V and extends direct imperial administration, though resistance and local authority persist beyond occupied nodes.
DOMAIN: WAR; CONTROL; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; TAXATION
EVIDENCE: Chola inscriptions; chronicles; political archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U027
BEFORE_STATE: Chola control was strong in the north but island-wide sovereignty remained incomplete.
TRANSFORMATION: The Chola state captures Mahinda V and extends direct imperial administration, though resistance and local authority persist beyond occupied nodes.
AFTER_STATE: Removal of the ruler and garrison-administrative expansion deepen imperial control.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Polonnaruwa gains strategic weight and Chola forms persist even after political reversal.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000062

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000063
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 11th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CHOLA_POLONNARUWA_ADMINISTRATION_063
PLACE: Polonnaruwa/Jananathamangalam and occupied dry zone
ENTITY: Chola administrators, soldiers, temples and taxpayers
EVENT: The Chola regime uses Polonnaruwa as a strategic centre, installs fiscal-military structures and builds Saiva temples within an existing plural landscape.
DOMAIN: CONTROL; TAXATION; RELIGION; BUILT_SYSTEM
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; temple archaeology; coins; chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S039; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U027
BEFORE_STATE: Anuradhapura anchored royal-monastic administration despite long decline and war.
TRANSFORMATION: The Chola regime uses Polonnaruwa as a strategic centre, installs fiscal-military structures and builds Saiva temples within an existing plural landscape.
AFTER_STATE: A more defensible eastern capital hosts garrison, revenue and Saiva institutional capability.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Administrative and architectural modules outlast conquest, demonstrating recombination rather than simple replacement.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000063

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000064
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 1070 CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VIJAYABAHU_RECONSOLIDATION_064
PLACE: Ruhuna, Polonnaruwa and island-wide alliance routes
ENTITY: Vijayabahu I and anti-Chola coalitions
EVENT: Vijayabahu I defeats remaining Chola forces and re-establishes island kingship from Polonnaruwa through prolonged regional mobilisation.
DOMAIN: WAR; POLITY; ALLIANCE; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; chronicles; comparative political history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S039
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Chola garrisons controlled key dry-zone nodes amid dispersed resistance.
TRANSFORMATION: Vijayabahu I defeats remaining Chola forces and re-establishes island kingship from Polonnaruwa through prolonged regional mobilisation.
AFTER_STATE: Regional coalitions recapture centres and install a new court at Polonnaruwa.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Political sovereignty is restored but depends on rebuilding monastic, hydraulic and fiscal systems damaged or redirected by war.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000064

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000065
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1070s–12th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_THERAVADA_ORDINATION_REPAIR_065
PLACE: Polonnaruwa and Burma-linked monastic routes
ENTITY: Sri Lankan court, monks and external ordination lineages
EVENT: Following institutional disruption, ordination lineages are renewed through contacts including Burmese monastic networks; details vary by source.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; EDUCATION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; monastic histories; inscriptions
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S023; SLK.S037
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: War and political fragmentation weakened institutional reproduction of the Sangha.
TRANSFORMATION: Following institutional disruption, ordination lineages are renewed through contacts including Burmese monastic networks; details vary by source.
AFTER_STATE: External lineages and court patronage rebuild ordination and educational continuity.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A repair imported from abroad becomes local authority, showing that civilisational continuity can depend on horizontal re-entry.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000065

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000066
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 11th–13th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W037–W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_POLONNARUWA_CAPITAL_SYSTEM_066
PLACE: Polonnaruwa
ENTITY: Court, monasteries, reservoirs, markets and hinterland communities
EVENT: Polonnaruwa consolidates a fortified, hydraulic and ritual capital that combines Chola inheritances with renewed Buddhist kingship.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; POLITY; WATER; RELIGION
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; inscriptions; architectural history; UNESCO documentation
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S039; SLK.S037
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U029
BEFORE_STATE: A strategic garrison city had replaced much of Anuradhapura’s capital function.
TRANSFORMATION: Polonnaruwa consolidates a fortified, hydraulic and ritual capital that combines Chola inheritances with renewed Buddhist kingship.
AFTER_STATE: New courts recombine defence, monasteries, palaces, tanks and South Asian architectural forms.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A high-capability capital emerges whose maintenance depends on stable succession, labour and dry-zone water control.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000066

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000067
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1153–1186 CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PARAKRAMABAHU_I_CONSOLIDATION_067
PLACE: Polonnaruwa and regional territories
ENTITY: Parakramabahu I’s fiscal-military and administrative system
EVENT: Parakramabahu I consolidates competing realms, campaigns abroad and concentrates resources in a powerful court; the real reach of central control varies by region.
DOMAIN: POLITY; WAR; TAXATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; archaeology; comparative history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S039
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017; SLK.U029
BEFORE_STATE: Regional rulers and factions divided military, fiscal and hydraulic authority.
TRANSFORMATION: Parakramabahu I consolidates competing realms, campaigns abroad and concentrates resources in a powerful court; the real reach of central control varies by region.
AFTER_STATE: Conquest and administrative concentration place more resources under the Polonnaruwa court.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Monuments and infrastructure expand, while war finance and succession dependence increase systemic brittleness.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000067

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000068
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 12th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PARAKRAMA_SAMUDRA_INTEGRATION_068
PLACE: Polonnaruwa catchment
ENTITY: Reservoir complex, channels, cultivators and maintainers
EVENT: Existing and new waterworks are integrated into the Parakrama Samudra system, increasing storage and urban-agricultural capacity; not every component originates in one reign.
DOMAIN: WATER; FOOD; ENGINEERING; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Hydraulic archaeology; inscriptions; chronicles; engineering study
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S039; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U016; SLK.U029
BEFORE_STATE: Multiple reservoirs and channels operated with incomplete central integration.
TRANSFORMATION: Existing and new waterworks are integrated into the Parakrama Samudra system, increasing storage and urban-agricultural capacity; not every component originates in one reign.
AFTER_STATE: Bunds, canals and storage are enlarged and linked under concentrated authority.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Food and city support rise, but failure risk, labour demand and later maintenance debt scale with the system.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000068

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000069
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 12th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_POLONNARUWA_SANGHA_REFORM_069
PLACE: Polonnaruwa
ENTITY: Court-backed monastic reorganisation
EVENT: Parakramabahu I sponsors a unification and disciplinary reform of the Sangha that strengthens institutional standardisation while suppressing or absorbing alternatives.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; CONTROL; EDUCATION; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; monastic history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S023; SLK.S037
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: Multiple fraternities and practices competed for patronage and authority.
TRANSFORMATION: Parakramabahu I sponsors a unification and disciplinary reform of the Sangha that strengthens institutional standardisation while suppressing or absorbing alternatives.
AFTER_STATE: Court power defines accepted ordination and discipline through reform.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Institutional coherence improves for recognised bodies while excluded traditions lose hosts and archival visibility.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000069

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000070
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 12th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_GAL_VIHARA_ART_AND_LABOUR_070
PLACE: Polonnaruwa
ENTITY: Rock-cut Buddha images, artisans and patrons
EVENT: The Gal Vihara ensemble transforms bedrock into monumental devotional images through specialised design and labour.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; ART; MATERIAL; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Archaeology; art history; inscriptions; heritage documentation
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S039
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U021
BEFORE_STATE: The sacred landscape lacked this concentrated rock-cut visual programme.
TRANSFORMATION: The Gal Vihara ensemble transforms bedrock into monumental devotional images through specialised design and labour.
AFTER_STATE: Patronage and craft convert geological substrate into durable ritual information.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Images survive political collapse, shifting from court expression to pilgrimage and global heritage custody.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000070

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000071
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1187–1196 CE
WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_NISSANKA_MALLA_LEGITIMACY_071
PLACE: Polonnaruwa and inscribed landscapes
ENTITY: Nissanka Malla’s court and inscription programme
EVENT: Nissanka Malla uses prolific inscriptions, building and genealogical claims to stabilise legitimacy after Parakramabahu I.
DOMAIN: POLITY; INFORMATION; BUILT_SYSTEM
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; archaeology; political history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S039
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U029
BEFORE_STATE: A powerful predecessor left a resource-intensive court and contested succession.
TRANSFORMATION: Nissanka Malla uses prolific inscriptions, building and genealogical claims to stabilise legitimacy after Parakramabahu I.
AFTER_STATE: Public texts and monuments repeatedly assert lineage, generosity and authority.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Epigraphic abundance improves historical visibility while its eulogistic control message can overstate reach and prosperity.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000071

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000072
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 11th–13th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W037–W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_POLONNARUWA_COSMOPOLITAN_FLOW_072
PLACE: Polonnaruwa, ports and roads
ENTITY: Sinhala, Tamil, South Asian and wider Indian Ocean communities
EVENT: Trade, mercenary, religious and craft networks make the capital region multilingual and institutionally plural despite court-centred narratives.
DOMAIN: PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; TRADE; LANGUAGE; RELIGION
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; ceramics; coins; architecture; textual sources
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S039; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U018; SLK.U020
BEFORE_STATE: War and political transition had disrupted some older movement and market channels.
TRANSFORMATION: Trade, mercenary, religious and craft networks make the capital region multilingual and institutionally plural despite court-centred narratives.
AFTER_STATE: A restored capital draws specialists, traders and ritual forms through island and ocean routes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Recombination enriches capability but later national histories can selectively erase shared production.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000072

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000073
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: late 12th–early 13th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W037–W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_POLONNARUWA_SUCCESSION_INSTABILITY_073
PLACE: Polonnaruwa and regional courts
ENTITY: Short-reigning rulers, court factions and external interveners
EVENT: Rapid succession and factional conflict weaken fiscal, military and maintenance coordination after the major twelfth-century reigns.
DOMAIN: POLITY; CONTROL; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; settlement archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S038
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U028; SLK.U029
BEFORE_STATE: A central court coordinated extensive hydraulic, military and monastic systems.
TRANSFORMATION: Rapid succession and factional conflict weaken fiscal, military and maintenance coordination after the major twelfth-century reigns.
AFTER_STATE: Frequent leadership change fragments command and revenue continuity.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Large systems accumulate deferred maintenance while regional powers and external forces gain leverage.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000073

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000074
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1215 CE and aftermath
WORLD_BAND: W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KALINGA_MAGHA_INVASION_074
PLACE: Northern dry zone and Polonnaruwa
ENTITY: Kalinga Magha’s forces and affected communities
EVENT: Kalinga Magha’s invasion and rule intensify violence and political fragmentation; chronicle descriptions are hostile and cannot alone quantify destruction or identity.
DOMAIN: WAR; COERCION; POLITY; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; archaeology; comparative history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S038; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017; SLK.U028
BEFORE_STATE: A weakened Polonnaruwa court still anchored residual dry-zone authority.
TRANSFORMATION: Kalinga Magha’s invasion and rule intensify violence and political fragmentation; chronicle descriptions are hostile and cannot alone quantify destruction or identity.
AFTER_STATE: External military capture and redistribution disrupt institutions, landholding and sacred sites.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Population and courts shift, but portraying one invasion as the sole cause of dry-zone contraction hides ecological and institutional processes.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000074

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000075
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 13th–15th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W038–W040
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RAJARATA_CONTRACTION_MULTI_CAUSAL_075
PLACE: North-central dry zone
ENTITY: Settlements, reservoirs, disease ecologies and regional polities
EVENT: Urban and settlement contraction follows war, unstable control, water-system maintenance failures, possible disease and route shifts; “abandonment” is neither instantaneous nor complete.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; WATER; HEALTH; POLITY; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Settlement survey; palaeoenvironment; hydraulic archaeology; texts
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S038; SLK.S096
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U016; SLK.U028
BEFORE_STATE: Large dry-zone cities and interdependent hydraulic systems required coordinated labour and security.
TRANSFORMATION: Urban and settlement contraction follows war, unstable control, water-system maintenance failures, possible disease and route shifts; “abandonment” is neither instantaneous nor complete.
AFTER_STATE: Multiple pressures reduce maintenance, concentration and political centrality over generations.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Communities relocate and systems fragment, while surviving tanks and villages preserve knowledge outside fallen capitals.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000075

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000076
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1232–1270 CE
WORLD_BAND: W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DAMBADENIYA_KINGDOM_076
PLACE: Dambadeniya and southwest-facing routes
ENTITY: Vijayabahu III, Parakramabahu II and court-monastic networks
EVENT: A regional kingdom rebuilds court and Buddhist institutions from a more defensible wet-zone interface while competing with northern powers.
DOMAIN: POLITY; RELIGION; MEMORY; DEFENCE
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; architecture; literary history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S038
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Polonnaruwa-centred control had fractured under invasion and maintenance decline.
TRANSFORMATION: A regional kingdom rebuilds court and Buddhist institutions from a more defensible wet-zone interface while competing with northern powers.
AFTER_STATE: Court, relic and literary institutions relocate and re-host authority in Dambadeniya.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Civilisational functions survive by changing host, proving that capital continuity is functional rather than locational identity.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000076

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000077
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1272–1284 CE
WORLD_BAND: W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_YAPAHUWA_CAPITAL_077
PLACE: Yapahuwa
ENTITY: Fortified court, Tooth Relic custody and trade routes
EVENT: Yapahuwa briefly hosts the royal court and Tooth Relic within a fortified rock landscape before new conquest and relocation.
DOMAIN: POLITY; DEFENCE; RELIGION; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Architecture; inscriptions; chronicles; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S038
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Dambadeniya’s court required a more defensible host under regional pressure.
TRANSFORMATION: Yapahuwa briefly hosts the royal court and Tooth Relic within a fortified rock landscape before new conquest and relocation.
AFTER_STATE: Fortification and relic custody concentrate legitimacy at Yapahuwa.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Short duration separates portable institutions from fixed capitals; monuments remain after authority moves.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000077

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000078
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: late 13th–14th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W038–W039
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KURUNEGALA_CAPITAL_078
PLACE: Kurunegala
ENTITY: Court, literary patronage and agrarian hinterland
EVENT: The court shifts to Kurunegala, continuing Buddhist-textual and administrative functions amid plural regional sovereignty.
DOMAIN: POLITY; MEMORY; EDUCATION; FOOD
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; literary works; settlement history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S038
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Yapahuwa’s fortified capital loses control and relic custody.
TRANSFORMATION: The court shifts to Kurunegala, continuing Buddhist-textual and administrative functions amid plural regional sovereignty.
AFTER_STATE: Court capability is re-hosted closer to wet-zone and interregional routes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Repeated relocation preserves functions but reduces the plausibility of an unbroken territorial state.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000078

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000079
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 14th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W039
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_GAMPOLA_POLITY_AND_SACRED_LANDSCAPE_079
PLACE: Gampola, Lankatilaka, Gadaladeniya and Embekke
ENTITY: Gampola rulers, artisans and plural religious patrons
EVENT: Gampola-era courts sponsor architecturally hybrid Buddhist and Hindu sites within upland trade and political networks.
DOMAIN: POLITY; RELIGION; ART; TRADE
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; architecture; art history; chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S044
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Regional sovereignty was distributed among competing capitals and northern authority.
TRANSFORMATION: Gampola-era courts sponsor architecturally hybrid Buddhist and Hindu sites within upland trade and political networks.
AFTER_STATE: Upland courts assemble South Asian craft, ritual and mercantile forms into new sacred landscapes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Hybrid capability endures even when political memory later sorts monuments into singular traditions.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000079

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000080
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: c. 13th–17th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W038–W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_JAFFNA_KINGDOM_FORMATION_080
PLACE: Jaffna Peninsula, Vanni and northern ports
ENTITY: Aryacakravarti rulers, local communities and temple-trade networks
EVENT: A durable northern kingdom forms through South Indian, island and maritime political processes; exact origins and territorial reach change over time.
DOMAIN: POLITY; TRADE; RELIGION; LANGUAGE
EVIDENCE: Inscriptions; coins; chronicles; archaeology; Portuguese records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S040; SLK.S041
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U018; SLK.U030
BEFORE_STATE: Northern authority was divided among local chiefs, external powers and weakened dry-zone states.
TRANSFORMATION: A durable northern kingdom forms through South Indian, island and maritime political processes; exact origins and territorial reach change over time.
AFTER_STATE: A court, fiscal network and ritual institutions consolidate around Jaffna and maritime routes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Tamil political and literary life gains a durable host while later claims risk projecting fixed borders backward.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000080

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000081
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 14th–16th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W039–W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ARYACAKRAVARTI_MARITIME_POWER_081
PLACE: Palk Strait, Mannar pearl banks and northern routes
ENTITY: Jaffna kingdom, pearl divers, traders and tributary relations
EVENT: Northern rulers draw revenue from ports, elephants and pearl fisheries and intervene southward; claims of island-wide supremacy remain source-dependent.
DOMAIN: POLITY; MARITIME_FLOW; LABOUR; TAXATION
EVIDENCE: Coins; chronicles; traveller accounts; Portuguese records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S040; SLK.S041; SLK.S045
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U030
BEFORE_STATE: Regional courts competed without one stable maritime-fiscal centre in the north.
TRANSFORMATION: Northern rulers draw revenue from ports, elephants and pearl fisheries and intervene southward; claims of island-wide supremacy remain source-dependent.
AFTER_STATE: Control of chokepoints and extractive resources expands fiscal and diplomatic reach.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Revenue grows while divers, fishers and coastal ecologies carry the lower-floor risk.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000081

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000082
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: late 14th–early 15th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W039–W040
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KOTTE_FOUNDATION_082
PLACE: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and western lowlands
ENTITY: Fortified city, court and marshland defences
EVENT: Kotte emerges as a fortified wet-zone capital controlling western trade routes; foundation dates and named builders vary across sources.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT; DEFENCE; POLITY; WATER
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; archaeology; historical geography
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S042
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U031
BEFORE_STATE: Western lowlands held dispersed settlements and competing regional authorities.
TRANSFORMATION: Kotte emerges as a fortified wet-zone capital controlling western trade routes; foundation dates and named builders vary across sources.
AFTER_STATE: Marsh, rampart and route geometry support a defensible court near Colombo-facing commerce.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Wet-zone state power grows but becomes highly exposed to later Portuguese maritime intervention.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000082

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000083
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: c. 1412–1467 CE
WORLD_BAND: W040
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PARAKRAMABAHU_VI_KOTTE_083
PLACE: Kotte, Jaffna-facing and southern routes
ENTITY: Parakramabahu VI’s court and allied regional authorities
EVENT: Kotte reaches unusual island-wide influence under Parakramabahu VI, though durable uniform administration is not established everywhere.
DOMAIN: POLITY; WAR; TAXATION; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; literature; comparative history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S042
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U031
BEFORE_STATE: Several regional courts competed for trade, tribute and sacred legitimacy.
TRANSFORMATION: Kotte reaches unusual island-wide influence under Parakramabahu VI, though durable uniform administration is not established everywhere.
AFTER_STATE: Military and diplomatic consolidation briefly extends Kotte’s influence across multiple regions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Court literature and administration flourish, but success depends on succession and delegated local power.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000083

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000084
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 15th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W040
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KOTTE_LITERARY_RELIGIOUS_NETWORKS_084
PLACE: Kotte, Totagamuwa and regional temples
ENTITY: Poets, monks, scribes, schools and patrons
EVENT: Sinhala literary production, monastic education and multilingual South Asian exchange expand under court and temple patronage.
DOMAIN: LANGUAGE; EDUCATION; RELIGION; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Poems; manuscripts; inscriptions; literary history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S042
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U021; SLK.U022
BEFORE_STATE: Dispersed courts and monasteries had preserved textual traditions through repeated relocation.
TRANSFORMATION: Sinhala literary production, monastic education and multilingual South Asian exchange expand under court and temple patronage.
AFTER_STATE: Kotte-era patronage increases copying, composition and institutional learning.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Texts outlive the polity, but elite manuscript survival leaves oral and labouring knowledge under-recorded.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000084

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000085
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 15th–16th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W040–W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDY_UPLAND_FORMATION_085
PLACE: Senkadagala/Kandy and central highlands
ENTITY: Upland chiefs, court networks and communities
EVENT: An upland polity consolidates around defensible terrain and sacred authority, later becoming the principal inland counterweight to European coastal states.
DOMAIN: POLITY; DEFENCE; EDGE; RELIGION
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; inscriptions; Portuguese and Dutch archives; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S037; SLK.S044
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Gampola and other upland centres distributed authority across chiefs and corridors.
TRANSFORMATION: An upland polity consolidates around defensible terrain and sacred authority, later becoming the principal inland counterweight to European coastal states.
AFTER_STATE: Court functions and alliances re-host in terrain difficult for coastal armies to control.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Geography buys strategic autonomy while making the court dependent on passes, chiefs and external diplomacy.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000085

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000086
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1521–1593 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SITAWAKA_MILITARY_STATE_086
PLACE: Sitawaka and western-interior corridors
ENTITY: Mayadunne, Rajasinha I and military-fiscal networks
EVENT: After Kotte’s division, Sitawaka builds a powerful anti-Portuguese military system and contests both Kotte and Kandy.
DOMAIN: WAR; POLITY; TAXATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Portuguese chronicles; local chronicles; comparative history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S046; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Kotte held a fragile dynastic centre amid growing Portuguese involvement.
TRANSFORMATION: After Kotte’s division, Sitawaka builds a powerful anti-Portuguese military system and contests both Kotte and Kandy.
AFTER_STATE: A regional court mobilises land forces, fort routes and revenue against coastal expansion.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Resistance constrains Portuguese reach but prolonged war burdens populations and fails to create a stable successor order.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000086

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000087
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: CONTESTED
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1505 or 1506 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PORTUGUESE_FIRST_CONTACT_087
PLACE: Western coast, conventionally near Colombo
ENTITY: Portuguese fleet, coastal intermediaries and Kotte-linked authorities
EVENT: Portuguese arrival opens a new armed-maritime relationship; the exact year and circumstances differ across chronicles and later histories.
DOMAIN: MARITIME_FLOW; WAR; TRADE; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Portuguese records; local chronicles; critical imperial history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S046; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U032
BEFORE_STATE: Indian Ocean merchants and regional states negotiated commerce without a permanent Portuguese military-fiscal node.
TRANSFORMATION: Portuguese arrival opens a new armed-maritime relationship; the exact year and circumstances differ across chronicles and later histories.
AFTER_STATE: An Atlantic-Indian Ocean imperial fleet enters local tribute, spice and diplomatic circuits.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Cinnamon and port access attract escalating fortification, alliance and coercion rather than immediate island conquest.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000087

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000088
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1517 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COLOMBO_FORT_ESTABLISHED_088
PLACE: Colombo
ENTITY: Portuguese fort, garrison, merchants and local labour
EVENT: A Portuguese fort at Colombo converts episodic contact into a durable armed-commercial foothold near Kotte.
DOMAIN: DEFENCE; TRADE; CONTROL; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Portuguese administrative and military records; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U032
BEFORE_STATE: Portuguese ships depended on negotiated access and temporary shore presence.
TRANSFORMATION: A Portuguese fort at Colombo converts episodic contact into a durable armed-commercial foothold near Kotte.
AFTER_STATE: Fortification hosts soldiers, warehouses, cannon and customs capability year-round.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A coastal control module gains permanence while requiring supply, local alliances and coercive labour.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000088

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000089
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: early–mid-16th century CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KOTTE_PORTUGUESE_ALLIANCE_MISSION_089
PLACE: Kotte and western lowlands
ENTITY: Kotte rulers, Portuguese Crown, missionaries and communities
EVENT: Court alliances, tribute arrangements and missionary activity deepen Portuguese influence while provoking competing regional responses.
DOMAIN: POLITY; RELIGION; TRADE; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Treaties and letters; missionary records; Portuguese and local chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U033; SLK.U034
BEFORE_STATE: Kotte negotiated among local rivals and Indian Ocean merchants without an embedded European patron.
TRANSFORMATION: Court alliances, tribute arrangements and missionary activity deepen Portuguese influence while provoking competing regional responses.
AFTER_STATE: Military assistance, commerce and conversion become interlocked with succession politics.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: External support narrows policy autonomy and turns religious affiliation into a control and protection channel.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000089

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000090
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1521 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VIJAYABA_KOLLAYA_PARTITION_090
PLACE: Kotte realm
ENTITY: Royal heirs and successor polities
EVENT: Dynastic conflict known as the Vijayaba Kollaya divides Kotte authority among Kotte, Sitawaka and Raigama, increasing Portuguese leverage.
DOMAIN: POLITY; WAR; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Chronicles; Portuguese records; political history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S046; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U012; SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: A single Kotte court claimed broad wet-zone authority.
TRANSFORMATION: Dynastic conflict known as the Vijayaba Kollaya divides Kotte authority among Kotte, Sitawaka and Raigama, increasing Portuguese leverage.
AFTER_STATE: Violent succession fragments the fiscal and military command network.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Regional competition strengthens, while foreign alliance becomes more valuable and more costly.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000090

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000091
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1557 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DHARMAPALA_CONVERSION_091
PLACE: Kotte and Colombo
ENTITY: Dharmapala, Franciscan missionaries and Portuguese Crown
EVENT: Dharmapala converts to Catholicism, binding kingship more closely to Portuguese protection; effects on subjects are uneven and coercion must be evidenced locally.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; POLITY; CONTROL; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Royal and missionary records; Portuguese chronicles; critical history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U033; SLK.U034
BEFORE_STATE: Kotte’s ruler sought security amid Sitawaka pressure and Portuguese dependence.
TRANSFORMATION: Dharmapala converts to Catholicism, binding kingship more closely to Portuguese protection; effects on subjects are uneven and coercion must be evidenced locally.
AFTER_STATE: Conversion reconfigures legitimacy, succession and external alliance.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Confessional politics intensify, while later narratives compress diverse local responses into court decisions.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000091

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000092
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1594 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DANTURE_PORTUGUESE_DEFEAT_092
PLACE: Danture and Kandyan approaches
ENTITY: Kandyan forces, Portuguese expedition and local communities
EVENT: A Portuguese attempt to install and control a Kandyan ruler collapses at Danture, demonstrating the limits of coastal military power in the highlands.
DOMAIN: WAR; DEFENCE; EDGE; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Portuguese campaign accounts; local chronicles; military geography
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S046
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: Portuguese-backed succession intervention threatened Kandyan autonomy.
TRANSFORMATION: A Portuguese attempt to install and control a Kandyan ruler collapses at Danture, demonstrating the limits of coastal military power in the highlands.
AFTER_STATE: Upland forces exploit terrain, supply vulnerability and alliance reversal against the expedition.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Kandy retains strategic independence, making highland geography a long-lived political shield.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000092

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000093
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1597 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KOTTE_CROWN_TRANSFER_093
PLACE: Portuguese-controlled western lowlands
ENTITY: Dharmapala’s bequest, Portuguese Crown and Kotte subjects
EVENT: Following Dharmapala’s death and claimed bequest, Portugal incorporates Kotte as a royal possession; legal form does not demonstrate popular consent.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; TAXATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Portuguese legal-administrative records; chronicles
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U033
BEFORE_STATE: Kotte retained nominal dynastic sovereignty under deep Portuguese protection.
TRANSFORMATION: Following Dharmapala’s death and claimed bequest, Portugal incorporates Kotte as a royal possession; legal form does not demonstrate popular consent.
AFTER_STATE: A succession instrument converts indirect influence into asserted Crown jurisdiction.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Tax, land and religious control deepen while legal archives privilege the transferors over governed communities.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000093

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000094
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1619–1621 CE
WORLD_BAND: W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_JAFFNA_PORTUGUESE_CONQUEST_094
PLACE: Jaffna Peninsula and Mannar routes
ENTITY: Portuguese forces, Cankili II’s court and northern communities
EVENT: Portuguese conquest ends the independent Jaffna kingdom and installs a colonial-missionary administration over the peninsula.
DOMAIN: WAR; POLITY; RELIGION; TAXATION
EVIDENCE: Portuguese records; local and South Indian sources; archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047; SLK.S040
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U030; SLK.U034
BEFORE_STATE: Jaffna’s court controlled northern fiscal, temple and maritime networks under pressure.
TRANSFORMATION: Portuguese conquest ends the independent Jaffna kingdom and installs a colonial-missionary administration over the peninsula.
AFTER_STATE: Military defeat removes the dynasty and redirects ports, land and worship through Portuguese authority.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Political sovereignty ends, while Tamil social and religious life continues under coercion, adaptation and diaspora links.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000094

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000095
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 16th–mid-17th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W041–W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PORTUGUESE_COASTAL_SYSTEM_095
PLACE: Western, southern, northern and eastern coastal nodes
ENTITY: Portuguese Estado da Índia, captains, local elites and taxpayers
EVENT: Forts, captaincies, cinnamon extraction and maritime passes create an uneven coastal colonial system; Kandy and many interiors remain outside direct rule.
DOMAIN: CONTROL; TRADE; TAXATION; DEFENCE
EVIDENCE: Portuguese archives; fort archaeology; critical imperial history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U033
BEFORE_STATE: Regional courts and merchant networks shared coastal control.
TRANSFORMATION: Forts, captaincies, cinnamon extraction and maritime passes create an uneven coastal colonial system; Kandy and many interiors remain outside direct rule.
AFTER_STATE: Armed ports and monopoly contracts channel selected commodities and customs through an imperial network.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: New military and commercial capability arrives with fiscal coercion, dependency and persistent zones of negotiated autonomy.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000095

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000096
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 16th–mid-17th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W041–W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CATHOLIC_MISSION_AND_COERCION_096
PLACE: Portuguese-held territories
ENTITY: Missionaries, converts, temples, churches and local communities
EVENT: Catholic institutions expand through preaching, patronage, education and coercive suppression in some places; conversion pathways remain socially diverse.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; EDUCATION; CONTROL; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Missionary letters; church records; Portuguese laws; local histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U034
BEFORE_STATE: Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and local ritual institutions held varied regional hosts.
TRANSFORMATION: Catholic institutions expand through preaching, patronage, education and coercive suppression in some places; conversion pathways remain socially diverse.
AFTER_STATE: Colonial alliance and mission create churches, schools and new identities while displacing some institutions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Catholic communities persist beyond empire, but violence and temple loss remain part of the same inheritance.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000096

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000097
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 16th–17th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W041–W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PORTUGUESE_LABOUR_AND_CAPTIVITY_097
PLACE: Forts, cinnamon zones, households and ocean routes
ENTITY: Corvée workers, soldiers, captives and enslaved persons
EVENT: Fortification, warfare and commodity extraction rely on compulsory labour and captivity, with incomplete records of scale and individual lives.
DOMAIN: LABOUR; COERCION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; TRADE
EVIDENCE: Administrative orders; military and notarial archives; comparative slavery history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S045; SLK.S047
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U035
BEFORE_STATE: Local labour obligations and warfare existed without an Atlantic-connected colonial military market.
TRANSFORMATION: Fortification, warfare and commodity extraction rely on compulsory labour and captivity, with incomplete records of scale and individual lives.
AFTER_STATE: Imperial demand redirects bodies and time into forts, transport, households, armies and export circuits.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Capability at the fort and market transfers injury and family rupture to people whom the archive often leaves unnamed.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000097

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000098
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RECURRING
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1590s–1638 CE
WORLD_BAND: W041–W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDYAN_PORTUGUESE_WARS_098
PLACE: Central highlands and passes
ENTITY: Kandyan rulers, Portuguese armies, chiefs and villagers
EVENT: Alternating war, truce and succession intervention preserve Kandyan autonomy while devastating corridors and taxing local loyalties.
DOMAIN: WAR; EDGE; TAXATION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Portuguese and Kandyan records; chronicles; historical geography
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S044; SLK.S045; SLK.S046
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U033
BEFORE_STATE: Highland and coastal polities maintained an unstable boundary.
TRANSFORMATION: Alternating war, truce and succession intervention preserve Kandyan autonomy while devastating corridors and taxing local loyalties.
AFTER_STATE: Raids, sieges, alliances and scorched corridors repeatedly move the line of control.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Strategic resilience survives, but villages and carriers absorb the recurring cost of both courts.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000098

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000099
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1638 CE
WORLD_BAND: W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDYAN_DUTCH_TREATY_099
PLACE: Kandy and Dutch maritime network
ENTITY: Rajasinha II and Dutch East India Company
EVENT: A treaty exchanges Dutch military assistance against Portugal for commercial privileges; later disputes expose incompatible expectations over forts, debt and sovereignty.
DOMAIN: LAW; WAR; TRADE; DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: Treaty text; VOC correspondence; Kandyan and Portuguese records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U033; SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: Kandy lacked sufficient naval power to remove Portuguese coastal forts.
TRANSFORMATION: A treaty exchanges Dutch military assistance against Portugal for commercial privileges; later disputes expose incompatible expectations over forts, debt and sovereignty.
AFTER_STATE: An external company receives a military-commercial pathway into island politics.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Portugal is displaced, but the ally retains forts and monopoly leverage, returning dependence in a new institutional form.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000099

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000100
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1638–1658 CE
WORLD_BAND: W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DUTCH_CAPTURE_COASTS_100
PLACE: Batticaloa, Galle, Colombo, Jaffna and other forts
ENTITY: VOC forces, Kandyan allies, Portuguese garrisons and local communities
EVENT: Dutch campaigns remove Portuguese rule from major coastal strongholds by 1658 while refusing to hand all captured forts to Kandy.
DOMAIN: WAR; CONTROL; MARITIME_FLOW; DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: VOC archives; Portuguese records; fort archaeology
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050; SLK.S051
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U033; SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: Portuguese forts dominated many coasts while Kandy contested them from inland.
TRANSFORMATION: Dutch campaigns remove Portuguese rule from major coastal strongholds by 1658 while refusing to hand all captured forts to Kandy.
AFTER_STATE: VOC naval finance and Kandyan land pressure combine to defeat Portuguese garrisons.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: One colonial host replaces another; military recombination succeeds while sovereignty debt remains unresolved.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000100

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000101
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1658–1796 CE
WORLD_BAND: W042–W044
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VOC_COASTAL_STATE_101
PLACE: Maritime Provinces
ENTITY: VOC governors, local headmen, cinnamon workers and taxpayers
EVENT: The VOC governs coastal territories through forts, monopolies, land registration, local intermediaries and plural legal regimes, never controlling the Kandyan interior.
DOMAIN: CONTROL; TRADE; TAXATION; LAW; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: VOC archives; land registers; court records; material landscape
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: War ended Portuguese coastal authority but left fragmented jurisdiction and damaged trade.
TRANSFORMATION: The VOC governs coastal territories through forts, monopolies, land registration, local intermediaries and plural legal regimes, never controlling the Kandyan interior.
AFTER_STATE: A chartered company becomes a territorial state while organising commodity and legal systems around profit.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Records and infrastructure expand, but extraction, corvée and archive asymmetry become durable colonial inheritances.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000101

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000102
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1658–1796 CE
WORLD_BAND: W042–W044
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VOC_CINNAMON_MONOPOLY_102
PLACE: Southwestern cinnamon zones and Colombo
ENTITY: VOC officials, chalias/cinnamon peelers, headmen and forest ecologies
EVENT: The Company enforces a cinnamon monopoly through compulsory service, territorial knowledge and export control, while evasion and negotiation persist.
DOMAIN: TRADE; LABOUR; CONTROL; PLANT; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: VOC orders; harvest and export accounts; land and service registers
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U035; SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: Cinnamon circulated through court, local and Portuguese commercial systems.
TRANSFORMATION: The Company enforces a cinnamon monopoly through compulsory service, territorial knowledge and export control, while evasion and negotiation persist.
AFTER_STATE: VOC administration maps, disciplines and channels bark, labour and forests into a monopoly.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Company revenue rises while worker obligations, ecological pressure and smuggling return as hidden operating costs.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000102

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000103
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 17th–18th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W042–W044
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ROMAN_DUTCH_LAW_FORMATION_103
PLACE: Dutch-controlled courts and notarial jurisdictions
ENTITY: VOC courts, local customs and Roman-Dutch legal doctrine
EVENT: Colonial courts combine Roman-Dutch doctrine with selected local customs, producing a legal inheritance later retained under British rule.
DOMAIN: LAW; CONTROL; MEMORY; PROPERTY
EVIDENCE: Court records; placaats; legal histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: Portuguese, local and customary jurisdictions overlapped without one Company court hierarchy.
TRANSFORMATION: Colonial courts combine Roman-Dutch doctrine with selected local customs, producing a legal inheritance later retained under British rule.
AFTER_STATE: VOC legal institutions classify persons, land, marriage and obligations through hybrid rules.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Legal portability outlives its imperial host, but archived categories and unequal access persist in modern law.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000103

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000104
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1707 CE
WORLD_BAND: W043
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_THESAWALAMAI_CODIFICATION_104
PLACE: Jaffna Peninsula
ENTITY: Dutch administration and Tamil customary-law informants
EVENT: The VOC codifies Thesawalamai for the Jaffna Tamils under its jurisdiction; codification freezes and selects practice rather than recording all custom neutrally.
DOMAIN: LAW; PROPERTY; GENDER; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: 1707 codification; court practice; legal history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: Customary norms operated through households, caste, temples and local adjudication with internal variation.
TRANSFORMATION: The VOC codifies Thesawalamai for the Jaffna Tamils under its jurisdiction; codification freezes and selects practice rather than recording all custom neutrally.
AFTER_STATE: Colonial officials translate selected practice into a durable textual jurisdiction.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The code survives into later law, carrying both community recognition and colonial simplification into property and gender relations.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000104

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000105
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1658–1796 CE
WORLD_BAND: W042–W044
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DUTCH_REFORMED_CHURCH_SCHOOLS_105
PLACE: Coastal parishes and towns
ENTITY: Dutch Reformed Church, schoolmasters, converts and local communities
EVENT: Church registration and parish schools expand literacy and administrative reach while access and conversion incentives remain unequal.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; EDUCATION; INFORMATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Church registers; school records; VOC archives
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S049; SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U034; SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: Catholic networks and local schools persisted under a new colonial ruler hostile to Portugal.
TRANSFORMATION: Church registration and parish schools expand literacy and administrative reach while access and conversion incentives remain unequal.
AFTER_STATE: The VOC links schooling, baptism, record-keeping and office eligibility to its church-state system.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Literacy and archives grow, but confessional screening and selective enumeration shape who becomes visible.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000105

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000106
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 17th century–present custody
WORLD_BAND: W042–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_VOC_ARCHIVE_SYSTEM_106
PLACE: Colombo and transnational repositories
ENTITY: VOC paper administration and archival custodians
EVENT: Millions of pages of Company records preserve transactions, law and administration while strongly privileging official, commercial and male voices.
DOMAIN: INFORMATION; MEMORY; CONTROL; HERITAGE
EVIDENCE: Original VOC records; UNESCO Memory of the World documentation
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S050
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U036; SLK.U069
BEFORE_STATE: Colonial governance relied on records but earlier archives were less centralised or less preserved.
TRANSFORMATION: Millions of pages of Company records preserve transactions, law and administration while strongly privileging official, commercial and male voices.
AFTER_STATE: Standardised correspondence, registers and accounts turn governance into a paper information system.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Extraordinary evidence density can make Company priorities appear equivalent to lived reality unless read against silence and coercion.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000106

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000107
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1739–1815 CE
WORLD_BAND: W043–W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDYAN_NAYAKA_DYNASTY_107
PLACE: Kandy and South Indian kinship routes
ENTITY: Nayaka kings, Kandyan chiefs, monks and court communities
EVENT: South Indian Nayaka rulers occupy the Kandyan throne through marriage and court succession, sustaining Buddhist kingship within a multilingual, Hindu-Buddhist court.
DOMAIN: POLITY; RELIGION; KINSHIP; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Kandyan records; chronicles; Dutch and British archives; religious history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S044; SLK.S037
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U018
BEFORE_STATE: Kandyan succession depended on local royal lines, chiefs and regional marriage networks.
TRANSFORMATION: South Indian Nayaka rulers occupy the Kandyan throne through marriage and court succession, sustaining Buddhist kingship within a multilingual, Hindu-Buddhist court.
AFTER_STATE: Dynastic recruitment across the Palk Strait re-hosts kingship without population replacement.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Court pluralism demonstrates recombination, while later ethnic narratives can misread dynasty as foreign essence.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000107

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000108
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RECURRING
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 17th–early 19th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W042–W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDYAN_EDGE_DIPLOMACY_108
PLACE: Highland passes, coastal borders and foreign courts
ENTITY: Kandyan monarchy, chiefs, VOC, British and regional powers
EVENT: Kandy uses terrain, tribute, marriage, trade restrictions and shifting diplomacy to survive between stronger maritime empires.
DOMAIN: EDGE; DIPLOMACY; TRADE; DEFENCE
EVIDENCE: Kandyan, VOC and British correspondence; historical geography
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S044; SLK.S049; SLK.S052
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U033
BEFORE_STATE: The upland state lacked a navy and depended on contested coastal access.
TRANSFORMATION: Kandy uses terrain, tribute, marriage, trade restrictions and shifting diplomacy to survive between stronger maritime empires.
AFTER_STATE: Adaptive alliances and pass control convert geography into strategic bargaining power.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Autonomy persists, but factional succession and reliance on chiefs create points later exploited by Britain.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000108

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000109
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1796 CE
WORLD_BAND: W044
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BRITISH_CAPTURE_DUTCH_COASTS_109
PLACE: Colombo, Galle, Jaffna, Trincomalee and Maritime Provinces
ENTITY: British forces, VOC authorities and local administrations
EVENT: Britain occupies Dutch coastal possessions during European war, inheriting forts, archives and territorial claims without yet controlling Kandy.
DOMAIN: WAR; CONTROL; MARITIME_FLOW; ARCHIVE
EVIDENCE: Capitulation records; British and Dutch archives; fort history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S052; SLK.S049
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017; SLK.U036
BEFORE_STATE: The VOC held an unprofitable but entrenched coastal state around an independent highland kingdom.
TRANSFORMATION: Britain occupies Dutch coastal possessions during European war, inheriting forts, archives and territorial claims without yet controlling Kandy.
AFTER_STATE: British military power transfers coastal jurisdiction and company infrastructure to a new imperial host.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Colonial continuity exceeds regime change: taxes, legal forms and strategic ports are retained and revised.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000109

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000110
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1802 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CEYLON_CROWN_COLONY_110
PLACE: British Ceylon coastal territories
ENTITY: British Crown and colonial administration
EVENT: The Treaty of Amiens era establishes Ceylon as a separate Crown Colony rather than an East India Company possession.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; CONTROL; FINANCE
EVIDENCE: Treaty and imperial legal records; colonial administration history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S052
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U017
BEFORE_STATE: British military occupation governed former Dutch territories provisionally.
TRANSFORMATION: The Treaty of Amiens era establishes Ceylon as a separate Crown Colony rather than an East India Company possession.
AFTER_STATE: Crown-colony status creates a direct imperial jurisdiction and fiscal administration.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A distinct colonial state apparatus forms before island-wide conquest, later becoming the scaffold inherited at independence.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000110

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000111
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 2 March 1815 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KANDYAN_CONVENTION_111
PLACE: Kandy
ENTITY: British Crown, Kandyan chiefs and deposed Sri Vikrama Rajasinha
EVENT: The Kandyan Convention transfers sovereignty to the British Crown and promises protection of Buddhism; elite signatures do not constitute modern popular consent.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; RELIGION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Signed convention; official archive; British and Kandyan records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S051; SLK.S052
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U033; SLK.U037
BEFORE_STATE: Kandy remained the last independent court, weakened by conflict between king and chiefs.
TRANSFORMATION: The Kandyan Convention transfers sovereignty to the British Crown and promises protection of Buddhism; elite signatures do not constitute modern popular consent.
AFTER_STATE: A legal-political instrument removes the monarch and extends British sovereignty island-wide.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Buddhist protection becomes a colonial obligation while betrayed expectations and absent public consent feed rebellion and memory.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000111

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000112
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1817–1818 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_UVA_WELLESSA_REBELLION_112
PLACE: Uva and Wellassa
ENTITY: Rebels, chiefs, villagers and British forces
EVENT: A major uprising challenges British rule and is suppressed through severe military and agrarian measures; casualty and destruction totals remain disputed.
DOMAIN: WAR; COERCION; FOOD; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Colonial military records; proclamations; regional and oral histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S052; SLK.S054
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U038
BEFORE_STATE: The 1815 settlement had left chiefs and communities with unmet expectations under intrusive new rule.
TRANSFORMATION: A major uprising challenges British rule and is suppressed through severe military and agrarian measures; casualty and destruction totals remain disputed.
AFTER_STATE: Rebellion attempts to reconstitute sovereignty; counterinsurgency destroys crops, settlements and command networks.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: British control deepens, while depopulation, land loss and trauma remain powerful regional memory.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000112

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000113
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1832–1833 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COLEBROOKE_CAMERON_REFORMS_113
PLACE: Island-wide colonial administration
ENTITY: Commissions, Executive and Legislative Councils, civil service and courts
EVENT: Reforms unify administration, centralise revenue, regularise councils and open parts of the economy while preserving colonial sovereignty.
DOMAIN: CONTROL; LAW; FINANCE; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Commission reports; ordinances; administrative history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S053; SLK.S052
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U037
BEFORE_STATE: Former Kandyan and maritime provinces retained different administrative structures under one empire.
TRANSFORMATION: Reforms unify administration, centralise revenue, regularise councils and open parts of the economy while preserving colonial sovereignty.
AFTER_STATE: Uniform departments, councils, courts and fiscal rules create an island-wide bureaucratic state.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Administrative integration becomes a modern-state inheritance, but representation remains limited and decisions answer to empire.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000113

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000114
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1820s–1869 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045–W046
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COFFEE_PLANTATION_EXPANSION_114
PLACE: Central highlands and Colombo export routes
ENTITY: European planters, colonial state, workers and displaced land users
EVENT: Coffee estates expand through roads, capital and land acquisition, converting highland forests and village-use landscapes into export production.
DOMAIN: PLANT; LAND; CAPITAL; LABOUR; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Plantation records; land ordinances; trade statistics; environmental history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S055; SLK.S057
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U039; SLK.U040
BEFORE_STATE: Highland agriculture, forest use and Kandyan tenure operated without mass export estates.
TRANSFORMATION: Coffee estates expand through roads, capital and land acquisition, converting highland forests and village-use landscapes into export production.
AFTER_STATE: Colonial law, finance and transport concentrate land and labour around coffee for overseas markets.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Revenue and roads grow while dispossession, erosion, labour demand and commodity dependence accumulate.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000114

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000115
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1840–1897 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045–W047
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CROWN_LANDS_AND_WASTELANDS_115
PLACE: Highlands and rural districts
ENTITY: Colonial survey, Crown land claims and village users
EVENT: Waste Lands rules and survey practices enable the state to claim land not legible as individual title, facilitating plantations and disrupting customary use.
DOMAIN: LAW; LAND; CONTROL; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Ordinances; surveys; court and administrative records; agrarian history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S052; SLK.S055
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U039
BEFORE_STATE: Land access rested on layered customary cultivation, forest and grazing practices often lacking colonial deeds.
TRANSFORMATION: Waste Lands rules and survey practices enable the state to claim land not legible as individual title, facilitating plantations and disrupting customary use.
AFTER_STATE: Survey and title rules translate unregistered use into Crown property available for sale.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A legibility gain for administration returns as dispossession and unequal wealth that survives formal legal change.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000115

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000116
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1848 CE
WORLD_BAND: W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MATALE_REBELLION_116
PLACE: Matale and central districts
ENTITY: Rebels, villagers, Buddhist actors and British authorities
EVENT: Tax pressure and colonial intrusion contribute to an uprising suppressed under martial measures; motives and participation vary locally.
DOMAIN: WAR; TAXATION; RELIGION; COERCION
EVIDENCE: Colonial inquiry and military records; local histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S052; SLK.S054
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U038
BEFORE_STATE: Centralised rule and new taxes reduced space for local political and economic autonomy.
TRANSFORMATION: Tax pressure and colonial intrusion contribute to an uprising suppressed under martial measures; motives and participation vary locally.
AFTER_STATE: Mobilisation challenges officials and symbols of colonial control.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Suppression consolidates authority while exposing the BaseFloor cost of fiscal policy without accountable representation.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000116

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000117
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1820s–early 20th century
WORLD_BAND: W045–W048
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_INDIAN_TAMIL_PLANTATION_LABOUR_117
PLACE: Central highland estates and South India routes
ENTITY: Tamil workers, recruiters, estate management and families
EVENT: Large numbers of workers migrate, often through debt, harsh travel and estate control, to sustain plantation production and create enduring up-country Tamil communities.
DOMAIN: PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; LABOUR; FOOD; HEALTH; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Estate and immigration records; labour history; oral and community history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S055; SLK.S056
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U040
BEFORE_STATE: Coffee expansion faced labour shortages under conditions local cultivators could resist or avoid.
TRANSFORMATION: Large numbers of workers migrate, often through debt, harsh travel and estate control, to sustain plantation production and create enduring up-country Tamil communities.
AFTER_STATE: Recruitment networks move workers and families into line-room estate systems tied to wages and rations.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Export capability scales while mortality, isolation and later citizenship exclusion return to workers and descendants.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000117

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000118
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1869–1890s CE
WORLD_BAND: W046–W047
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COFFEE_RUST_TO_TEA_118
PLACE: Central highlands
ENTITY: Coffee leaf rust, planters, tea capital and estate labour
EVENT: Coffee disease collapses the dominant crop and capital shifts rapidly toward tea, retaining much plantation land, labour and export infrastructure.
DOMAIN: PLANT; DISEASE; CAPITAL; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Plant pathology; export statistics; estate archives
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S057; SLK.S055
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U039; SLK.U040
BEFORE_STATE: An export economy and state revenue depended heavily on coffee monoculture.
TRANSFORMATION: Coffee disease collapses the dominant crop and capital shifts rapidly toward tea, retaining much plantation land, labour and export infrastructure.
AFTER_STATE: Hemileia vastatrix destroys coffee profitability; capital and estates recombine around tea.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The plantation system survives by changing crop, proving module portability while leaving labour and land inequalities largely intact.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000118

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000119
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1864 CE onward
WORLD_BAND: W046–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RAIL_PORT_PLANTATION_CORRIDOR_119
PLACE: Colombo–Kandy and later island rail network
ENTITY: Railways, Colombo harbour, estates, workers and exporters
EVENT: The first railway and later network connect highland plantations to Colombo, lowering export time while unevenly organising inland mobility around colonial commodity flows.
DOMAIN: INFRASTRUCTURE; ENERGY; TRADE; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Railway records; port statistics; maps; economic history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S058; SLK.S057
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U039
BEFORE_STATE: Road and cart systems moved bulk produce slowly from highlands to port.
TRANSFORMATION: The first railway and later network connect highland plantations to Colombo, lowering export time while unevenly organising inland mobility around colonial commodity flows.
AFTER_STATE: Steam rail and harbour investment bind plantation, city and ocean market into one corridor.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Passenger mobility and later public use expand, but route geometry preserves export-centred spatial inequality and maintenance debt.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000119

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000120
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 19th century–present
WORLD_BAND: W045–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PLANTATION_ECOLOGICAL_TRANSFORMATION_120
PLACE: Central and southwestern highlands
ENTITY: Tea, rubber and other estates; soils, streams and biodiversity
EVENT: Forest clearance and monocrop estates transform catchments, habitats and labour settlements; later certification or replanting does not erase accumulated ecological debt.
DOMAIN: ECOLOGY; PLANT; WATER; LABOUR; LAND
EVIDENCE: Land-cover history; plantation records; conservation and hydrological studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S055; SLK.S057; SLK.S098
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U039; SLK.U066
BEFORE_STATE: Diverse highland forests and mixed-use landscapes regulated water and habitat.
TRANSFORMATION: Forest clearance and monocrop estates transform catchments, habitats and labour settlements; later certification or replanting does not erase accumulated ecological debt.
AFTER_STATE: Estate grids, roads and selected crops replace much native cover and reorganise settlement.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Export value returns through erosion, fragmentation, chemical exposure and climate sensitivity borne unevenly by workers and downstream ecologies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000120

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000121
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: late 19th–early 20th centuries CE
WORLD_BAND: W047–W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RELIGIOUS_REVIVAL_PRINT_PUBLICS_121
PLACE: Colombo, Jaffna, Kandy and regional schools
ENTITY: Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christian reformers, printers and schools
EVENT: Religious revivals use print, debate, schools and transnational networks to reconstruct community and anti-colonial public life, often also sharpening bounded identities.
DOMAIN: RELIGION; EDUCATION; INFORMATION; IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Newspapers; pamphlets; school and association archives; intellectual history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S056; SLK.S059
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U018
BEFORE_STATE: Mission schools and colonial publics held unequal authority over education and representation.
TRANSFORMATION: Religious revivals use print, debate, schools and transnational networks to reconstruct community and anti-colonial public life, often also sharpening bounded identities.
AFTER_STATE: Communities adopt print, associations and modern schooling to defend and reform traditions.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Literacy and mobilisation expand while census categories and competitive revival can harden communal boundaries.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000121

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000122
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: May–June 1915 CE
WORLD_BAND: W048
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SINHALA_MUSLIM_VIOLENCE_AND_MARTIAL_LAW_122
PLACE: Western, central and southern districts
ENTITY: Sinhala and Muslim civilians, colonial police and military authorities
EVENT: Communal violence targets Muslim shops and persons; colonial martial-law repression then produces additional killings, detention and political grievance.
DOMAIN: VIOLENCE; POLICING; TRADE; IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Official inquiries; court and police records; newspapers; social history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S060
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U041; SLK.U046
BEFORE_STATE: Economic rivalry and revivalist mobilisation operated within an authoritarian colonial order.
TRANSFORMATION: Communal violence targets Muslim shops and persons; colonial martial-law repression then produces additional killings, detention and political grievance.
AFTER_STATE: Rumour, procession conflict and organised attacks spread; the state responds with exceptional force.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Civilian loss and selective repression become nationalist memory while neither community nor event is reducible to one cause.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000122

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000123
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1919 CE
WORLD_BAND: W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CEYLON_NATIONAL_CONGRESS_123
PLACE: Colombo and island-wide elite networks
ENTITY: Ceylon National Congress and constituent associations
EVENT: The Congress creates a cross-communal constitutional-reform platform, though elite leadership and later divisions limit representation.
DOMAIN: POLITY; INFORMATION; ASSOCIATION
EVIDENCE: Organisational records; speeches; colonial correspondence
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S061
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U042
BEFORE_STATE: Reform associations petitioned separately within communal and professional categories.
TRANSFORMATION: The Congress creates a cross-communal constitutional-reform platform, though elite leadership and later divisions limit representation.
AFTER_STATE: A common organisation coordinates demands for greater representation and self-government.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: National political language scales, but unresolved minority safeguards and class exclusions reappear in constitutional bargaining.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000123

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000124
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1927–1931 CE
WORLD_BAND: W050–W051
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DONOUGHMORE_CONSTITUTION_124
PLACE: Ceylon
ENTITY: Donoughmore Commission, State Council and electorate
EVENT: The Donoughmore reforms establish universal adult franchise and executive committees, unusually early in Asia, while colonial reserve powers remain.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; REPRESENTATION; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Commission report; Order in Council; election records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S059; SLK.S061
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U042
BEFORE_STATE: Representation was limited by property, communal allocation and imperial executive authority.
TRANSFORMATION: The Donoughmore reforms establish universal adult franchise and executive committees, unusually early in Asia, while colonial reserve powers remain.
AFTER_STATE: Adult voting and territorial constituencies broaden formal political participation.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Mass electoral capability grows, but plantation-worker access, gendered practice and majoritarian incentives require separate measurement.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000124

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000125
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1931 CE onward
WORLD_BAND: W051–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_UNIVERSAL_FRANCHISE_EXPRESSION_125
PLACE: Island-wide electorates
ENTITY: Women and men voters, administrators and parties
EVENT: Adult franchise includes women and many previously excluded men, but registration, citizenship, estate isolation and social power shape actual expression.
DOMAIN: REPRESENTATION; GENDER; CONTROL; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Election registers; legal texts; gender and labour history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S059; SLK.S056
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U042; SLK.U044
BEFORE_STATE: Most adults lacked a direct vote in territorial government.
TRANSFORMATION: Adult franchise includes women and many previously excluded men, but registration, citizenship, estate isolation and social power shape actual expression.
AFTER_STATE: Formal suffrage creates a mass political selector within a colonial constitution.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Electoral legitimacy expands while groups without effective registration or later citizenship become Receiver/Nobody gaps.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000125

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000126
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1930s–1950s CE
WORLD_BAND: W051–W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_MALARIA_CONTROL_AND_WELFARE_126
PLACE: Dry zone and island-wide public services
ENTITY: Health workers, patients, welfare institutions and settlement schemes
EVENT: Malaria control, food support and public health expansion reduce mortality and enable resettlement, while ecological and distribution costs vary.
DOMAIN: HEALTH; FOOD; SETTLEMENT; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Health statistics; anti-malaria records; demographic and policy history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S104; SLK.S095
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U043
BEFORE_STATE: Malaria and weak rural services constrained life expectancy and dry-zone settlement.
TRANSFORMATION: Malaria control, food support and public health expansion reduce mortality and enable resettlement, while ecological and distribution costs vary.
AFTER_STATE: Public-health campaigns, clinics and welfare provision widen BaseFloor protection.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Population health improves, but settlement expansion and ageing create new water, land and service dependencies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000126

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000127
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1945 CE onward
WORLD_BAND: W052–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FREE_EDUCATION_REFORM_127
PLACE: Island-wide schools and universities
ENTITY: C. W. W. Kannangara reforms, teachers, students and families
EVENT: Free education and central schools widen access across class and geography, though language, quality and labour-market pathways remain unequal.
DOMAIN: EDUCATION; INFORMATION; MOBILITY; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Education ordinances; administrative statistics; policy history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S104; SLK.S063
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U043
BEFORE_STATE: Secondary and higher education access strongly favoured urban and affluent households.
TRANSFORMATION: Free education and central schools widen access across class and geography, though language, quality and labour-market pathways remain unequal.
AFTER_STATE: Public funding and school expansion make education a mass institution.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Literacy and mobility rise, while credential competition and uneven school quality become later expression problems.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000127

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000128
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1920s–1948 CE
WORLD_BAND: W050–W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_LABOUR_MOVEMENTS_AND_LEFT_128
PLACE: Ports, plantations, railways and urban workplaces
ENTITY: Trade unions, left parties, workers and colonial employers
EVENT: Labour organisation links wages, anti-imperial politics and welfare, while ethnic and estate divisions constrain solidarity.
DOMAIN: LABOUR; POLITY; ASSOCIATION; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Union archives; party records; colonial labour reports
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S055; SLK.S061
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U040; SLK.U042
BEFORE_STATE: Workers faced employer and state power through fragmented local action.
TRANSFORMATION: Labour organisation links wages, anti-imperial politics and welfare, while ethnic and estate divisions constrain solidarity.
AFTER_STATE: Unions and parties make strikes, bargaining and social policy portable across workplaces.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Labour gains enter welfare politics, but plantation workers remain structurally separated and vulnerable.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000128

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000129
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1944–1947 CE
WORLD_BAND: W052–W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SOULBURY_CONSTITUTION_129
PLACE: Ceylon and London
ENTITY: Soulbury Commission, local ministers and minority representatives
EVENT: Constitutional negotiation creates a parliamentary Dominion framework with minority-protection provisions but leaves the unitary colonial state largely intact.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; REPRESENTATION
EVIDENCE: Commission report; constitutional instruments; debates
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S062; SLK.S063
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U042; SLK.U044
BEFORE_STATE: State Council government operated under colonial executive reserve powers.
TRANSFORMATION: Constitutional negotiation creates a parliamentary Dominion framework with minority-protection provisions but leaves the unitary colonial state largely intact.
AFTER_STATE: Cabinet responsibility and a bicameral parliament prepare legal independence.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Transfer capability grows, but centralised territorial control and unresolved representation disputes pass into the successor state.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000129

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000130
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 4 February 1948 CE
WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CEYLON_INDEPENDENCE_130
PLACE: Ceylon
ENTITY: Dominion of Ceylon, United Kingdom and resident population
EVENT: Ceylon becomes an independent Dominion through legal transfer rather than revolutionary rupture, inheriting parliamentary, administrative and economic systems.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; CONTROL; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Independence instruments; parliamentary records; diplomatic archives
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S062; SLK.S063
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U037; SLK.U044
BEFORE_STATE: A locally elected government remained subordinate to British sovereignty.
TRANSFORMATION: Ceylon becomes an independent Dominion through legal transfer rather than revolutionary rupture, inheriting parliamentary, administrative and economic systems.
AFTER_STATE: Legal authority transfers to a Dominion cabinet, parliament and Crown representative.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Self-government arrives with functioning institutions, but plantation dependency, colonial categories and unequal citizenship remain inside the new state.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000130

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000131
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1948–1949 CE
WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CITIZENSHIP_AND_FRANCHISE_ACTS_131
PLACE: Ceylon, especially plantation districts
ENTITY: Parliament, Indian-origin Tamil residents and electoral institutions
EVENT: Citizenship and franchise laws exclude or make citizenship difficult for large numbers of Indian-origin Tamil plantation residents, sharply reducing representation.
DOMAIN: LAW; CITIZENSHIP; LABOUR; REPRESENTATION
EVIDENCE: Acts of Parliament; election data; legal and social history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S064; SLK.S055
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U044
BEFORE_STATE: Many plantation workers had voted under the Donoughmore-era franchise despite insecure nationality status.
TRANSFORMATION: Citizenship and franchise laws exclude or make citizenship difficult for large numbers of Indian-origin Tamil plantation residents, sharply reducing representation.
AFTER_STATE: New legal tests separate residence and labour contribution from citizenship and electoral membership.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A democratic state creates a large Nobody gap whose partial repair takes decades and shapes party competition.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000131

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000132
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1956 CE
WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SINHALA_ONLY_ACT_132
PLACE: Ceylon
ENTITY: Parliament, Sinhala-speaking majority and Tamil-speaking minorities
EVENT: The Official Language Act makes Sinhala the sole official language, expanding majority access to the state while disadvantaging Tamil speakers in administration and employment.
DOMAIN: LAW; LANGUAGE; CONTROL; EMPLOYMENT
EVIDENCE: Act text; parliamentary debates; administrative and political history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S065; SLK.S067
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U045
BEFORE_STATE: English dominated government and elite opportunity under a formally bilingual electoral society.
TRANSFORMATION: The Official Language Act makes Sinhala the sole official language, expanding majority access to the state while disadvantaging Tamil speakers in administration and employment.
AFTER_STATE: State language control shifts rapidly to Sinhala without an adequate equal-access bridge for Tamil.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Decolonisation of elite language returns as minority exclusion, protest and a durable constitutional repair problem.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000132

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000133
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1957 CE
WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BANDARANAIKE_CHELVANAYAKAM_PACT_133
PLACE: Ceylon
ENTITY: Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and S. J. V. Chelvanayakam
EVENT: The pact proposes regional councils and language accommodation but is withdrawn under political pressure before implementation.
DOMAIN: LAW; DEVOLUTION; LANGUAGE; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Pact text; party records; political history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S067; SLK.S068
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U047
BEFORE_STATE: Language conflict and centralised administration generated Tamil federal demands and majority resistance.
TRANSFORMATION: The pact proposes regional councils and language accommodation but is withdrawn under political pressure before implementation.
AFTER_STATE: Elite negotiation designs a limited devolution-and-language repair.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Non-implementation increases distrust and teaches parties that mobilisation can veto negotiated compromise.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000133

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000134
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: May–June 1958 CE
WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COMMUNAL_VIOLENCE_1958_134
PLACE: Multiple districts
ENTITY: Sinhala and Tamil civilians, mobs, police and emergency government
EVENT: Widespread anti-Tamil and retaliatory violence kills and displaces civilians; emergency measures restore order after state response failures.
DOMAIN: VIOLENCE; POLICING; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Emergency records; contemporary reports; survivor accounts; scholarly history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S068; SLK.S071
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U046
BEFORE_STATE: Language conflict and failed accommodation intensified insecurity without nationwide open violence.
TRANSFORMATION: Widespread anti-Tamil and retaliatory violence kills and displaces civilians; emergency measures restore order after state response failures.
AFTER_STATE: Rumour, organised attacks and weak protection convert political division into civilian targeting.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Segregation, fear and displacement deepen, increasing the future recruitment base for exclusivist movements.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000134

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000135
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1964–1988 CE
WORLD_BAND: W055–W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_UPCOUNTRY_TAMIL_CITIZENSHIP_REPAIR_135
PLACE: Sri Lanka, India and plantation districts
ENTITY: Sri Lankan and Indian governments; stateless plantation residents
EVENT: Bilateral agreements and later laws allocate or restore citizenship to many disenfranchised persons, often through slow procedures and without undoing earlier exclusion.
DOMAIN: LAW; CITIZENSHIP; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Bilateral agreements; citizenship laws; administrative records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S064; SLK.S055
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U044
BEFORE_STATE: Hundreds of thousands of long-resident workers and descendants lacked secure citizenship and franchise.
TRANSFORMATION: Bilateral agreements and later laws allocate or restore citizenship to many disenfranchised persons, often through slow procedures and without undoing earlier exclusion.
AFTER_STATE: States divide responsibility, repatriate some persons and gradually naturalise others.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Formal repair narrows statelessness but coerced choices, delayed rights and estate marginality remain inherited consequences.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000135

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000136
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1965 CE
WORLD_BAND: W055
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DUDLEY_CHELVANAYAKAM_PACT_136
PLACE: Ceylon
ENTITY: Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake and S. J. V. Chelvanayakam
EVENT: A second agreement proposes district councils and language measures but again fails to reach durable implementation.
DOMAIN: LAW; DEVOLUTION; LANGUAGE; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Agreement text; parliamentary and party history
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S067; SLK.S068
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U047
BEFORE_STATE: The collapse of the 1957 pact left centralisation and language grievances unresolved.
TRANSFORMATION: A second agreement proposes district councils and language measures but again fails to reach durable implementation.
AFTER_STATE: Renewed bargaining creates another bounded institutional repair design.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Repeated failure reduces confidence in parliamentary compromise and raises the perceived value of maximal demands.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000136

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000137
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: April–June 1971 CE
WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_JVP_INSURRECTION_1971_137
PLACE: Southern, central and other districts
ENTITY: Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, security forces and civilians
EVENT: A youth-led insurrection attacks state targets and is defeated through emergency mobilisation; death, detention and abuse totals remain disputed.
DOMAIN: WAR; POLICING; YOUTH; EMPLOYMENT
EVIDENCE: Official records; commission material; participant and scholarly histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S069
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U048
BEFORE_STATE: Educated youth unemployment, inequality and closed political pathways generated radical opposition.
TRANSFORMATION: A youth-led insurrection attacks state targets and is defeated through emergency mobilisation; death, detention and abuse totals remain disputed.
AFTER_STATE: An underground organisation attempts rapid seizure of state power; government expands military-police control.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The state survives and later rehabilitates some participants, but emergency capacity and unresolved youth exclusion persist.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000137

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000138
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 22 May 1972 CE
WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FIRST_REPUBLIC_CONSTITUTION_138
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Constituent Assembly and Republic of Sri Lanka
EVENT: The new constitution ends Dominion status, strengthens parliamentary sovereignty, gives Buddhism a foremost place and offers weak judicially enforceable rights safeguards.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; RELIGION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: 1972 Constitution; assembly debates; constitutional scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S066; SLK.S067
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: The Soulbury order retained the Crown, judicial review traditions and a minority-protection clause.
TRANSFORMATION: The new constitution ends Dominion status, strengthens parliamentary sovereignty, gives Buddhism a foremost place and offers weak judicially enforceable rights safeguards.
AFTER_STATE: A republican constitution centralises constituent and legislative authority under a unicameral system.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Full republican sovereignty is achieved while minority and institutional checks weaken, feeding future constitutional conflict.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000138

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000139
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: early 1970s
WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_UNIVERSITY_STANDARDISATION_139
PLACE: National university admissions
ENTITY: Students, education ministry and ethnic-language admission categories
EVENT: Admission standardisation changes marks and district access, broadening some regional opportunity while sharply reducing entry for many Tamil-medium students.
DOMAIN: EDUCATION; LANGUAGE; REPRESENTATION; YOUTH
EVIDENCE: Admission rules and statistics; policy and conflict scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S067; SLK.S071
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U049
BEFORE_STATE: National competition rewarded unevenly resourced schools but used more uniform examination scores.
TRANSFORMATION: Admission standardisation changes marks and district access, broadening some regional opportunity while sharply reducing entry for many Tamil-medium students.
AFTER_STATE: Language and district adjustments redistribute scarce university places.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Perceived discrimination becomes a major Tamil youth grievance while educational scarcity remains the underlying control bottleneck.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000139

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000140
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1976–1977 CE
WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_TAMIL_SEPARATIST_MANDATE_AND_LTTE_140
PLACE: Vaddukoddai, northern and eastern political networks
ENTITY: Tamil United Liberation Front, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and Tamil constituencies
EVENT: The Vaddukoddai Resolution advances a separate-state demand while the LTTE forms as one armed organisation; electoral mandate, organisation and later coercive dominance are distinct.
DOMAIN: POLITY; WAR; IDENTITY; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Party resolutions; election results; militant histories; critical scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S070; SLK.S071; SLK.S072
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050
BEFORE_STATE: Federal and language accommodation repeatedly failed while youth militancy remained fragmented.
TRANSFORMATION: The Vaddukoddai Resolution advances a separate-state demand while the LTTE forms as one armed organisation; electoral mandate, organisation and later coercive dominance are distinct.
AFTER_STATE: Parliamentary separatism and armed organisation develop on parallel but non-identical tracks.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A territorial claim gains political and military hosts, later narrowing plural Tamil politics through coercion.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000140

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000141
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: August 1977 CE
WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COMMUNAL_VIOLENCE_1977_141
PLACE: Multiple districts
ENTITY: Tamil civilians, Sinhala civilians, mobs and security institutions
EVENT: Post-election violence includes widespread attacks on Tamils and displacement, worsening mistrust as the political system is being redesigned.
DOMAIN: VIOLENCE; POLICING; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Official and independent reports; political histories; survivor accounts
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S068; SLK.S071
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U046; SLK.U050
BEFORE_STATE: Electoral change and separatist rhetoric heightened insecurity after earlier violence.
TRANSFORMATION: Post-election violence includes widespread attacks on Tamils and displacement, worsening mistrust as the political system is being redesigned.
AFTER_STATE: Attacks and weak protection convert political polarisation into renewed civilian harm.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Fear, migration and militant recruitment rise while impunity undermines confidence in the unitary state.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000141

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000142
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 7 September 1978 CE
WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SECOND_REPUBLIC_CONSTITUTION_142
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Parliament, executive presidency and courts
EVENT: The 1978 Constitution creates a powerful executive presidency, proportional representation and a justiciable rights chapter within a unitary state.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; CONTROL; REPRESENTATION
EVIDENCE: 1978 Constitution and amendments; constitutional judgments and scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S066; SLK.S083
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: The 1972 parliamentary republic concentrated power in the legislature and cabinet.
TRANSFORMATION: The 1978 Constitution creates a powerful executive presidency, proportional representation and a justiciable rights chapter within a unitary state.
AFTER_STATE: Executive authority receives a direct electoral mandate, extensive appointment powers and longer institutional reach.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Government continuity and major projects become easier, while control concentration and amendment struggles recur through 2026.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000142

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000143
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1977–1980s CE
WORLD_BAND: W056–W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_OPEN_ECONOMY_AND_EXPORT_ZONES_143
PLACE: Colombo region, Katunayake and national markets
ENTITY: Government, investors, garment workers and consumers
EVENT: Trade liberalisation, export-processing zones and major infrastructure redirect the economy toward global capital, garments, remittances and consumption.
DOMAIN: CAPITAL; LABOUR; TRADE; GENDER; INFRASTRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: Economic statistics; policy records; labour and gender studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S063; SLK.S091
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U060
BEFORE_STATE: Import controls and state-led allocation constrained goods, investment and private enterprise.
TRANSFORMATION: Trade liberalisation, export-processing zones and major infrastructure redirect the economy toward global capital, garments, remittances and consumption.
AFTER_STATE: Liberalisation and incentives attract capital and feminised factory labour into export networks.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Growth and consumer access expand while external balance, labour rights and spatial inequality become stronger dependencies.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000143

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000144
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 31 May–2 June 1981 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_JAFFNA_LIBRARY_BURNING_144
PLACE: Jaffna
ENTITY: Jaffna Public Library collections, officials, police-linked actors and community
EVENT: The library is burned amid political violence, destroying manuscripts and books central to Tamil intellectual memory; individual command responsibility remains incompletely adjudicated.
DOMAIN: MEMORY; VIOLENCE; INFORMATION; POLICING
EVIDENCE: Contemporary reports; inquiries; library and survivor records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S071; SLK.S073
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050
BEFORE_STATE: A major public archive held rare texts and served as a regional learning institution.
TRANSFORMATION: The library is burned amid political violence, destroying manuscripts and books central to Tamil intellectual memory; individual command responsibility remains incompletely adjudicated.
AFTER_STATE: Politically connected violence converts knowledge infrastructure into a target.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Material loss becomes collective trauma and an enduring symbol of state impunity, even after rebuilding the host institution.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000144

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000145
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: July–August 1983 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BLACK_JULY_145
PLACE: Colombo and multiple districts
ENTITY: Tamil civilians, Sinhala mobs, state institutions and rescuers
EVENT: Organised anti-Tamil pogroms kill, injure and displace civilians and destroy property; failures and complicity within state institutions are extensively documented.
DOMAIN: VIOLENCE; POLICING; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; PROPERTY
EVIDENCE: Commission material; survivor testimony; contemporary reporting; scholarly and rights investigations
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S068; SLK.S071; SLK.S073
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U051
BEFORE_STATE: Insurgency and state violence existed amid escalating communal tension but before island-wide civil war.
TRANSFORMATION: Organised anti-Tamil pogroms kill, injure and displace civilians and destroy property; failures and complicity within state institutions are extensively documented.
AFTER_STATE: Following an LTTE ambush, targeted attacks spread using lists and transport while protection fails unevenly.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Mass displacement and diaspora accelerate, armed separatism gains recruits and civilian trust in the state collapses.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000145

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000146
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1983–2009 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057–W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CIVIL_WAR_SYSTEM_146
PLACE: Northern, eastern and island-wide strategic networks
ENTITY: Sri Lankan state forces, LTTE, other armed groups and civilians
EVENT: A protracted civil war combines conventional battles, insurgency, terrorism, counterinsurgency, assassination, displacement and control of civilian life.
DOMAIN: WAR; COERCION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; CONTROL; ECONOMY
EVIDENCE: Official records; rights investigations; armed-group material; journalism; scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S070; SLK.S072; SLK.S077; SLK.S078
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U052; SLK.U055
BEFORE_STATE: Political exclusion and episodic militancy had not yet produced sustained territorial war.
TRANSFORMATION: A protracted civil war combines conventional battles, insurgency, terrorism, counterinsurgency, assassination, displacement and control of civilian life.
AFTER_STATE: Competing states-of-force build taxation, recruitment, surveillance and external-support systems.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Military and organisational capabilities scale while death, trauma, lost schooling, landmines and institutional exceptionalism return across generations.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000146

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000147
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 29 July 1987 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_INDO_LANKA_ACCORD_THIRTEENTH_AMENDMENT_147
PLACE: Sri Lanka and India
ENTITY: Sri Lankan and Indian governments; provincial councils; Tamil parties and armed groups
EVENT: The Accord and Thirteenth Amendment establish provincial councils, merge the northern and eastern provinces temporarily and recognise Tamil as an official language, but devolution remains contested and incomplete.
DOMAIN: LAW; DEVOLUTION; LANGUAGE; DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: Accord text; constitutional amendment; provincial-council records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S074; SLK.S066; SLK.S083
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U047; SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: War and centralisation offered no accepted framework for regional self-government.
TRANSFORMATION: The Accord and Thirteenth Amendment establish provincial councils, merge the northern and eastern provinces temporarily and recognise Tamil as an official language, but devolution remains contested and incomplete.
AFTER_STATE: External diplomacy installs a constitutional devolution and language repair architecture.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Institutions persist, but land, police and fiscal powers remain limited, making formal availability different from expressed autonomy.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000147

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000148
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1987–1990 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_INDIAN_PEACE_KEEPING_FORCE_148
PLACE: Northern and eastern Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Indian Peace Keeping Force, LTTE, Sri Lankan government and civilians
EVENT: Indian forces enter to disarm militants but fight the LTTE, producing casualties, abuses and political backlash before withdrawal.
DOMAIN: WAR; DIPLOMACY; COERCION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT
EVIDENCE: Indian and Sri Lankan official records; rights reports; participant and scholarly histories
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S072; SLK.S074
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U052
BEFORE_STATE: The Accord assumed external peacekeeping could convert armed conflict into provincial politics.
TRANSFORMATION: Indian forces enter to disarm militants but fight the LTTE, producing casualties, abuses and political backlash before withdrawal.
AFTER_STATE: A foreign military host becomes a combatant when disarmament fails.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The intervention weakens trust in both governments, demonstrates portability limits and leaves civilians exposed between armed controls.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000148

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000149
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1987–1989 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_SECOND_JVP_INSURGENCY_149
PLACE: Southern and central Sri Lanka
ENTITY: JVP/DJV, government security forces, paramilitaries and civilians
EVENT: Insurgency, strikes and assassination meet extrajudicial counterinsurgency, causing large-scale disappearances and deaths whose totals remain contested.
DOMAIN: WAR; POLICING; COERCION; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Commission and court material; rights reports; journalism; survivor testimony
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S069; SLK.S077
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U048; SLK.U050
BEFORE_STATE: War in the north-east coincided with southern anger over the Accord, economy and political control.
TRANSFORMATION: Insurgency, strikes and assassination meet extrajudicial counterinsurgency, causing large-scale disappearances and deaths whose totals remain contested.
AFTER_STATE: Competing clandestine systems discipline communities through killing, fear and emergency power.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Armed opposition is crushed, but disappearance, impunity and emergency governance remain national rather than regional problems.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000149

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000150
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: October 1990 CE
WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_NORTHERN_MUSLIM_EXPULSION_150
PLACE: Northern Province
ENTITY: LTTE and northern Muslim communities
EVENT: The LTTE forcibly expels tens of thousands of Muslims from the north on short notice, confiscating property and creating prolonged displacement.
DOMAIN: COERCION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; PROPERTY; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Survivor testimony; rights reports; humanitarian and scholarly records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S075; SLK.S077
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U053
BEFORE_STATE: Muslim communities lived within northern towns and villages amid worsening LTTE-state war.
TRANSFORMATION: The LTTE forcibly expels tens of thousands of Muslims from the north on short notice, confiscating property and creating prolonged displacement.
AFTER_STATE: An armed territorial authority removes a minority population and seizes homes, land and businesses.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Displacement and contested return persist after war, disproving any binary conflict model that erases Muslim experience.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000150

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000151
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1990s CE
WORLD_BAND: W057–W058
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_WAR_DISAPPEARANCE_AND_DISPLACEMENT_151
PLACE: Northern and eastern districts; detention and displacement sites
ENTITY: Civilians, state forces, LTTE and other armed actors
EVENT: Mass displacement, enforced disappearance allegations, recruitment, massacres and restrictions affect communities under multiple armed controls; event-level responsibility requires separate evidence.
DOMAIN: WAR; COERCION; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; MEMORY
EVIDENCE: Rights investigations; court and commission records; survivor testimony; forensic and humanitarian data
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S070; SLK.S077; SLK.S078
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U052
BEFORE_STATE: Earlier war had already normalised emergency control and displacement.
TRANSFORMATION: Mass displacement, enforced disappearance allegations, recruitment, massacres and restrictions affect communities under multiple armed controls; event-level responsibility requires separate evidence.
AFTER_STATE: Territorial contests repeatedly move populations and obscure custody of detained or missing persons.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Families inherit unresolved truth and land claims; archives and graves become central repair infrastructure.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000151

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000152
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: October–December 1995 CE
WORLD_BAND: W058
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_JAFFNA_EXODUS_AND_CAPTURE_152
PLACE: Jaffna Peninsula
ENTITY: Sri Lankan armed forces, LTTE and civilian population
EVENT: A major state offensive captures Jaffna city after the LTTE directs or pressures much of the population to leave; civilians face shelling, displacement and later return constraints.
DOMAIN: WAR; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; CONTROL; SETTLEMENT
EVIDENCE: Military records; humanitarian reports; survivor accounts; rights documentation
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S070; SLK.S072; SLK.S077
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U052
BEFORE_STATE: The LTTE controlled the peninsula while the state prepared conventional recapture.
TRANSFORMATION: A major state offensive captures Jaffna city after the LTTE directs or pressures much of the population to leave; civilians face shelling, displacement and later return constraints.
AFTER_STATE: Military assault and compulsory/pressured evacuation empty much of the urban area before control changes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: State territory expands, but displacement, militarisation and contested agency shape the social return.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000152

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000153
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 22 February 2002–2006 breakdown
WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CEASEFIRE_AGREEMENT_153
PLACE: Sri Lanka and internationally monitored lines
ENTITY: Government, LTTE and Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission
EVENT: A ceasefire freezes many front lines and permits movement and talks, but parallel rearmament, killings and unresolved control undermine durable settlement.
DOMAIN: LAW; WAR; DIPLOMACY; TRADE
EVIDENCE: Agreement text; monitoring reports; peace-process scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S076; SLK.S072
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U047; SLK.U050
BEFORE_STATE: War imposed closed routes, high casualties and dual territorial administrations.
TRANSFORMATION: A ceasefire freezes many front lines and permits movement and talks, but parallel rearmament, killings and unresolved control undermine durable settlement.
AFTER_STATE: A monitored agreement reduces open combat and opens roads without dismantling armed systems.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Everyday mobility improves temporarily, while unaddressed coercion and incompatible end states return as renewed war.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000153

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000154
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 26 December 2004 CE
WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_INDIAN_OCEAN_TSUNAMI_154
PLACE: Eastern, southern and western coasts
ENTITY: Coastal communities, ocean system, state and humanitarian networks
EVENT: The Indian Ocean tsunami kills tens of thousands in Sri Lanka, displaces large populations and destroys housing and livelihoods across both government- and LTTE-held areas.
DOMAIN: DISASTER; WATER; SETTLEMENT; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Seismic and tsunami records; official and humanitarian assessments; mortality and displacement data
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S106; SLK.S097
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U054
BEFORE_STATE: War-affected coasts already had fragile housing, institutions and movement restrictions.
TRANSFORMATION: The Indian Ocean tsunami kills tens of thousands in Sri Lanka, displaces large populations and destroys housing and livelihoods across both government- and LTTE-held areas.
AFTER_STATE: A distant earthquake-generated wave crosses boundaries and removes people and infrastructure within hours.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Mass aid and reconstruction capacity mobilise, but land buffers, conflict control and unequal distribution shape who can return.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000154

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000155
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: March 2004 CE
WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_KARUNA_SPLIT_155
PLACE: Eastern Province and LTTE organisation
ENTITY: Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan/Karuna faction, LTTE and eastern cadres
EVENT: A major eastern faction breaks from the LTTE, weakening central command and later aligning with state forces amid serious abuse allegations.
DOMAIN: WAR; ORGANISATION; COERCION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Faction statements; monitoring and rights reports; conflict scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S070; SLK.S077
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050
BEFORE_STATE: The LTTE presented a unitary armed command despite regional grievances.
TRANSFORMATION: A major eastern faction breaks from the LTTE, weakening central command and later aligning with state forces amid serious abuse allegations.
AFTER_STATE: Organisational fission moves personnel, intelligence and coercive capacity into a rival host.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The balance of war changes, while child recruitment and impunity allegations require actor-specific accountability.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000155

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000156
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2006–May 2009 CE
WORLD_BAND: W059–W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_WAR_RESUMPTION_AND_TERRITORIAL_COLLAPSE_156
PLACE: Eastern and northern theatres
ENTITY: Sri Lankan armed forces, LTTE and trapped/displaced civilians
EVENT: Full-scale war resumes; the state retakes the east and advances through the north as LTTE territorial control contracts.
DOMAIN: WAR; CONTROL; PEOPLE_MOVEMENT; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Military records; satellite analysis; humanitarian and rights reporting; conflict scholarship
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S072; SLK.S077; SLK.S078
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U052; SLK.U055
BEFORE_STATE: The ceasefire preserved armed organisations and divided territory despite declining compliance.
TRANSFORMATION: Full-scale war resumes; the state retakes the east and advances through the north as LTTE territorial control contracts.
AFTER_STATE: A sustained state offensive uses conventional, air, naval and intelligence superiority against shrinking LTTE territory.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A single state regains territorial control while civilian concentration and information restriction drive catastrophic final-stage risk.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000156

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000157
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: January–18 May 2009 CE
WORLD_BAND: W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FINAL_WAR_PHASE_157
PLACE: Vanni and Mullivaikkal
ENTITY: Sri Lankan armed forces, LTTE and civilians
EVENT: The war ends with the defeat of the LTTE amid grave allegations and findings concerning shelling, killings, forced recruitment, human shields and denial of relief; exact casualty totals and criminal responsibility are not finally adjudicated.
DOMAIN: WAR; COERCION; FOOD; HEALTH; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: UN investigations; satellite and forensic evidence; state records and denials; survivor testimony
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S077; SLK.S078; SLK.S080
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U055
BEFORE_STATE: Hundreds of thousands of civilians were compressed into shrinking LTTE-held territory under state attack.
TRANSFORMATION: The war ends with the defeat of the LTTE amid grave allegations and findings concerning shelling, killings, forced recruitment, human shields and denial of relief; exact casualty totals and criminal responsibility are not finally adjudicated.
AFTER_STATE: Military victory destroys LTTE conventional command while civilians cross into state custody and camps.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Armed separatist rule ends, but missing persons, graves, detention, land and accountability become the returned consequence.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000157

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000158
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2009–2026
WORLD_BAND: W060–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ACCOUNTABILITY_CLAIM_STACK_158
PLACE: Sri Lanka and international institutions
ENTITY: Victims, state agencies, former LTTE actors, courts, commissions, UN bodies and diaspora groups
EVENT: Investigations find reasonable grounds for serious violations by both government forces and the LTTE, while the state disputes important findings and no comprehensive criminal adjudication resolves the final-war record.
DOMAIN: LAW; MEMORY; REPAIR; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: OHCHR investigation; UN reports; domestic commissions; court and forensic records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S077; SLK.S078; SLK.S079; SLK.S080
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U055
BEFORE_STATE: War narratives were controlled by armed actors and immediate victory/defeat frames.
TRANSFORMATION: Investigations find reasonable grounds for serious violations by both government forces and the LTTE, while the state disputes important findings and no comprehensive criminal adjudication resolves the final-war record.
AFTER_STATE: Evidence collection, denial, commemoration and legal initiatives construct competing accountability systems.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Truth remains fragmented; every record must distinguish allegation, investigative finding, denial and judgment rather than laundering one into another.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000158

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000159
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2009–2015 CE
WORLD_BAND: W060–W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_POSTWAR_RECONSTRUCTION_MILITARISATION_159
PLACE: Northern and eastern provinces
ENTITY: State agencies, military, returnees, investors and local governments
EVENT: Roads, rail and public services are rebuilt while military presence, land control, surveillance and uneven local participation constrain postwar normalisation.
DOMAIN: INFRASTRUCTURE; CONTROL; LAND; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Budgets; project records; land documents; rights and development studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S080; SLK.S092
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U056; SLK.U067
BEFORE_STATE: War-damaged regions contained mines, destroyed assets, camps and displaced populations.
TRANSFORMATION: Roads, rail and public services are rebuilt while military presence, land control, surveillance and uneven local participation constrain postwar normalisation.
AFTER_STATE: State-led clearance and construction restore connectivity under centralised security control.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Material capability returns faster than trust, land settlement and accountable local power.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000159

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000160
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 2010 CE
WORLD_BAND: W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EIGHTEENTH_AMENDMENT_160
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: President, Parliament and constitutional commissions
EVENT: The Eighteenth Amendment removes the two-term presidential limit and weakens independent appointment checks, increasing executive concentration.
DOMAIN: LAW; CONTROL; POLITY
EVIDENCE: Amendment text; parliamentary record; constitutional analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S083; SLK.S066
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: The Seventeenth Amendment and term limits constrained some executive appointments and tenure.
TRANSFORMATION: The Eighteenth Amendment removes the two-term presidential limit and weakens independent appointment checks, increasing executive concentration.
AFTER_STATE: Constitutional change expands presidential duration and influence over oversight bodies.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Short-term command capacity grows while institutional drift and personalised control increase repair costs.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000160

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000161
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 2015 CE
WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_NINETEENTH_AMENDMENT_161
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Parliament, President and independent commissions
EVENT: The Nineteenth Amendment restores a presidential term limit, reduces selected powers and strengthens constitutional councils and commissions, though ambiguities remain.
DOMAIN: LAW; CONTROL; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Amendment text; parliamentary record; constitutional judgments
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S083; SLK.S066
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: The post-2010 presidency faced weak appointment and tenure constraints.
TRANSFORMATION: The Nineteenth Amendment restores a presidential term limit, reduces selected powers and strengthens constitutional councils and commissions, though ambiguities remain.
AFTER_STATE: A cross-party reform partially redistributes appointment and executive power.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Oversight capacity improves but later amendments show that repair without deep political commitment is reversible.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000161

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000162
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: October–December 2018 CE
WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CONSTITUTIONAL_CRISIS_2018_162
PLACE: Colombo and national institutions
ENTITY: President, prime ministers, Parliament and Supreme Court
EVENT: The President dismisses the prime minister, appoints a replacement and dissolves Parliament; judicial decisions invalidate dissolution and parliamentary confidence restores the prior government.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; REPAIR; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Supreme Court judgments; Gazette notices; parliamentary votes
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S082; SLK.S066
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: A divided executive and legislature operated within contested constitutional provisions.
TRANSFORMATION: The President dismisses the prime minister, appoints a replacement and dissolves Parliament; judicial decisions invalidate dissolution and parliamentary confidence restores the prior government.
AFTER_STATE: Executive action attempts to change government and legislature outside accepted confidence procedures.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Courts and Parliament reverse the manoeuvre, demonstrating institutional repair while exposing ambiguity and personalised control risk.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000162

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000163
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 21 April 2019 CE
WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EASTER_SUNDAY_ATTACKS_163
PLACE: Churches and hotels in Colombo, Negombo and Batticaloa
ENTITY: Islamist suicide attackers, victims, intelligence and security institutions
EVENT: Coordinated suicide bombings kill worshippers, hotel staff and visitors; subsequent investigations expose failures to act on prior intelligence, while prosecutions and responsibility questions continue.
DOMAIN: TERRORISM; RELIGION; POLICING; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Court proceedings; commission material; official and independent investigations
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S081; SLK.S080
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U058
BEFORE_STATE: Postwar security institutions had shifted focus while extremist networks developed and warnings circulated.
TRANSFORMATION: Coordinated suicide bombings kill worshippers, hotel staff and visitors; subsequent investigations expose failures to act on prior intelligence, while prosecutions and responsibility questions continue.
AFTER_STATE: Attackers convert transnational ideology, explosives and local cells into mass-casualty violence.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Security powers and communal suspicion return, making accountable intelligence repair essential to prevent collective punishment.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000163

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000164
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 16 November 2019 CE
WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_GOTABAYA_PRESIDENTIAL_ELECTION_164
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Gotabaya Rajapaksa, electorate and Election Commission
EVENT: Gotabaya Rajapaksa wins the presidency on a security, sovereignty and development platform after the Easter attacks.
DOMAIN: POLITY; REPRESENTATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Official election results; manifestos; observer reports
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S088
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U065
BEFORE_STATE: The coalition elected in 2015 had fragmented amid security and economic dissatisfaction.
TRANSFORMATION: Gotabaya Rajapaksa wins the presidency on a security, sovereignty and development platform after the Easter attacks.
AFTER_STATE: A decisive electoral transfer places a former defence official at the executive centre.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Pandemic response and later economic policy become highly concentrated within the presidency and family-linked government.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000164

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000165
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: March 2020–2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W062–W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_COVID19_SHOCK_165
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Public-health system, households, workers, schools and government
EVENT: Pandemic controls and global disruption protect some health capacity while reducing tourism, remittances, learning and livelihoods and increasing fiscal and foreign-exchange stress.
DOMAIN: HEALTH; ECONOMY; EDUCATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: WHO and health records; economic statistics; school and household studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S095; SLK.S091
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U060; SLK.U063
BEFORE_STATE: A tourism- and import-dependent economy carried high debt but retained strong public-health institutions.
TRANSFORMATION: Pandemic controls and global disruption protect some health capacity while reducing tourism, remittances, learning and livelihoods and increasing fiscal and foreign-exchange stress.
AFTER_STATE: Border controls, curfews, vaccination and global demand collapse disrupt people and capital flows.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Health capability averts some loss while income, learning and fiscal damage feed the 2022 BaseFloor crisis.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000165

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000166
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: October 2020 CE
WORLD_BAND: W062
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_TWENTIETH_AMENDMENT_166
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: President and Parliament
EVENT: The Twentieth Amendment reverses many Nineteenth-Amendment constraints and restores stronger presidential appointment and dissolution powers.
DOMAIN: LAW; CONTROL; POLITY
EVIDENCE: Amendment text; parliamentary record; constitutional analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S083; SLK.S066
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: The 2015 settlement imposed more shared appointments and limits on executive action.
TRANSFORMATION: The Twentieth Amendment reverses many Nineteenth-Amendment constraints and restores stronger presidential appointment and dissolution powers.
AFTER_STATE: A large parliamentary majority re-concentrates power in the presidency.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Command accelerates, but weak scrutiny increases policy-error and accountability exposure during the coming crisis.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000166

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000167
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: April 2021–2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W063–W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FERTILISER_BAN_AND_REVERSAL_167
PLACE: Agricultural districts
ENTITY: Government, farmers, importers and food consumers
EVENT: An abrupt ban on chemical fertiliser and agrochemical imports seeks organic conversion but reduces yields and is partly reversed without adequate transition support.
DOMAIN: FOOD; PLANT; POLICY; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Gazette and policy records; crop statistics; farmer surveys; economic reviews
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S084; SLK.S091
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U059; SLK.U060
BEFORE_STATE: Farming depended on imported inputs and carried environmental and foreign-exchange costs.
TRANSFORMATION: An abrupt ban on chemical fertiliser and agrochemical imports seeks organic conversion but reduces yields and is partly reversed without adequate transition support.
AFTER_STATE: Central decree removes inputs before knowledge, organic supply and market systems can substitute.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A regenerative goal without dependency closure returns as harvest loss, farmer distress, imports and institutional distrust.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000167

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000168
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: late 2021–April 2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W063–W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_FOREIGN_EXCHANGE_SHORTAGES_168
PLACE: Island-wide households, firms and public services
ENTITY: Government, Central Bank, importers and creditors
EVENT: Reserves collapse amid debt, tax cuts, exchange-rate defence, lost tourism, import dependence and policy delay, causing fuel, medicine, food and power shortages.
DOMAIN: FINANCE; ENERGY; FOOD; HEALTH; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Central Bank reports; fiscal and trade data; independent economic analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S084; SLK.S085; SLK.S091
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U060
BEFORE_STATE: A debt-financed and import-dependent economy retained diminishing buffers after pandemic shock.
TRANSFORMATION: Reserves collapse amid debt, tax cuts, exchange-rate defence, lost tourism, import dependence and policy delay, causing fuel, medicine, food and power shortages.
AFTER_STATE: Policy and external pressures exhaust usable foreign exchange and interrupt essential imports.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Macroeconomic imbalance descends directly into queues, blackouts, nutrition and care, revealing the lower-floor dependency chain.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000168

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000169
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 12 April 2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EXTERNAL_DEBT_STANDSTILL_169
PLACE: Sri Lanka and external creditors
ENTITY: Government, Central Bank and sovereign creditors
EVENT: Sri Lanka announces a standstill on most external debt service, acknowledging that the debt path and reserves cannot sustain scheduled payments.
DOMAIN: FINANCE; LAW; EXTERNAL_DEPENDENCY
EVIDENCE: Finance Ministry and Central Bank statements; debt documents; IMF analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S084; SLK.S085
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U060
BEFORE_STATE: Debt payments continued by consuming scarce reserves needed for essential imports.
TRANSFORMATION: Sri Lanka announces a standstill on most external debt service, acknowledging that the debt path and reserves cannot sustain scheduled payments.
AFTER_STATE: The state suspends payment and begins restructuring rather than continue unmanaged depletion.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Default opens a repair pathway but raises borrowing costs, litigation and long-term policy conditionality.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000169

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000170
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: March–July 2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_ARAGALAYA_MASS_PROTEST_170
PLACE: Galle Face, Colombo and island-wide protest sites
ENTITY: Protesters, unions, professional groups, political actors and police
EVENT: A broad protest movement demands accountability and relief amid shortages, creating new civic coordination while containing varied class, ethnic and political representation.
DOMAIN: POLITY; INFORMATION; ASSOCIATION; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Participant archives; journalism; surveys; court and rights records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S086; SLK.S087
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U061
BEFORE_STATE: Households experienced severe shortages within a highly centralised and distrusted government.
TRANSFORMATION: A broad protest movement demands accountability and relief amid shortages, creating new civic coordination while containing varied class, ethnic and political representation.
AFTER_STATE: Physical occupation, mutual aid, art and networked protest turn private hardship into collective political pressure.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Executive succession changes, but movement energy fragments and structural economic repair shifts into parliamentary and creditor channels.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000170

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000171
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 9–14 July 2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PRESIDENTIAL_RESIGNATION_2022_171
PLACE: Colombo and constitutional institutions
ENTITY: Gotabaya Rajapaksa, protesters, Parliament and acting executive
EVENT: After mass protests enter official residences, the President leaves the country and resigns; constitutional succession transfers office without military seizure.
DOMAIN: POLITY; REPRESENTATION; REPAIR; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Resignation letter; parliamentary records; contemporary reporting
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S086; SLK.S088
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U061
BEFORE_STATE: The presidency retained formal authority but had lost broad legitimacy and operational control.
TRANSFORMATION: After mass protests enter official residences, the President leaves the country and resigns; constitutional succession transfers office without military seizure.
AFTER_STATE: Sustained civic pressure forces resignation and activates constitutional succession.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A non-electoral mass movement changes the office-holder, while the same Parliament selects the successor and policy continuity remains contested.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000171

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000172
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: July–August 2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_EMERGENCY_REGULATIONS_JUDICIAL_REPAIR_172
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Acting government, protesters and Supreme Court petitioners
EVENT: Emergency regulations expand detention and control during protest; the Supreme Court later finds the July proclamation and regulations violated fundamental rights and were legally defective.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLICING; REPAIR; HUMAN_RIGHTS
EVIDENCE: Supreme Court fundamental-rights judgment; Gazette instruments
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S087
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057; SLK.U061
BEFORE_STATE: Constitutional succession coexisted with disorder and continued protest.
TRANSFORMATION: Emergency regulations expand detention and control during protest; the Supreme Court later finds the July proclamation and regulations violated fundamental rights and were legally defective.
AFTER_STATE: Executive emergency instruments widen coercive power over assemblies and persons.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Judicial review restores a legal boundary after the fact, documenting both institutional resilience and the harm of delayed repair.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000172

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000173
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: October 2022 CE
WORLD_BAND: W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_TWENTY_FIRST_AMENDMENT_173
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Parliament, President and Constitutional Council
EVENT: The Twenty-First Amendment reintroduces a Constitutional Council and some appointment checks but leaves the executive presidency substantially intact.
DOMAIN: LAW; CONTROL; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Amendment text; parliamentary materials; constitutional analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S083; SLK.S066
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057
BEFORE_STATE: The Twentieth Amendment had concentrated appointment and executive authority.
TRANSFORMATION: The Twenty-First Amendment reintroduces a Constitutional Council and some appointment checks but leaves the executive presidency substantially intact.
AFTER_STATE: Constitutional change partially restores shared oversight under crisis pressure.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A repair layer returns without full system redesign, leaving implementation quality and political independence as expression tests.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000173

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000174
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 20 March 2023 CE
WORLD_BAND: W065
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_IMF_EXTENDED_FUND_FACILITY_174
PLACE: Sri Lanka and international financial system
ENTITY: IMF, Sri Lankan government, creditors and households
EVENT: The IMF approves a 48-month Extended Fund Facility of about SDR 2.286 billion, linking financing to fiscal, governance, debt and social-protection reforms.
DOMAIN: FINANCE; EXTERNAL_DEPENDENCY; REPAIR; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: IMF programme documents; government commitments; debt data
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S085
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U060; SLK.U063
BEFORE_STATE: Default, shortages and creditor uncertainty blocked normal external finance.
TRANSFORMATION: The IMF approves a 48-month Extended Fund Facility of about SDR 2.286 billion, linking financing to fiscal, governance, debt and social-protection reforms.
AFTER_STATE: A multilateral programme supplies staged liquidity and a policy-validation framework while debt restructuring proceeds.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Stability improves, but taxes, tariffs and spending choices distribute repair costs unevenly and reduce domestic policy space.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000174

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000175
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 21 September 2024 CE
WORLD_BAND: W066
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_AKD_PRESIDENTIAL_ELECTION_175
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Anura Kumara Dissanayake, candidates and electorate
EVENT: Anura Kumara Dissanayake wins the presidency after second-preference counting and assumes office on 23 September according to official records.
DOMAIN: POLITY; REPRESENTATION; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Election Commission results; President’s Office record
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S088; SLK.S089
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U065
BEFORE_STATE: The crisis-era administration stabilised some indicators but faced strong anti-establishment demand.
TRANSFORMATION: Anura Kumara Dissanayake wins the presidency after second-preference counting and assumes office on 23 September according to official records.
AFTER_STATE: Voters transfer executive power to the National People’s Power leader on an anti-corruption and system-change platform.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Political legitimacy renews, while programme promises remain claims until enacted, measured and independently verified.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000175

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000176
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 14 November 2024 CE
WORLD_BAND: W066
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_NPP_PARLIAMENTARY_MAJORITY_176
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: National People’s Power, Parliament and electorate
EVENT: The NPP wins 159 of 225 parliamentary seats, including district and national-list allocation, giving the new presidency a supermajority.
DOMAIN: POLITY; REPRESENTATION; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Official election results and allocation
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S088
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U065
BEFORE_STATE: The new president initially governed without a matching parliamentary majority.
TRANSFORMATION: The NPP wins 159 of 225 parliamentary seats, including district and national-list allocation, giving the new presidency a supermajority.
AFTER_STATE: A general election concentrates legislative authority in the president’s coalition.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Reform capacity rises sharply, but oversight, internal pluralism and delivery—not seat count—determine civilisational expression.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000176

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000177
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: EVIDENCE_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: Census moment 19 December 2024; final results released 10 April 2026
WORLD_BAND: W066 event clock; W068 evidence clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CENSUS_2024_FINAL_177
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Department of Census and Statistics and resident population
EVENT: The final census reports 21,781,800 people and an ageing population structure; it supersedes the preliminary total rather than coexisting as an equal estimate.
DOMAIN: POPULATION; INFORMATION; HEALTH; PLANNING
EVIDENCE: Final census release and tables
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S090
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U064
BEFORE_STATE: Planning relied on projections and an older full census while migration, fertility and crisis changed population patterns.
TRANSFORMATION: The final census reports 21,781,800 people and an ageing population structure; it supersedes the preliminary total rather than coexisting as an equal estimate.
AFTER_STATE: A nationwide enumeration produces a revised demographic coordinate with explicit final status.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Ageing, regional change and care demand become more legible, but nonresponse and category design still bound what the census can express.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000177

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000178
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: RANGE
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: calendar year 2025, estimate published 2026
WORLD_BAND: W067–W068 evidence clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_GDP_RECOVERY_2025_178
PLACE: Sri Lanka economy
ENTITY: Households, firms, state and Central Bank
EVENT: The Central Bank estimates real GDP growth of 5.0 percent in 2025, marking continued recovery while output growth does not itself prove poverty repair or debt resilience.
DOMAIN: ECONOMY; CAPITAL; LABOUR; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Central Bank Annual Economic Review 2025 and national accounts
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S091
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U062; SLK.U063
BEFORE_STATE: The economy had contracted sharply in 2022 and begun recovery under stabilisation.
TRANSFORMATION: The Central Bank estimates real GDP growth of 5.0 percent in 2025, marking continued recovery while output growth does not itself prove poverty repair or debt resilience.
AFTER_STATE: Tourism, services, industry and restored supply conditions lift measured real output.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Macro recovery widens fiscal space, but households with depleted assets and high prices may remain below their pre-crisis floor.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000178

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000179
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 28 November 2025 and aftermath
WORLD_BAND: W067
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CYCLONE_DITWAH_179
PLACE: Flood- and landslide-affected districts
ENTITY: Cyclone Ditwah, households, children and response institutions
EVENT: Severe rain, floods and landslides affect about 1.8 million people, including roughly 460,000 children in UNICEF’s 10 December situation update; figures are time-stamped, not final totals.
DOMAIN: DISASTER; WATER; HEALTH; SETTLEMENT; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: UNICEF situation reporting; meteorological and disaster-management records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S100
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U054; SLK.U066; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Economic recovery remained socially fragile and many settlements were exposed to flood and slope hazards.
TRANSFORMATION: Severe rain, floods and landslides affect about 1.8 million people, including roughly 460,000 children in UNICEF’s 10 December situation update; figures are time-stamped, not final totals.
AFTER_STATE: A major hydro-meteorological shock disrupts homes, schools, water and livelihoods.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Emergency capacity activates, while reconstruction needs, debt space and climate adaptation compete for the same repair budget.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000179

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000180
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2025–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W067–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_OHCHR_ACCOUNTABILITY_CONTINUITY_180
PLACE: Sri Lanka and UN Human Rights Council
ENTITY: Victims, government, OHCHR and Council members
EVENT: OHCHR and the Human Rights Council continue evidence-preservation and accountability work, including Resolution 60/2 of 6 October 2025; this is not a criminal conviction.
DOMAIN: LAW; MEMORY; REPAIR; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: OHCHR reports and Human Rights Council resolution record
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S080
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U055; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Domestic and international accountability mechanisms had not delivered a comprehensive final-war adjudication.
TRANSFORMATION: OHCHR and the Human Rights Council continue evidence-preservation and accountability work, including Resolution 60/2 of 6 October 2025; this is not a criminal conviction.
AFTER_STATE: International evidence and reporting mandates continue while governments debate scope and legitimacy.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The archive survives political cycles, but remedy remains delayed and trust cannot be inferred from document production.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000180

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000181
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 27 May 2026 CE
WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_IMF_FIFTH_SIXTH_REVIEWS_181
PLACE: Sri Lanka and IMF
ENTITY: IMF Executive Board, Sri Lankan authorities and programme-affected households
EVENT: The IMF completes combined fifth and sixth reviews, making about SDR 508 million, roughly US$695 million, available and bringing total programme purchases to about US$2.4 billion.
DOMAIN: FINANCE; EXTERNAL_DEPENDENCY; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: IMF Executive Board release and review documents
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S093
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U063; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Programme financing and reforms continued under incomplete debt and social recovery.
TRANSFORMATION: The IMF completes combined fifth and sixth reviews, making about SDR 508 million, roughly US$695 million, available and bringing total programme purchases to about US$2.4 billion.
AFTER_STATE: Review approval verifies specified programme performance and releases another tranche.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: External liquidity improves, but institutional approval does not independently verify equitable household repair or future resilience.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000181

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000182
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 1 July 2026 CE
WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_WORLD_BANK_REFORM_FINANCE_182
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: World Bank, government and affected sectors
EVENT: The World Bank approves US$150 million to support reforms aimed at growth and resilience; approval and disbursement are not yet measured outcomes.
DOMAIN: FINANCE; POLICY; REPAIR; CLAIM_STATUS
EVIDENCE: World Bank approval release and project documents
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S094
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U063; SLK.U067; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Recovery finance remained constrained by debt and limited fiscal space.
TRANSFORMATION: The World Bank approves US$150 million to support reforms aimed at growth and resilience; approval and disbursement are not yet measured outcomes.
AFTER_STATE: A new external financing commitment enters the reform portfolio.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The claim ladder stops at approved/funded until operating outputs and independently verified effects appear.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000182

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000183
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2000s–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W059–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_STRATEGIC_PORT_DEPENDENCIES_183
PLACE: Colombo, Hambantota, Trincomalee and surrounding corridors
ENTITY: Port authorities, foreign investors, shipping lines, workers and communities
EVENT: Container, transshipment and leased or financed port infrastructure deepen Sri Lanka’s logistics role while distributing debt, sovereignty, land and security concerns across different contracts.
DOMAIN: MARITIME_FLOW; CAPITAL; CONTROL; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: Port statistics; concession and finance documents; parliamentary and audit records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S101; SLK.S091
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U060; SLK.U067; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Older port and plantation corridors linked the island to global trade with capacity and finance constraints.
TRANSFORMATION: Container, transshipment and leased or financed port infrastructure deepen Sri Lanka’s logistics role while distributing debt, sovereignty, land and security concerns across different contracts.
AFTER_STATE: Large terminals and external capital increase throughput and strategic attention under contract-specific control geometries.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Connectivity can earn revenue, but no port name alone proves a debt trap, foreign sovereignty or inclusive local benefit.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000183

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000184
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1940s–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W052–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_HEALTH_EDUCATION_CAPABILITY_184
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Public health and education systems, workers and residents
EVENT: Universalist health and education institutions deliver strong outcomes relative to income, while ageing, noncommunicable disease, migration and quality gaps strain reproduction.
DOMAIN: HEALTH; EDUCATION; REPAIR; LABOUR
EVIDENCE: WHO system review; official education and health statistics; household studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S095; SLK.S104
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U043; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Colonial-era provision was geographically and socially uneven.
TRANSFORMATION: Universalist health and education institutions deliver strong outcomes relative to income, while ageing, noncommunicable disease, migration and quality gaps strain reproduction.
AFTER_STATE: Tax-funded services expand access, literacy, survival and professional capability over generations.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Human development becomes a core civilisational gene, but workforce loss and budget stress can reduce expression without erasing formal possession.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000184

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000185
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: EVIDENCE_HISTORY
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2024 estimate reported 2025–2026
WORLD_BAND: W066 event clock; W067–W068 evidence clock
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_POVERTY_AFTER_CRISIS_185
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Households, social-protection institutions and labour markets
EVENT: World Bank estimates place poverty at 24.5 percent in 2024 under its revised line; the figure is method-specific and signals incomplete household recovery.
DOMAIN: FOOD; INCOME; HEALTH; INFORMATION
EVIDENCE: Household survey modelling; revised poverty line; World Bank assessment
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S092
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U062; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Crisis inflation, job loss and shortages depleted household assets and diets.
TRANSFORMATION: World Bank estimates place poverty at 24.5 percent in 2024 under its revised line; the figure is method-specific and signals incomplete household recovery.
AFTER_STATE: Macroeconomic stabilisation occurs faster than wage, asset and social-protection recovery.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: A growth headline coexists with a high Receiver deficit, requiring transparent line definitions and distributional repair.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000185

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000186
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 19th century–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W045–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_PLANTATION_WORKER_BASEFLOOR_186
PLACE: Central highland estates
ENTITY: Up-country Tamil workers, estate companies, state and service providers
EVENT: Plantation communities remain essential to tea exports while housing, wages, nutrition, land and service access show persistent structural inequality despite citizenship repair.
DOMAIN: LABOUR; FOOD; HEALTH; LAND; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: Labour statistics; health and housing studies; community and rights records
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S055; SLK.S092; SLK.S095
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U040; SLK.U044; SLK.U062
BEFORE_STATE: Colonial line-room labour and land systems tied residence and welfare to estates.
TRANSFORMATION: Plantation communities remain essential to tea exports while housing, wages, nutrition, land and service access show persistent structural inequality despite citizenship repair.
AFTER_STATE: Citizenship, unions and public services improve formal standing without fully dismantling the spatial employment regime.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Export value continues to depend on workers whose lower floor remains below national averages, making Receiver repair a live system test.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000186

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000187
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: late 20th century–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W056–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CLIMATE_RISK_VECTOR_187
PLACE: Coasts, dry zone, highlands and cities
ENTITY: Communities, infrastructure, monsoon systems and warming climate
EVENT: Sea-level rise, heat, rainfall variability, drought, flood and landslide exposure compound existing settlement and debt vulnerabilities; attribution varies by hazard and dataset.
DOMAIN: SKY_CLIMATE; WATER; SETTLEMENT; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: IPCC assessment; national coastal plan; meteorological and disaster data
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S097; SLK.S098
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U066; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Historical climate variability operated within infrastructure designed for older baselines.
TRANSFORMATION: Sea-level rise, heat, rainfall variability, drought, flood and landslide exposure compound existing settlement and debt vulnerabilities; attribution varies by hazard and dataset.
AFTER_STATE: Anthropogenic warming shifts hazard probabilities while land use increases exposure.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Adaptation debt returns through insurance, food, water, migration and heritage loss unless maintenance outruns drift.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000187

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000188
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 19th century–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W045–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_BIODIVERSITY_AND_LAND_REPAIR_188
PLACE: Central Highlands, wet zone, dry forests and coasts
ENTITY: Endemic species, protected areas, communities and state agencies
EVENT: Protected areas and heritage designations conserve exceptional biodiversity but can conflict with livelihoods and remain vulnerable to fragmentation, invasive species and climate stress.
DOMAIN: BIOSPHERE; LAND; LAW; LIVING_IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: UNESCO records; conservation science; land and community studies
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S005; SLK.S099; SLK.S098
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U008; SLK.U066; SLK.U069
BEFORE_STATE: Plantation, settlement and extraction fragmented habitats without adequate ecological representation.
TRANSFORMATION: Protected areas and heritage designations conserve exceptional biodiversity but can conflict with livelihoods and remain vulnerable to fragmentation, invasive species and climate stress.
AFTER_STATE: Conservation law and global recognition create protected hosts and monitoring.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Species gain refuge, but exclusionary protection can displace local users and cannot substitute for corridor-scale repair.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000188

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000189
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 1978 Constitution as amended through the Twenty-First Amendment, current at freeze
WORLD_BAND: W056–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_CURRENT_CONSTITUTIONAL_COORDINATE_189
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: People, Republic, Parliament, President, courts and provinces
EVENT: The current constitutional text defines a unitary state, locates sovereignty in the people, gives Buddhism the foremost place, recognises Sinhala and Tamil as official languages and English as the link language.
DOMAIN: LAW; POLITY; RELIGION; LANGUAGE; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: Official consolidated Constitution
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S066
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U057; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Successive constitutional orders distributed language, religion and executive power differently.
TRANSFORMATION: The current constitutional text defines a unitary state, locates sovereignty in the people, gives Buddhism the foremost place, recognises Sinhala and Tamil as official languages and English as the link language.
AFTER_STATE: Amendments layer devolution, rights, language equality and appointment checks onto a strong unitary presidency.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Formal guarantees coexist with implementation gaps; text possession is not institutional expression or lived equality.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000189

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000190
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2010s–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W060–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_DIGITAL_STATE_AND_AI_THRESHOLD_190
PLACE: Sri Lanka and global digital networks
ENTITY: Residents, firms, government platforms, telecoms and AI systems
EVENT: Digital identity, payments, platforms and emerging AI use widen information and service capacity while raising access, surveillance, language and external-cloud dependencies.
DOMAIN: MACHINE; INFORMATION; CAPITAL; CONTROL
EVIDENCE: ICT policy and statistics; platform records; procurement and rights analysis
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S102; SLK.S104
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U067; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: Paper administration and uneven connectivity limited service reach and data integration.
TRANSFORMATION: Digital identity, payments, platforms and emerging AI use widen information and service capacity while raising access, surveillance, language and external-cloud dependencies.
AFTER_STATE: Networks and software make transactions, education and state services more portable.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Efficiency rises for connected users, while outages, imported infrastructure and opaque models can create new Nobody categories.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000190

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000191
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MULTISCALE
TIME: 2009–29 July 2026
WORLD_BAND: W060–W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_RECONCILIATION_AND_MISSING_PERSONS_191
PLACE: Island-wide, especially north and east
ENTITY: Families of the missing, memorial communities, state offices and rights bodies
EVENT: Truth, memorial, land-release and missing-person processes continue without a comprehensive settlement trusted across affected communities.
DOMAIN: MEMORY; LAW; LAND; REPAIR
EVIDENCE: Domestic office records; court cases; OHCHR reports; family testimony
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S079; SLK.S080
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U050; SLK.U052; SLK.U055; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: War ended militarily while thousands of cases and contested places remained unresolved.
TRANSFORMATION: Truth, memorial, land-release and missing-person processes continue without a comprehensive settlement trusted across affected communities.
AFTER_STATE: Commissions, offices, protests and evidence preservation attempt partial repair across incompatible trust fields.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Delay compounds grief and credibility loss; verified case resolution and safe commemoration are more meaningful than institution counts.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000191

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000192
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: INSTANT
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 29 July 2026, 21:08:12 +08:00 freeze
WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_LIVE_STATE_VECTOR_192
PLACE: Sri Lanka
ENTITY: Population, elected institutions, economy, ecosystems and external partners
EVENT: Sri Lanka at the retrieval freeze combines an elected NPP executive-legislative supermajority, continued IMF recovery, elevated household vulnerability, unresolved accountability, ageing demographics and climate exposure.
DOMAIN: POLITY; ECONOMY; POPULATION; REPAIR; ECOLOGY
EVIDENCE: Triangulated current official, multilateral and independent records in this release
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A/B
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S088; SLK.S089; SLK.S090; SLK.S091; SLK.S092; SLK.S093; SLK.S094; SLK.S080
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U062; SLK.U063; SLK.U064; SLK.U065; SLK.U066; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: The 2022 collapse had broken the prior political coalition and exposed import, debt and governance dependencies.
TRANSFORMATION: Sri Lanka at the retrieval freeze combines an elected NPP executive-legislative supermajority, continued IMF recovery, elevated household vulnerability, unresolved accountability, ageing demographics and climate exposure.
AFTER_STATE: Elections, restructuring, multilateral finance and institutional continuity restore a functioning but highly constrained state coordinate.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: The system is stabilising only where RepairRate meets DriftRate; GDP, seats or programme reviews cannot substitute for Receiver-level verification.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000192

RECORD_ID: CA.SLK.000193
CLASS: CHRONOLOGICAL_RECORD
DATE_STATUS: OPEN_INTERVAL
ZOOM: REGIONAL
TYPE: EVENT_OR_CONDITION
SCALE: MESO
TIME: 29 July 2026 onward
WORLD_BAND: W068 child tail; future beyond cutoff prohibited
LOCAL_PERIOD: SLK_OPEN_REPAIR_QUEUE_193
PLACE: Sri Lanka and cross-object interfaces
ENTITY: Human decision-makers, communities, institutions and future reviewers
EVENT: The next release must test poverty reduction, debt completion, constitutional delivery, accountability, climate repair, estate BaseFloor, demographic care and digital safeguards without treating announced plans as outcomes.
DOMAIN: REPAIR; INFORMATION; HUMAN_AUTHORITY; FUTURE
EVIDENCE: Verified-unavailable and next-release queue; no future event asserted
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_OR_SYNTHESISED
CONFIDENCE: A
SOURCE_KEYS: SLK.S001; SLK.S002; SLK.S003
UNCERTAINTY_KEYS: SLK.U067; SLK.U068
BEFORE_STATE: The frozen object contains current measurements and unresolved liabilities but cannot observe beyond its clock.
TRANSFORMATION: The next release must test poverty reduction, debt completion, constitutional delivery, accountability, climate repair, estate BaseFloor, demographic care and digital safeguards without treating announced plans as outcomes.
AFTER_STATE: Human-governed revision keeps open questions separate from completed records and requires new evidence for state changes.
RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE: Civilisation reads its inherited genome only through appealable, dated updates; intentional editing remains possible but never predetermined.
GRAPH_SEED: SLK.G000193

================================================================================================
06 | LONGITUDINAL TRACK REGISTER

TRACK RULE
Tracks may begin, pause, branch, regress, revive or move hosts independently of the
polity clock. A track name is a query surface, not a claim that every period is observed.

SLK.T001 | crystalline basement, relief and mineral substrate | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T002 | sea level, Palk threshold and coastline | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T003 | monsoon, river, groundwater and water stress | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T004 | biodiversity, habitat and conservation | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T005 | human occupation, mobility and population | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T006 | plant use, cultivation and crop transfer | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T007 | hunting, tools, metallurgy and craft knowledge | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T008 | food systems, storage and nutrition | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T009 | iron, megalithic assemblages and material classification | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T010 | settlement aggregation, urbanism and hinterlands | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T011 | tank cascades, canals, reservoirs and maintenance | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T012 | Anuradhapura institutions and transformations | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T013 | Polonnaruwa institutions and transformations | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T014 | Dambadeniya–Yapahuwa–Kurunegala–Gampola capital portability | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T015 | northern settlements, Vanni and Jaffna formations | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T016 | Kotte, Sitawaka and western wet-zone systems | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T017 | Kandy, highland edge and sacred sovereignty | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T018 | script, inscription, manuscript and public text | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T019 | chronicle, genealogy, memory and later reception | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T020 | Buddhist lineages, monasteries and ritual | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T021 | Hindu temples, courts and devotional networks | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T022 | Muslim trade, community and institutional life | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T023 | Catholic and Protestant missions, schools and communities | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T024 | monastic, temple, church and mosque land/control | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T025 | Sinhala, Tamil, Pali, Sanskrit, Portuguese, Dutch and English language layers | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T026 | education, literacy, credential and knowledge reproduction | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T027 | gender, household, property and care | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T028 | caste, service obligation, status and social mobility | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T029 | Indian Ocean movement, migration and pilgrimage | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T030 | ports, forts, chokepoints and maritime sovereignty | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T031 | trade, money, credit, tax and commodity chains | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T032 | labour, corvée, captivity, slavery, wages and unions | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T033 | land title, customary use, plantation and return | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T034 | customary, Roman-Dutch, colonial and republican law | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T035 | coffee, tea, rubber and plantation dependency | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T036 | road, rail, port, energy and digital infrastructure | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T037 | health, welfare, education and demographic transition | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T038 | franchise, parties, protest and representation | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T039 | citizenship, documentation and belonging | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T040 | constitution, presidency, court and oversight | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T041 | language equality, provincial councils and devolution | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T042 | communal mobilisation, civilian protection and policing | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T043 | JVP insurgencies, militancy and civil war | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T044 | displacement, diaspora, missing persons and return | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T045 | truth, memorial, accountability and adjudication | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T046 | growth, poverty, inflation, debt and household BaseFloor | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T047 | external finance, strategic ports and dependency closure | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T048 | climate, flood, drought, landslide, tsunami and cyclone | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T049 | archaeology, archive, museum, heritage and custody | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.
SLK.T050 | digital state, AI, observer recursion and verified repair | STATUS=REGISTERED | Independent lifecycle and evidence surface; no automatic synchronisation with polity.

================================================================================================
07 | CORE GRAPH NODES AND RELATIONSHIPS

NODE REGISTER
SLK.N001 | Precambrian basement
SLK.N002 | Central Highlands
SLK.N003 | Monsoon partition
SLK.N004 | Palk threshold
SLK.N005 | Rainforest occupation
SLK.N006 | Plant-use repertoire
SLK.N007 | Microlith and bone-tool knowledge
SLK.N008 | Diversified crops
SLK.N009 | Iron and mortuary worlds
SLK.N010 | Anuradhapura settlement
SLK.N011 | Brahmi information layer
SLK.N012 | Tank-village cascade
SLK.N013 | Mahavihara
SLK.N014 | Abhayagiri
SLK.N015 | Jetavana
SLK.N016 | Bodhi-tree custody
SLK.N017 | Mantai port
SLK.N018 | Indian Ocean corridor
SLK.N019 | Samanalawewa steel
SLK.N020 | Sigiriya designed landscape
SLK.N021 | Polonnaruwa capital
SLK.N022 | Regional-capital portability
SLK.N023 | Jaffna kingdom
SLK.N024 | Kotte system
SLK.N025 | Kandyan edge
SLK.N026 | Portuguese fort network
SLK.N027 | VOC coastal state
SLK.N028 | Roman-Dutch legal inheritance
SLK.N029 | British unified colony
SLK.N030 | Plantation labour-land system
SLK.N031 | Rail-port export corridor
SLK.N032 | Mass franchise and welfare
SLK.N033 | Citizenship boundary
SLK.N034 | Language-state boundary
SLK.N035 | Executive-presidential state
SLK.N036 | Provincial devolution
SLK.N037 | Civil-war control system
SLK.N038 | Postwar truth and land queue
SLK.N039 | Debt-IMF recovery system
SLK.N040 | Live 2026 republic

RELATION CONTRACT
RELATION_TYPE and ATTESTATION are independent. A path, comparison or corridor is not
automatically a witnessed transaction. Every edge retains its principal cost or limit.

EDGE REGISTER
SLK.E001 | SLK.N001 –SHAPES_HOST–> SLK.N002 | ATTESTATION=GEOLOGY_DIRECT | COST_OR_LIMIT=Mineral and slope constraints
SLK.E002 | SLK.N002 –PARTITIONS–> SLK.N003 | ATTESTATION=CLIMATOLOGY_DIRECT | COST_OR_LIMIT=Rainfall and landslide asymmetry
SLK.E003 | SLK.N003 –DRIVES_DEPENDENCY–> SLK.N012 | ATTESTATION=HYDRAULIC_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Seasonal storage and maintenance
SLK.E004 | SLK.N004 –OPENS_AND_CLOSES–> SLK.N018 | ATTESTATION=SEA_LEVEL_MODEL | COST_OR_LIMIT=Route visibility and submergence
SLK.E005 | SLK.N004 –ENABLES_MOVEMENT–> SLK.N008 | ATTESTATION=INFERRED_WITH_MATERIAL_SUPPORT | COST_OR_LIMIT=No identity transfer implied
SLK.E006 | SLK.N005 –DEVELOPS–> SLK.N006 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOLOGY_DIRECT | COST_OR_LIMIT=Plant use is not cultivation
SLK.E007 | SLK.N005 –HOSTS–> SLK.N007 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOLOGY_DIRECT | COST_OR_LIMIT=Raw material and apprenticeship required
SLK.E008 | SLK.N006 –RECOMBINES_WITH–> SLK.N008 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOBOTANY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Crop pathways remain plural
SLK.E009 | SLK.N007 –CONTRIBUTES_TO–> SLK.N009 | ATTESTATION=TECHNOLOGY_SEQUENCE | COST_OR_LIMIT=No people equivalence
SLK.E010 | SLK.N008 –SUPPORTS–> SLK.N010 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOLOGY_SYNTHESIS | COST_OR_LIMIT=Water and storage dependencies
SLK.E011 | SLK.N009 –INCREASES_CAPABILITY–> SLK.N010 | ATTESTATION=STRATIFIED_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Political form uncertain
SLK.E012 | SLK.N010 –GENERATES_NEED–> SLK.N011 | ATTESTATION=EPIGRAPHY_AND_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Early date contested
SLK.E013 | SLK.N010 –DEPENDS_ON–> SLK.N012 | ATTESTATION=LANDSCAPE_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Hinterland labour hidden
SLK.E014 | SLK.N012 –SUPPORTS–> SLK.N013 | ATTESTATION=MULTI_SOURCE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Surplus and land patronage
SLK.E015 | SLK.N012 –SUPPORTS–> SLK.N014 | ATTESTATION=MULTI_SOURCE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Competing allocation
SLK.E016 | SLK.N012 –SUPPORTS–> SLK.N015 | ATTESTATION=MULTI_SOURCE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Monument maintenance
SLK.E017 | SLK.N013 –COMPETES_AND_EXCHANGES_WITH–> SLK.N014 | ATTESTATION=TEXT_AND_MATERIAL | COST_OR_LIMIT=Plurality not binary
SLK.E018 | SLK.N014 –COMPETES_AND_EXCHANGES_WITH–> SLK.N015 | ATTESTATION=TEXT_AND_MATERIAL | COST_OR_LIMIT=Reform can suppress
SLK.E019 | SLK.N016 –ANCHORS_MEMORY_FOR–> SLK.N010 | ATTESTATION=TRADITION_AND_CUSTODY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Transfer detail bounded
SLK.E020 | SLK.N017 –CONNECTS–> SLK.N018 | ATTESTATION=PORT_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Silting and conflict exposure
SLK.E021 | SLK.N018 –TRANSFERS_TO–> SLK.N019 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOMETALLURGY_AND_NETWORK_INFERENCE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Distribution scale bounded
SLK.E022 | SLK.N018 –TRANSFERS_CROPS_TO–> SLK.N008 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOBOTANY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Carrier identity unknown
SLK.E023 | SLK.N019 –CONVERTS–> SLK.N003 | ATTESTATION=EXPERIMENTAL_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Wind as seasonal energy
SLK.E024 | SLK.N020 –CONVERTS–> SLK.N001 | ATTESTATION=ARCHAEOLOGY_DIRECT | COST_OR_LIMIT=Bedrock into court and heritage
SLK.E025 | SLK.N020 –BECOMES_HOST_FOR–> SLK.N016 | ATTESTATION=HERITAGE_AND_RITUAL | COST_OR_LIMIT=Political use not continuous
SLK.E026 | SLK.N010 –SHIFTS_CONTROL_TO–> SLK.N021 | ATTESTATION=WAR_AND_ADMINISTRATION | COST_OR_LIMIT=Population not replaced
SLK.E027 | SLK.N012 –SCALES_IN–> SLK.N021 | ATTESTATION=HYDRAULIC_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Failure risk scales too
SLK.E028 | SLK.N021 –FISSIONS_INTO–> SLK.N022 | ATTESTATION=POLITICAL_ARCHAEOLOGY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Functions move across capitals
SLK.E029 | SLK.N022 –REHOSTS_MEMORY–> SLK.N016 | ATTESTATION=CHRONICLE_AND_CUSTODY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Relic mobility and legitimacy
SLK.E030 | SLK.N004 –CONNECTS–> SLK.N023 | ATTESTATION=MARITIME_AND_EPIGRAPHIC | COST_OR_LIMIT=No timeless border
SLK.E031 | SLK.N023 –COMPETES_WITH–> SLK.N024 | ATTESTATION=POLITICAL_HISTORY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Reach varies
SLK.E032 | SLK.N024 –FISSIONS_TOWARD–> SLK.N025 | ATTESTATION=POLITICAL_HISTORY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Terrain changes defence geometry
SLK.E033 | SLK.N018 –EXPOSES–> SLK.N024 | ATTESTATION=MARITIME_HISTORY | COST_OR_LIMIT=European leverage
SLK.E034 | SLK.N026 –CAPTURES_EDGE_OF–> SLK.N024 | ATTESTATION=COLONIAL_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Interior remains autonomous
SLK.E035 | SLK.N026 –DISPLACES_INSTITUTIONS_IN–> SLK.N023 | ATTESTATION=COLONIAL_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Community continuity remains
SLK.E036 | SLK.N025 –IMPORTS_ALLY_AS–> SLK.N027 | ATTESTATION=TREATY_AND_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Sovereignty debt returns
SLK.E037 | SLK.N027 –REPLACES–> SLK.N026 | ATTESTATION=WAR_AND_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Colonial host changes
SLK.E038 | SLK.N027 –PRODUCES–> SLK.N028 | ATTESTATION=COURT_AND_LEGAL_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Custom selected and frozen
SLK.E039 | SLK.N027 –TRANSFERS_TO–> SLK.N029 | ATTESTATION=CAPITULATION_AND_ADMINISTRATION | COST_OR_LIMIT=Archive and fort continuity
SLK.E040 | SLK.N025 –IS_ABSORBED_BY–> SLK.N029 | ATTESTATION=LEGAL_INSTRUMENT | COST_OR_LIMIT=Consent bounded
SLK.E041 | SLK.N029 –BUILDS–> SLK.N030 | ATTESTATION=LAND_LABOUR_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Customary users displaced
SLK.E042 | SLK.N030 –BUILDS–> SLK.N031 | ATTESTATION=INFRASTRUCTURE_ARCHIVE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Export geometry persists
SLK.E043 | SLK.N031 –FUNDS_AND_CONSTRAINS–> SLK.N029 | ATTESTATION=FISCAL_HISTORY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Commodity dependency
SLK.E044 | SLK.N029 –TRANSFERS_CONTROL_TO–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=INDEPENDENCE_INSTRUMENTS | COST_OR_LIMIT=Colonial scaffold inherited
SLK.E045 | SLK.N032 –EXPANDS_PARTICIPATION_IN–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=ELECTION_AND_WELFARE_RECORD | COST_OR_LIMIT=Access unequal
SLK.E046 | SLK.N033 –EXCLUDES_FROM–> SLK.N032 | ATTESTATION=CITIZENSHIP_LAW | COST_OR_LIMIT=Later partial repair
SLK.E047 | SLK.N034 –REDISTRIBUTES_ACCESS_IN–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=LANGUAGE_LAW | COST_OR_LIMIT=Minority exclusion
SLK.E048 | SLK.N035 –CONCENTRATES_CONTROL_IN–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=CONSTITUTION | COST_OR_LIMIT=Oversight cycles
SLK.E049 | SLK.N036 –PARTIALLY_DECENTRALISES–> SLK.N035 | ATTESTATION=CONSTITUTION_AND_TREATY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Expression incomplete
SLK.E050 | SLK.N034 –AMPLIFIES_PRESSURE_TOWARD–> SLK.N037 | ATTESTATION=MULTI_CAUSAL_SCHOLARSHIP | COST_OR_LIMIT=No single-cause claim
SLK.E051 | SLK.N037 –DISPLACES_POPULATION_INTO–> SLK.N038 | ATTESTATION=RIGHTS_AND_HUMANITARIAN | COST_OR_LIMIT=Agency varies
SLK.E052 | SLK.N037 –RETURNS_LIABILITY_TO–> SLK.N038 | ATTESTATION=UN_AND_DOMESTIC_RECORD | COST_OR_LIMIT=Adjudication incomplete
SLK.E053 | SLK.N038 –CONSTRAINS_REPAIR_IN–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=LIVE_MULTI_SOURCE | COST_OR_LIMIT=Trust and land debt
SLK.E054 | SLK.N030 –PERSISTS_INSIDE–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=LABOUR_AND_LAND_DATA | COST_OR_LIMIT=Citizenship not full repair
SLK.E055 | SLK.N031 –PERSISTS_INSIDE–> SLK.N039 | ATTESTATION=BALANCE_OF_PAYMENTS_HISTORY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Import and export concentration
SLK.E056 | SLK.N039 –IMPOSES_CONDITIONS_ON–> SLK.N040 | ATTESTATION=PROGRAMME_DOCUMENTS | COST_OR_LIMIT=Household effect separate
SLK.E057 | SLK.N040 –MUST_REPAIR–> SLK.N033 | ATTESTATION=CONSTITUTION_AND_POLICY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Belonging and documentation
SLK.E058 | SLK.N040 –MUST_EXPRESS–> SLK.N036 | ATTESTATION=CONSTITUTION_AND_OPERATION | COST_OR_LIMIT=Text not enough
SLK.E059 | SLK.N040 –MUST_CLOSE_DEPENDENCIES_IN–> SLK.N039 | ATTESTATION=LIVE_ECONOMIC_DATA | COST_OR_LIMIT=Debt and essential imports
SLK.E060 | SLK.N040 –MUST_PROTECT–> SLK.N012 | ATTESTATION=CLIMATE_AND_WATER_DATA | COST_OR_LIMIT=Maintenance over drift
SLK.E061 | SLK.N040 –MUST_APPEAL_TO–> SLK.N038 | ATTESTATION=HUMAN_AUTHORITY | COST_OR_LIMIT=Victim and community correction

================================================================================================
08 | CROSS-OBJECT CONNECTOR REGISTER

CONNECTOR RULE
Connectors carry typed flows, dependencies and uncertainty. They never merge coverage
objects or make shared material into shared sovereignty.

SLK.C001 | DESTINATION=Object 23 South India / Tamilakam | INTERFACE=Palk Strait, crops, language, dynasties, merchants and war | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; PLANT; TEXT; CAPITAL; FORCE | GUARDRAIL=Contact never transfers timeless sovereignty or identity.
SLK.C002 | DESTINATION=Object 22 Deccan / Central India | INTERFACE=Buddhist, political, craft and maritime corridors | PAYLOAD=INFORMATION; PEOPLE; MATERIAL | GUARDRAIL=Regional similarity is not direct descent without evidence.
SLK.C003 | DESTINATION=Object 20 Indus / Northwest South Asia | INTERFACE=Long South Asian crop, coin and religious chains | PAYLOAD=PLANT; MATERIAL; INFORMATION | GUARDRAIL=Multi-step transfer keeps intermediary hosts.
SLK.C004 | DESTINATION=Gangetic / Northern India | INTERFACE=Ashokan, Buddhist, Pali and later imperial interfaces | PAYLOAD=INFORMATION; PEOPLE; POLITY | GUARDRAIL=Tradition and contemporary proof remain separated.
SLK.C005 | DESTINATION=Himalayan Civilisations | INTERFACE=Buddhist pilgrimage and manuscript networks | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; INFORMATION | GUARDRAIL=Reachable is not transacted.
SLK.C006 | DESTINATION=Arabian Sea World | INTERFACE=Monsoon shipping, horses, ceramics and capital | PAYLOAD=MATERIAL; CAPITAL; PEOPLE | GUARDRAIL=Port evidence does not prove inland saturation.
SLK.C007 | DESTINATION=Persian Gulf and Iranian World | INTERFACE=Merchants, Islam, commodities and diplomacy | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; RELIGION; MATERIAL | GUARDRAIL=Community formation is locally dated.
SLK.C008 | DESTINATION=East African Coast / Swahili World | INTERFACE=Monsoon routes, ivory, people and commodities | PAYLOAD=MATERIAL; PEOPLE; INFORMATION | GUARDRAIL=Human movement includes coercion and agency.
SLK.C009 | DESTINATION=Red Sea and Mediterranean World | INTERFACE=Roman-linked trade and later Suez shipping | PAYLOAD=MATERIAL; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Imports do not equal rule.
SLK.C010 | DESTINATION=Southeast Asia | INTERFACE=Cloves, Buddhism, ships and later labour/capital | PAYLOAD=PLANT; INFORMATION; PEOPLE | GUARDRAIL=One clove is not route volume.
SLK.C011 | DESTINATION=China | INTERFACE=Faxian, Buddhist manuscripts, ceramics and modern finance | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; INFORMATION; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Ancient pilgrimage and modern contracts are distinct clocks.
SLK.C012 | DESTINATION=Bay of Bengal World | INTERFACE=Ports, cyclones, migrants and war routes | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; WATER; FORCE | GUARDRAIL=Hazard and agency remain distinct flows.
SLK.C013 | DESTINATION=Indian Ocean World | INTERFACE=Sri Lanka as transfer threshold and repair surface | PAYLOAD=ALL_TYPED_FLOWS | GUARDRAIL=Web, not centrality myth.
SLK.C014 | DESTINATION=Portuguese Empire | INTERFACE=Forts, cannon, Catholicism and monopoly | PAYLOAD=FORCE; RELIGION; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Coastal control is not island-wide control.
SLK.C015 | DESTINATION=Dutch VOC World | INTERFACE=Company-state, archive, law and cinnamon | PAYLOAD=CAPITAL; LAW; INFORMATION; LABOUR | GUARDRAIL=Archive richness is not social completeness.
SLK.C016 | DESTINATION=British Empire | INTERFACE=Unified colony, plantation, rail and constitutional transfer | PAYLOAD=CONTROL; CAPITAL; PEOPLE; INFRASTRUCTURE | GUARDRAIL=Capability and extraction stay in one record.
SLK.C017 | DESTINATION=South Indian Plantation Labour Corridor | INTERFACE=Migration, kin, wages and citizenship | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; LABOUR; LAW | GUARDRAIL=Workers are agents, not cargo.
SLK.C018 | DESTINATION=Buddhist Theravada World | INTERFACE=Ordination, Pali, relic and education networks | PAYLOAD=INFORMATION; PEOPLE; RELIGION | GUARDRAIL=Lineage repair may cross borders.
SLK.C019 | DESTINATION=Hindu Oceanic Networks | INTERFACE=Temples, courts, pilgrims and textual forms | PAYLOAD=RELIGION; INFORMATION; PEOPLE | GUARDRAIL=No singular Hindu system assumed.
SLK.C020 | DESTINATION=Muslim Indian Ocean Networks | INTERFACE=Trade, mosque, kin and legal pluralism | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; RELIGION; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Arrival and community formation differ.
SLK.C021 | DESTINATION=Christian Mission Networks | INTERFACE=Catholic and Protestant church-school systems | PAYLOAD=RELIGION; EDUCATION; CONTROL | GUARDRAIL=Conversion pathways require coercion checks.
SLK.C022 | DESTINATION=Global Plantation Commodity System | INTERFACE=Coffee, tea, rubber, finance and consumers | PAYLOAD=PLANT; CAPITAL; LABOUR | GUARDRAIL=Price omits land and worker cost.
SLK.C023 | DESTINATION=Global Steam and Container Networks | INTERFACE=Rail, harbour, fuel and shipping | PAYLOAD=ENERGY; MATERIAL; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Maintenance and contract geometry declared.
SLK.C024 | DESTINATION=World War and Decolonisation Clock | INTERFACE=Imperial war, constitutional reform and independence | PAYLOAD=FORCE; LAW; POLITY | GUARDRAIL=Legal transfer is not social rupture.
SLK.C025 | DESTINATION=India–Sri Lanka Diplomatic System | INTERFACE=Citizenship, Accord, IPKF and fisheries | PAYLOAD=LAW; PEOPLE; FORCE | GUARDRAIL=Each treaty has actor and consent scope.
SLK.C026 | DESTINATION=Tamil Diaspora | INTERFACE=Displacement, remittance, advocacy and memory | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; CAPITAL; INFORMATION | GUARDRAIL=Diaspora is plural, not one command.
SLK.C027 | DESTINATION=Global Humanitarian System | INTERFACE=War, tsunami, cyclone and displacement response | PAYLOAD=FOOD; HEALTH; CAPITAL; INFORMATION | GUARDRAIL=Aid delivery is measured at Receiver.
SLK.C028 | DESTINATION=UN Human Rights System | INTERFACE=Evidence preservation, reports and resolutions | PAYLOAD=LAW; INFORMATION; REPAIR | GUARDRAIL=Finding is not conviction.
SLK.C029 | DESTINATION=IMF and Sovereign Creditor System | INTERFACE=Debt standstill, restructuring and programme finance | PAYLOAD=CAPITAL; CONTROL | GUARDRAIL=Review approval is not equitable recovery.
SLK.C030 | DESTINATION=World Bank and Development Finance | INTERFACE=Projects, reform finance and indicators | PAYLOAD=CAPITAL; INFORMATION | GUARDRAIL=Approved is not operating.
SLK.C031 | DESTINATION=Global Tourism System | INTERFACE=Heritage, wildlife, beaches, labour and shocks | PAYLOAD=CAPITAL; PEOPLE; ECOLOGY | GUARDRAIL=Arrival counts do not prove local benefit.
SLK.C032 | DESTINATION=Global Climate System | INTERFACE=Sea level, heat, monsoon extremes and finance | PAYLOAD=ENERGY; WATER; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Attribution is scale-specific.
SLK.C033 | DESTINATION=Global Health System | INTERFACE=Vaccines, medicines, workers and WHO standards | PAYLOAD=HEALTH; INFORMATION; PEOPLE | GUARDRAIL=Import and workforce dependencies exposed.
SLK.C034 | DESTINATION=Global Education and Labour Markets | INTERFACE=Credentials, migration and remittances | PAYLOAD=PEOPLE; INFORMATION; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Brain circulation and loss both traced.
SLK.C035 | DESTINATION=Global Digital and AI Infrastructure | INTERFACE=Cloud, models, platforms, cables and standards | PAYLOAD=MACHINE; INFORMATION; CAPITAL | GUARDRAIL=Language, privacy and outage dependencies declared.
SLK.C036 | DESTINATION=Object 25 Himalayan Civilisations / next queue boundary | INTERFACE=Canonical Object-25 handoff after Sri Lanka | PAYLOAD=INFORMATION; ARCHITECTURE | GUARDRAIL=No content pre-emption; only queue linkage.

================================================================================================
09 | CIVILISATION CAT-SCAN SURFACES

The surfaces below are launch coordinates. Each keeps inheritance, current expression
and repair separate; none is a rank.

SLK.CAT01 | BASEFLOOR
INHERITANCE: Foraging diversity, crops, tanks, welfare
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Poverty, nutrition, medicines, energy and care remain uneven
REPAIR_TEST: Measure household and estate floors before growth.

SLK.CAT02 | BODY
INHERITANCE: Caves, villages, capitals, estates and cities
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Ageing population, migration and regional disparity
REPAIR_TEST: Plan care, housing and mobility by place.

SLK.CAT03 | FLOW
INHERITANCE: Monsoon, ports, pilgrimage, rail and remittance
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Imports, finance, data and shipping remain exposed
REPAIR_TEST: Close essential dependencies with typed buffers.

SLK.CAT04 | MEMORY
INHERITANCE: Inscriptions, chronicles, libraries and war testimony
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Plural archives coexist with destruction and contested commemoration
REPAIR_TEST: Protect custody, consent and appeal.

SLK.CAT05 | SENSOR
INHERITANCE: Archaeology, census, courts and journalism
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Data revision and conflict evidence remain politically sensitive
REPAIR_TEST: Version evidence and publish uncertainty.

SLK.CAT06 | CONTROL
INHERITANCE: Kingship, colony, presidency and armed territory
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Executive concentration and weak local fiscal power persist
REPAIR_TEST: Strengthen oversight and devolution expression.

SLK.CAT07 | REPAIR
INHERITANCE: Ordination renewal, welfare, courts and protest
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Debt, land, missing persons and climate adaptation remain open
REPAIR_TEST: Verify repairs at Receiver/Nobody.

SLK.CAT08 | EDGE
INHERITANCE: Palk threshold, coasts, highlands and ports
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Fisheries, contracts, climate and strategic rivalry meet at edges
REPAIR_TEST: Govern interface, not just centre.

SLK.CAT09 | FOOD_WATER
INHERITANCE: Mixed plant use, crop diversity and tank cascades
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Climate, input imports and malnutrition expose fragility
REPAIR_TEST: Diversify, maintain and monitor allocation.

SLK.CAT10 | ENERGY_MATERIAL
INHERITANCE: Wind steel, biomass, steam, grid and fuel imports
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: External fuel and infrastructure maintenance remain critical
REPAIR_TEST: Separate installed capacity from dependable service.

SLK.CAT11 | INFORMATION
INHERITANCE: Brahmi, Pali, print, school and digital networks
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Language access, misinformation and imported AI models shape reach
REPAIR_TEST: Build multilingual, appealable systems.

SLK.CAT12 | INSTITUTION
INHERITANCE: Monastery, court, company, welfare state and multilateral programme
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Institution count exceeds trusted expression in some domains
REPAIR_TEST: Audit function, not label.

SLK.CAT13 | EQUITY
INHERITANCE: Donors, labourers, citizens and displaced communities
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Estate, regional, gender and conflict inequalities remain
REPAIR_TEST: Track named and unnamed recipients.

SLK.CAT14 | RESILIENCE
INHERITANCE: Capital portability, crop substitution and constitutional repair
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Adaptation often preserves system while shifting cost downward
REPAIR_TEST: Trace returned consequence.

SLK.CAT15 | DEPENDENCY
INHERITANCE: Monsoon, surplus, trade, plantation and debt
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Food, fuel, medicine, cloud and finance have external closures
REPAIR_TEST: Publish closure and exposure scores separately.

SLK.CAT16 | LEGITIMACY
INHERITANCE: Sacred kingship, empire, franchise and protest
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Election mandates coexist with accountability and minority trust gaps
REPAIR_TEST: Keep law, consent and delivery distinct.

SLK.CAT17 | ECOLOGY
INHERITANCE: Rainforest expertise, reservoirs and protected areas
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Fragmentation, landslide, flood and sea-level risk
REPAIR_TEST: Repair catchments and corridors with communities.

SLK.CAT18 | TRAJECTORY
INHERITANCE: Deep adaptation repeatedly re-hosts capability
CURRENT_EXPRESSION: Recovery may stabilise without reaching regenerative Stage 5
REPAIR_TEST: Test RepairRate against DriftRate annually.

================================================================================================
10 | INDEPENDENT COORDINATES AND CROSSWALK WINDOWS

SEVEN UNSYNCHRONISED SRI LANKA CLOCKS
CLOCK A — GEOLOGICAL / ISLAND / SEA-LEVEL:
basement -> relief -> land threshold -> islanding -> modern coastal risk.
CLOCK B — HABITAT / OCCUPATION / POPULATION:
rainforest and coastal occupation -> settlement aggregation -> migration,
displacement, census and ageing.
CLOCK C — FOOD / WATER / MATERIAL / TECHNOLOGY:
plant use -> crops -> iron -> tanks -> craft -> plantation -> import exposure.
CLOCK D — LANGUAGE / SCRIPT / LITERATURE:
marks/Brahmi -> Pali/Sinhala/Tamil corpora -> colonial languages -> official
language and digital access.
CLOCK E — RELIGION / MONASTIC / RITUAL:
plural practice -> Buddhist institutions -> Hindu, Muslim and Christian hosts ->
constitutional and lived religious fields.
CLOCK F — POLITY / CONTROL / LAW:
urban coordination -> kingdoms -> colonial jurisdictions -> republic,
presidency, province, court and protest.
CLOCK G — MARITIME / EXTERNAL DEPENDENCY:
Palk corridor -> Indian Ocean port -> empire -> plantation trade -> debt,
container, tourism, cloud and multilateral finance.

CROSSWALK WINDOWS
W013: rainforest occupation, plant use and complex tools coexist.
W026–W030: crops, iron, settlement, script and polity accelerate at different rates.
W030–W034: Buddhism, inscriptions, reservoirs and urban-monastic systems recombine.
W036–W038: ports, Chola administration, Polonnaruwa and capital portability overlap.
W039–W042: regional kingdoms and European maritime systems coexist.
W045–W053: colonial integration, plantation dependency, welfare and franchise overlap.
W054–W060: citizenship, language, constitutions, insurgency and war diverge sharply.
W064–W068: debt, protest, electoral renewal, ageing and climate risk share one clock
but not one repair rate.

CANONICAL CAPABILITY STAGES
FOUNDATION 0 — viable lower floor and substrate relationship.
STAGE 1 — settlement and surplus.
STAGE 2 — administrative and recorded capability.
STAGE 3 — industrial and mass-institution capability.
STAGE 4 — planetary network capability.
STAGE 5 — regenerative and self-correcting capability.
Sri Lanka expresses different stages by domain; no aggregate ladder value is assigned.
Stage 5 requires verified repair, not aspiration.

INDEPENDENT AXES
LIFECYCLE: TAKEOFF; CLIMB; CRUISE; DESCENT.
HABITAT_INDEPENDENCE: direct substrate dependence -> buffering -> multi-host support
-> partial synthetic host; no claim of full independence.
MODULE_REPRODUCTION: tacit -> apprentice -> institutional -> documented ->
portable-with-dependencies -> independently reproducible.
CAPABILITY_REACH; SURVIVABLE_RANGE; GEOGRAPHIC/HOST_DISTRIBUTION;
DEPENDENCY_CLOSURE; DEPENDENCY_EXPOSURE; TIME_ZOOM; ENTITY_ZOOM.
None is inferred automatically from another.

PORTABILITY SCALE
MP0 host-bound.
MP1 person-carried tacit practice.
MP2 apprentice or kin reproducible.
MP3 institutionally reproducible.
MP4 documented multi-host module.
MP5 externally supported network module.
MP6 independently reproducible with declared substrate, energy, information,
skill, maintenance and governance closure.

================================================================================================
11 | BASEFLOOR, RECEIVER/NOBODY, CONTROL AND REPAIR MAP

BASEFLOOR DESCENT
MONSOON VARIABILITY
-> reservoir, crop, fuel and import dependency
-> price, ration, queue, health, learning and migration effects
-> household, estate worker, fisher, farmer, child, carer and displaced receiver.

CONTROL / RECEIVER MAP
PREHISTORIC TOOL SYSTEM
CONTROL: maker, learner, raw-material access.
RECEIVER: household and hunting group.
NOBODY: persons absent from cave-preserved material.
ANURADHAPURA–POLONNARUWA WATER
CONTROL: village maintainers, officials, court and monastic landholders.
RECEIVER: cultivators, urban consumers and wetlands.
NOBODY: corvée labour, downstream users and communities lost to silt/disease.
INDIAN OCEAN PORT
CONTROL: harbour, merchant, ruler, fort, company or concession contract.
RECEIVER: sailor, porter, trader, consumer and littoral ecology.
NOBODY: captive, casual worker, displaced household and submerged archive.
PLANTATION–RAIL–PORT
CONTROL: Crown title, estate capital, manager, state infrastructure and buyer.
RECEIVER: worker family, Colombo revenue and overseas consumer.
NOBODY: customary land user, line-room carer and degraded catchment.
LANGUAGE AND CITIZENSHIP
CONTROL: legislature, registry, ministry, school and examination.
RECEIVER: applicant, voter, student and civil servant.
NOBODY: undocumented resident, excluded language user and failed applicant.
WAR AND EMERGENCY
CONTROL: state force, armed group, intelligence, detention and information gate.
RECEIVER: protected or targeted civilian.
NOBODY: missing person, unnamed dead, coerced recruit and displaced owner.
DEBT REPAIR
CONTROL: cabinet, central bank, creditor, IMF review and market.
RECEIVER: taxpayer, pensioner, worker, firm and essential-service user.
NOBODY: household below the survey line, unpaid carer and person skipping medicine.

REPAIR TESTS

• water: safe bund, desilted channel, equitable release and live biodiversity.
• citizenship: document delivered, vote usable and service access demonstrated.
• language: equal administrative path, not constitutional text alone.
• postwar: case resolution, land access, safe memory and accountable judgment.
• economy: essential consumption, income and poverty repair, not GDP alone.
• climate: reduced exposure and recoverable systems, not plan publication.

HUMAN CHALLENGE PATH
identify record -> state affected relation -> attach counterevidence/testimony ->
human review -> retain old version -> correct, bound, supersede or reject ->
publish reason and downstream graph changes.

================================================================================================
12 | GENOME, PRESSURE FIELD, OUROBOROS AND INVARIANT CONVERGENCE

CIVILISATIONAL GENOME — POSSESSION
habitat knowledge; mixed food repertoires; water storage; craft metallurgy;
writing; monastic education; sacred memory; maritime exchange; plural law;
plantation and logistics; franchise; welfare; constitutional government;
digital and global-finance participation.

CIVILISATIONAL GENEALOGY — ORIGIN / TRANSMISSION / RECOMBINATION
Local innovation, South Asian interfaces, Indian Ocean movement and successive
institutional hosts are recorded separately. Buddhism, crops, law, rail, welfare
and digital systems enter through different carriers and dependency packages.
Horizontal transfer is normal; it does not erase local adaptation.

CIVILISATIONAL EXPRESSION — OPERATION
Possession is tested through access, understanding, reproduction, deployment,
infrastructure, distribution, maintenance, correction and appeal.

PHENOTYPE — OBSERVED SYSTEM
city, village, estate, port, school, hospital, court, monastery, election,
household floor, inequality, ecology, resilience and repair capacity.

PRESSURE FIELD
monsoon variance; sea-level change; disease; succession; war; port competition;
commodity prices; colonial extraction; language exclusion; displacement;
debt and import dependence; ageing; climate extremes; digital dependency.

OUROBOROS REGISTER
SLK.O001 | TANK_SURPLUS_CONTROL
LOOP: water storage -> surplus -> court/monastery capacity -> larger works -> maintenance burden -> water security or failure
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with catchment maintenance, local voice and transparent allocation.

SLK.O002 | PORT_REVENUE_DEPENDENCY
LOOP: port throughput -> revenue -> expansion debt -> traffic dependence -> policy exposure -> more throughput pressure
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with contract transparency and diversified fiscal buffers.

SLK.O003 | PLANTATION_EXPORT
LOOP: land concentration -> export crop -> infrastructure -> labour dependence -> ecological/social debt -> export imperative
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with worker floor, land options and ecological restoration.

SLK.O004 | CHRONICLE_LEGITIMACY
LOOP: memory selection -> sacred legitimacy -> patronage -> archive survival -> stronger selected memory
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with dual dating and plural evidence custody.

SLK.O005 | MONASTIC_REFORM
LOOP: institutional plurality -> court reform -> standardisation -> excluded hosts -> later repair from abroad
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with non-coercive standards and redundancy.

SLK.O006 | LANGUAGE_STATE
LOOP: majority access reform -> minority exclusion -> protest -> securitisation -> harder identity boundary
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with equal administrative expression and devolution.

SLK.O007 | EXECUTIVE_CONCENTRATION
LOOP: crisis -> stronger executive -> faster decision -> weaker scrutiny -> policy error -> new crisis
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with independent review and reversible policy.

SLK.O008 | WAR_CONTROL
LOOP: insecurity -> emergency power -> abuse/impunity -> grievance -> recruitment -> more insecurity
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with civilian protection, adjudication and political access.

SLK.O009 | DISPLACEMENT_MEMORY
LOOP: violence -> flight -> property loss -> blocked return -> inherited grievance -> renewed boundary politics
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with land, truth and safe return.

SLK.O010 | DEBT_BASEFLOOR
LOOP: external borrowing -> imports/infrastructure -> repayment pressure -> reserve loss -> shortages -> new external finance
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with dependency closure and distributional stress tests.

SLK.O011 | HERITAGE_TOURISM
LOOP: designation -> arrivals -> revenue -> site pressure -> access control -> stronger designation dependence
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with carrying capacity and local benefit verification.

SLK.O012 | DATA_CONTROL
LOOP: crisis -> demand for data -> central collection -> opaque classification -> mistrust/nonresponse -> poorer data
BREAK_CONDITION: Break with transparent revision, privacy and appeal.

INVARIANT CONVERGENCE
SLK.I001 | CATEGORY_SEPARATION | Archaeology, genome, language, people, polity, religion and law never collapse.
SLK.I002 | ACTIVE_SUBSTRATE | Sea, monsoon, water, plant and animal systems remain causal participants.
SLK.I003 | DUAL_DATE | Ancient event time and modern evidence time remain separate.
SLK.I004 | CONTROL_COST | Every capability records who controls it and who bears its cost.
SLK.I005 | RECEIVER_NOBODY | Named output never substitutes for delivered effects on least-visible recipients.
SLK.I006 | REPAIR_RATE | Durable stability requires RepairRate at least equal to DriftRate.
SLK.I007 | CLAIM_LADDER | Announced, funded, operating, measured and verified states never merge.
SLK.I008 | RELATION_ATTESTATION | Reach, comparison, influence and witnessed transaction remain distinct.
SLK.I009 | HUMAN_APPEAL | Affected persons retain correction, refusal, custody and appeal authority.
SLK.I010 | NON_DETERMINISM | Inheritance changes possibility; it does not genetically predetermine society.
SLK.I011 | RETURNED_CONSEQUENCE | Every major transformation is traced forward until cost returns.
SLK.I012 | CURRENT_EXPIRY | Every live claim expires at the retrieval freeze.

OBSERVED CIVILISATION FUNCTION
INHERITANCE × ENVIRONMENT × EXPRESSION × INTERACTION × TIME.
This is a diagnostic relation, not biological determinism or a numerical score.
Unlike biological DNA, institutions can be deliberately read, challenged and edited;
deliberate editing still has cost, power and evidence constraints.

================================================================================================
13 | PORTABLE CIVILISATION, FISSION, EDUCATION AND SIMULATION

PORTABLE MODULE TEST
A module is portable only when its function, host, carrier, energy, material,
information, skill, authority, maintenance, finance and lower-floor dependencies
are declared. Copying the visible object is not reproduction.

MODULE EXAMPLES
BONE PROJECTILE — MP1/MP2: travels with maker skill, material and ecological knowledge.
PALI COMMENTARY — MP3/MP4: travels with manuscripts, language training and ordination.
TANK CASCADE — MP2/MP3: highly host-bound to catchment, soil, labour and allocation.
ROMAN-DUTCH LAW — MP4: textually portable, but interpretation requires courts and practice.
TEA PLANTATION — MP5: plant, capital, labour, title, rail, port and buyer form one module.
MASS EDUCATION — MP5: buildings alone fail without teachers, language, finance and trust.
IMF PROGRAMME — MP5: external finance and review support; domestic distribution remains local.
DIGITAL/AI SERVICE — MP5: cloud, language, data, energy, procurement and appeal dependencies.

FISSION REGISTER

• Anuradhapura functions split among Polonnaruwa, monasteries, reservoirs and regions.
• Post-Polonnaruwa kingship re-hosts through successive capitals.
• Kotte fissions into Kotte, Sitawaka and regional competitors.
• Portuguese alliance displaces one threat while importing another control system.
• VOC law separates from VOC sovereignty and survives under later hosts.
• Plantation crop changes from coffee to tea while land/labour infrastructure persists.
• LTTE organisational fission changes the war without repairing civilian control.
• Constitutional repair oscillates as amendments re-concentrate and redistribute power.

EDUCATION BRIDGE
knowledge exists
-> Can a person reach it?
-> Can they use the language and prerequisite concepts?
-> Can teachers and institutions reproduce it?
-> Can work and public systems deploy it?
-> Can infrastructure sustain it?
-> Can a harmed person challenge it?
A capability not delivered across this bridge is possessed but weakly expressed.

SIMULATION ENVELOPES — NOT FORECASTS
S1 WATER DRIFT:
vary monsoon volatility, silt, maintenance, crop mix and local allocation.
observe food floor, migration, biodiversity and repair lag.
S2 PORT SHOCK:
vary shipping demand, concession revenue, debt service and fuel disruption.
observe employment, reserves, sovereignty exposure and household prices.
S3 CONSTITUTIONAL EXPRESSION:
vary executive oversight, provincial fiscal power, language access and court delay.
observe trust, policy error, minority access and appeal capacity.
S4 AGEING / SKILLS:
vary fertility, migration, care workforce, health budget and digital inclusion.
observe dependency ratio, service quality and intergenerational distribution.

SIMULATION RULE
No scenario output becomes a chronology record until observed, measured and sourced.
Models expose dependencies; they do not authorise inevitability.

================================================================================================
14 | ZOOM–CONNECT–TRACK, REALITY CONTINUUM AND WORMHOLE COST

TRACE A — MONSOON TO TANK CASCADE TO LIVE WATER REPAIR
RECORD PATH:
CA.SLK.000003 -> CA.SLK.000038 ->
CA.SLK.000050 -> CA.SLK.000068 ->
CA.SLK.000075 -> CA.SLK.000187.
NESTED CLOCKS:
climate seasonality; village maintenance; royal construction; sediment/disease;
later heritage evidence; current climate risk.
BOUNDARY:
catchment and tank cascade, not modern district or dynasty.
BEFORE:
dry-zone rainfall cannot reliably bridge seasons.
TRANSFORMATION:
communities and states store, lift, release and govern water across linked tanks.
AFTER:
settlement, paddy, monasteries, cities and wetland ecologies can scale.
CONTROL:
upstream land user, village maintainer, official, court/monastery, modern agency.
RECEIVER/NOBODY:
downstream cultivator, labourer, person exposed to malaria/flood, silted ecology.
RETURNED CONSEQUENCE:
larger capacity produces larger maintenance, allocation and failure liability.
VERIFIED REPAIR:
requires measured bund safety, water quality, equitable delivery and catchment health.
WORMHOLE COST:
a modern restoration may “jump” to ancient design knowledge only after reconstructing
changed rainfall, land title, species, labour, sediment and governance dependencies.

TRACE B — TAMILAKAM LABOUR CORRIDOR TO PLANTATION–RAIL–PORT–DEBT SYSTEM
RECORD PATH:
CA.SLK.000117 -> CA.SLK.000118 ->
CA.SLK.000119 -> CA.SLK.000131 ->
CA.SLK.000186 -> CA.SLK.000168.
OBJECT BOUNDARY:
Object 23 South India/Tamilakam -> Object 24 estates -> global commodity/finance.
BEFORE:
highland land and local labour systems do not supply mass export production.
TRANSFORMATION:
Crown title, imported capital, recruited families, estate discipline, steam rail,
Colombo harbour and overseas demand are assembled into one dependent module.
AFTER:
tea survives coffee disease and becomes a durable export capability.
CONTROL:
colonial state, estate owner/manager, transport authority, buyer and later republic.
RECEIVER/NOBODY:
worker household and customary land user bear mortality, housing, wage and citizenship cost.
RETURNED CONSEQUENCE:
export capacity supports foreign exchange while preserving land/labour inequality and
making the national BaseFloor sensitive to external prices, fuel and debt.
VERIFIED REPAIR:
requires citizenship plus livable wage, housing, nutrition, service and land-choice evidence.
WORMHOLE COST:
“heritage tea” cannot jump past coercive labour, ecological conversion or present worker floors.

TRACE C — MASS FRANCHISE TO LANGUAGE STATE TO WAR TO CONSTITUTIONAL REPAIR
RECORD PATH:
CA.SLK.000124 -> CA.SLK.000131 ->
CA.SLK.000132 -> CA.SLK.000133 ->
CA.SLK.000138 -> CA.SLK.000145 ->
CA.SLK.000146 -> CA.SLK.000147 ->
CA.SLK.000189 -> CA.SLK.000191.
NESTED CLOCKS:
franchise, citizenship, language administration, party competition, armed control,
constitutional text, provincial operation, family truth and live trust.
BEFORE:
colonial English privilege and limited representation require decolonising repair.
TRANSFORMATION:
mass voting and majority-language access expand, but citizenship and language boundaries
exclude receivers; failed pacts and centralising constitutions narrow peaceful correction.
AFTER:
violence and armed systems create parallel controls; devolution and language equality
later enter the Constitution without full expression.
CONTROL:
electorate, Parliament, President, ministry, province, court, security force and armed group.
RECEIVER/NOBODY:
Tamil speaker at an office, plantation resident without papers, Muslim expelled from the
north, disappeared person, family seeking land or truth.
RETURNED CONSEQUENCE:
legal exclusion becomes distrust; distrust and repression feed militancy; war returns
exceptional control and unresolved memory to the postwar state.
VERIFIED REPAIR:
equal service path, meaningful provincial function, case-level truth, safe memory,
adjudication and non-recurrence—not amendment text alone.
WORMHOLE COST:
ancient kings, chronicles or monuments cannot be used to bypass modern consent and rights.

TRACE D — ANCIENT PLANT USE / MODERN EVIDENCE UPDATE
RECORD PATH:
CA.SLK.000012 -> SLK.S009 -> SLK.U070.
ANCIENT EVENT TIME:
c. 48,000 years ago through the Early Holocene.
EVIDENCE TIME:
peer-reviewed publication in 2026.
REPAIR:
change the interpretation from “plant evidence largely absent” to “mixed plant-animal
repertoire increasingly visible”; do not change it to cultivation.

REALITY CONTINUUM COORDINATES
TIME; LOCATION; SCALE; CAPABILITY; INHERITANCE; DEPENDENCIES; ENERGY;
INFORMATION; ECOLOGY; INSTITUTION; RESILIENCE; REPAIRABILITY; TRAJECTORY.
A trace is complete only when all relevant coordinates and affected relations remain queryable.

================================================================================================
15 | LIVE 2026 STATE VECTORS

FREEZE
2026-07-29T21:08:12+08:00. Every value below expires at this coordinate.

POLITICAL
OBSERVED: Anura Kumara Dissanayake is the ninth Executive President.
OFFICE DATE: the official page header states 23 September 2024; a later sentence on
the same page says 22 September. This release uses the formal header date and records
the source inconsistency rather than hiding it.
OBSERVED: NPP holds 159 of 225 parliamentary seats after the 14 November 2024 election.
NOT INFERRED: durable reform delivery, internal pluralism or future tenure.

POPULATION
MEASURED: Census moment 00:00 on 19 December 2024.
FINAL TOTAL: 21,781,800; preliminary figures are superseded.
AGE: 60+ = 18.0 percent; child cohort 0–14 = 20.7 percent; median age = 35.
DIGITAL: digital literacy 67.6 percent; computer literacy 34.7 percent in the
census definitions.
CONSEQUENCE: care, chronic disease, migration and access must be planned together.

ECONOMY AND HOUSEHOLD FLOOR
ESTIMATED: real GDP growth in 2025 = 5.0 percent, Central Bank estimate.
MODELLED: poverty in 2024 = 24.5 percent under the World Bank revised line.
INTERPRETATION: output recovery and household repair are separate state vectors.

EXTERNAL FINANCE
OPERATING: IMF 48-month EFF approved 20 March 2023 for SDR 2.286 billion.
REVIEWED: combined fifth/sixth reviews completed 27 May 2026; SDR 508 million
(about US$695 million) became available; total purchases about US$2.4 billion.
APPROVED/FUNDED: World Bank US$150 million reform support, 1 July 2026.
NOT YET VERIFIED: equitable long-run Receiver outcomes of the new funding.

CONSTITUTIONAL
CURRENT TEXT: unitary state; sovereignty in the people; Buddhism given the
foremost place; Sinhala and Tamil official languages; English link language;
executive presidency, Parliament, courts and provincial councils.
EXPRESSION DEBT: oversight independence, language access, devolution, land,
accountability and trusted case resolution.

HEALTH AND EDUCATION
POSSESSED: wide tax-funded health and education systems with strong historical outcomes.
PRESSURE: ageing, noncommunicable disease, workforce migration, budget stress,
school quality and digital-language gaps.

CLIMATE AND DISASTER
OBSERVED SHOCK: Cyclone Ditwah from 28 November 2025; UNICEF’s 10 December
update reported about 1.8 million people affected, including roughly 460,000 children.
OPEN EXPOSURE: flood, drought, landslide, heat, coast and catchment maintenance.

ACCOUNTABILITY AND RECONCILIATION
OPERATING: domestic offices, courts, family action and OHCHR evidence work.
OPEN: comprehensive criminal adjudication, trusted truth, land release, missing-person
resolution, safe commemoration and non-recurrence.

CURRENT CIVILISATIONAL COORDINATE
Stage 3 mass institutions are strongly possessed in several domains.
Stage 4 planetary networks are selectively expressed through ports, finance,
migration, tourism and digital systems.
Stage 5 regenerative/self-correcting capability is NOT VERIFIED as an aggregate state.
The live test remains RepairRate versus DriftRate at the Receiver floor.

================================================================================================
16 | UNCERTAINTY, DISPUTE AND REVISION REGISTER

REVISION RULE
Uncertainty is protected data. A later resolution supersedes a ruling with reason and
source; it never silently rewrites an earlier claim state.

SLK.U001 | GEOLOGICAL_MODEL
RULING: Sri Lankan crustal-complex ages, boundaries and uplift history are revised as geochronology and tectonic models improve.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review when a new geological map or high-precision synthesis changes the named complexes or dates.

SLK.U002 | ISLAND_BOUNDARY_AND_SCALE
RULING: Coastline, climatic zones and land-bridge geometry vary through time; modern island edges cannot be projected backward unchanged.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with new sea-level, bathymetric, geomorphological or climate reconstruction.

SLK.U003 | IRANAMADU_125KA_CONTEXT
RULING: Lithics in red-earth deposits may indicate occupation around 125 ka, but redeposition, dating and association limit certainty.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Upgrade only with secure stratigraphy and independent absolute dating.

SLK.U004 | HOMININ_IDENTITY
RULING: Artefacts without diagnostic human remains do not identify species, ancestry, language or living population.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review only with securely contextualised fossil or genetic evidence.

SLK.U005 | PREHISTORIC_CHRONOLOGY
RULING: Tropical preservation, old-wood effects, calibration and cave/open-air bias bound occupation ranges.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with replicated direct dates and published context.

SLK.U006 | PLANT_USE_NOT_CULTIVATION
RULING: Gathering, processing, burning or plant intensification does not by itself demonstrate cultivation or domestication.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Upgrade only with convergent domestication, field-system or management evidence.

SLK.U007 | BALANGODA_CATEGORY
RULING: “Balangoda Man” is a historical archaeological/morphological label, not a biologically pure population or modern ethnic identity.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Retain firewall unless new evidence justifies a narrower scientific term.

SLK.U008 | LIVING_INDIGENOUS_RIGHTS
RULING: Wanniyalaeto/Vedda rights and identities cannot be conferred or removed by archaeological ancestry claims.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review through community consent, law and current rights evidence.

SLK.U009 | IRON_AND_MEGALITHIC_TIMING
RULING: Regional iron and mortuary sequences overlap and may move with new dates; assemblages do not equal one migration.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with direct dates, metallurgical contexts and regional synthesis.

SLK.U010 | EARLY_BRAHMI_DATE
RULING: Some pre-third-century-BCE Sri Lankan Brahmi claims remain contested in reading, context and palaeography.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Upgrade only with independently replicated stratigraphic and chronometric support.

SLK.U011 | CROP_PATHWAYS
RULING: Rice, millet and pulse presence establishes use, not a single direction, carrier population or state policy.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with genetic, isotopic, linguistic and directly dated archaeobotanical convergence.

SLK.U012 | CHRONICLE_DUAL_DATE
RULING: Chronicle composition date and narrated event date are distinct; theological narrative is not contemporary observation.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Every new use must preserve both clocks and cross-check material or inscriptional evidence.

SLK.U013 | VIJAYA_MEMORY
RULING: The Vijaya story is civilisational memory, not demonstrated racial origin, empty-land settlement or national title.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: No upgrade without independent contemporary evidence of the specific event claim.

SLK.U014 | BUDDHIST_MISSION_DETAIL
RULING: Third-century-BCE Buddhist institutionalisation is strong; named mission sequences rely substantially on later texts.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with new inscriptions, secure archaeology or textual stemmatics.

SLK.U015 | BODHI_TRANSMISSION_DETAIL
RULING: The living cult and long custody are established; the exact ancient transfer itinerary is tradition-led.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with securely dated botanical, archaeological or inscriptional evidence.

SLK.U016 | HYDRAULIC_ATTRIBUTION
RULING: Reservoir systems have multiple construction and repair phases; a royal name rarely explains every component or labour regime.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review site by site with engineering archaeology, inscriptions and sediment chronology.

SLK.U017 | POLITICAL_REACH
RULING: Dynastic title, raid, coin or inscription does not prove continuous uniform control over the whole island.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with convergent administrative, fiscal, settlement and military evidence.

SLK.U018 | IDENTITY_RETROJECTION
RULING: Archaeological material, language, religion, dynasty and modern ethnicity remain separate domains.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Any proposed cross-domain link requires explicit evidence and human review.

SLK.U019 | GODAVAYA_DATE
RULING: The shipwreck date remains a broad late-first-millennium-BCE/early-first-millennium-CE range.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with direct cargo, hull or sealed-context chronometry.

SLK.U020 | TRADE_SCALE
RULING: Imported objects or one wreck prove connection, not volume, resident community, political control or route regularity.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with quantified assemblages, network comparison and transaction evidence.

SLK.U021 | MONASTIC_PLURALITY
RULING: Normative texts and court patronage may suppress institutional diversity and non-monastic practice.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with archaeology, inscriptions and comparative manuscript evidence.

SLK.U022 | GENDER_VISIBILITY
RULING: Named women donors show agency but cannot quantify women’s overall property, labour or authority.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with broader household, legal, osteological and epigraphic datasets.

SLK.U023 | SIGIRIYA_MOTIVE
RULING: Kashyapa narratives of patricide, defence and palace use derive partly from later chronicles; functions and motives remain distinct.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with secure contemporary text or archaeological function evidence.

SLK.U024 | SAMANALAWEWA_SCALE
RULING: Wind-powered steel production is well supported locally; output volume and long-distance distribution remain bounded.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with slag quantification, production chronology and trace-element provenance.

SLK.U025 | MANTAI_CLOVE_CLAIM
RULING: A clove in a c. 900–1100 context shows long-distance transfer; “world’s oldest” or unique-first claims exceed the file’s evidence.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with direct dating and globally comparative archaeobotanical corpus.

SLK.U026 | MUSLIM_COMMUNITY_BEGINNING
RULING: Trade contact, individual residence and enduring community formation have different dates.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review at locality scale with inscriptions, burials, mosques, texts and genealogy.

SLK.U027 | CHOLA_CONTROL
RULING: Chola conquest and administration were substantial but spatially variable; conquest does not equal population replacement.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with inscriptions, garrisons, settlement and tax evidence by region.

SLK.U028 | RAJARATA_CONTRACTION
RULING: War, water maintenance, disease, ecology and route shifts are interacting hypotheses; no single-cause collapse is authorised.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with coupled palaeoenvironmental, settlement, health and institutional evidence.

SLK.U029 | POLONNARUWA_REACH
RULING: Monumental capacity and royal claims do not prove uniform island-wide administration or benefit.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with regional fiscal, settlement and maintenance evidence.

SLK.U030 | JAFFNA_ORIGINS_AND_EXTENT
RULING: Jaffna kingdom formation and Aryacakravarti reach are changing historical questions, not timeless ethnic borders.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with dated inscriptions, coins, archaeology and cross-source comparison.

SLK.U031 | KOTTE_FOUNDATION
RULING: Foundation date, named builder and early territorial reach differ among late sources.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with secure archaeology and contemporary inscription.

SLK.U032 | PORTUGUESE_ARRIVAL_YEAR
RULING: 1505 and 1506 appear in different chronologies; contact is therefore date-contested here.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Resolve only with decisive primary-source chronological reconciliation.

SLK.U033 | TREATY_AND_CONSENT
RULING: Treaties and bequests establish asserted legal relations among signatories, not modern consent of all governed people.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with actor, jurisdiction and coercion analysis for each instrument.

SLK.U034 | CONVERSION_AND_COERCION
RULING: Court conversion, patronage, persuasion and coercive destruction must be distinguished locality by locality.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with mission, legal, material and community sources.

SLK.U035 | COLONIAL_LABOUR_AND_SLAVERY_COUNT
RULING: Archives undercount coerced workers, captives and enslaved persons and often omit individual identity.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with notarial, military, household and descendant evidence.

SLK.U036 | VOC_ARCHIVE_BIAS
RULING: Exceptional documentary density reflects Company priorities and classification rather than total social visibility.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Every claim requires archive-position and silence checks.

SLK.U037 | SOVEREIGNTY_AND_CONSENT
RULING: 1815 legal transfer, elite action and popular political legitimacy are separate coordinates.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review only with explicit political and community evidence, not retrospective nation alone.

SLK.U038 | REBELLION_CASUALTIES
RULING: Uva-Wellessa and Matale death, destruction and depopulation figures vary across hostile and later sources.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with demographic, land, military and local evidence.

SLK.U039 | PLANTATION_LAND
RULING: Colonial title can be legally clear inside its regime while remaining rooted in unrecorded customary dispossession.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with survey, court, village and ecological histories.

SLK.U040 | PLANTATION_LABOUR_AGENCY
RULING: Recruitment, migration, coercion and family strategy coexist; neither “free” nor “forced” alone fits every worker.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review at cohort and estate scale with worker-centred evidence.

SLK.U041 | VIOLENCE_1915_COUNTS
RULING: Deaths, arrests and property loss in 1915 vary by source and phase, including communal violence and martial-law repression.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review event and actor separately with inquiry, court and community records.

SLK.U042 | FRANCHISE_EXPRESSION
RULING: Legal suffrage does not equal registration, safe participation, representative office or equal agenda control.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with disaggregated election and social-access evidence.

SLK.U043 | WELFARE_COVERAGE_AND_QUALITY
RULING: Institutional availability does not prove equal access, quality or sustainable staffing.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review through Receiver-level, regional and longitudinal data.

SLK.U044 | CITIZENSHIP_EFFECT
RULING: Law, documentation, franchise and social belonging are distinct; formal repair may lag in practice.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with administrative completion and community evidence.

SLK.U045 | LANGUAGE_CAUSALITY
RULING: Sinhala Only contributed materially to exclusion and conflict but does not alone explain all later violence.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review within multi-causal political, economic and institutional models.

SLK.U046 | COMMUNAL_VIOLENCE_COUNTS
RULING: 1958 and 1977 casualty and displacement totals vary; actor-specific attacks and state response must be separated.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with event-level triangulation and survivor evidence.

SLK.U047 | FAILED_PACT_COUNTERFACTUAL
RULING: Non-implementation is established; claims that one pact certainly would have prevented war are counterfactual.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review implementation opportunity without converting possibility into fact.

SLK.U048 | JVP_DEATHS_AND_CUSTODY
RULING: Deaths and disappearances in 1971 and 1987–1989 remain contested; insurgent and state acts require separate attribution.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with commission, forensic, court and family evidence.

SLK.U049 | STANDARDISATION_CAUSALITY
RULING: Admission policy redistributed places and grievance; its precise effect on militancy is mediated by other exclusions.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with disaggregated admissions, education and political evidence.

SLK.U050 | CONFLICT_CLAIM_STATUS
RULING: Assertion, allegation, credible report, reasonable-grounds finding, state denial and criminal judgment are not interchangeable.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Mandatory review whenever a record moves between claim states.

SLK.U051 | BLACK_JULY_COUNTS
RULING: Black July casualty estimates vary, while the organised pattern and mass displacement are strongly established.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review totals separately from event classification and institutional responsibility.

SLK.U052 | DISPLACEMENT_AND_DISAPPEARANCE
RULING: Movement may be flight, order, coercion or evacuation; missing status does not alone identify perpetrator or fate.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review case by case with custody, witness, forensic and administrative records.

SLK.U053 | NORTHERN_MUSLIM_EXPULSION_SCALE
RULING: The forced expulsion is established; exact population, property and return numbers vary by date and geography.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review through community registers, humanitarian files and land records.

SLK.U054 | DISASTER_ESTIMATES
RULING: Tsunami and cyclone affected-person, death and damage totals change as assessments mature.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Attach publication date and supersede preliminary values explicitly.

SLK.U055 | FINAL_WAR_CASUALTIES_ACCOUNTABILITY
RULING: Serious-violation findings and casualty estimates remain contested; no comprehensive criminal judgment resolves the record.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with new court, forensic, archive or independently verified evidence.

SLK.U056 | POSTWAR_BENEFIT
RULING: Road, rail and building outputs do not prove land justice, trust, local control or livelihood repair.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with Receiver/Nobody and regional outcome data.

SLK.U057 | CONSTITUTIONAL_EXPRESSION
RULING: Text, institutional design, political practice and court-enforced effect are separate.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review after every amendment, major judgment or verified change in operation.

SLK.U058 | EASTER_RESPONSIBILITY
RULING: Attack authorship is established at cell level; warning failures and wider responsibility remain subject to proceedings and dispute.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review only with final judgments or authoritative new investigation.

SLK.U059 | FERTILISER_CAUSALITY
RULING: Yield loss reflects policy shock interacting with crop, weather and market conditions; “organic” intent is not measured regenerative capacity.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with crop-specific counterfactual and input data.

SLK.U060 | ECONOMIC_CRISIS_CAUSATION
RULING: Debt, tax, reserves, exchange policy, tourism loss, imports and governance interact; one-cause or one-creditor stories are rejected.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with audited fiscal, debt, reserve and household evidence.

SLK.U061 | ARAGALAYA_REPRESENTATION
RULING: The protest was broad but not a single authorised voice for every class, region or community.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with participant, survey and affected-community evidence.

SLK.U062 | POVERTY_LINE_AND_DISTRIBUTION
RULING: Poverty values depend on line, price adjustment and survey/model method; GDP growth does not settle household recovery.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with the same method or explicit crosswalk.

SLK.U063 | MACRO_ESTIMATE_AND_FORECAST
RULING: Estimate, projection, review approval and realised outcome remain distinct.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Update only when the responsible statistical release supersedes a value.

SLK.U064 | CENSUS_REVISION
RULING: The 2024 final population total supersedes the preliminary total; do not average or present both as coequal.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review only with official revision or published methodological correction.

SLK.U065 | CURRENT_POLITICAL_DURABILITY
RULING: Office and seat counts are facts at freeze; reform delivery, coalition cohesion and future tenure are not.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Expire at next election, legal change or verified institutional event.

SLK.U066 | CLIMATE_ATTRIBUTION
RULING: Long-term warming risk is established; attribution of an individual flood, drought or cyclone is dataset-specific.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with event-attribution or updated national hazard evidence.

SLK.U067 | PROJECT_STATUS
RULING: Proposed, announced, funded, permitted, under construction, operating, measured and independently verified are different claim states.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Advance only with evidence for the next state.

SLK.U068 | LIVE_DATA_EXPIRY
RULING: Every current office, indicator, programme and hazard statement expires at the retrieval freeze.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Revalidate after 29 July 2026 before reuse as current.

SLK.U069 | HERITAGE_STATUS
RULING: UNESCO inscription proves heritage recognition and defined values, not every historical claim, ownership right or operating condition.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Review with nomination file, decision and independent site evidence.

SLK.U070 | EVIDENCE_TIME
RULING: A 2026 study of a Pleistocene deposit changes the evidence clock, not the ancient event date.
REVIEW_TRIGGER: Always preserve event time, analysis time and publication time separately.

VERIFIED_UNAVAILABLE QUEUE

• secure name, language and ancestry of many prehistoric toolmakers.
• one complete path for the transition from foraging to cultivation.
• definitive resolution of all early Brahmi contexts.
• complete labour lists for ancient reservoirs, monuments and forts.
• final adjudicated casualty and responsibility map for every conflict episode.
• complete missing-person, grave, land and return resolution.
• future delivery of reforms, projects and climate adaptation after the freeze.

NEXT-RELEASE QUEUE
Revalidate office, Parliament, IMF/debt status, poverty, census revisions,
programme operation, climate events, accountability proceedings and every
claim whose state may change after 29 July 2026.

================================================================================================
17 | RUNTIME V3.2 / ROOT V3.3 ARCHITECTURE DELTAS

BRANCH RULE
These deltas state what Object 24 adds or tightens. They do not mutate the World Master
or promote the regional runtime label.

BRANCH AUDIT
SLK.S001 — Indus / Northwest South Asia: root V3.3 inheritance and child-clock debt.
SLK.S002 — Deccan / Central India: 20-section Runtime V3.2 contract and full causal trace.
SLK.S107 — East African Coast / Swahili World: evidence priority and Indian Ocean claim limits.
SLK.S108 — Siberia / North Asian Interior: active substrate, portability and machine integrity.
SLK.S003 — World Master: canonical Object 24 queue position and W000–W068 clock.

SLK.AD001 | Coverage Object 24 is instantiated with canonical Sri Lanka boundary.
SLK.AD002 | Regional Runtime V3.2 remains the file label.
SLK.AD003 | Reality Continuum V3.3 is inherited only as root-integrity patch.
SLK.AD004 | World Master W000–W068 is received without rewriting bands.
SLK.AD005 | Child W068 extends the parent live tail to the exact freeze.
SLK.AD006 | Seven Sri Lanka clocks replace a dynasty-only spine.
SLK.AD007 | Palk Strait is encoded as opening-and-closing threshold.
SLK.AD008 | Ancient evidence and 2026 evidence publication receive separate clocks.
SLK.AD009 | Plant-use intensification is firewalled from cultivation.
SLK.AD010 | Balangoda terminology is firewalled from living identity.
SLK.AD011 | Wanniyalaeto/Vedda identity has human-rights and consent guardrails.
SLK.AD012 | Brahmi early-date dispute remains machine-visible.
SLK.AD013 | Chronicles are dual-dated and never treated as transparent observation.
SLK.AD014 | Buddhist transmission keeps institution, tradition and later nationalism separate.
SLK.AD015 | Tank systems include ecology, labour, control and maintenance.
SLK.AD016 | Indian Ocean transfer uses typed flows and source-bounded transactions.
SLK.AD017 | Tamilakam and Sri Lanka remain typed objects rather than one collapsed South.
SLK.AD018 | Dynasty change never implies population replacement.
SLK.AD019 | Regional capitals are modelled as functional re-hosting.
SLK.AD020 | Kotte, Sitawaka, Jaffna and Kandy coexist in overlapping control geometry.
SLK.AD021 | Portuguese, VOC and British systems retain different legal/organisational hosts.
SLK.AD022 | Colonial capability and coercion remain in the same transformation records.
SLK.AD023 | Roman-Dutch law records codification selection and portability.
SLK.AD024 | Plantation genome links land, labour, rail, port, ecology and citizenship.
SLK.AD025 | Universal franchise is separated from effective expression.
SLK.AD026 | Citizenship law creates an explicit Receiver/Nobody discontinuity.
SLK.AD027 | Language reform includes beneficiary and excluded-recipient effects.
SLK.AD028 | Constitutional text is separated from operational expression.
SLK.AD029 | Provincial devolution is recorded as formal-but-incomplete capability.
SLK.AD030 | Civil-war records separate armed actors and civilian control.
SLK.AD031 | Allegation, reasonable-grounds finding, denial and judgment remain distinct.
SLK.AD032 | Postwar infrastructure is not accepted as complete reconciliation.
SLK.AD033 | Aragalaya is plural and not serialized as one representative agent.
SLK.AD034 | Debt descent is traced from policy to household lower floor.
SLK.AD035 | IMF and World Bank approvals stop at their actual claim-ladder state.
SLK.AD036 | Final census supersedes preliminary population rather than averaging it.
SLK.AD037 | Current economic growth is not a poverty-repair proxy.
SLK.AD038 | Climate and disaster records carry event-specific attribution limits.
SLK.AD039 | Digital and AI capabilities expose language, privacy and cloud dependencies.
SLK.AD040 | Object 25 receives a queue connector without content pre-emption.

================================================================================================
18 | SOURCE-OBJECT REGISTER

SOURCE RULE
A citation identifies what a source is used for and its limits; it does not import
every statement in that source. Primary archaeology, inscriptions, legal instruments,
judgments and statistics control what they directly establish. Peer-reviewed work
controls technical interpretation. Official announcements prove announcement or
approval, not independent achievement. Heritage status is not blanket history.

SLK.S001 | TYPE=ARCHITECTURE_REFERENCE | CITATION=eduKateSG, Civilisation Atlas Chronology: Indus / Northwest South Asia, Runtime V3.0 with root V3.3 patch | LOCATOR=https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronology-indus-northwest-south-asia-deep-substrate-29-july-2026civatlas-chronology-region-indus_northwest_south_asia-v3-0/ | USE_LIMIT=Architecture and cross-object comparison only; not evidence for Sri Lankan events.
SLK.S002 | TYPE=RUNTIME_REFERENCE | CITATION=eduKateSG, Deccan / Central India Chronology Master, Regional Runtime V3.2 | LOCATOR=Materialised reference artifact used for the 20-section field, validation and transformation contract | USE_LIMIT=Runtime grammar only; not independent regional evidence.
SLK.S003 | TYPE=PARENT_CHRONOLOGY | CITATION=Civilisation Atlas World Master Chronology V1.1 | LOCATOR=Inherited World Bands W000–W068 in project master | USE_LIMIT=Synchronisation only; local dates and claims require regional evidence.
SLK.S004 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_GEOLOGY | CITATION=Geological Survey and Mines Bureau of Sri Lanka, geological maps and institutional resources | LOCATOR=https://www.gsmb.gov.lk/ | USE_LIMIT=Basement, terrain and mineral context; evolving geochronology remains peer-review bounded.
SLK.S005 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE_ECOLOGY | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Central Highlands of Sri Lanka | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1203/ | USE_LIMIT=Highland ecology and heritage status; not a complete land-rights or climate assessment.
SLK.S006 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_ARCHAEOLOGY | CITATION=Department of Archaeology Sri Lanka, Excavations and prehistoric-site synthesis | LOCATOR=https://archaeology.gov.lk/index.php/si/about/sections/excavations | USE_LIMIT=Institutional excavation history including red-bed and cave claims; early dates remain context-bounded.
SLK.S007 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_ARCHAEOLOGY | CITATION=Wedage et al., Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens, Nature Communications 10, 2019 | LOCATOR=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08623-1 | USE_LIMIT=Fa-Hien rainforest hunting and occupation; sample and site scale retained.
SLK.S008 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_ARCHAEOLOGY | CITATION=Langley et al., Bows and arrows and complex symbolic displays 48,000 years ago, Science Advances 6, 2020 | LOCATOR=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aba3831 | USE_LIMIT=Bone points and ornaments at Fa-Hien; function inferred from archaeological analysis.
SLK.S009 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_ARCHAOBOTANY | CITATION=Bourgon et al., Pre-agricultural intensification of plant use in Pleistocene Sri Lankan rainforests, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2026 | LOCATOR=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-026-03082-6 | USE_LIMIT=Plant-use evidence and 2026 evidence clock; does not demonstrate cultivation.
SLK.S010 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_COASTAL_ARCHAEOLOGY | CITATION=Amano et al., Late Pleistocene open-air coastal occupation at Pathirajawela, Scientific Reports, 2024 | LOCATOR=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-77504-5 | USE_LIMIT=Pathirajawela and sea-level context; regional movement routes remain inferred.
SLK.S011 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_PALAEOECOLOGY | CITATION=Premathilake and Risberg, Late Quaternary climate history and Horton Plains land-use signals, Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2003 | LOCATOR=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00202-2 | USE_LIMIT=Pollen, charcoal and highland disturbance; early agriculture interpretation contested.
SLK.S012 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_SYNTHESIS | CITATION=Coningham and Young, The Archaeology of South Asia, 2015 | LOCATOR=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139020633 | USE_LIMIT=Regional archaeological context; synthesis does not replace site reports.
SLK.S013 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_MONOGRAPH | CITATION=Siran U. Deraniyagala, The Prehistory of Sri Lanka, 1992 | LOCATOR=Print archaeological monograph and Department of Archaeology corpus | USE_LIMIT=Foundational sequence used with later dating and interpretive revisions.
SLK.S014 | TYPE=COMMUNITY_AND_ETHNOGRAPHY | CITATION=Community testimony and critical scholarship on Wanniyalaeto/Vedda history, land and contemporary identity | LOCATOR=Community-centred ethnography, legal records and human-rights literature | USE_LIMIT=Living identity and rights; rejects relic, purity and direct-fossil narratives.
SLK.S015 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_ARCHAOBOTANY | CITATION=Murphy et al., Early agriculture in Sri Lanka: rice, millet and pulses, 2018 | LOCATOR=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10059243/1/early-agriculture-sri_2018.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Direct crop dates and packages; crop presence is not an ethnic migration proxy.
SLK.S016 | TYPE=PRIMARY_ARCHAEOLOGY | CITATION=Coningham and collaborators, Anuradhapura excavations and urban sequence | LOCATOR=British Academy and Archaeological Survey excavation publications | USE_LIMIT=Stratigraphy, settlement scale and early script contexts; exact early dates debated.
SLK.S017 | TYPE=RESEARCH_SYNTHESIS | CITATION=Freie Universität Berlin, Archaeology of the Anuradhapura hinterland and settlement sequence | LOCATOR=https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/tanks-in-the-dryzone-of-sri-lanka/anuradhapura-hinterland/archaeology/index.html | USE_LIMIT=Early settlement-area and iron chronology; website synthesis points back to research.
SLK.S018 | TYPE=PRIMARY_EPIGRAPHY | CITATION=Paranavitana and successors, Inscriptions of Ceylon and early Brahmi corpora | LOCATOR=Department of Archaeology and scholarly epigraphic editions | USE_LIMIT=Names, donations and palaeography; surviving inscriptions are selective.
SLK.S019 | TYPE=TEXT_CRITICAL_PRIMARY | CITATION=Mahavamsa, critically edited and translated manuscript tradition | LOCATOR=Pali Text Society editions and critical historical use | USE_LIMIT=Chronicle narrative and memory; not contemporary proof for early events.
SLK.S020 | TYPE=TEXT_CRITICAL_PRIMARY | CITATION=Dipavamsa, critically edited Pali chronicle | LOCATOR=Pali Text Society and scholarly editions | USE_LIMIT=Early monastic historiography; retrospective and institutionally situated.
SLK.S021 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Sacred City of Anuradhapura | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/200/ | USE_LIMIT=Site and heritage chronology; tradition statements remain tradition where uncorroborated.
SLK.S022 | TYPE=EPIGRAPHY_SYNTHESIS | CITATION=Harry Falk and South Asian Brahmi/Ashokan epigraphy scholarship | LOCATOR=Scholarly monographs and inscription corpora | USE_LIMIT=Script transmission and palaeography; disputed Anuradhapura early dates retained.
SLK.S023 | TYPE=BUDDHIST_HISTORY | CITATION=Sri Lankan Theravada institutional, ordination and commentarial scholarship | LOCATOR=Peer-reviewed monographs, Pali texts and epigraphy | USE_LIMIT=Monastic genealogy and reform; normative texts are not simple social census.
SLK.S024 | TYPE=PRIMARY_TEXTUAL | CITATION=Buddhaghosa commentaries and Pali manuscript history | LOCATOR=Critical editions and textual scholarship | USE_LIMIT=Commentarial transmission; lost-source reconstruction remains bounded.
SLK.S025 | TYPE=TEXTUAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Geiger and later critical scholarship on the Mahavamsa tradition | LOCATOR=Critical translations, manuscript studies and historiography | USE_LIMIT=Composition, narrative structure and reception; older translations used critically.
SLK.S026 | TYPE=ARCHAEOLOGY_SYNTHESIS | CITATION=Sri Lankan Early Historic and megalithic archaeology corpus | LOCATOR=Department of Archaeology, universities and peer-reviewed site studies | USE_LIMIT=Assemblages and regional comparison; culture label is not people.
SLK.S027 | TYPE=ARCHITECTURAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Senake Bandaranayake and later research on Sinhalese monastic architecture | LOCATOR=Scholarly monographs and excavation literature | USE_LIMIT=Monastic spatial organisation; political and labour interpretation remains contextual.
SLK.S028 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ancient City of Sigiriya | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202/ | USE_LIMIT=Site fabric, gardens and heritage; motive legends remain source-bounded.
SLK.S029 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Golden Temple of Dambulla | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/561/ | USE_LIMIT=Site phases and heritage status; not a complete regional religious history.
SLK.S030 | TYPE=PRIMARY_TRAVEL_ACCOUNT | CITATION=Faxian, Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, critical translations | LOCATOR=Chinese text, critical translations and archaeological comparison | USE_LIMIT=Early fifth-century observer account filtered by pilgrimage purpose.
SLK.S031 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_ARCHAEOMETALLURGY | CITATION=Gillian Juleff, An ancient wind-powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka, Nature 379, 1996 | LOCATOR=https://doi.org/10.1038/379060a0 | USE_LIMIT=Samanalawewa furnace process and experimental reconstruction; distribution bounded.
SLK.S032 | TYPE=PEER_REVIEWED_ARCHAOBOTANY | CITATION=Kingwell-Banham et al., Spice and rice at ancient Mantai, Antiquity 92, 2018 | LOCATOR=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/spice-and-rice-pepper-cloves-and-everyday-cereal-foods-at-the-ancient-port-of-mantai-sri-lanka/57A710C9438E73D78C21494A9E99A1E7 | USE_LIMIT=Mantai foods and spices; one clove context is not a universal oldest-use claim.
SLK.S033 | TYPE=MARITIME_ARCHAEOLOGY | CITATION=Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Godavaya Ancient Shipwreck excavation | LOCATOR=https://nauticalarch.org/projects/godavaya-ancient-shipwreck-excavation/ | USE_LIMIT=Wreck, cargo and excavation; route and exact date remain broad.
SLK.S034 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_MARITIME_HISTORY | CITATION=Himanshu Prabha Ray, The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, 2003 | LOCATOR=Cambridge University Press | USE_LIMIT=Ports and Indian Ocean networks; connection does not equal uniform integration.
SLK.S035 | TYPE=PRIMARY_TRAVEL_AND_TRADE | CITATION=Cosmas Indicopleustes and other critically used Indian Ocean accounts | LOCATOR=Critical editions and comparative maritime scholarship | USE_LIMIT=External observations of trade and religion; authorial and translation biases retained.
SLK.S036 | TYPE=EPIGRAPHY_LITERATURE | CITATION=Sigiri graffiti corpus and linguistic-literary studies | LOCATOR=Edited inscriptional corpora and heritage research | USE_LIMIT=Visitor language and reception; preservation and dating vary.
SLK.S037 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_SYNTHESIS | CITATION=K. M. de Silva, A History of Sri Lanka, revised scholarly editions | LOCATOR=University of California Press and later editions | USE_LIMIT=Long political synthesis cross-checked with primary and newer specialist research.
SLK.S038 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_MONOGRAPH | CITATION=Amaradasa Liyanagamage and later scholarship on Polonnaruwa decline and regional kingdoms | LOCATOR=Historical monographs and archaeological literature | USE_LIMIT=Multi-causal transition; chronicles do not quantify every process.
SLK.S039 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ancient City of Polonnaruwa | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/201/ | USE_LIMIT=Major monuments and heritage status; territorial reach separately evidenced.
SLK.S040 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_HISTORY | CITATION=K. Indrapala, The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity and related Tamil history scholarship | LOCATOR=University and scholarly publications | USE_LIMIT=Northern settlement, Tamil identity and South Indian links; model remains evidence-bounded.
SLK.S041 | TYPE=EPIGRAPHY_POLITICAL_HISTORY | CITATION=S. Pathmanathan and northern Sri Lankan inscriptional and Jaffna-kingdom scholarship | LOCATOR=University monographs, inscriptions and coin corpora | USE_LIMIT=Jaffna political history; origin and extent claims remain debated.
SLK.S042 | TYPE=REGIONAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Kotte, Sitawaka and late-medieval Sri Lankan chronicle, inscription and archaeology corpus | LOCATOR=Critical editions and regional historical studies | USE_LIMIT=Capital, court and literature; foundation details vary.
SLK.S043 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/451/ | USE_LIMIT=Fort and heritage status; not the complete colonial system.
SLK.S044 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE_AND_HISTORY | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Sacred City of Kandy, with critical Kandyan histories | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/450/ | USE_LIMIT=Sacred/capital landscape and heritage; court and colonial claims require archives.
SLK.S045 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_IMPERIAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700 | LOCATOR=Wiley-Blackwell and archival scholarship | USE_LIMIT=Portuguese maritime and political system; never treated as total island control.
SLK.S046 | TYPE=COLONIAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Paulus Edward Pieris and revised scholarship on Portuguese Ceylon | LOCATOR=Archival histories used critically | USE_LIMIT=Campaign and court chronology; colonial and early historiographic biases retained.
SLK.S047 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_MONOGRAPH | CITATION=Tikiri Abeyasinghe, Portuguese Rule in Ceylon and related research | LOCATOR=Lake House and later scholarly work | USE_LIMIT=Kotte, Jaffna and coastal administration; source limits retained.
SLK.S048 | TYPE=PRIMARY_COLONIAL_CHRONICLE | CITATION=Fernão de Queyroz, The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon | LOCATOR=Critical translation and Portuguese archival comparison | USE_LIMIT=Detailed colonial narrative; confessional and imperial bias explicit.
SLK.S049 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_DUTCH_HISTORY | CITATION=Sinnappah Arasaratnam and later research on Dutch power in Ceylon | LOCATOR=Scholarly monographs and VOC research | USE_LIMIT=VOC government, economy and Kandyan relations.
SLK.S050 | TYPE=PRIMARY_ARCHIVE_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO Memory of the World, Archives of the Dutch East India Company | LOCATOR=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/archives-dutch-east-india-company | USE_LIMIT=Archive scale and custody; Company records have strong institutional bias.
SLK.S051 | TYPE=PRIMARY_LEGAL_INSTRUMENT | CITATION=National Archives of Sri Lanka, Kandyan Convention of 2 March 1815 | LOCATOR=https://archives.gov.lk/online-exhibits/path-to-freedom/1-1815-convention | USE_LIMIT=Signed legal terms and transfer claim; not proof of popular consent.
SLK.S052 | TYPE=COLONIAL_ADMINISTRATIVE_HISTORY | CITATION=Lennox Mills and modern scholarship on British Ceylon under Crown rule | LOCATOR=Colonial archives and scholarly monographs | USE_LIMIT=Jurisdiction, conquest and early administration; colonial categories bounded.
SLK.S053 | TYPE=PRIMARY_COMMISSION | CITATION=Colebrooke-Cameron Commission reports and 1833 constitutional instruments | LOCATOR=British parliamentary and Sri Lankan archival records | USE_LIMIT=Administrative recommendations and legal change; implementation separately traced.
SLK.S054 | TYPE=REBELLION_HISTORY | CITATION=Uva-Wellessa and Matale rebellion archival, regional and oral-history corpus | LOCATOR=National Archives, colonial records and scholarly studies | USE_LIMIT=Events, repression and memory; casualty estimates uncertain.
SLK.S055 | TYPE=LABOUR_SOCIAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Patrick Peebles and plantation Tamil labour, citizenship and community scholarship | LOCATOR=Scholarly monographs, estate records and oral histories | USE_LIMIT=Migration, estate system and citizenship; worker agency retained.
SLK.S056 | TYPE=GENDER_INTELLECTUAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World, and Sri Lankan social-history corpus | LOCATOR=Scholarly books and primary associations/print | USE_LIMIT=Gender, revival and education; elite-source bias acknowledged.
SLK.S057 | TYPE=ECONOMIC_ENVIRONMENTAL_HISTORY | CITATION=Sri Lankan coffee, tea, land and plantation economic-history corpus | LOCATOR=Trade statistics, estate archives and peer-reviewed histories | USE_LIMIT=Crop transition, capital and ecology; company records not independent welfare evidence.
SLK.S058 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_INFRASTRUCTURE_HISTORY | CITATION=Sri Lanka Railways history, maps and operating statistics | LOCATOR=https://railway.gov.lk/ | USE_LIMIT=Rail chronology and network; social and ecological effect requires other evidence.
SLK.S059 | TYPE=PRIMARY_COMMISSION_AND_LAW | CITATION=Donoughmore Commission report, 1931 Order in Council and election records | LOCATOR=UK parliamentary papers and Sri Lankan archives | USE_LIMIT=Franchise and State Council design; effective access separately measured.
SLK.S060 | TYPE=CONFLICT_SOCIAL_HISTORY | CITATION=1915 violence, martial-law records and critical scholarship | LOCATOR=Official inquiries, court records, newspapers and scholarly studies | USE_LIMIT=Actor-specific violence and repression; casualty totals remain bounded.
SLK.S061 | TYPE=POLITICAL_LABOUR_HISTORY | CITATION=Ceylon National Congress, labour and constitutional-reform archival corpus | LOCATOR=Party, union, colonial and newspaper archives | USE_LIMIT=Organisation and claims; elite or partisan documents used as situated evidence.
SLK.S062 | TYPE=PRIMARY_CONSTITUTIONAL | CITATION=Soulbury Commission and Ceylon Independence constitutional instruments | LOCATOR=UK and Sri Lankan parliamentary/legal archives | USE_LIMIT=Dominion design and transfer; lived equality not inferred.
SLK.S063 | TYPE=POLITICAL_ECONOMIC_SYNTHESIS | CITATION=K. M. de Silva and later political-economic histories of modern Sri Lanka | LOCATOR=Scholarly monographs and official statistics | USE_LIMIT=Modern chronology and policy context; current values require current instruments.
SLK.S064 | TYPE=PRIMARY_LAW | CITATION=Ceylon Citizenship Act 1948, Indian and Pakistani Residents Act 1949 and later citizenship repair laws | LOCATOR=Sri Lanka legal and parliamentary records | USE_LIMIT=Legal status and eligibility; implementation and individual outcomes separate.
SLK.S065 | TYPE=PRIMARY_LAW | CITATION=Official Language Act No. 33 of 1956 and subsequent language laws | LOCATOR=Sri Lanka legal and parliamentary records | USE_LIMIT=Formal language rules; administrative expression separately measured.
SLK.S066 | TYPE=PRIMARY_CONSTITUTION | CITATION=Parliament of Sri Lanka, Constitution as amended through the Twenty-First Amendment | LOCATOR=https://www.parliament.lk/files/pdf/constitution.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Current formal order and amendment text; practice and legitimacy require other evidence.
SLK.S067 | TYPE=POLITICAL_HISTORY | CITATION=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson and modern Sri Lankan constitutional and party histories | LOCATOR=Scholarly monographs and primary political documents | USE_LIMIT=Pacts, constitutions and party competition; author perspectives explicit.
SLK.S068 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_CONFLICT_HISTORY | CITATION=Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah and wider scholarship on communal violence and nationalism | LOCATOR=University press monographs and event archives | USE_LIMIT=1958, 1977 and 1983 context; event responsibility remains source-specific.
SLK.S069 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_INSURGENCY_HISTORY | CITATION=JVP insurrection records and critical histories of 1971 and 1987–1989 | LOCATOR=Commission, participant, rights and scholarly sources | USE_LIMIT=Insurgency and counterinsurgency; death totals and claims bounded.
SLK.S070 | TYPE=CONFLICT_PRIMARY_AND_CRITICAL | CITATION=University Teachers for Human Rights Jaffna, Broken Palmyra and related conflict documentation | LOCATOR=https://uthr.org/ | USE_LIMIT=Actor-specific wartime documentation; source position and event corroboration retained.
SLK.S071 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_POLITICAL_CONFLICT | CITATION=Neil DeVotta and wider scholarship on language, majoritarianism and conflict escalation | LOCATOR=University press and peer-reviewed work | USE_LIMIT=Causal mechanisms; does not make ethnicity timeless or war inevitable.
SLK.S072 | TYPE=SCHOLARLY_CONFLICT_HISTORY | CITATION=Sumantra Bose and comparative Sri Lankan war-and-peace scholarship | LOCATOR=University press and peace-process archives | USE_LIMIT=Conflict and negotiations; paired with primary and rights evidence.
SLK.S073 | TYPE=MEMORY_AND_RIGHTS_RECORD | CITATION=Jaffna Public Library records, contemporary reporting and investigations of the 1981 burning | LOCATOR=Library, press, survivor and scholarly archives | USE_LIMIT=Destruction and memory; command responsibility not overstated.
SLK.S074 | TYPE=PRIMARY_DIPLOMATIC_LEGAL | CITATION=Indo-Lanka Accord of 29 July 1987 and Thirteenth Amendment | LOCATOR=Official treaty and constitutional records | USE_LIMIT=Agreed framework and formal devolution; delivery and consent separately tested.
SLK.S075 | TYPE=HUMAN_RIGHTS_DISPLACEMENT | CITATION=Human Rights Watch, humanitarian and scholarly documentation of the 1990 expulsion of northern Muslims | LOCATOR=Rights reports, survivor studies and return documentation | USE_LIMIT=Forced expulsion, loss and return; affected-community testimony central.
SLK.S076 | TYPE=PRIMARY_PEACE_PROCESS | CITATION=Ceasefire Agreement of 22 February 2002 and Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission reports | LOCATOR=Official agreement and monitoring archive | USE_LIMIT=Terms, incidents and compliance; no claim that ceasefire resolved coercive control.
SLK.S077 | TYPE=UN_HUMAN_RIGHTS_INVESTIGATION | CITATION=OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka, A/HRC/30/CRP.2, 2015 | LOCATOR=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session30/documents/a-hrc-30-crp-2.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Reasonable-grounds findings; a human-rights investigation, not criminal conviction.
SLK.S078 | TYPE=UN_ACCOUNTABILITY_REPORT | CITATION=UN Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, 2011 | LOCATOR=UN Digital Library and official report | USE_LIMIT=Credible allegations and accountability analysis; not adjudication.
SLK.S079 | TYPE=DOMESTIC_COMMISSION_AND_REPAIR | CITATION=Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission and later domestic missing-persons/reconciliation records | LOCATOR=Official reports, statutes and implementation records | USE_LIMIT=Recommendations and institutions; existence is not verified remedy.
SLK.S080 | TYPE=CURRENT_UN_HUMAN_RIGHTS | CITATION=OHCHR Sri Lanka Accountability Project, reports and Human Rights Council action through July 2026 | LOCATOR=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/sri-lanka-accountability/index | USE_LIMIT=Current evidence/accountability status; allegation, finding, denial and judgment remain distinct.
SLK.S081 | TYPE=TERRORISM_JUDICIAL | CITATION=Easter Sunday attack commission, court proceedings and official investigations | LOCATOR=Sri Lankan judicial and commission records with independent reporting | USE_LIMIT=Attack and institutional warning failures; pending responsibility questions stay open.
SLK.S082 | TYPE=PRIMARY_JUDICIAL | CITATION=Supreme Court of Sri Lanka decisions on the 2018 dissolution of Parliament | LOCATOR=https://supremecourt.lk/ | USE_LIMIT=Constitutional holdings and remedy; political motives not inferred beyond evidence.
SLK.S083 | TYPE=PRIMARY_CONSTITUTIONAL_AMENDMENTS | CITATION=Parliament of Sri Lanka, Seventeenth through Twenty-First Amendment texts and debates | LOCATOR=https://www.parliament.lk/en/constitution-main | USE_LIMIT=Formal changes; practical commission independence separately assessed.
SLK.S084 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_ECONOMIC_REPORT | CITATION=Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Annual Report 2022 | LOCATOR=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/publications/annual_report/2022/en/Full_Text_Volume_I.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Crisis chronology, reserves, debt and macro data; institutional self-assessment cross-checked.
SLK.S085 | TYPE=MULTILATERAL_PROGRAMME | CITATION=IMF, 2023 approval of Sri Lanka Extended Fund Facility and programme documents | LOCATOR=https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2023/03/20/pr2379-imf-executive-board-approves-under-the-new-eff-arrangement-for-sri-lanka | USE_LIMIT=Financing and conditions; approval is not household-outcome verification.
SLK.S086 | TYPE=PROTEST_ARCHIVE | CITATION=Aragalaya participant archives, contemporary reporting and emerging peer-reviewed research | LOCATOR=Multi-source 2022 protest corpus | USE_LIMIT=Movement form and claims; no assumption of one representative voice.
SLK.S087 | TYPE=PRIMARY_JUDICIAL | CITATION=Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, emergency-regulations fundamental-rights judgment arising from July 2022 | LOCATOR=https://supremecourt.lk/wp-content/uploads/judgements/sc_fr_246_2022_with-_sc_fr_261_2022_sc_fr_262_2022_sc_fr_274_2022_sc_fr_276_2022.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Legal holdings on emergency proclamation/regulations; distinct from other economic-crisis cases.
SLK.S088 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_ELECTION_DATA | CITATION=Election Commission of Sri Lanka, 2024 presidential and parliamentary results and progress report | LOCATOR=https://elections.gov.lk/web/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/progress_report%20_2024_E.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Certified results and seat allocation; mandate durability not inferred.
SLK.S089 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_OFFICE_RECORD | CITATION=President’s Office, current President Anura Kumara Dissanayake | LOCATOR=https://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/president/current/ | USE_LIMIT=Office-holder and assumption date at freeze; policy achievement requires evidence.
SLK.S090 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_CENSUS | CITATION=Department of Census and Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2024 final release | LOCATOR=https://www.statistics.gov.lk/qlink/PressReleases/press_note_CPH_2024_En | USE_LIMIT=Final population figure and structure; supersedes preliminary release.
SLK.S091 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_MACROECONOMY | CITATION=Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Annual Economic Review 2025 and Economy Snapshot | LOCATOR=https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/publications/economic-and-financial-reports/annual-economic-review/annual-economic-review-2025 | USE_LIMIT=2025 estimates and current indicators; estimate and forecast status retained.
SLK.S092 | TYPE=MULTILATERAL_POVERTY | CITATION=World Bank, Sri Lanka recovery and poverty assessments using revised poverty line | LOCATOR=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/04/23/sri-lanka-s-economy-outpaces-growth-projections-more-efforts-needed-to-reduce-poverty-boost-medium-term-growth | USE_LIMIT=Method-specific 2024 poverty estimate; not interchangeable with national or older lines.
SLK.S093 | TYPE=MULTILATERAL_CURRENT | CITATION=IMF, combined Fifth and Sixth Reviews under Sri Lanka EFF, 27 May 2026 | LOCATOR=https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/05/27/pr26172-sri-lanka-imf-completes-combined-5th-and-6th-reviews-under-eff | USE_LIMIT=Review and disbursement state at date; future performance not observed.
SLK.S094 | TYPE=MULTILATERAL_CURRENT | CITATION=World Bank, US$150 million Sri Lanka reform support approval, 1 July 2026 | LOCATOR=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/07/01/world-bank-backs-sri-lanka-s-reform-agenda-with-us-150-million-to-drive-growth-and-resilience | USE_LIMIT=Approval and stated purpose; operating and measured effects remain future.
SLK.S095 | TYPE=HEALTH_SYSTEM_REVIEW | CITATION=WHO Asia Pacific Observatory, Sri Lanka Health System Review and current WHO data | LOCATOR=https://apo.who.int/publications/sri-lanka-health-system-review | USE_LIMIT=System design and outcomes; current indicators remain dataset-specific.
SLK.S096 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_AGROECOLOGY | CITATION=FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, Sri Lanka Cascaded Tank-Village System | LOCATOR=https://www.fao.org/giahs/giahs-around-the-world/sri-lanka-cascaded-tank-village-system/en | USE_LIMIT=Cascade functions and heritage recognition; continuity, founder and benefit claims separately tested.
SLK.S097 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_COASTAL_POLICY | CITATION=Sri Lanka Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Plan 2024–2029 | LOCATOR=https://www.coastal.gov.lk/images/pdf/CZMP_24-29/CZCRMP_2024_PC_ENG.pdf | USE_LIMIT=Current coastal hazards and policy; implementation requires later verification.
SLK.S098 | TYPE=CLIMATE_ASSESSMENT | CITATION=IPCC AR6 Asia assessment and Sri Lankan climate-risk research | LOCATOR=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/chapter-10/ | USE_LIMIT=Regional trends and risks; event attribution remains method-specific.
SLK.S099 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_HERITAGE_REGISTER | CITATION=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Sri Lanka State Party page and listed properties | LOCATOR=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/lk | USE_LIMIT=Inscription and heritage status; not blanket proof of every historical claim.
SLK.S100 | TYPE=HUMANITARIAN_CURRENT | CITATION=UNICEF Sri Lanka, Cyclone Ditwah situation reporting, December 2025 | LOCATOR=https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/cyclone-ditwah | USE_LIMIT=Time-stamped affected-person estimates; not final loss accounting.
SLK.S101 | TYPE=PORT_GOVERNANCE | CITATION=Sri Lanka Ports Authority statistics, concession documents, audits and parliamentary records | LOCATOR=https://www.slpa.lk/ | USE_LIMIT=Port status and contracts; debt, sovereignty and benefit assessed instrument by instrument.
SLK.S102 | TYPE=DIGITAL_POLICY | CITATION=Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka, digital-government policy and statistics | LOCATOR=https://www.icta.lk/ | USE_LIMIT=Programme and infrastructure status; privacy, access and AI outcomes require independent evidence.
SLK.S103 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_DEMOGRAPHY | CITATION=Department of Census and Statistics historical population and labour datasets | LOCATOR=https://www.statistics.gov.lk/ | USE_LIMIT=Longitudinal demographic context; definitions and revisions retained.
SLK.S104 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_SOCIAL_SECTOR | CITATION=Sri Lanka Ministries and departments of Education and Health, UNESCO Institute for Statistics and WHO datasets | LOCATOR=Official administrative and multilateral data portals | USE_LIMIT=Access and outcomes; administrative coverage is not equal-quality experience.
SLK.S105 | TYPE=OFFICIAL_DOCUMENTARY_HERITAGE | CITATION=UNESCO Memory of the World, Mahavamsa collection registration, 2023 | LOCATOR=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/register2023 | USE_LIMIT=Documentary heritage status and manuscript importance; not blanket confirmation of chronicle facts.
SLK.S106 | TYPE=DISASTER_ASSESSMENT | CITATION=Sri Lankan authorities, UN agencies and peer-reviewed studies of the 26 December 2004 tsunami | LOCATOR=Official disaster records, humanitarian assessments and geophysical research | USE_LIMIT=Hazard, loss and recovery; estimates vary by date and method.
SLK.S107 | TYPE=ARCHITECTURE_REFERENCE | CITATION=eduKateSG, East African Coast / Swahili World Chronology Master | LOCATOR=Materialised project branch consulted for evidence priority, claim-state and Indian Ocean connector rules | USE_LIMIT=Architecture comparison only; not Sri Lankan event evidence.
SLK.S108 | TYPE=ARCHITECTURE_REFERENCE | CITATION=eduKateSG, Siberia / North Asian Interior Chronology Master | LOCATOR=Materialised project branch consulted for active-substrate, portability and machine-integrity comparison | USE_LIMIT=Architecture comparison only; not Sri Lankan event evidence.

================================================================================================
19 | RELEASE VALIDATION MANIFEST

RELEASE_ID
CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.SRI_LANKA.RUNTIME.V3.2

VALIDATED CONTENT
193 protected chronological records
193 unique sequential IDs: CA.SLK.000001–CA.SLK.000193
193 unique local-period tags
193 graph seeds
50 longitudinal tracks
40 core graph nodes
61 typed graph edges
36 cross-object connectors
18 CAT Scan dimensions
8 Control-Tower organs
6 observer positions
12 invariant-convergence records
12 Ouroboros loops
70 uncertainty/dispute rulings
108 registered source objects
101 source keys cited by protected records
40 architecture-branch deltas

FIELD VALIDATION
PASS | every protected record contains the canonical 23 Runtime-V3.2 fields
PASS | record IDs, local-period tags and graph seeds are unique
PASS | every protected source key resolves in Section 18
PASS | every linked uncertainty key resolves in Section 16
PASS | every graph edge resolves to registered nodes
PASS | chronology begins with active substrate and ends with an open repair queue
PASS | every record has specific before, transformation, after and returned consequence
PASS | regional Runtime V3.2 and inherited root V3.3 remain separated
PASS | W000–W068 inherited bands and child live-tail debt are explicit
PASS | archaeology–genome–language–people–polity–religion–law firewall installed
PASS | chronicles and 2026 research preserve event/evidence dual dates
PASS | relation type and attestation are independent
PASS | claim ladder, VERIFIED_UNAVAILABLE and next-release queue installed
PASS | 8 organs, 6 positions, 18 CAT surfaces and 12 invariants present
PASS | Receiver/Nobody, RepairRate, wormhole cost and human appeal installed
PASS | modern borders are dated layers, not retroactive ownership
PASS | conflict allegation, finding, denial and adjudication are not collapsed
PASS | current claims expire at 2026-07-29T21:08:12+08:00

PROTECTED-STREAM HASH
ALGORITHM: SHA-256
SCOPE: UTF-8 serialization of all Section 5 protected record blocks in order
DIGEST: 475651cf2cc7c84a2dba2be63eb14bed9509bd479421b56ac0858055091ac75b

HUMAN ASSERTIONS
PASS | Sri Lanka is not serialized as one timeless people, religion or polity.
PASS | prehistoric categories never claim living identity or rights.
PASS | Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa are systems with hinterlands, labour and ecology.
PASS | regional kingdoms coexist and re-host functions after capital contraction.
PASS | Kotte, Kandy and Jaffna retain overlapping, changing control geometry.
PASS | Portuguese, VOC and British systems remain institutionally distinct.
PASS | colonial capability gains retain extraction and worker/ecology costs.
PASS | postcolonial welfare gains retain citizenship, language and distribution gaps.
PASS | war records retain actor-specific evidence and civilian effects.
PASS | GDP, election seats and programme reviews do not proxy Receiver repair.
PASS | civilisation is editable but not genetically or historically predetermined.
PASS | human challenge and correction supersede machine convenience.

POST-SERIALIZATION CONTRACT
A successor release must preserve stable IDs where objects persist; state additions,
corrections, retractions and supersessions; retain earlier uncertainty; update current
records rather than editing them into timeless claims; reconcile the W068 child delta
with the next World Master; and emit new protected-stream and payload hashes.

END OF CANONICAL OBJECT-24 RUNTIME V3.2 MASTER

COMPANION_PAYLOAD_SHA256: ea44a5b9f5288bed06803869aef7fbf996860a2cb13e600116950994fa0254a3
COMPANION_HASH_SCOPE: UTF-8 bytes from file start through END OF CANONICAL OBJECT-24 RUNTIME V3.2 MASTER, including its trailing newline; companion lines excluded.