Canonical title:
Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Levant | Earliest Defensible Evidence–29 July 2026

Specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V2.0
Specification status: Canonical Working Standard — Google-Atlas portable-graph upgrade
Parent clock: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER.V1.1
Coverage object: 12 of 60
Canonical object ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.LEVANT
Machine ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.LEVANT.V2.0
Record namespace: CA.LEV
Source namespace: LEV.S
Graph namespace: LEV.G
Connector namespace: LEV.C
Track namespace: LEV.T
Uncertainty namespace: LEV.U
Version: 2.0
Cut-off: 14:11 Asia/Singapore, 29 July 2026
Format: UTF-8 plain text
Canonical filename: LEVANT_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER.txt
Reader format: World-Master-enriched, Scaffold-V1.1-bound, portable-graph validated
CAT Scan role: high-resolution regional longitudinal spine, evidence surface,
relationship graph, query-routing object and diagnostic launch point.

Scaffold bindings:
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.001.V1.1 — Universal Civilisation Atlas Scaffold
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.002.V1.1 — Civilisation CAT Scan
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.003.V1.1 — Genome / Pressure / Ouroboros
CIVATLAS.SCAFFOLD.004.V1.1 — Portable Civilisation / Simulation / Fission

Primary interfaces:
Object 11 — Mesopotamia
Object 13 — Anatolia
Object 14 — Iranian Plateau / Persia
Object 15 — Caucasus
Object 16 — Arabian Peninsula
Object 19 — Egypt / Nile through Sinai and eastern Mediterranean connectors
Objects 45–47 — Aegean, Roman and Balkan worlds through Mediterranean connectors
Mediterranean, Silk Roads, Islamic-world, Christian-world, Jewish-diaspora,
Phoenician-Punic, Hajj/pilgrimage, Crusader, Ottoman, mandate, refugee,
water, energy, heritage, digital-evidence and AI connector files.

V2.0 RELEASE NOTE
This release implements Coverage Object 12 in the canonical sixty-object World
Coverage Queue. It follows the Levantine human-geographic coordinate from
planetary and tectonic substrate through early hominin dispersals, Neanderthal
and Homo sapiens cave archives, Kebaran and Natufian worlds, PPNA/PPNB
settlement and Jericho, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze transformations, Middle
and Late Bronze city-state systems, Canaanite worlds, Ugarit, Bronze–Iron
fracture, Philistine ethnogenesis, Phoenician maritime networks, Israel and
Judah, Aramaean polities and Aramaic, Assyrian, Babylonian and Achaemenid rule,
Hellenistic, Hasmonaean, Nabataean, Herodian, Roman and Byzantine systems,
rabbinic, Samaritan and Christian networks, Palmyra, early Islamic conquest and
Umayyad Damascus, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman worlds, nineteenth-
century port/print/land transformations, First World War famine, mandate
partition, modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine, wars,
occupation, displacement, peace processes, the Syrian war, regional
humanitarian systems, digital evidence and the observed 29 July 2026 condition.

V2.0 also executes the newest Google Atlas Analysis findings. The object is
packaged as a stable portable bucket with typed graph edges, explicit
relationship grades, query-routing capsules, provenance, uncertainty and anti-
collapse rules. It distinguishes what is merely comparable, reachable,
connected by flow, co-present, interactive or individually attested. Scaffold
004 is not merely declared: portability, simulation and fission tests are
executed in Sections 14–16.

The title “Levant” names an analytical space-time coordinate. It does NOT claim
that one people, language, polity, religion, ancestry or modern nation persisted
unchanged across the whole interval.

===============================================================================
0. REGIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STATEMENT
===============================================================================

THIS IS NOT A DYNASTIC LADDER IN WHICH NATUFIAN BECOMES CANAANITE, CANAANITE
BECOMES PHOENICIAN, PHOENICIAN BECOMES ISRAELITE, OR ANY ANCIENT LABEL BECOMES
A MODERN NATIONALITY.

THIS IS NOT PERMISSION TO USE ARCHAEOLOGY AS A DIRECT TITLE DEED, TO EQUATE
LANGUAGE WITH BIOLOGICAL ANCESTRY, OR TO TREAT RELIGIOUS MEMORY AS A SUBSTITUTE
FOR PERIOD-SPECIFIC EVIDENCE.

THIS IS NOT A CLAIM THAT JERICHO WAS THE SINGLE ORIGIN OF THE CITY, THAT
CANAANITES WERE ONE BIOLOGICAL NATION, THAT PHOENICIAN CULTURE REQUIRED
LEVANTINE ANCESTRY EVERYWHERE, OR THAT THE BRONZE AGE ENDED THROUGH ONE
INVADING PEOPLE.

THIS IS A REGIONAL LONGITUDINAL OBJECT: a protected record of what occurred
within a shifting eastern Mediterranean human-geographic coordinate through
time.

The coordinate changes through:
-> planetary formation and eastern Mediterranean geological substrate
-> Arabian–African–Eurasian plate motion, Dead Sea Transform and Levantine basins
-> rainfall gradients, coast, highlands, Jordan Rift, steppe and desert interfaces
-> repeated early hominin dispersals through the Africa–Eurasia corridor
-> Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal and Homo sapiens cave archives
-> Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic mobility
-> Kebaran and Natufian aggregation, storage, burial and partial sedentism
-> PPNA settlement, cultivation and monumentality; Jericho among several early nodes
-> PPNB farming, herding, exchange, large villages and ancestor/ritual systems
-> Pottery Neolithic and Chalcolithic diversification, copper and regional population connections
-> Early Bronze urban networks, rural systems and episodes of collapse/recomposition
-> Middle Bronze fortified city-states and inland/coastal trade
-> Late Bronze Canaanite worlds within Egyptian and international imperial systems
-> Ugarit as multilingual archive, port and alphabetic-cuneiform knowledge node
-> Bronze–Iron fracture, migration, continuity and new local political formations
-> Philistine ethnogenesis through Aegean-linked movement and local Levantine admixture
-> Phoenician port-city and maritime networks; later Punic cultural fission
-> Israelite and Judahite polity formation, institutions, inscriptions and sacred geographies
-> Aramaean polities and Aramaic information networks
-> Neo-Assyrian conquest, provincialisation, tribute and forced population movement
-> Neo-Babylonian destruction, exile, local continuity and diasporic reorganisation
-> Achaemenid provincial order, Yehud/Samaria and Phoenician imperial interfaces
-> Hellenistic successor states, poleis, Greek language and local institutional adaptation
-> Hasmonaean revolt/state, Nabataean caravan system and Herodian client monarchy
-> Roman annexation, provincial reorganisation, Jewish revolts and urban integration
-> rabbinic, Samaritan, Christian and other community networks under Roman/Byzantine rule
-> Palmyrene caravan and imperial-fission system
-> late antique rural settlement, pilgrimage and Byzantine–Sasanian contest
-> early Islamic conquest with gradual administrative, linguistic and religious change
-> Umayyad Damascus as imperial capital; Abbasid decentralisation toward Iraq
-> Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Mongol-frontier systems
-> Ottoman provincial order, mountain communities, ports, waqf and local notables
-> Tanzimat, land registration, missions, print, Nahda and global migration
-> First World War mobilisation, blockade, famine and Ottoman collapse
-> British/French mandate partition and competing national/state projects
-> Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestinian political/legal formations
-> 1948 war, Israeli state formation, Nakba and regional refugee architecture
-> 1967 war, occupation and transformed territorial-control geometry
-> Lebanese civil war, Syrian authoritarian consolidation and regional proxy systems
-> Palestinian uprisings, Oslo institutions, Israeli–Jordanian peace and persistent fragmentation
-> 2000s wars, withdrawal, blockade, settlements, economic dependency and digital connectivity
-> 2011 Syrian uprising/war, ISIS, mass displacement and international intervention
-> Lebanese financial-system collapse and Beirut port disaster
-> 7 October 2023 attack, Gaza war/humanitarian catastrophe and wider regional war
-> 2024 international-law, humanitarian and ceasefire/negotiation layers
-> 2025–2026 Syrian regime-transition and institutional-repair attempts
-> 2026 partial Lebanese withdrawal/return, Jordan reform under water stress, and unresolved Israel–Palestine war/occupation
-> 29 July 2026 live coordinate: high capability, deep historical density, severe fragmentation and mutual dependency

ONTOLOGICAL GUARDRAILS

• LEVANT is a controlled analytical coordinate. Its edge changes by period
  and query; present borders are locators, not prehistoric containers.
• NATUFIAN is an archaeological complex distributed across varied ecologies.
  It is not a language, nation, race or automatic synonym for the first
  farmers.
• JERICHO / TELL ES-SULTAN is an exceptionally early, long-lived settlement.
  ‘First city’ is a definitional comparison, not a protected absolute.
• PPNA and PPNB are archaeological periodisations. Sedentism, cultivation,
  domestication, architecture and ritual have separate clocks.
• CANAANITE is used only with a typed qualifier: geographic field, Northwest
  Semitic language field, material horizon, textual category or city-state
  system.
• Ancient DNA can identify ancestry relationships or admixture; it cannot
  independently determine language, religion, polity or self-
  identification.
• PHILISTINE ethnogenesis includes Aegean-linked migration and local
  Levantine admixture. It is neither total invasion nor simple local
  continuity.
• PHOENICIAN denotes related coastal language/cultural and city-state
  networks, not a permanently unified state. PUNIC culture does not require
  predominantly Levantine ancestry.
• ISRAEL and JUDAH are period-specific Iron Age polities and communities.
  Biblical literature is used with genre, redaction and external-evidence
  criticism.
• Religious truth claims are outside this chronology’s adjudicative scope;
  historical movements, texts, institutions and material practices remain
  fully recordable.
• ARAMAEAN polities, mobile groups and ARAMAIC language spread are separate
  phenomena. Language expansion does not equal population replacement.
• Assyrian and Babylonian deportations were real but incomplete; conquered
  populations, local continuities and diasporas all remain visible.
• Hellenisation, Romanisation, Christianisation, Arabisation and Islamisation
  are multi-speed institutional and cultural processes, not instant
  demographic replacement.
• JEWISH, SAMARITAN, CHRISTIAN, DRUZE, MUSLIM and other communities have
  changing historical forms; no contemporary community is projected
  unchanged into deep time.
• PALESTINE, ISRAEL, SYRIA, LEBANON and JORDAN are modern political/legal
  objects with historical precursors but no one-to-one prehistoric
  equivalence.
• 1948, 1967 and later conflicts carry multiple co-present experiences and
  legal descriptions; terminology is not allowed to erase another
  population’s evidence.
• A General Assembly recommendation, diplomatic declaration, negotiation
  position, ceasefire framework, court advisory opinion and signed treaty
  are different object types.
• An announced reconstruction, return, security or digital project is never
  typed as completed capability without completion evidence.
• Current humanitarian forecasts remain conditional model outputs; they are
  not serialized as already-observed future facts.
• No single modern state, people, religion or institution owns the total
  Levantine past.

===============================================================================

1. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE, OVERLAPS AND EXCLUSIONS

CORE COORDINATE
The eastern Mediterranean littoral and connected inland systems conventionally
including modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine; the Orontes,
Litani, Jordan and Yarmouk systems; coastal plains and ports; Lebanon and Anti-
Lebanon ranges; Galilee, Samaria/Judea and Transjordanian highlands; the Jordan
Rift and Dead Sea; the Negev and Syrian steppe/Badia interfaces. Period-
specific records may extend into Cilicia, the middle Euphrates, Sinai, Cyprus
or northern Arabia only through controlled overlap or connector edges. Modern
borders locate evidence but do not define ancient cultures.

CONTROLLED OVERLAPS
MESOPOTAMIA: Middle Euphrates, Mari, Assyrian/Babylonian rule, Aramaic, Jewish
diasporas, Abbasid and modern security/economic
systems.
ANATOLIA: Obsidian, Neolithic interaction, Hittite/Ugaritic diplomacy, Cilicia,
Roman/Byzantine and Ottoman systems.
EGYPT / NILE: Sinai route, Canaan under Egyptian power, Hyksos interfaces,
Ptolemies, Fatimids, Mamluks and modern diplomacy.
ARABIAN PENINSULA: Nabataean, Ghassanid, early Islamic, pilgrimage,
tribal/pastoral and Gulf-labour/energy
networks.
IRANIAN PLATEAU: Achaemenid, Parthian/Sasanian, Byzantine–Iranian war and
modern Iran–Levant networks.
AEGEAN / GREEK WORLD: Late Bronze mobility, Philistine interfaces, Hellenistic
states, Roman and Mediterranean
systems.
CYPRUS: Copper, pottery, maritime settlement, Phoenician networks and eastern
Mediterranean energy.
MEDITERRANEAN / EUROPE: Phoenician-Punic, Roman, Crusader, Ottoman, colonial,
diaspora and diplomatic
systems.

EXCLUSIONS

• No site is assigned a modern nationality before the modern state exists.
• No pottery style is silently converted into ethnicity, language or migration.
• No inscription is detached from genre, patron, damage, archaeological context or translation uncertainty.
• No religious scripture is treated either as a transparent chronicle or as historically irrelevant.
• No ancient place-name is used to settle a modern sovereignty dispute.
• No current claim is made without date, source type and legal/epistemic status.
• No war casualty, refugee, famine or return figure is presented without method and uncertainty.
• No externally financed project is equated with delivered repair.
• No historical continuity claim bypasses the separate clocks of population, language, institution, memory and territory.

===============================================================================
2. GOOGLE ATLAS ANALYSIS UPGRADE — PORTABLE RETRIEVAL CONTRACT
===============================================================================

The Google Atlas Analysis branch indicates that the Atlas becomes most useful
when a page is not only readable but executable as a compact knowledge object.
A search or AI system should be able to retain the Levant bucket, route a
narrower query to the correct nodes, expand along typed edges, carry evidence
and uncertainty, and return to the parent coordinate without collapsing
categories.

PORTABLE OBJECT IDENTITY

• Canonical bucket: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.LEVANT.V2.0
• Parent: WORLD CHRONOLOGY MASTER; siblings remain separate regional objects.
• Stable intent: ‘What happened within this Levantine human-geographic coordinate through time?’
• Portable minimum: object ID + time + place + entity type + event + evidence + epistemic status + confidence + source keys + typed edges.
• Compression rule: remove prose before removing provenance, date status, uncertainty or edge type.
• Expansion rule: route to protected records, tracks, nodes, connectors and disputes rather than free-associative narrative.
• Return rule: tangential queries may travel outward but must preserve the original Levant coordinate as the primary bucket.
• Anti-hallucination rule: absent edge means ‘not established’, not permission to invent contact or descent.

RELATIONSHIP GRADES
COMPARABLE: similar enough for analysis; no direct contact claimed.
REACHABLE: a route or physical possibility exists; actual transfer not yet asserted.
CONNECTED_BY_FLOW: movement of people, goods, energy, information or capital is evidenced.
CO_PRESENT: occupies an overlapping space-time field; interaction remains unproven or non-essential.
INTERACTIVE: direct or strongly evidenced mutual influence/conflict/exchange.
INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED: the specific entity, event or relation is independently evidenced.

PORTABLE QUERY ROUTES
QUERY: Natufian
ROUTE: LEV.N014 → LEV.T010/011 → LEV.C002/003 → U005–U007; return archaeology,
mobility, sedentism and uncertainty; do not output ethnicity.
QUERY: Jericho
ROUTE: LEV.N019 → LEV.T013 → PPNA/PPNB/Early–Middle Bronze records; separate
settlement, tower/wall function, urbanity and later memory.
QUERY: Canaanites
ROUTE: LEV.N026 → LEV.T017/019/020 → U017–U020; split language, geography,
city-state, material culture and ancestry.
QUERY: Phoenicians
ROUTE: LEV.N030/041/042/043/044 → LEV.T025/026 → LEV.C011/012; distinguish
city-states, maritime culture, alphabet diffusion and Punic ancestry.
QUERY: Israelites and Judah
ROUTE: LEV.N035/036/037/038/039/040 → LEV.T024 → U026–U031; separate polity,
settlement, text, religion and later identity.
QUERY: Philistines
ROUTE: LEV.N033/034 → LEV.T023 → LEV.C008 → U023–U025; migration plus local
admixture, not replacement.
QUERY: Aramaeans
ROUTE: LEV.N047/048 → LEV.T027 → LEV.C013; separate polities, mobile groups and
language spread.
QUERY: Hellenistic Levant
ROUTE: LEV.N054/055/056 → LEV.T031/032 → LEV.C017; return successor-state and
local institutional layers.
QUERY: Roman/Byzantine Levant
ROUTE: LEV.N059/060/061/062/066/067 → LEV.T035–042; return provinces,
communities, cities and rural systems.
QUERY: Later Levant
ROUTE: LEV.T043–070; route by century, polity, connector and current
legal/humanitarian status.
QUERY: Who owns the Levantine past?
ROUTE: Return LEV.N001 + U085 + heritage edges; answer: no single modern actor
owns the total coordinate.
QUERY: What changed at 1200 BCE?
ROUTE: Use cut 1150 BCE + T022–027; output fracture, continuity, migration and
multiple ethnogeneses, not a single invasion.
QUERY: What spread farther: Phoenician ancestry or culture?
ROUTE: Use U034 and 2025 genome source; answer with evidence grade and no
essentialism.
QUERY: Is Jericho the first city?
ROUTE: Use U008/U009; explain definition dependency and comparison set.
QUERY: Current Levant 2026
ROUTE: Use T070, last records and current source keys; distinguish observed
condition, negotiation, forecast and completed capability.

===============================================================================
3. INHERITED TIME, RECORD AND EVIDENCE RULES
===============================================================================

WORLD BANDS
W000 4.54–4.0 Ga
W001 4.0–2.5 Ga
W002 2.5 Ga–541 Ma
W003 541–66 Ma
W004 66–7 Ma
W005 7–3.3 Ma
W006 3.3–2.6 Ma
W007 2.6–1.8 Ma
W008 1.8 Ma–800 ka
W009 800–300 ka
W010 300–130 ka
W011 130–70 ka
W012 70–50 ka
W013 50–20 ka
W014 20–11.7 ka
W015 9700–8000 BCE
W016 8000–6000 BCE
W017 6000–5000 BCE
W018 5000–4000 BCE
W019 4000–3500 BCE
W020 3500–3000 BCE
W021 3000–2500 BCE
W022 2500–2000 BCE
W023 2000–1500 BCE
W024 1500–1200 BCE
W025 1200–1000 BCE
W026 1000–800 BCE
W027 800–600 BCE
W028 600–500 BCE
W029 500–300 BCE
W030 300–100 BCE
W031 100 BCE–1 CE
W032 1–200 CE
W033 200–400 CE
W034 400–600 CE
W035 600–800 CE
W036 800–1000 CE
W037 1000–1200 CE
W038 1200–1300 CE
W039 1300–1400 CE
W040 1400–1500 CE
W041 1500–1600 CE
W042 1600–1700 CE
W043 1700–1750 CE
W044 1750–1800 CE
W045 1800–1850 CE
W046 1850–1870 CE
W047 1870–1900 CE
W048 1900–1914 CE
W049 1914–1918 CE
W050 1918–1929 CE
W051 1929–1939 CE
W052 1939–1945 CE
W053 1945–1950 CE
W054 1950–1960 CE
W055 1960–1970 CE
W056 1970–1980 CE
W057 1980–1990 CE
W058 1990–2000 CE
W059 2000–2008 CE
W060 2008–2014 CE
W061 2014–2019 CE
W062 2020
W063 2021
W064 2022
W065 2023
W066 2024
W067 2025
W068 1 January–29 July 2026

TIME ZOOM
Z0 geological deep time
Z1 deep human time and Palaeolithic systems
Z2 late Palaeolithic / Epipalaeolithic / early Holocene
Z3 food production, villages and early complex society
Z4 urban, literate and imperial antiquity
Z5 late antique and medieval institutional systems
Z6 early modern, industrial, colonial and mass-institution systems
Z7 planetary-network, digital and live 2026 systems

DATE STATUS
EXACT: specific date strongly attested.
EXACT_SERIES: bounded series of attested events.
EXACT_YEAR / EXACT_MONTH: current or historical precision supported.
EXACT_TO_REPORT_DATE: condition measured up to a stated reporting date.
RANGE: bounded interval.
APPROXIMATE: approximation supported by dating or synthesis.
CONVENTIONAL: scholarly convention rather than precise event boundary.
CONTESTED: substantive date or identification dispute.
EXACT_APPROXIMATE_REIGN: exact historical anchor inside approximate reign limits.

EPISTEMIC AND CONFIDENCE
A = high-confidence protected assertion; B = strong but materially qualified;
C = contested/low-resolution proposition retained for controlled comparison;
D = hypothesis only, excluded from compressed spine unless explicitly requested.

SOURCE POLICY IN BRIEF

• Secure stratigraphy, scientific dating, human remains, inscriptions and provenanced objects lead for ancient claims.
• Primary texts are read with genre, purpose, transmission and archaeological context.
• Peer-reviewed scholarship and major critical syntheses arbitrate between evidence classes.
• UNESCO is used for heritage/site status, not as a substitute for full historiography.
• UN, courts, official statistics and major professional reporting support live legal, demographic, humanitarian and economic records.
• Current sources do not retroactively validate ancient identity claims.
• One source may establish an event; stronger civilisational conclusions require triangulation.

===============================================================================
4. PROTECTED RECORD SCHEMA
===============================================================================

RECORD_ID: stable chronology record identifier.
TITLE: human-readable event/process name.
CLASS: CONDITION / PROCESS / TRANSITION / REGIME_TRANSITION / EVENT / INFERENCE.
DATE_STATUS: exactness and uncertainty of the date.
ZOOM: Z0–Z7 time-resolution band.
TYPE: typed event/process/entity relation.
SCALE: site, city, regional, state, imperial, interregional or planetary.
TIME: human-readable chronology.
WORLD_BAND: parent-clock alignment W000–W068.
LOCAL_PERIOD: regional period label.
PLACE: period-appropriate locator.
ENTITY: actor, population, site, institution, polity or system.
EVENT: protected assertion.
DOMAIN: geology, ecology, population, settlement, information, polity, war, law, economy, etc..
EVIDENCE: evidence classes supporting the assertion.
EPISTEMIC: consensus, inference, contested, conditional, announced or completed status.
CONFIDENCE: A–D.
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: portable edge-strength category.
EDGE_TYPES: typed graph operations.
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: dominant Civilisation Atlas capability layer; lower floors persist.
SOURCE_KEYS: resolvable source-register keys.
GRAPH_SEED: unique graph launch point.

MACHINE RULE: Every protected record must resolve all required fields, every
SOURCE_KEY, one WORLD_BAND, one ZOOM, one relationship grade and a unique graph seed.

===============================================================================
5. COMPRESSED REGIONAL SPINE
===============================================================================

1. planetary formation and eastern Mediterranean geological substrate.
2. Arabian–African–Eurasian plate motion, Dead Sea Transform and Levantine basins.
3. rainfall gradients, coast, highlands, Jordan Rift, steppe and desert interfaces.
4. repeated early hominin dispersals through the Africa–Eurasia corridor.
5. Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal and Homo sapiens cave archives.
6. Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic mobility.
7. Kebaran and Natufian aggregation, storage, burial and partial sedentism.
8. PPNA settlement, cultivation and monumentality; Jericho among several early nodes.
9. PPNB farming, herding, exchange, large villages and ancestor/ritual systems.
10. Pottery Neolithic and Chalcolithic diversification, copper and regional population connections.
11. Early Bronze urban networks, rural systems and episodes of collapse/recomposition.
12. Middle Bronze fortified city-states and inland/coastal trade.
13. Late Bronze Canaanite worlds within Egyptian and international imperial systems.
14. Ugarit as multilingual archive, port and alphabetic-cuneiform knowledge node.
15. Bronze–Iron fracture, migration, continuity and new local political formations.
16. Philistine ethnogenesis through Aegean-linked movement and local Levantine admixture.
17. Phoenician port-city and maritime networks; later Punic cultural fission.
18. Israelite and Judahite polity formation, institutions, inscriptions and sacred geographies.
19. Aramaean polities and Aramaic information networks.
20. Neo-Assyrian conquest, provincialisation, tribute and forced population movement.
21. Neo-Babylonian destruction, exile, local continuity and diasporic reorganisation.
22. Achaemenid provincial order, Yehud/Samaria and Phoenician imperial interfaces.
23. Hellenistic successor states, poleis, Greek language and local institutional adaptation.
24. Hasmonaean revolt/state, Nabataean caravan system and Herodian client monarchy.
25. Roman annexation, provincial reorganisation, Jewish revolts and urban integration.
26. rabbinic, Samaritan, Christian and other community networks under Roman/Byzantine rule.
27. Palmyrene caravan and imperial-fission system.
28. late antique rural settlement, pilgrimage and Byzantine–Sasanian contest.
29. early Islamic conquest with gradual administrative, linguistic and religious change.
30. Umayyad Damascus as imperial capital; Abbasid decentralisation toward Iraq.
31. Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Mongol-frontier systems.
32. Ottoman provincial order, mountain communities, ports, waqf and local notables.
33. Tanzimat, land registration, missions, print, Nahda and global migration.
34. First World War mobilisation, blockade, famine and Ottoman collapse.
35. British/French mandate partition and competing national/state projects.
36. Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestinian political/legal formations.
37. 1948 war, Israeli state formation, Nakba and regional refugee architecture.
38. 1967 war, occupation and transformed territorial-control geometry.
39. Lebanese civil war, Syrian authoritarian consolidation and regional proxy systems.
40. Palestinian uprisings, Oslo institutions, Israeli–Jordanian peace and persistent fragmentation.
41. 2000s wars, withdrawal, blockade, settlements, economic dependency and digital connectivity.
42. 2011 Syrian uprising/war, ISIS, mass displacement and international intervention.
43. Lebanese financial-system collapse and Beirut port disaster.
44. 7 October 2023 attack, Gaza war/humanitarian catastrophe and wider regional war.
45. 2024 international-law, humanitarian and ceasefire/negotiation layers.
46. 2025–2026 Syrian regime-transition and institutional-repair attempts.
47. 2026 partial Lebanese withdrawal/return, Jordan reform under water stress, and unresolved Israel–Palestine war/occupation.
48. 29 July 2026 live coordinate: high capability, deep historical density, severe fragmentation and mutual dependency.

===============================================================================
6. PROTECTED CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS (226)
===============================================================================

[CA.LEV.0001]
TITLE: Earth and eastern Mediterranean substrate form
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0
TYPE: SUBSTRATE | SCALE: PLANETARY
TIME: 4.54–4.0 billion years ago | WORLD_BAND: W000
LOCAL_PERIOD: Planetary substrate
PLACE: Eastern Mediterranean / future Levant
ENTITY: Earth system
EVENT: Planetary accretion, crust formation and later tectonic inheritance
establish the material substrate on which the Levantine coordinate will
develop.
DOMAIN: GEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: LOCATED_IN | ENABLES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S011

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0001.EARTH_AND_EASTERN_MEDITERRANEAN_SUBSTRATE_FORM

[CA.LEV.0002]
TITLE: Levantine continental margin and sedimentary basins develop
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0
TYPE: SUBSTRATE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: Mesozoic–Cenozoic | WORLD_BAND: W003
LOCAL_PERIOD: Regional geological substrate
PLACE: Eastern Mediterranean margin
ENTITY: African-Arabian plate margin
EVENT: Marine deposition, uplift and basin formation create the limestone,
coastal plains, inland plateaus and resource distributions later used by
human societies.
DOMAIN: GEOLOGY|ENVIRONMENT
EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS | ENABLES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S011 | LEV.S012

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0002.LEVANTINE_CONTINENTAL_MARGIN_AND_SEDIMENTARY_BAS

[CA.LEV.0003]
TITLE: Arabian plate motion reorganises the region
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0
TYPE: SUBSTRATE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 20–15 million years ago | WORLD_BAND: W004
LOCAL_PERIOD: Tectonic transition
PLACE: Levant / Red Sea–Dead Sea system
ENTITY: Arabian, African and Eurasian plates
EVENT: Northward Arabian motion, Red Sea opening and transform faulting reshape
drainage, uplift and mobility corridors.
DOMAIN: GEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: TRANSFORMS | CONNECTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S012 | LEV.S013

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0003.ARABIAN_PLATE_MOTION_REORGANISES_THE_REGION

[CA.LEV.0004]
TITLE: Dead Sea Transform becomes a persistent structural corridor
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0
TYPE: SUBSTRATE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: Late Miocene–present | WORLD_BAND: W005
LOCAL_PERIOD: Tectonic corridor
PLACE: Jordan Rift–Dead Sea–Beqaa–Ghab
ENTITY: Dead Sea Transform fault system
EVENT: Strike-slip faulting and basin subsidence produce the Jordan Valley,
Dead Sea depression and linked north-south passage while also generating
seismic risk.
DOMAIN: GEOLOGY|RISK
EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS | CONSTRAINS | ENABLES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S012 | LEV.S013

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0004.DEAD_SEA_TRANSFORM_BECOMES_A_PERSISTENT_STRUCTUR

[CA.LEV.0005]
TITLE: Levantine Corridor links Africa and Eurasia
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z0
TYPE: CORRIDOR | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: Pliocene–Quaternary | WORLD_BAND: W006
LOCAL_PERIOD: Biogeographic corridor
PLACE: Sinai–Jordan Valley–coastal Levant–northern Syria
ENTITY: Animal, plant and hominin populations
EVENT: The region repeatedly functions as a passage, refuge and interaction
zone rather than a sealed territorial container.
DOMAIN: BIOGEOGRAPHY|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: GEOLOGICAL|PALEOENVIRONMENTAL|PALEONTOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: REACHABLE
EDGE_TYPES: CONNECTS | CHANNELS_MOBILITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S014 | LEV.S016

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0005.LEVANTINE_CORRIDOR_LINKS_AFRICA_AND_EURASIA

[CA.LEV.0006]
TITLE: Early hominins occupy ‘Ubeidiya
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: OCCUPATION | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 1.5 million years ago | WORLD_BAND: W008
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lower Palaeolithic
PLACE: ‘Ubeidiya, Jordan Valley
ENTITY: Early Homo populations
EVENT: Stone tools, fauna and securely assigned hominin remains document one of
the earliest known hominin presences in the Levantine corridor.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_OCCUPATION|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: OCCUPIES | MIGRATES_THROUGH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S017 | LEV.S018

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0006.EARLY_HOMININS_OCCUPY_UBEIDIYA

[CA.LEV.0007]
TITLE: Multiple dispersal pulses are more defensible than one exodus
CLASS: INFERENCE | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: POPULATION_PROCESS | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1.4–1.2 million years ago | WORLD_BAND: W008
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lower Palaeolithic dispersal
PLACE: Levantine corridor
ENTITY: Early Homo populations
EVENT: Differences among early Eurasian hominin remains and lithic traditions
support repeated dispersals and population turnovers rather than a
single simple migration.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_EVOLUTION|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: STRONG_INFERENCE | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: DISPERSES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_SINGLE_EVENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S017 | LEV.S016

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0007.MULTIPLE_DISPERSAL_PULSES_ARE_MORE_DEFENSIBLE_TH

[CA.LEV.0008]
TITLE: Climate oscillations repeatedly move ecological boundaries
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_CHANGE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: Quaternary glacial cycles | WORLD_BAND: W008
LOCAL_PERIOD: Pleistocene environmental cycles
PLACE: Coastal Levant, highlands, steppe and Jordan Valley
ENTITY: Regional ecosystems
EVENT: Rainfall, temperature and lake-level changes alter woodland, grassland,
steppe, water availability and carrying capacity without mechanically
determining human outcomes.
DOMAIN: ENVIRONMENT|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: PRESSURES | RESHAPES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S014 | LEV.S015

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0008.CLIMATE_OSCILLATIONS_REPEATEDLY_MOVE_ECOLOGICAL

[CA.LEV.0009]
TITLE: Gesher Benot Ya’aqov preserves complex Acheulian behaviour
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: CAPABILITY | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 790,000 years ago | WORLD_BAND: W009
LOCAL_PERIOD: Acheulian
PLACE: Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Hula Valley
ENTITY: Acheulian hominins
EVENT: Spatially organised activity, diverse plant and animal exploitation and
repeated occupation indicate flexible technological and ecological
knowledge.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY|SUBSISTENCE|KNOWLEDGE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|BOTANICAL|ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: USES | ORGANISES_SPACE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S019 | LEV.S020

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0009.GESHER_BENOT_YA_AQOV_PRESERVES_COMPLEX_ACHEULIAN

[CA.LEV.0010]
TITLE: Habitual fire and cooked fish are evidenced at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: CAPABILITY | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 780,000 years ago | WORLD_BAND: W009
LOCAL_PERIOD: Acheulian
PLACE: Gesher Benot Ya’aqov
ENTITY: Acheulian hominins
EVENT: Burned flint and fish-tooth alteration support controlled fire use and
thermal preparation of aquatic foods; this is a capability claim, not
proof of modern cuisine or social organisation.
DOMAIN: ENERGY|FOOD|TECHNOLOGY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|SCIENTIFIC|ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONTROLS_FIRE | PROCESSES_FOOD
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S020 | LEV.S021

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0010.HABITUAL_FIRE_AND_COOKED_FISH_ARE_EVIDENCED_AT_G

[CA.LEV.0011]
TITLE: Acheulian occupation spreads across varied Levantine habitats
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: OCCUPATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 800–300 ka | WORLD_BAND: W009
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lower Palaeolithic
PLACE: Jordan Valley, coastal plain, inland basins
ENTITY: Acheulian populations
EVENT: Handaxe technologies occur across multiple ecologies; shared tool forms
do not automatically establish one ethnicity, language or continuous
population.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: SHARES_TECHNOLOGY | DOES_NOT_PROVE_IDENTITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S019 | LEV.S022

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0011.ACHEULIAN_OCCUPATION_SPREADS_ACROSS_VARIED_LEVAN

[CA.LEV.0012]
TITLE: Tabun Cave preserves a long Middle Palaeolithic sequence
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: STRATIGRAPHIC_SEQUENCE | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 400–200 ka | WORLD_BAND: W009
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Palaeolithic
PLACE: Mount Carmel
ENTITY: Multiple hominin occupations
EVENT: Deep stratigraphy records changing lithic systems and occupations, but
archaeological layers should not be forced into a single linear species
succession.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_EVOLUTION|TECHNOLOGY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: OCCUPIES | STRATIGRAPHICALLY_PRECEDES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S022 | LEV.S027

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0012.TABUN_CAVE_PRESERVES_A_LONG_MIDDLE_PALAEOLITHIC

[CA.LEV.0013]
TITLE: Misliya Cave records early Homo sapiens outside Africa
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: OCCUPATION | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 194–177 ka | WORLD_BAND: W010
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Palaeolithic
PLACE: Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel
ENTITY: Homo sapiens
EVENT: A maxilla and associated artefacts demonstrate an early dispersal of
Homo sapiens into the Levant well before the later expansion ancestral
to most living non-Africans.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_EVOLUTION|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DISPERSES_INTO | PRECEDES_LATER_EXPANSION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S023

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0013.MISLIYA_CAVE_RECORDS_EARLY_HOMO_SAPIENS_OUTSIDE

[CA.LEV.0014]
TITLE: Nesher Ramla fossils complicate a simple species map
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: POPULATION | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 140–120 ka | WORLD_BAND: W010
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Palaeolithic
PLACE: Nesher Ramla
ENTITY: Archaic Homo population
EVENT: Fossils combining archaic traits have been interpreted as a distinct
local population or lineage; taxonomy and wider relationships remain
debated.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_EVOLUTION
EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED | CONFIDENCE: C
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: COEXISTS_WITH | TAXONOMY_CONTESTED
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S026

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0014.NESHER_RAMLA_FOSSILS_COMPLICATE_A_SIMPLE_SPECIES

[CA.LEV.0015]
TITLE: Different Homo groups share behavioural repertoires
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: BEHAVIOURAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 130–80 ka | WORLD_BAND: W011
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Palaeolithic
PLACE: Central and northern Levant caves
ENTITY: Homo sapiens, Neanderthals and archaic groups
EVENT: Levallois technology, ochre, burials and other behaviours overlap across
populations; behaviour cannot be assigned mechanically to one species.
DOMAIN: KNOWLEDGE|SYMBOLIC_BEHAVIOUR
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: SHARES_CAPABILITY | DOES_NOT_PROVE_CONTACT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S025 | LEV.S027

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0015.DIFFERENT_HOMO_GROUPS_SHARE_BEHAVIOURAL_REPERTOI

[CA.LEV.0016]
TITLE: Skhul and Qafzeh preserve early Homo sapiens burials
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: BURIAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: MULTI_SITE
TIME: c. 120–90 ka | WORLD_BAND: W011
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Palaeolithic
PLACE: Mount Carmel and Lower Galilee
ENTITY: Homo sapiens communities
EVENT: Anatomically modern human remains, deliberate burials and associated
objects record social and symbolic practices, while the long-term
continuity of these groups remains uncertain.
DOMAIN: SOCIAL_STRUCTURE|RITUAL
EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BURIES | USES_SYMBOLS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S024

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0016.SKHUL_AND_QAFZEH_PRESERVE_EARLY_HOMO_SAPIENS_BUR

[CA.LEV.0017]
TITLE: Neanderthals repeatedly occupy Levantine cave systems
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: OCCUPATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 80–45 ka | WORLD_BAND: W012
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Palaeolithic
PLACE: Kebara, Amud, Tabun and related sites
ENTITY: Neanderthal populations
EVENT: Skeletal remains, hearths, tools and faunal evidence show repeated
occupation and adaptive flexibility; the Levant is a contact zone, not a
permanent border between species.
DOMAIN: HUMAN_EVOLUTION|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: OCCUPIES | INTERFACES_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S027

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0017.NEANDERTHALS_REPEATEDLY_OCCUPY_LEVANTINE_CAVE_SY

[CA.LEV.0018]
TITLE: Initial Upper Palaeolithic industries mark technological reorganisation
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: TECHNOLOGICAL_TRANSITION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 50–40 ka | WORLD_BAND: W013
LOCAL_PERIOD: Upper Palaeolithic
PLACE: Northern and southern Levant
ENTITY: Mobile hunter-gatherer populations
EVENT: Blade technologies and changing tool systems accompany population
movement and cultural transformation, but named industries are not
ethnic populations.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: TRANSFORMS_TECHNOLOGY | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ETHNICITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S028

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0018.INITIAL_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_INDUSTRIES_MARK_TECHN

[CA.LEV.0019]
TITLE: Ahmarian and related Upper Palaeolithic systems develop
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: CULTURAL_HORIZON | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 45–25 ka | WORLD_BAND: W013
LOCAL_PERIOD: Upper Palaeolithic
PLACE: Levantine Mediterranean and steppe zones
ENTITY: Hunter-gatherer populations
EVENT: Regionally variable bladelet industries, ornaments and mobility systems
emerge within broader West Asian population networks.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY|SOCIAL_NETWORKS
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: SHARES_TECHNOLOGY | EXCHANGES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S028

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0019.AHMARIAN_AND_RELATED_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_SYSTEMS

[CA.LEV.0020]
TITLE: Ohalo II preserves a lakeshore settlement and plant-use archive
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z1
TYPE: SETTLEMENT | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 23,000 years ago | WORLD_BAND: W013
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Upper Palaeolithic
PLACE: Sea of Galilee shore
ENTITY: Ohalo II community
EVENT: Exceptional preservation reveals brush huts, hearths, plant foods,
fishing and repeated occupation, demonstrating intensive knowledge
before agriculture.
DOMAIN: SUBSISTENCE|SETTLEMENT|KNOWLEDGE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|BOTANICAL|ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: SETTLES | USES_PLANTS | FISHES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S029

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0020.OHALO_II_PRESERVES_A_LAKESHORE_SETTLEMENT_AND_PL

[CA.LEV.0021]
TITLE: Kebaran microlithic systems organise mobile lifeways
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: CULTURAL_HORIZON | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 23–18 ka | WORLD_BAND: W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: Epipalaeolithic
PLACE: Levantine coastal, valley and steppe zones
ENTITY: Kebaran-associated communities
EVENT: Small-tool technologies and varied seasonal mobility precede Natufian
aggregation; they should not be cast as an inevitable march toward
farming.
DOMAIN: TECHNOLOGY|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: PRECEDES | DOES_NOT_DETERMINE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S030

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0021.KEBARAN_MICROLITHIC_SYSTEMS_ORGANISE_MOBILE_LIFE

[CA.LEV.0022]
TITLE: Natufian aggregation increases settlement permanence
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: SEDENTISM | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 14,500–12,900 BP | WORLD_BAND: W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Natufian
PLACE: Mount Carmel, Galilee, Jordan and steppe margins
ENTITY: Natufian-associated communities
EVENT: Stone-built dwellings, cemeteries, grinding equipment and intensive
plant use indicate greater aggregation and partial sedentism, not
uniform year-round village life everywhere.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|FOOD|RITUAL
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|BIOANTHROPOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: AGGREGATES | INCREASES_SEDENTISM
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S032 | LEV.S033

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0022.NATUFIAN_AGGREGATION_INCREASES_SETTLEMENT_PERMAN

[CA.LEV.0023]
TITLE: Natufian traditions emerge across a heterogeneous Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: CULTURAL_HORIZON | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 14,600–11,500 cal BP | WORLD_BAND: W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: Natufian
PLACE: Southern Levant, including northeast Jordan
ENTITY: Natufian-associated communities
EVENT: Radiocarbon evidence from Shubayqa shows that early Natufian development
was not confined to one Mediterranean woodland core.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|SUBSISTENCE|SOCIAL_NETWORKS
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|RADIOCARBON
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: EMERGES_IN_MULTIPLE_ZONES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ONE_PEOPLE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S031 | LEV.S032

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0023.NATUFIAN_TRADITIONS_EMERGE_ACROSS_A_HETEROGENEOU

[CA.LEV.0024]
TITLE: Mobility and aggregation coexist during climatic stress
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: ADAPTATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: Final Natufian, c. 12,900–11,700 BP | WORLD_BAND: W014
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Natufian / Younger Dryas
PLACE: Southern Levant
ENTITY: Natufian-associated communities
EVENT: Isotope and settlement evidence indicate both local attachment and
continued movement; climatic drying applies pressure but does not
produce one uniform response.
DOMAIN: MOBILITY|ENVIRONMENT|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: BIOANTHROPOLOGICAL|PALEOENVIRONMENTAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: ADAPTS_TO | MIGRATES_WITHIN
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: FOUNDATION_0_DEEP_HUMAN_OR_SUBSTRATE
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S034 | LEV.S036

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0024.MOBILITY_AND_AGGREGATION_COEXIST_DURING_CLIMATIC

[CA.LEV.0025]
TITLE: Pre-Pottery Neolithic A communities build durable settlements
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: NEOLITHISATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 9700–8500 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W015
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNA
PLACE: Jordan Valley and wider southern Levant
ENTITY: Early Neolithic communities
EVENT: Cultivation, storage, communal construction and more persistent
settlement transform labour, property, ritual and exposure to local
ecological failure.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|AGRICULTURE|SOCIAL_STRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|BOTANICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: INTENSIFIES_CULTIVATION | BUILDS_SETTLEMENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S037 | LEV.S040 | LEV.S041

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0025.PRE_POTTERY_NEOLITHIC_A_COMMUNITIES_BUILD_DURABL

[CA.LEV.0026]
TITLE: Jericho becomes a large permanent oasis settlement
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: SETTLEMENT | SCALE: SITE
TIME: 9th millennium BCE | WORLD_BAND: W015
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNA
PLACE: Tell es-Sultan, Jericho
ENTITY: Jericho community
EVENT: A spring-fed settlement with wall, ditch and tower demonstrates
coordinated labour and durable communal architecture; calling it the
world’s first city remains definition-dependent.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|INFRASTRUCTURE|WATER
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_WITH_TERMINOLOGICAL_DISPUTE | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS | COORDINATES_LABOUR
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S037 | LEV.S038 | LEV.S039

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0026.JERICHO_BECOMES_A_LARGE_PERMANENT_OASIS_SETTLEME

[CA.LEV.0027]
TITLE: Jericho tower embodies planning without proving kingship
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: CONSTRUCTION | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 9000–8500 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W015
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNA
PLACE: Tell es-Sultan
ENTITY: Jericho community
EVENT: The monumental tower and enclosure imply planning and labour
mobilisation; they do not by themselves prove warfare, monarchy,
priestly rule or a state.
DOMAIN: SOCIAL_STRUCTURE|INFRASTRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: DIRECTLY_ATTESTED_WITH_FUNCTION_CONTESTED | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS | DOES_NOT_PROVE_STATE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S037 | LEV.S039

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0027.JERICHO_TOWER_EMBODIES_PLANNING_WITHOUT_PROVING

[CA.LEV.0028]
TITLE: Abu Hureyra records foraging, cultivation and village change
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: SUBSISTENCE_TRANSITION | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 9500–8000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W015
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNA interface
PLACE: Middle Euphrates, Syria
ENTITY: Abu Hureyra communities
EVENT: Plant and faunal evidence tracks changing subsistence around the
Pleistocene-Holocene transition; exact pathways from tending to
domestication remain crop-specific.
DOMAIN: FOOD|AGRICULTURE|SETTLEMENT
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|BOTANICAL|ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CULTIVATES | DOMESTICATION_PROCESS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S040

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0028.ABU_HUREYRA_RECORDS_FORAGING_CULTIVATION_AND_VIL

[CA.LEV.0029]
TITLE: Pre-Pottery Neolithic B networks expand
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: REGIONAL_NETWORK | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 8800–6500 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W016
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNB
PLACE: Levant, upper Euphrates and neighbouring Anatolia
ENTITY: PPNB communities
EVENT: Rectilinear architecture, domesticated plants and animals, ritual
practices and long-distance exchange spread through interaction,
migration and local adoption in different combinations.
DOMAIN: AGRICULTURE|NETWORKS|RITUAL
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|BOTANICAL|ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: EXCHANGES | ADOPTS | MIGRATES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S041 | LEV.S044

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0029.PRE_POTTERY_NEOLITHIC_B_NETWORKS_EXPAND

[CA.LEV.0030]
TITLE: Southern Levant farmers retain strong local ancestry while mixing
through time
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: POPULATION_HISTORY | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 8300–6500 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W016
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNB
PLACE: Israel, Palestine and Jordan
ENTITY: Early farming populations
EVENT: Ancient DNA supports descent from local hunter-gatherers alongside later
admixture; ancestry does not map directly onto language, ethnicity or
modern identity.
DOMAIN: POPULATION|GENETICS
EVIDENCE: GENETIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: DESCENDS_FROM | ADMIXES_WITH | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_IDENTITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S035

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0030.SOUTHERN_LEVANT_FARMERS_RETAIN_STRONG_LOCAL_ANCE

[CA.LEV.0031]
TITLE: Plastered skulls and statues externalise social memory
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: MEMORY_SYSTEM | SCALE: MULTI_SITE
TIME: 8th–7th millennia BCE | WORLD_BAND: W016
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neolithic ritual systems
PLACE: Jericho, ‘Ain Ghazal and related sites
ENTITY: Neolithic communities
EVENT: Modified skulls and anthropomorphic figures materialise memory and
ritual; they do not reveal one uniform religion or direct continuity to
later faiths.
DOMAIN: MEMORY|RITUAL|ART
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ART_HISTORICAL|BIOANTHROPOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: EXTERNALISES_MEMORY | DOES_NOT_PROVE_RELIGIOUS_CONTINUITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S037 | LEV.S042

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0031.PLASTERED_SKULLS_AND_STATUES_EXTERNALISE_SOCIAL

[CA.LEV.0032]
TITLE: ‘Ain Ghazal grows into a major Neolithic settlement
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z2
TYPE: SETTLEMENT_GROWTH | SCALE: SITE
TIME: c. 7250–5000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W016
LOCAL_PERIOD: PPNB–PPNC
PLACE: Amman basin, Jordan
ENTITY: ‘Ain Ghazal communities
EVENT: Dense architecture, burials, plaster statues, animal use and long
occupation expose both settlement capability and pressures of
demographic concentration.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|RITUAL|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL|BIOANTHROPOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: EXPANDS | CREATES_DEPENDENCY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S042 | LEV.S043

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0032.AIN_GHAZAL_GROWS_INTO_A_MAJOR_NEOLITHIC_SETTLEME

[CA.LEV.0033]
TITLE: Pottery Neolithic communities diversify
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3
TYPE: CULTURAL_DIVERSIFICATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 7th–6th millennia BCE | WORLD_BAND: W017
LOCAL_PERIOD: Pottery Neolithic
PLACE: Jordan Valley, Galilee, coastal and inland Levant
ENTITY: Yarmukian and other communities
EVENT: Ceramic traditions, village forms and subsistence systems diversify;
archaeological labels remain material classifications rather than ethnic
nations.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|CRAFT|FOOD
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: DIVERSIFIES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ETHNICITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S045 | LEV.S046

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0033.POTTERY_NEOLITHIC_COMMUNITIES_DIVERSIFY

[CA.LEV.0034]
TITLE: Northern Levant interfaces with Halaf and Ubaid systems
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3
TYPE: INTERREGIONAL_INTERFACE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 7th–6th millennia BCE | WORLD_BAND: W017
LOCAL_PERIOD: Pottery Neolithic / Chalcolithic interface
PLACE: Northern Syria and Euphrates corridors
ENTITY: Local communities and Upper Mesopotamian networks
EVENT: Ceramic, architectural and exchange links connect northern Syria to
Upper Mesopotamia without making the whole Levant ‘Halaf’ or ‘Ubaid’.
DOMAIN: TRADE|CRAFT|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: INTERACTS_WITH | DOES_NOT_ABSORB
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S046 | LEV.S047

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0034.NORTHERN_LEVANT_INTERFACES_WITH_HALAF_AND_UBAID

[CA.LEV.0035]
TITLE: Population mixture contributes to Chalcolithic transformation
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3
TYPE: POPULATION_HISTORY | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 4500–3900 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W018
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Chalcolithic
PLACE: Peqi’in Cave and southern Levant
ENTITY: Chalcolithic populations
EVENT: Ancient DNA indicates local Levantine ancestry combined with Anatolian-
and Iranian-related ancestry; material change and migration overlap but
are not identical.
DOMAIN: POPULATION|GENETICS|CULTURAL_CHANGE
EVIDENCE: GENETIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: ADMIXES_WITH | CONTRIBUTES_TO | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_CULTURE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S049

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0035.POPULATION_MIXTURE_CONTRIBUTES_TO_CHALCOLITHIC_T

[CA.LEV.0036]
TITLE: Ghassulian traditions intensify craft and ritual complexity
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3
TYPE: CULTURAL_HORIZON | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 4500–3800 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W018
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Chalcolithic
PLACE: Southern Levant
ENTITY: Ghassulian-associated communities
EVENT: Settlement growth, sanctuaries, ossuaries, specialised copperworking and
symbolic production mark a distinct cultural horizon without proving
political unity.
DOMAIN: CRAFT|RITUAL|SOCIAL_STRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: SPECIALISES | DOES_NOT_PROVE_POLITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_1_SETTLEMENT_SURPLUS_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S048 | LEV.S050

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0036.GHASSULIAN_TRADITIONS_INTENSIFY_CRAFT_AND_RITUAL

[CA.LEV.0037]
TITLE: Early Bronze urbanisation expands across the Levant
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z3
TYPE: URBANISATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 3500–3000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W020
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Bronze Age I–II
PLACE: Southern and northern Levant
ENTITY: Town and city communities
EVENT: Fortified settlements, public buildings, storage and regional exchange
increase settlement hierarchy, but urbanisation proceeds unevenly and
reversibly.
DOMAIN: URBANISM|ADMINISTRATION|TRADE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: URBANISES | INCREASES_HIERARCHY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S051 | LEV.S052

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0037.EARLY_BRONZE_URBANISATION_EXPANDS_ACROSS_THE_LEV

[CA.LEV.0038]
TITLE: Coastal ports link Egypt, Cyprus, Anatolia and Mesopotamia
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 3300–2300 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W021
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Bronze Age
PLACE: Byblos and eastern Mediterranean ports
ENTITY: Coastal Levantine communities
EVENT: Timber, metals, oils, ceramics and prestige goods move through maritime
and overland systems; flow does not imply colonisation or one political
network.
DOMAIN: TRADE|MARITIME|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: TRADES_WITH | CHANNELS_GOODS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S052 | LEV.S054

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0038.COASTAL_PORTS_LINK_EGYPT_CYPRUS_ANATOLIA_AND_MES

[CA.LEV.0039]
TITLE: Ebla becomes a major inland palace and archive centre
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CITY_STATE | SCALE: CITY_STATE
TIME: c. 2700–2300 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W021
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Bronze Age IV
PLACE: Tell Mardikh / Ebla
ENTITY: Eblaite polity and communities
EVENT: Palatial administration, archives and diplomacy reveal a powerful Syrian
city-state linked to Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the coast.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|WRITING|POLITY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ADMINISTERS | DIPLOMATICALLY_CONNECTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S053 | LEV.S059

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0039.EBLA_BECOMES_A_MAJOR_INLAND_PALACE_AND_ARCHIVE_C

[CA.LEV.0040]
TITLE: Byblos sustains privileged Egyptian connections
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INTERREGIONAL_RELATION | SCALE: CITY_STATE_TO_KINGDOM
TIME: c. 2600–2200 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W022
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Bronze Age
PLACE: Byblos / Gubla
ENTITY: Byblian rulers and Egyptian states
EVENT: Royal gifts, inscriptions and commodities indicate durable
diplomatic-commercial ties; Egyptian influence does not erase local
agency.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|TRADE|MARITIME
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL|ART_HISTORICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: TRADES_WITH | RECEIVES_INFLUENCE | RETAINS_AGENCY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S054

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0040.BYBLOS_SUSTAINS_PRIVILEGED_EGYPTIAN_CONNECTIONS

[CA.LEV.0041]
TITLE: Jericho participates in Early Bronze urban systems
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CITY | SCALE: CITY
TIME: c. 2500–2300 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W022
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Bronze Age III
PLACE: Tell es-Sultan
ENTITY: Jericho city community
EVENT: Urban planning, fortifications and public architecture place Jericho
within southern Levantine city networks long after its Neolithic phases.
DOMAIN: URBANISM|DEFENCE|SETTLEMENT
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: URBANISES | FORTIFIES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S055

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0041.JERICHO_PARTICIPATES_IN_EARLY_BRONZE_URBAN_SYSTE

[CA.LEV.0042]
TITLE: Many Early Bronze urban centres contract or are abandoned
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: REGIONAL_RECOMPOSITION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 2300–2000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W022
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Bronze IV / Intermediate Bronze
PLACE: Levant
ENTITY: Urban and mobile communities
EVENT: Political fragmentation, settlement reorganisation and increased
pastoral mobility occur unevenly; no single invasion or climate cause
explains the whole region.
DOMAIN: URBANISM|MOBILITY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
EPISTEMIC: MULTICAUSAL_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: FRAGMENTS | REORGANISES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_TOTAL_COLLAPSE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S056 | LEV.S066

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0042.MANY_EARLY_BRONZE_URBAN_CENTRES_CONTRACT_OR_ARE

[CA.LEV.0043]
TITLE: Middle Bronze city-state systems rebuild regional urbanism
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: URBAN_RECOMPOSITION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 2000–1550 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W023
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Bronze Age
PLACE: Canaan, inland Syria and Jordan Valley
ENTITY: Canaanite and Syrian city-state communities
EVENT: Large ramparts, palaces, temples and route control reappear in a
politically plural landscape linked to Egypt and Mesopotamia.
DOMAIN: URBANISM|POLITY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: REBUILDS | CONNECTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S057 | LEV.S058

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0043.MIDDLE_BRONZE_CITY_STATE_SYSTEMS_REBUILD_REGIONA

[CA.LEV.0044]
TITLE: ‘Canaanite’ names a historically variable regional field
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: CONVENTIONAL | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: ONTOLOGICAL_RULE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: Middle Bronze Age | WORLD_BAND: W023
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Bronze Age
PLACE: Southern and coastal Levant
ENTITY: Multiple city-state populations conventionally called Canaanite
EVENT: Canaanite is used for related languages, material traditions and
Egyptian-textual geography; it is not one timeless nation, race or
unified state.
DOMAIN: ONTOLOGY|LANGUAGE|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|LINGUISTIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONTROLLED_LABEL | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: LABELS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ONE_PEOPLE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S058 | LEV.S063

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0044.CANAANITE_NAMES_A_HISTORICALLY_VARIABLE_REGIONAL

[CA.LEV.0045]
TITLE: Yamhad, Qatna, Mari and coastal cities form a diplomatic system
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: DIPLOMATIC_NETWORK | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1900–1600 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W023
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Bronze Age
PLACE: Aleppo, Qatna, Middle Euphrates and coast
ENTITY: Syrian kingdoms and city-states
EVENT: Archives and archaeology show negotiated alliances, trade, war and
dynastic marriage across the northern Levant and Mesopotamian interface.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|POLITY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ALLIES_WITH | WARS_WITH | MARRIES_INTO
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S053 | LEV.S059

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0045.YAMHAD_QATNA_MARI_AND_COASTAL_CITIES_FORM_A_DIPL

[CA.LEV.0046]
TITLE: Hyksos rule in Egypt belongs to a Levant-Egypt interface
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INTERREGIONAL_INTERFACE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1700–1550 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W023
LOCAL_PERIOD: Middle Bronze / Second Intermediate Period
PLACE: Nile Delta and southern Levant
ENTITY: Levantine-connected populations and Hyksos rulers
EVENT: Material and textual links show movement between the Levant and Egypt;
‘Hyksos’ is an Egyptian royal label, not a synonym for all Canaanites.
DOMAIN: MOBILITY|POLITY|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: MIGRATES_BETWEEN | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_CANAANITES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S058 | LEV.S146

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0046.HYKSOS_RULE_IN_EGYPT_BELONGS_TO_A_LEVANT_EGYPT_I

[CA.LEV.0047]
TITLE: Late Bronze Levant enters an imperial international system
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INTERNATIONAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1550–1200 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze Age
PLACE: Canaan, Syria, Phoenician coast and Jordan
ENTITY: Local city-states under Egyptian, Hittite and regional pressures
EVENT: Egyptian and Hittite empires, Mitanni, Cyprus, Aegean and Mesopotamian
powers interact with local rulers through tribute, warfare, trade and
diplomacy.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|DIPLOMACY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: SUBORDINATES | DIPLOMATICALLY_CONNECTS | TRADES_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S059 | LEV.S062 | LEV.S065

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0047.LATE_BRONZE_LEVANT_ENTERS_AN_IMPERIAL_INTERNATIO

[CA.LEV.0048]
TITLE: Amarna correspondence exposes Canaanite political fragmentation
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: ARCHIVAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 14th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze Age
PLACE: Canaan and Egyptian court
ENTITY: Canaanite city rulers and Egyptian pharaohs
EVENT: Letters describe petitions, rivalries, tribute and military insecurity
among local rulers under Egyptian imperial authority.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|DIPLOMACY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: WRITES_TO | SUBORDINATED_TO | COMPETES_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S059

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0048.AMARNA_CORRESPONDENCE_EXPOSES_CANAANITE_POLITICA

[CA.LEV.0049]
TITLE: Egyptian imperial control remains uneven and negotiated
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IMPERIAL_RULE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 15th–12th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze Age
PLACE: Southern Levant
ENTITY: Egyptian state and local city-states
EVENT: Garrisons, tribute and campaigns coexist with local dynastic agency;
imperial rule varies by place and period.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|CONTROL_GEOMETRY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CONTROLS | NEGOTIATES_WITH | VARIES_ACROSS_SPACE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S059 | LEV.S058

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0049.EGYPTIAN_IMPERIAL_CONTROL_REMAINS_UNEVEN_AND_NEG

[CA.LEV.0050]
TITLE: Ugarit functions as a multilingual port-kingdom
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: PORT_KINGDOM | SCALE: CITY_STATE
TIME: c. 1450–1200 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze Age
PLACE: Ugarit / Ras Shamra
ENTITY: Ugaritic kingdom and urban communities
EVENT: Royal archives in Ugaritic, Akkadian and other languages reveal a dense
commercial, diplomatic, religious and scribal interface between the
Mediterranean and inland Asia.
DOMAIN: WRITING|TRADE|DIPLOMACY|KNOWLEDGE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: TRADES_WITH | WRITES_IN_MULTIPLE_LANGUAGES | MEDIATES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S060 | LEV.S061 | LEV.S062

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0050.UGARIT_FUNCTIONS_AS_A_MULTILINGUAL_PORT_KINGDOM

[CA.LEV.0051]
TITLE: Ugaritic alphabetic cuneiform compresses writing
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: WRITING_SYSTEM | SCALE: CITY_STATE
TIME: 14th–13th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze Age
PLACE: Ugarit
ENTITY: Ugaritic scribes
EVENT: A consonantal alphabet written with cuneiform wedges records a local
language and literary corpus; it is not the sole or simple origin of
every later alphabet.
DOMAIN: WRITING|MEMORY|EDUCATION
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ENCODES_LANGUAGE | INFLUENCES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_SOLE_ORIGIN
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S060 | LEV.S061

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0051.UGARITIC_ALPHABETIC_CUNEIFORM_COMPRESSES_WRITING

[CA.LEV.0052]
TITLE: Bronze Age Levantine populations are genetically mixed
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: POPULATION_HISTORY | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: Late Bronze Age | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze Age
PLACE: Sidon, ‘Ain Ghazal and southern Levant sites
ENTITY: Bronze Age Levantine populations
EVENT: Ancient genomes indicate admixture among Levantine, Anatolian- and
Iranian-related ancestries; ‘Canaanite’ material and textual labels are
not biological essences.
DOMAIN: POPULATION|GENETICS
EVIDENCE: GENETIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: ADMIXES_WITH | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ETHNICITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S063 | LEV.S064

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0052.BRONZE_AGE_LEVANTINE_POPULATIONS_ARE_GENETICALLY

[CA.LEV.0053]
TITLE: Merneptah Stele names Israel in Canaan
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_APPROXIMATE_REIGN | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC_ATTESTATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: c. 1208 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze–Iron transition
PLACE: Egypt / southern Levant referent
ENTITY: Group designated Israel
EVENT: The Egyptian inscription is the earliest widely accepted external
textual reference to Israel, represented as a people rather than a
city-state.
DOMAIN: IDENTITY|TEXT|POLITY
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: NAMES | DOES_NOT_DEFINE_FULL_IDENTITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S070

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0053.MERNEPTAH_STELE_NAMES_ISRAEL_IN_CANAAN

[CA.LEV.0054]
TITLE: Late Bronze political networks fracture
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: SYSTEM_FRACTURE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1250–1150 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W024
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze–Iron transition
PLACE: Eastern Mediterranean and Levant
ENTITY: Palaces, ports, empires and local communities
EVENT: Destructions, political collapse, migration, trade contraction and local
continuity occur in different combinations; no single Sea Peoples
invasion explains the whole transformation.
DOMAIN: FRACTURE|TRADE|POLITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL|PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
EPISTEMIC: MULTICAUSAL_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: FRAGMENTS | CONTRACTS_NETWORKS | PRESERVES_LOCAL_CONTINUITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S065 | LEV.S066

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0054.LATE_BRONZE_POLITICAL_NETWORKS_FRACTURE

[CA.LEV.0055]
TITLE: Ugarit is destroyed and not rebuilt as the same kingdom
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: DESTRUCTION | SCALE: CITY_STATE
TIME: early 12th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Bronze collapse
PLACE: Ugarit
ENTITY: Ugaritic kingdom and inhabitants
EVENT: Destruction ends the palace-centred kingdom and its archive system;
people, practices and coastal networks continue elsewhere in altered
forms.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MEMORY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DESTROYS_POLITY | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_POPULATION_EXTINCTION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S060 | LEV.S062 | LEV.S065

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0055.UGARIT_IS_DESTROYED_AND_NOT_REBUILT_AS_THE_SAME

[CA.LEV.0056]
TITLE: Sea Peoples labels cover heterogeneous movements
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: POPULATION_RECOMPOSITION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1200–1000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I
PLACE: Eastern Mediterranean and southern Levant
ENTITY: Multiple mobile, displaced and locally recruited groups
EVENT: Egyptian texts name several groups, while archaeology shows varied
migrations and local transformations; ‘Sea Peoples’ is not one ethnicity
or army.
DOMAIN: MOBILITY|CONFLICT|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONTROLLED_LABEL | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: MIGRATES | FIGHTS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ONE_PEOPLE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S067 | LEV.S065

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0056.SEA_PEOPLES_LABELS_COVER_HETEROGENEOUS_MOVEMENTS

[CA.LEV.0057]
TITLE: Philistine genomes show a brief European-related signal
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: POPULATION_HISTORY | SCALE: SITE_TO_SUBREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1200–1000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I
PLACE: Ashkelon
ENTITY: Early Philistine-associated population
EVENT: Ancient DNA detects European-related ancestry shortly after the
Bronze-Iron transition that declines through local admixture; it does
not define all Philistines everywhere.
DOMAIN: POPULATION|GENETICS
EVIDENCE: GENETIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: RECEIVES_ANCESTRY | ADMIXES_LOCALLY | DOES_NOT_GENERALISE_ALL_SITES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S068

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0057.PHILISTINE_GENOMES_SHOW_A_BRIEF_EUROPEAN_RELATED

[CA.LEV.0058]
TITLE: Highland villages expand in the central southern Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: SETTLEMENT_EXPANSION | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1200–1000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I
PLACE: Central highlands
ENTITY: Highland agrarian communities
EVENT: Hundreds of small settlements appear; many scholars connect this process
to early Israelite ethnogenesis, but archaeology does not identify every
village’s self-designation.
DOMAIN: SETTLEMENT|IDENTITY|AGRICULTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: STRONG_INFERENCE_WITH_LIMITS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: SETTLES | CONTRIBUTES_TO_ETHNOGENESIS | DOES_NOT_PROVE_LABEL
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S071 | LEV.S072 | LEV.S073

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0058.HIGHLAND_VILLAGES_EXPAND_IN_THE_CENTRAL_SOUTHERN

[CA.LEV.0059]
TITLE: Local Canaanite continuity remains substantial
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CULTURAL_TRANSFORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 12th–11th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I
PLACE: Southern Levant
ENTITY: Canaanite-descended and newly forming communities
EVENT: Languages, pottery, cult practices and settlement traditions continue
while new identities form; Canaanite, Israelite and Philistine clocks
overlap rather than replace one another instantly.
DOMAIN: IDENTITY|CULTURAL_CONTINUITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|LINGUISTIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: CONTINUES_INTO | OVERLAPS_WITH | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_REPLACEMENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S067 | LEV.S071 | LEV.S074

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0059.LOCAL_CANAANITE_CONTINUITY_REMAINS_SUBSTANTIAL

[CA.LEV.0060]
TITLE: Philistine material culture emerges in the southern coastal plain
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: ETHNOGENESIS | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: c. 1150–1000 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I
PLACE: Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath and Gaza region
ENTITY: Early Philistine-associated communities
EVENT: Aegean-linked ceramics, foodways and architecture combine with local
Canaanite traditions; ethnogenesis is a process, not a pure replacement.
DOMAIN: IDENTITY|SETTLEMENT|CRAFT
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: MIGRATES_INTO | MIXES_WITH | FORMS_IDENTITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S067 | LEV.S069

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0060.PHILISTINE_MATERIAL_CULTURE_EMERGES_IN_THE_SOUTH

[CA.LEV.0061]
TITLE: Early monarchy traditions enter a contested archaeological horizon
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: POLITY_FORMATION | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: c. 11th–10th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W025
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I–IIA
PLACE: Highlands and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Early Israelite and Judahite polities
EVENT: Textual traditions describe Saul, David and Solomon; the scale,
chronology and administrative reach of early monarchies remain disputed
in archaeology.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MEMORY|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED | CONFIDENCE: C
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: CLAIMS_RULE | ARCHAEOLOGY_TESTS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_LATER_EMPIRE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S074 | LEV.S075

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0061.EARLY_MONARCHY_TRADITIONS_ENTER_A_CONTESTED_ARCH

[CA.LEV.0062]
TITLE: Jerusalem’s early state scale remains debated
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: CONTESTED | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: URBAN_SCALE | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 10th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age IIA
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Jerusalem settlement and Judahite polity
EVENT: Excavation documents occupation and monumental construction, but
estimates of population, state capacity and imperial reach vary sharply.
DOMAIN: URBANISM|POLITY|UNCERTAINTY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONTESTED | CONFIDENCE: C
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: URBANISES | DOES_NOT_PROVE_MAXIMAL_STATE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S074 | LEV.S075

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0062.JERUSALEM_S_EARLY_STATE_SCALE_REMAINS_DEBATED

[CA.LEV.0063]
TITLE: Aramaean polities form across inland Syria
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: STATE_FORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 11th–8th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age I–II
PLACE: Damascus, Hamath, Bit Adini, Arpad and inland Syria
ENTITY: Aramaean-speaking polities
EVENT: Multiple kingdoms emerge through local and mobile population processes;
Aramaean is not one centralised empire.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LANGUAGE|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS_MULTIPLE_POLITIES | SPEAKS_RELATED_LANGUAGES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S081 | LEV.S082

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0063.ARAMAEAN_POLITIES_FORM_ACROSS_INLAND_SYRIA

[CA.LEV.0064]
TITLE: Israel and Judah become separately visible kingdoms
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: STATE_FORMATION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 9th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Samaria highlands and Jerusalem highlands
ENTITY: Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah
EVENT: Archaeology and external inscriptions increasingly support distinct
polities with different scales, institutions and geopolitical
trajectories.
DOMAIN: POLITY|ADMINISTRATION
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS | COEXISTS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S071 | LEV.S074 | LEV.S076 | LEV.S077

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0064.ISRAEL_AND_JUDAH_BECOME_SEPARATELY_VISIBLE_KINGD

[CA.LEV.0065]
TITLE: Omride Israel builds a powerful regional state
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: STATE_CONSOLIDATION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 9th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Samaria and northern kingdom
ENTITY: Omride dynasty and Kingdom of Israel
EVENT: Monumental architecture, external inscriptions and Assyrian sources
indicate substantial administrative and military capability.
DOMAIN: POLITY|INFRASTRUCTURE|MILITARY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONSOLIDATES | BUILDS | WARS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S077 | LEV.S083 | LEV.S086

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0065.OMRIDE_ISRAEL_BUILDS_A_POWERFUL_REGIONAL_STATE

[CA.LEV.0066]
TITLE: Phoenician alphabetic writing spreads through contact
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: WRITING_DIFFUSION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 10th–8th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Levant and Mediterranean
ENTITY: Phoenician scribes, traders and neighbouring language communities
EVENT: A consonantal alphabetic tradition is adapted by Greek and other users;
adoption is a network process, not a single invention event transmitted
unchanged.
DOMAIN: WRITING|MEMORY|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC|LINGUISTIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: TRANSMITS_SCRIPT | ADAPTED_BY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S080 | LEV.S078

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0066.PHOENICIAN_ALPHABETIC_WRITING_SPREADS_THROUGH_CO

[CA.LEV.0067]
TITLE: Mesha Stele records Moabite-Israelite conflict
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC_ATTESTATION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: c. 840 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Moab / Dhiban
ENTITY: King Mesha, Moab and Israel
EVENT: The Moabite royal inscription names Israel, Omri and territorial
struggle; it is partisan royal memory, not neutral reportage.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|MEMORY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: DIRECT_SOURCE_WITH_GENRE_BIAS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: WARS_WITH | CLAIMS_VICTORY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S077

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0067.MESHA_STELE_RECORDS_MOABITE_ISRAELITE_CONFLICT

[CA.LEV.0068]
TITLE: Tel Dan Stele attests a ‘House of David’ reading
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC_ATTESTATION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 9th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Tel Dan
ENTITY: Aramaean ruler and Judahite dynasty referent
EVENT: Most scholars read the inscription as referring to the House of David;
reconstruction of damaged lines and historical implications remain
debated at the margins.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MEMORY|EPIGRAPHY
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: STRONG_CONSENSUS_WITH_TEXTUAL_DAMAGE | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: NAMES_DYNASTY | DOES_NOT_FIX_BIBLICAL_SCALE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S076

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0068.TEL_DAN_STELE_ATTESTS_A_HOUSE_OF_DAVID_READING

[CA.LEV.0069]
TITLE: Phoenician city-states expand maritime networks
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: MARITIME_NETWORK | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 9th–8th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Arwad and Mediterranean
ENTITY: Phoenician-speaking coastal polities and partners
EVENT: Independent coastal cities build trade, settlement and cultural networks
across the Mediterranean; ‘Phoenician’ is a Greek-derived umbrella, not
one empire.
DOMAIN: MARITIME|TRADE|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: SAILS_TO | TRADES_WITH | FOUNDS_SETTLEMENTS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_EMPIRE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S078 | LEV.S080

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0069.PHOENICIAN_CITY_STATES_EXPAND_MARITIME_NETWORKS

[CA.LEV.0070]
TITLE: Damascus becomes a major Aramaean capital
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: KINGDOM | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 9th–8th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W026
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age II
PLACE: Damascus and southern Syria
ENTITY: Aram-Damascus
EVENT: Damascus coordinates territory, diplomacy and warfare across southern
Syria and conflicts with Israel and Assyria.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MILITARY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CAPITAL_OF | WARS_WITH | TRADES_THROUGH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S081 | LEV.S082 | LEV.S118

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0070.DAMASCUS_BECOMES_A_MAJOR_ARAMAEAN_CAPITAL

[CA.LEV.0071]
TITLE: Neo-Assyrian pressure reorganises the Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IMPERIAL_INTEGRATION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 9th–7th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Assyrian period
PLACE: Syria, Phoenician coast, Israel, Judah, Philistia and Transjordan
ENTITY: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Levantine polities
EVENT: Tribute, annexation, deportation, provincialisation and military
corridors integrate the region into an imperial system while local
identities persist.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|MILITARY|ADMINISTRATION|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | DEPORTS | PROVINCIALISES | EXTRACTS_TRIBUTE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S083 | LEV.S084

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0071.NEO_ASSYRIAN_PRESSURE_REORGANISES_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0072]
TITLE: Assyria captures Damascus
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 732 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Assyrian period
PLACE: Damascus
ENTITY: Tiglath-pileser III and Aram-Damascus
EVENT: Damascus is annexed after Assyrian campaigns; Aramaean language and
communities continue beyond the kingdom’s destruction.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | ENDS_POLITY | DOES_NOT_END_LANGUAGE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S081 | LEV.S083

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0072.ASSYRIA_CAPTURES_DAMASCUS

[CA.LEV.0073]
TITLE: Samaria falls and the northern kingdom ends
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 722/720 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Assyrian period
PLACE: Samaria and northern Israel
ENTITY: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Kingdom of Israel
EVENT: Assyrian conquest terminates the kingdom, deports portions of the
population and resettles others; neither total removal nor total
continuity is defensible.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|MOBILITY|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | DEPORTS_PART | RESETTLES |
DOES_NOT_EQUAL_TOTAL_REPLACEMENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S083 | LEV.S084 | LEV.S086

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0073.SAMARIA_FALLS_AND_THE_NORTHERN_KINGDOM_ENDS

[CA.LEV.0074]
TITLE: Judah expands administratively under Assyrian shadow
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: STATE_CONSOLIDATION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: late 8th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Assyrian period
PLACE: Judah and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Kingdom of Judah
EVENT: Settlement growth, storage systems, literacy and fortification increase
while Judah remains constrained by imperial power.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|POLITY|INFRASTRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CONSOLIDATES | SUBORDINATED_TO
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S074 | LEV.S087 | LEV.S089

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0074.JUDAH_EXPANDS_ADMINISTRATIVELY_UNDER_ASSYRIAN_SH

[CA.LEV.0075]
TITLE: Sennacherib campaigns through Judah and captures Lachish
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: MILITARY_CAMPAIGN | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 701 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Assyrian period
PLACE: Lachish, Jerusalem and Judah
ENTITY: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Kingdom of Judah
EVENT: Assyrian annals, reliefs and archaeology document devastation and
tribute; Jerusalem survives, but later theological interpretations are
outside historical proof.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|EMPIRE|MEMORY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ART_HISTORICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ATTACKS | CAPTURES | EXACTS_TRIBUTE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S085 | LEV.S083

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0075.SENNACHERIB_CAMPAIGNS_THROUGH_JUDAH_AND_CAPTURES

[CA.LEV.0076]
TITLE: Jerusalem water infrastructure externalises state capability
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: APPROXIMATE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE | SCALE: CITY
TIME: late 8th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Assyrian period
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Judahite administration and labour force
EVENT: The Siloam tunnel and inscription demonstrate engineering, labour
coordination and written commemoration; exact attribution and emergency
context are debated.
DOMAIN: INFRASTRUCTURE|WATER|MEMORY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS | SECURES_WATER | COMMUNAL_MEMORY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S087

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0076.JERUSALEM_WATER_INFRASTRUCTURE_EXTERNALISES_STAT

[CA.LEV.0077]
TITLE: Phoenician networks outgrow direct Levantine migration
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: NETWORK_EXPANSION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 8th–7th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Iron Age Mediterranean
PLACE: Levant, North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, Iberia
ENTITY: Phoenician and Punic communities
EVENT: The 2025 ancient-DNA study shows Punic societies were culturally
Phoenician yet often had little Levantine ancestry, proving that
cultural transmission can exceed mass population movement.
DOMAIN: MARITIME|GENETICS|CULTURAL_TRANSMISSION
EVIDENCE: GENETIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: TRANSMITS_CULTURE | DOES_NOT_REQUIRE_MASS_MIGRATION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S079

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0077.PHOENICIAN_NETWORKS_OUTGROW_DIRECT_LEVANTINE_MIG

[CA.LEV.0078]
TITLE: Neo-Babylonian power replaces Assyria in the Levant
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IMPERIAL_SUCCESSION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: late 7th–early 6th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W027
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Babylonian period
PLACE: Syria-Palestine and Phoenician coast
ENTITY: Neo-Babylonian Empire and Levantine polities
EVENT: Imperial control changes after Assyria’s fall; campaigns target
rebellious cities and route systems.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REPLACES_IMPERIAL_POWER | CONQUERS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S088 | LEV.S090

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0078.NEO_BABYLONIAN_POWER_REPLACES_ASSYRIA_IN_THE_LEV

[CA.LEV.0079]
TITLE: Jerusalem is captured and an elite deportation begins
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CONQUEST_AND_DEPORTATION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 597 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W028
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Babylonian period
PLACE: Jerusalem and Babylonia
ENTITY: Nebuchadnezzar II, Judahite court and deportees
EVENT: Babylon installs a client ruler and deports royal, military and skilled
groups; population movement is selective rather than total.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|MOBILITY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | DEPORTS_PART | INSTALLS_CLIENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S088 | LEV.S090

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0079.JERUSALEM_IS_CAPTURED_AND_AN_ELITE_DEPORTATION_B

[CA.LEV.0080]
TITLE: Jerusalem and the First Temple are destroyed
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: DESTRUCTION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 586/587 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W028
LOCAL_PERIOD: Neo-Babylonian period
PLACE: Jerusalem and Judah
ENTITY: Neo-Babylonian Empire and Judahite population
EVENT: The kingdom ends and major institutions are destroyed; people remain in
the land while others live in Babylonian exile, creating multiple
continuity lines.
DOMAIN: FRACTURE|RELIGION|MOBILITY|MEMORY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DESTROYS | DEPORTS_PART | PRESERVES_LOCAL_POPULATION |
CREATES_DIASPORA
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S088 | LEV.S089 | LEV.S090

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0080.JERUSALEM_AND_THE_FIRST_TEMPLE_ARE_DESTROYED

[CA.LEV.0081]
TITLE: Exile and local survival reshape Judahite identity
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IDENTITY_TRANSFORMATION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 6th century BCE | WORLD_BAND: W028
LOCAL_PERIOD: Babylonian period
PLACE: Judah, Babylonia and wider diaspora
ENTITY: Judahite communities
EVENT: Temple loss, displacement, local continuity and textual memory interact;
later Judaism emerges through multiple centres, not a single
uninterrupted institution.
DOMAIN: IDENTITY|RELIGION|MEMORY|DIASPORA
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: DISPERSES | RECONSTRUCTS_MEMORY | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ONE_CENTRE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S090

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0081.EXILE_AND_LOCAL_SURVIVAL_RESHAPE_JUDAHITE_IDENTI

[CA.LEV.0082]
TITLE: Yehud becomes a small temple-centred province
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: PROVINCIAL_FORMATION | SCALE: PROVINCE
TIME: late 6th–4th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W029
LOCAL_PERIOD: Persian period
PLACE: Jerusalem and Yehud
ENTITY: Yehud province and Judahite/Jewish communities
EVENT: The Jerusalem temple is rebuilt and provincial institutions develop;
Persian-period Judah is not a restored independent Davidic kingdom.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|ADMINISTRATION|POLITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REBUILDS_TEMPLE | ADMINISTERS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_INDEPENDENT_KINGDOM
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S091 | LEV.S092

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0082.YEHUD_BECOMES_A_SMALL_TEMPLE_CENTRED_PROVINCE

[CA.LEV.0083]
TITLE: Achaemenid rule integrates the Levant into imperial provinces
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IMPERIAL_INTEGRATION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 539–332 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W029
LOCAL_PERIOD: Persian period
PLACE: Yehud, Samaria, Phoenicia, Syria and Transjordan
ENTITY: Achaemenid Empire and local communities
EVENT: Imperial administration, taxation, roads and military-maritime systems
coexist with local temples, elites and languages.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|ADMINISTRATION|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ADMINISTERS | TAXES | USES_LOCAL_ELITES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S091 | LEV.S092 | LEV.S094

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0083.ACHAEMENID_RULE_INTEGRATES_THE_LEVANT_INTO_IMPER

[CA.LEV.0084]
TITLE: Samaria and Mount Gerizim develop distinct institutions
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INSTITUTIONAL_DIVERGENCE | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: Persian period | WORLD_BAND: W029
LOCAL_PERIOD: Persian–Hellenistic transition
PLACE: Samaria and Mount Gerizim
ENTITY: Samaritan and related Yahwistic communities
EVENT: Temple, settlement and textual histories show a separate but entangled
Yahwistic trajectory; Samaritan identity is not a late counterfeit of
Judaism.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|IDENTITY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS_TEMPLE | DIVERGES_FROM | SHARES_TRADITIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S093

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0084.SAMARIA_AND_MOUNT_GERIZIM_DEVELOP_DISTINCT_INSTI

[CA.LEV.0085]
TITLE: Imperial Aramaic becomes a transregional administrative medium
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: LINGUA_FRANCA | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 6th–4th centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W029
LOCAL_PERIOD: Persian period
PLACE: Levant and Achaemenid Empire
ENTITY: Imperial administrators and Aramaic-writing communities
EVENT: Aramaic writing links provinces and outlives particular Aramaean
kingdoms; language spread is not equivalent to ethnic replacement.
DOMAIN: WRITING|ADMINISTRATION|LANGUAGE
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: ADMINISTERS_IN | SPREADS_LANGUAGE |
DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ETHNIC_REPLACEMENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S082 | LEV.S094

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0085.IMPERIAL_ARAMAIC_BECOMES_A_TRANSREGIONAL_ADMINIS

[CA.LEV.0086]
TITLE: Alexander captures the Levant and besieges Tyre
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 332 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W029
LOCAL_PERIOD: Macedonian conquest
PLACE: Phoenicia, Coele-Syria and southern Levant
ENTITY: Macedonian army and Levantine cities
EVENT: The Achaemenid regime ends; Tyre’s siege is a major rupture, followed by
incorporation into successor struggles.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|REGIME_TRANSITION|MARITIME
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | BESIEGES | RECONFIGURES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S095

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0086.ALEXANDER_CAPTURES_THE_LEVANT_AND_BESIEGES_TYRE

[CA.LEV.0087]
TITLE: Ptolemaic and Seleucid states contest Coele-Syria
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IMPERIAL_CONTEST | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 323–200 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: Hellenistic period
PLACE: Southern Levant and Syria
ENTITY: Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms
EVENT: Repeated wars and changing taxation place local cities, temples and
agrarian communities inside a competitive Hellenistic imperial field.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|WAR|ADMINISTRATION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CONTESTS | TAXES | CHANGES_CONTROL
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S096

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0087.PTOLEMAIC_AND_SELEUCID_STATES_CONTEST_COELE_SYRI

[CA.LEV.0088]
TITLE: Hellenistic cities and institutions hybridise local worlds
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CULTURAL_TRANSFORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 3rd–2nd centuries BCE | WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: Hellenistic period
PLACE: Antioch, Damascus, coastal cities, Samaria, Jerusalem and Transjordan
ENTITY: Greek-speaking settlers, local communities and royal administrations
EVENT: Greek language, civic institutions, coinage and architecture spread
unevenly and interact with Aramaic, Phoenician, Jewish and other
traditions.
DOMAIN: URBANISM|LANGUAGE|CULTURAL_INTERACTION
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: HYBRIDISES_WITH | DOES_NOT_ERASE_LOCAL_TRADITIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S096 | LEV.S108

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0088.HELLENISTIC_CITIES_AND_INSTITUTIONS_HYBRIDISE_LO

[CA.LEV.0089]
TITLE: Maccabean revolt challenges Seleucid rule
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: REVOLT | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 167–160 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: Hellenistic period
PLACE: Judea
ENTITY: Hasmonean movement and Seleucid state
EVENT: Religious, fiscal and political conflict produces revolt and a new
ruling dynasty; surviving texts are partisan and require comparison.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|RELIGION|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: DIRECT_SOURCES_WITH_GENRE_BIAS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS_AGAINST | FORMS_DYNASTY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S097

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0089.MACCABEAN_REVOLT_CHALLENGES_SELEUCID_RULE

[CA.LEV.0090]
TITLE: Hasmonean state expands
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: STATE_EXPANSION | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: c. 140–63 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W030
LOCAL_PERIOD: Hasmonean period
PLACE: Judea, Samaria, Galilee, Idumea and coast
ENTITY: Hasmonean dynasty and subject communities
EVENT: A temple-centred monarchy gains territory and coerces or incorporates
diverse populations; it should not be projected backward as the timeless
extent of ancient Israel.
DOMAIN: POLITY|RELIGION|EXPANSION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: EXPANDS | INCORPORATES | DOES_NOT_DEFINE_TIMELESS_BORDER
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S097

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0090.HASMONEAN_STATE_EXPANDS

[CA.LEV.0091]
TITLE: Roman intervention ends Hasmonean sovereignty
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 63 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W031
LOCAL_PERIOD: Roman transition
PLACE: Jerusalem and southern Levant
ENTITY: Pompey, Roman Republic and Hasmonean factions
EVENT: Roman military intervention places the region within an expanding
imperial system while local dynasties continue under changing
dependency.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|EMPIRE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: INTERVENES | SUBORDINATES | USES_CLIENTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S100 | LEV.S102

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0091.ROMAN_INTERVENTION_ENDS_HASMONEAN_SOVEREIGNTY

[CA.LEV.0092]
TITLE: Nabataean networks organise desert trade
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CARAVAN_STATE | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 3rd century BCE–106 CE | WORLD_BAND: W031
LOCAL_PERIOD: Nabataean period
PLACE: Petra, southern Jordan, Negev and Hauran
ENTITY: Nabataean kingdom and caravan communities
EVENT: Water engineering, caravan taxation, agriculture and multilingual trade
connect Arabia, Egypt and the Levant; Nabataeans are not reducible to
nomads.
DOMAIN: TRADE|WATER|POLITY|URBANISM
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: TRADES_WITH | BUILDS_WATER_SYSTEMS | URBANISES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S099

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0092.NABATAEAN_NETWORKS_ORGANISE_DESERT_TRADE

[CA.LEV.0093]
TITLE: Herod builds a client kingdom of exceptional infrastructural scale
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CLIENT_KINGDOM | SCALE: KINGDOM
TIME: 37–4 BCE | WORLD_BAND: W031
LOCAL_PERIOD: Herodian period
PLACE: Judea, Galilee and coast
ENTITY: Herod the Great and subject populations
EVENT: Fortresses, ports, temples and cities increase connectivity and royal
control while taxation, succession and legitimacy remain contested.
DOMAIN: INFRASTRUCTURE|POLITY|TRADE|RELIGION
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS | TAXES | CLIENT_OF
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S100 | LEV.S102 | LEV.S103

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0093.HEROD_BUILDS_A_CLIENT_KINGDOM_OF_EXCEPTIONAL_INF

[CA.LEV.0094]
TITLE: Second Temple Jerusalem becomes a mass pilgrimage centre
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: PILGRIMAGE_SYSTEM | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: late 1st century BCE–1st century CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Second Temple period
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Jewish communities, priestly institutions and pilgrims
EVENT: Temple expansion, roads, ritual infrastructure and diaspora flows create
a regional and transregional religious economy.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|TRADE|INFRASTRUCTURE|DIASPORA
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: ATTRACTS_PILGRIMS | REDISTRIBUTES_RESOURCES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S098 | LEV.S103

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0094.SECOND_TEMPLE_JERUSALEM_BECOMES_A_MASS_PILGRIMAG

[CA.LEV.0095]
TITLE: Jesus movement emerges within Jewish Roman Palestine
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: RELIGIOUS_MOVEMENT | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 1st century CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Roman period
PLACE: Galilee and Judea
ENTITY: Jesus, followers and local Jewish communities
EVENT: Historical research places Jesus and the earliest movement within Second
Temple Jewish and Roman imperial contexts; theological claims are not
adjudicated by the chronology.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|SOCIAL_MOVEMENT|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: HISTORICAL_CORE_WITH_RELIGIOUS_CLAIMS_OUT_OF_SCOPE | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: EMERGES_WITHIN | SPREADS_FROM
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S104 | LEV.S102

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0095.JESUS_MOVEMENT_EMERGES_WITHIN_JEWISH_ROMAN_PALES

[CA.LEV.0096]
TITLE: Direct Roman provincial rule deepens
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: PROVINCIAL_RULE | SCALE: PROVINCE
TIME: 6–66 CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Roman period
PLACE: Judea and Syria
ENTITY: Roman governors, client rulers and local institutions
EVENT: Taxation, military rule and local elite mediation increase imperial
control while legal and religious autonomy remains uneven.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|ADMINISTRATION|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: GOVERNS | TAXES | DELEGATES_TO_LOCAL_ELITES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S100 | LEV.S101

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0096.DIRECT_ROMAN_PROVINCIAL_RULE_DEEPENS

[CA.LEV.0097]
TITLE: First Jewish revolt fractures Roman Judaea
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: REVOLT_AND_WAR | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 66–73 CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Roman period
PLACE: Judea, Galilee and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Jewish rebel groups, local communities and Roman Empire
EVENT: Revolt, siege and civil conflict culminate in Roman victory and major
destruction; rebel factions are not one unified command.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|POLITY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS_AGAINST | BESIEGES | FRAGMENTS_INTERNALLY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S101 | LEV.S102 | LEV.S105

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0097.FIRST_JEWISH_REVOLT_FRACTURES_ROMAN_JUDAEA

[CA.LEV.0098]
TITLE: Second Temple is destroyed
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: DESTRUCTION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL_IMPACT
TIME: 70 CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Roman period
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Roman army and Jewish communities
EVENT: Temple destruction transforms Jewish institutions, pilgrimage and
memory; Jewish life continues in the land and diaspora while new centres
develop.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|MEMORY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DESTROYS_TEMPLE | TRANSFORMS_INSTITUTIONS | DOES_NOT_END_COMMUNITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S101 | LEV.S102 | LEV.S103

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0098.SECOND_TEMPLE_IS_DESTROYED

[CA.LEV.0099]
TITLE: Rabbinic and Christian networks reorganise after Jerusalem’s fall
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INSTITUTIONAL_RECOMPOSITION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 70–130s CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-70 Roman period
PLACE: Galilee, Judea, Syria and diaspora
ENTITY: Jewish and Christian communities
EVENT: Textual, educational and communal authority shifts across multiple
centres; neither religion develops through one linear institutional
chain.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|EDUCATION|NETWORKS
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: REORGANISES | SPREADS_NETWORKS | DIVERGES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S098 | LEV.S104 | LEV.S109

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0099.RABBINIC_AND_CHRISTIAN_NETWORKS_REORGANISE_AFTER

[CA.LEV.0100]
TITLE: Rome annexes the Nabataean kingdom
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: ANNEXATION | SCALE: PROVINCE
TIME: 106 CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Roman period
PLACE: Petra, Transjordan and southern Syria
ENTITY: Roman Empire and Nabataean communities
EVENT: Provincia Arabia absorbs the kingdom; caravan, urban and local cultural
practices continue under new administration.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|TRADE|ADMINISTRATION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ANNEXES | ADMINISTERS | PRESERVES_LOCAL_PRACTICES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S099 | LEV.S100

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0100.ROME_ANNEXES_THE_NABATAEAN_KINGDOM

[CA.LEV.0101]
TITLE: Bar Kokhba revolt produces severe demographic and territorial rupture
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: REVOLT_AND_REPRESSION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 132–135 CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Roman period
PLACE: Judea
ENTITY: Bar Kokhba movement, Jewish communities and Roman Empire
EVENT: War, repression, enslavement and settlement destruction transform Judea;
the scale of depopulation varies by locality and does not erase all
Jewish presence.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|MOBILITY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|PAPYROLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS_AGAINST | REPRESSES | DISPLACES |
DOES_NOT_EQUAL_TOTAL_ABSENCE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S105 | LEV.S106

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0101.BAR_KOKHBA_REVOLT_PRODUCES_SEVERE_DEMOGRAPHIC_AN

[CA.LEV.0102]
TITLE: Roman provincial names and boundaries change
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: PROVINCIAL_REORGANISATION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 2nd century CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Roman period
PLACE: Syria, Judaea/Syria Palaestina and Arabia
ENTITY: Roman imperial administration
EVENT: Administrative renaming and boundary change are imperial governance
acts; they do not by themselves prove the disappearance or invention of
local peoples.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RENAMES | REORGANISES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_IDENTITY_ERASURE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S100

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0102.ROMAN_PROVINCIAL_NAMES_AND_BOUNDARIES_CHANGE

[CA.LEV.0103]
TITLE: Palmyra links Roman, Persian and Arabian systems
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: CARAVAN_CITY | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1st–3rd centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W032
LOCAL_PERIOD: Roman–Parthian frontier
PLACE: Palmyra and Syrian desert routes
ENTITY: Palmyrene merchants, elites and caravan communities
EVENT: Bilingual inscriptions, monumental architecture and caravan organisation
show a hybrid city mediating long-distance exchange.
DOMAIN: TRADE|LANGUAGE|URBANISM|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: MEDIATES | TRADES_WITH | HYBRIDISES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S107 | LEV.S108

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0103.PALMYRA_LINKS_ROMAN_PERSIAN_AND_ARABIAN_SYSTEMS

[CA.LEV.0104]
TITLE: Palmyrene power briefly challenges Roman central control
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: IMPERIAL_FISSION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 260–273 CE | WORLD_BAND: W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: Third-century crisis
PLACE: Syria, Egypt and eastern Roman provinces
ENTITY: Odaenathus, Zenobia and Palmyrene state
EVENT: Palmyrene military and administrative expansion forms a temporary
imperial-scale polity before Roman reconquest.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MILITARY|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC|EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FISSIONS_FROM | EXPANDS | RECONQUERED_BY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S107 | LEV.S108

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0104.PALMYRENE_POWER_BRIEFLY_CHALLENGES_ROMAN_CENTRAL

[CA.LEV.0105]
TITLE: Christian communities expand and institutionalise
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: RELIGIOUS_INSTITUTIONALISATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 3rd–4th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Roman period
PLACE: Syria, Palestine, Phoenicia and Arabia
ENTITY: Christian communities and Roman state
EVENT: Church organisation, pilgrimage, theological schools and monastic
movements grow before and after imperial patronage; conversion is
gradual and regionally uneven.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|EDUCATION|INSTITUTIONS
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: SPREADS | INSTITUTIONALISES | COEXISTS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S109 | LEV.S110

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0105.CHRISTIAN_COMMUNITIES_EXPAND_AND_INSTITUTIONALIS

[CA.LEV.0106]
TITLE: Imperial Christianity changes the religious control geometry
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: LEGAL_RELIGIOUS_TRANSITION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 313–380 CE | WORLD_BAND: W033
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Roman period
PLACE: Levantine provinces
ENTITY: Roman emperors, churches and religious communities
EVENT: Legal toleration and later state preference redistribute patronage, land
and authority; Jewish, Samaritan, pagan and other communities continue
under changing constraints.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|LAW|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: LEGALISES | PRIVILEGES | CONSTRAINS_OTHERS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S109

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0106.IMPERIAL_CHRISTIANITY_CHANGES_THE_RELIGIOUS_CONT

[CA.LEV.0107]
TITLE: Jerusalem becomes a major Christian pilgrimage city
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: PILGRIMAGE_SYSTEM | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 4th–6th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: Byzantine period
PLACE: Jerusalem and Holy Land pilgrimage routes
ENTITY: Imperial, ecclesiastical and pilgrim networks
EVENT: Church construction, relic traditions and travel infrastructure connect
the city to Mediterranean and transregional Christian worlds.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|PILGRIMAGE|INFRASTRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: ATTRACTS_PILGRIMS | BUILDS_SACRED_INFRASTRUCTURE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S109 | LEV.S118

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0107.JERUSALEM_BECOMES_A_MAJOR_CHRISTIAN_PILGRIMAGE_C

[CA.LEV.0108]
TITLE: Late antique rural prosperity transforms northern Syria
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: RURAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 4th–7th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: Byzantine period
PLACE: Limestone Massif, northern Syria
ENTITY: Village communities, landowners and churches
EVENT: Hundreds of villages preserve dense agricultural, domestic and
ecclesiastical architecture, demonstrating regional rural capability
beyond major cities.
DOMAIN: AGRICULTURE|SETTLEMENT|RELIGION
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: INTENSIFIES_AGRICULTURE | BUILDS_VILLAGES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S110

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0108.LATE_ANTIQUE_RURAL_PROSPERITY_TRANSFORMS_NORTHER

[CA.LEV.0109]
TITLE: Monastic networks create new knowledge and landscape systems
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: INSTITUTIONAL_NETWORK | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 4th–7th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: Byzantine period
PLACE: Judean Desert, Sinai interface, Syria and Jordan
ENTITY: Monastic communities
EVENT: Monasteries organise labour, manuscripts, pilgrimage, charity and land
use; they are nodes inside wider ecclesiastical and imperial networks.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|KNOWLEDGE|LAND_USE
EVIDENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL|MANUSCRIPT|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: COPIES_TEXTS | HOSTS_PILGRIMS | MANAGES_LAND
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S109 | LEV.S110

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0109.MONASTIC_NETWORKS_CREATE_NEW_KNOWLEDGE_AND_LANDS

[CA.LEV.0110]
TITLE: Samaritan revolts expose coercive integration
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: REVOLT_AND_REPRESSION | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 484–6th century CE | WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: Byzantine period
PLACE: Samaria
ENTITY: Samaritan communities and Byzantine state
EVENT: Repeated revolts and repression reflect fiscal, religious and political
conflict; later demographic decline is cumulative, not one-event
disappearance.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|RELIGION|DEMOGRAPHY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS_AGAINST | REPRESSES | CONTRIBUTES_TO_DECLINE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S112

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0110.SAMARITAN_REVOLTS_EXPOSE_COERCIVE_INTEGRATION

[CA.LEV.0111]
TITLE: Ghassanid federates mediate Byzantine-Arabian frontiers
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: FEDERATE_SYSTEM | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 5th–6th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Antiquity
PLACE: Hauran, Syria and Transjordan
ENTITY: Ghassanid elites and Arab tribal communities
EVENT: Federate military and patronage systems connect Arabian, Christian and
Byzantine worlds; ‘Ghassanid’ does not absorb all Arab populations in
the region.
DOMAIN: MILITARY|POLITY|RELIGION|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: ALLIES_WITH | DEFENDS_FRONTIER | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ALL_ARABS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S111

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0111.GHASSANID_FEDERATES_MEDIATE_BYZANTINE_ARABIAN_FR

[CA.LEV.0112]
TITLE: Justinianic plague reaches the Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z4
TYPE: EPIDEMIC | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 540s CE | WORLD_BAND: W034
LOCAL_PERIOD: Byzantine period
PLACE: Eastern Mediterranean cities and routes
ENTITY: Urban and rural populations
EVENT: Pandemic mortality interacts with war, taxation and trade; regional
scale and recurrence remain unevenly documented.
DOMAIN: HEALTH|DEMOGRAPHY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_WITH_LOCAL_UNCERTAINTY | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: SPREADS_ALONG | REDUCES_POPULATION | PRESSURES_BASEFLOOR
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S109 | LEV.S130

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0112.JUSTINIANIC_PLAGUE_REACHES_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0113]
TITLE: Sasanian forces capture Jerusalem
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 614 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Final Roman-Persian war
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Sasanian army, local Jewish allies in some sources, Christian
population
EVENT: The conquest produces killing, displacement and sacred-site damage;
source traditions are partisan and casualty numbers uncertain.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|RELIGION|MEMORY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: DIRECT_SOURCES_WITH_PARTISAN_VARIATION | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | DAMAGES_SACRED_SITES | DISPLACES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S114

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0113.SASANIAN_FORCES_CAPTURE_JERUSALEM

[CA.LEV.0114]
TITLE: Byzantine-Sasanian war devastates the Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: INTERIMPERIAL_WAR | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 602–628 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Final Roman-Persian war
PLACE: Syria, Palestine and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Byzantine and Sasanian empires, local communities
EVENT: Prolonged war, sieges, taxation and political reversals weaken imperial
capacity before the Islamic conquests.
DOMAIN: WAR|FRACTURE|EMPIRE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: WARS_ACROSS | DEVASTATES | WEAKENS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S113 | LEV.S114

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0114.BYZANTINE_SASANIAN_WAR_DEVASTATES_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0115]
TITLE: Byzantine rule is restored but remains fragile
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: RESTORATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 628–630 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Antiquity
PLACE: Levantine provinces
ENTITY: Byzantine Empire and local communities
EVENT: Imperial restoration reverses Sasanian occupation without repairing all
fiscal, demographic and military fractures.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RESTORES_CONTROL | INCOMPLETE_REPAIR
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S113 | LEV.S114

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0115.BYZANTINE_RULE_IS_RESTORED_BUT_REMAINS_FRAGILE

[CA.LEV.0116]
TITLE: Battle of Yarmouk breaks Byzantine military recovery
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: BATTLE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 636 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Islamic conquest
PLACE: Yarmouk basin
ENTITY: Rashidun and Byzantine armies
EVENT: A decisive military defeat accelerates Byzantine loss of
Syria-Palestine, though local administrative and social continuities
remain.
DOMAIN: WAR|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DEFEATS | ACCELERATES_TRANSFER | DOES_NOT_END_LOCAL_CONTINUITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S115 | LEV.S116

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0116.BATTLE_OF_YARMOUK_BREAKS_BYZANTINE_MILITARY_RECO

[CA.LEV.0117]
TITLE: Arab-Muslim armies conquer most of the Levant
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 630s–640s CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Islamic conquest
PLACE: Bilad al-Sham
ENTITY: Rashidun armies, Byzantine authorities and local populations
EVENT: Military and treaty-based transfers establish new rule; Arabicisation
and Islamisation unfold over centuries rather than instantly.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|LANGUAGE|RELIGION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | NEGOTIATES_SURRENDER | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_INSTANT_CONVERSION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S115 | LEV.S116

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0117.ARAB_MUSLIM_ARMIES_CONQUER_MOST_OF_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0118]
TITLE: Jerusalem transfers to Muslim rule
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: SURRENDER | SCALE: CITY
TIME: c. 637/638 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Islamic conquest
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Caliphal authority and Jerusalem communities
EVENT: Surrender traditions differ in detail, but political control changes and
existing Christian and Jewish sacred geographies enter a new imperial
framework.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|RELIGION|URBANISM
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CORE_EVENT_STRONG_DETAILS_VARIABLE | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: TRANSFERS_CONTROL | REORDERS_SACRED_GEOGRAPHY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S115 | LEV.S116

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0118.JERUSALEM_TRANSFERS_TO_MUSLIM_RULE

[CA.LEV.0119]
TITLE: Arabic coinage and administration increase state legibility
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE_REFORM | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: late 7th century CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Umayyad period
PLACE: Bilad al-Sham
ENTITY: Umayyad administration
EVENT: Coin and documentary reforms increase Arabic use and caliphal visual
authority; Greek and other languages continue in transition.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|WRITING|MONEY
EVIDENCE: NUMISMATIC|PAPYROLOGICAL|EPIGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: STANDARDISES | ARABICISES_ADMINISTRATION |
DOES_NOT_INSTANTLY_REPLACE_LANGUAGES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S120 | LEV.S119

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0119.ARABIC_COINAGE_AND_ADMINISTRATION_INCREASE_STATE

[CA.LEV.0120]
TITLE: Dome of the Rock monumentalises Islamic Jerusalem
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: MONUMENT_CONSTRUCTION | SCALE: CITY_TO_INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 691/692 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Umayyad period
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Umayyad state and Muslim communities
EVENT: Architecture and inscriptions place Jerusalem inside an Islamic sacred
and imperial landscape while Jewish and Christian attachments continue.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|MEMORY|ARCHITECTURE
EVIDENCE: EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS | ASSERTS_SACRED_AUTHORITY | COEXISTS_WITH_OTHER_ATTACHMENTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S117

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0120.DOME_OF_THE_ROCK_MONUMENTALISES_ISLAMIC_JERUSALE

[CA.LEV.0121]
TITLE: Damascus becomes capital of the Umayyad Caliphate
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: IMPERIAL_CAPITAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 661–750 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Umayyad period
PLACE: Damascus and Bilad al-Sham
ENTITY: Umayyad Caliphate and provincial populations
EVENT: The Levant becomes the political centre of a transcontinental empire,
concentrating fiscal, military and monumental capability.
DOMAIN: POLITY|ADMINISTRATION|MILITARY|URBANISM
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CAPITAL_OF | ADMINISTERS | REDISTRIBUTES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S118 | LEV.S119

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0121.DAMASCUS_BECOMES_CAPITAL_OF_THE_UMAYYAD_CALIPHAT

[CA.LEV.0122]
TITLE: Umayyad Mosque transforms central Damascus
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: MONUMENT_CONSTRUCTION | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 705–715 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Umayyad period
PLACE: Damascus
ENTITY: Umayyad state and urban communities
EVENT: A monumental congregational mosque is created within a long-lived sacred
precinct, expressing regime power and urban continuity through
transformation.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|URBANISM|MEMORY
EVIDENCE: ARCHITECTURAL|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS_ON_SHARED_PRECINCT | TRANSFORMS | MEMORIALISES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S118 | LEV.S119

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0122.UMAYYAD_MOSQUE_TRANSFORMS_CENTRAL_DAMASCUS

[CA.LEV.0123]
TITLE: Abbasid revolution moves the imperial centre eastward
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: DYNASTIC_TRANSITION | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 750 CE | WORLD_BAND: W035
LOCAL_PERIOD: Abbasid transition
PLACE: Bilad al-Sham
ENTITY: Abbasid Caliphate and Syrian elites
EVENT: Damascus loses capital status, but cities, military districts,
agriculture and pilgrimage networks continue within a different imperial
hierarchy.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REPLACES_DYNASTY | SHIFTS_CAPITAL | DOES_NOT_END_REGION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S119 | LEV.S121

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0123.ABBASID_REVOLUTION_MOVES_THE_IMPERIAL_CENTRE_EAS

[CA.LEV.0124]
TITLE: Arabicisation and Islamisation proceed on separate clocks
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: SOCIAL_TRANSFORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 8th–10th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W036
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Islamic period
PLACE: Levant
ENTITY: Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Samaritan and other communities
EVENT: Arabic language use expands through administration, trade and culture;
conversion patterns vary by locality and cannot be inferred from
language alone.
DOMAIN: LANGUAGE|RELIGION|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|PAPYROLOGICAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: ARABICISES | CONVERTS_GRADUALLY | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_SAME_PROCESS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S120 | LEV.S121

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0124.ARABICISATION_AND_ISLAMISATION_PROCEED_ON_SEPARA

[CA.LEV.0125]
TITLE: Tulunid, Ikhshidid and Fatimid regimes compete for the southern Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: DYNASTIC_CONTEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 9th–11th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W036
LOCAL_PERIOD: Regional dynastic period
PLACE: Palestine, Damascus and coast
ENTITY: Egyptian-based dynasties, Abbasids and local powers
EVENT: Control shifts through military and fiscal networks linking Egypt and
Syria; local cities endure repeated regime change.
DOMAIN: POLITY|WAR|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CONTESTS_CONTROL | TAXES | REUSES_CITIES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S121 | LEV.S122

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0125.TULUNID_IKHSHIDID_AND_FATIMID_REGIMES_COMPETE_FO

[CA.LEV.0126]
TITLE: Fatimids capture Egypt and contest Syria-Palestine
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: IMPERIAL_REALIGNMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 969 CE | WORLD_BAND: W036
LOCAL_PERIOD: Fatimid period
PLACE: Southern Levant and Damascus corridors
ENTITY: Fatimid Caliphate, local dynasties and Byzantine forces
EVENT: The Levant becomes a frontier between Cairo, Baghdad-linked powers,
Byzantium and local military regimes.
DOMAIN: EMPIRE|FRONTIER|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: EXPANDS_INTO | CONTESTS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S122

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0126.FATIMIDS_CAPTURE_EGYPT_AND_CONTEST_SYRIA_PALESTI

[CA.LEV.0127]
TITLE: Levantine port and pilgrimage networks remain globally connected
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: NETWORK_CONTINUITY | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 10th–11th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: Fatimid and Byzantine interface
PLACE: Acre, Tyre, Tripoli, Jaffa, Jerusalem and inland routes
ENTITY: Merchants, pilgrims, states and religious institutions
EVENT: Mediterranean trade, Red Sea links and pilgrimage produce layered
connectivity despite political fragmentation.
DOMAIN: TRADE|PILGRIMAGE|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: TRADES_WITH | HOSTS_PILGRIMS | PERSISTS_ACROSS_REGIMES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S121 | LEV.S122

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0127.LEVANTINE_PORT_AND_PILGRIMAGE_NETWORKS_REMAIN_GL

[CA.LEV.0128]
TITLE: Seljuq and Turkmen expansion fragments existing control
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: REGIONAL_FRAGMENTATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1070s CE | WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: Pre-Crusader transition
PLACE: Syria and Palestine
ENTITY: Seljuq, Turkmen, Fatimid and local powers
EVENT: Military conquest and competing governors weaken integrated defence
without making the Crusades inevitable.
DOMAIN: WAR|POLITY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | FRAGMENTS | DOES_NOT_DETERMINE_LATER_EVENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S119 | LEV.S123

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0128.SELJUQ_AND_TURKMEN_EXPANSION_FRAGMENTS_EXISTING

[CA.LEV.0129]
TITLE: First Crusade captures Jerusalem
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 1099 CE | WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: Crusader period
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: Crusader armies and Muslim, Jewish and Eastern Christian inhabitants
EVENT: The conquest creates a Latin Christian regime and is accompanied by mass
killing and displacement; casualty totals vary across sources.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|RELIGION|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CORE_EVENT_STRONG_NUMBERS_CONTESTED | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | KILLS | DISPLACES | ESTABLISHES_REGIME
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S123 | LEV.S124

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0129.FIRST_CRUSADE_CAPTURES_JERUSALEM

[CA.LEV.0130]
TITLE: Zengid consolidation rebuilds Muslim military coordination
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: STATE_CONSOLIDATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 12th century CE | WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: Zengid period
PLACE: Aleppo, Mosul interface and Damascus
ENTITY: Zengid rulers and Syrian cities
EVENT: Political and military consolidation under Imad al-Din Zengi and Nur
al-Din creates stronger resistance to Crusader states and invests in
urban institutions.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MILITARY|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONSOLIDATES | BUILDS_INSTITUTIONS | WARS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S124

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0130.ZENGID_CONSOLIDATION_REBUILDS_MUSLIM_MILITARY_CO

[CA.LEV.0131]
TITLE: Saladin defeats the Crusader field army and retakes Jerusalem
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: BATTLE_AND_CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1187 CE | WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ayyubid transition
PLACE: Hattin and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Ayyubid forces and Kingdom of Jerusalem
EVENT: Victory at Hattin enables regime change in Jerusalem; many coastal
Crusader positions survive and later diplomacy reopens access.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|REGIME_TRANSITION|RELIGION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DEFEATS | CAPTURES | DOES_NOT_END_CRUSADER_PRESENCE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S126

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0131.SALADIN_DEFEATS_THE_CRUSADER_FIELD_ARMY_AND_RETA

[CA.LEV.0132]
TITLE: Crusader states form a coastal-inland political network
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: STATE_NETWORK | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1099–1291 CE | WORLD_BAND: W037
LOCAL_PERIOD: Crusader period
PLACE: Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, Edessa and coast
ENTITY: Latin Christian polities and diverse local populations
EVENT: Castles, ports, lordships, churches and trade connect Europe and the
Levant while Muslim, Eastern Christian, Jewish and other communities
persist under varied rule.
DOMAIN: POLITY|TRADE|RELIGION|SOCIAL_STRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS_POLITIES | TRADES_WITH | RULES_OVER_DIVERSE_COMMUNITIES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S123 | LEV.S125

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0132.CRUSADER_STATES_FORM_A_COASTAL_INLAND_POLITICAL

[CA.LEV.0133]
TITLE: Ayyubid rule distributes authority across dynastic cities
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: DYNASTIC_FEDERATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1187–1250s CE | WORLD_BAND: W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ayyubid period
PLACE: Damascus, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Ayyubid princes, urban elites and communities
EVENT: Dynastic partition and cooperation create a federated but unstable
control geometry linked to Egypt and Mesopotamia.
DOMAIN: POLITY|CONTROL_GEOMETRY|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|NUMISMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: DISTRIBUTES_RULE | ALLIES_WITH | COMPETES_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S127

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0133.AYYUBID_RULE_DISTRIBUTES_AUTHORITY_ACROSS_DYNAST

[CA.LEV.0134]
TITLE: Mamluks halt Mongol advance at Ayn Jalut
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: BATTLE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1260 CE | WORLD_BAND: W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: Mamluk transition
PLACE: Jezreel Valley / Ayn Jalut
ENTITY: Mamluk Sultanate and Mongol forces
EVENT: The battle preserves Mamluk control of Egypt-Syria and begins a new
regional military-administrative order.
DOMAIN: WAR|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DEFEATS | BLOCKS_EXPANSION | CONSOLIDATES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S128

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0134.MAMLUKS_HALT_MONGOL_ADVANCE_AT_AYN_JALUT

[CA.LEV.0135]
TITLE: Mamluks capture Acre and end major Crusader territorial rule
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1291 CE | WORLD_BAND: W038
LOCAL_PERIOD: Mamluk period
PLACE: Acre and coast
ENTITY: Mamluk Sultanate and remaining Crusader forces
EVENT: The fall of Acre removes the principal Latin territorial base, though
Mediterranean trade and Christian pilgrimage continue.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|REGIME_TRANSITION|TRADE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CAPTURES | ENDS_TERRITORIAL_RULE | PRESERVES_TRADE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S128 | LEV.S129

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0135.MAMLUKS_CAPTURE_ACRE_AND_END_MAJOR_CRUSADER_TERR

[CA.LEV.0136]
TITLE: Black Death repeatedly strikes Levantine cities
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: PANDEMIC | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1347–1350s CE | WORLD_BAND: W039
LOCAL_PERIOD: Mamluk period
PLACE: Damascus, Aleppo, Gaza, Jerusalem and ports
ENTITY: Urban and rural populations
EVENT: Pandemic mortality, labour loss and recurrent outbreaks alter settlement
and economy; precise regional totals remain uncertain.
DOMAIN: HEALTH|DEMOGRAPHY|ECONOMY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_WITH_NUMBER_UNCERTAINTY | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: SPREADS_ALONG | REDUCES_LABOUR | RECURS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S130

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0136.BLACK_DEATH_REPEATEDLY_STRIKES_LEVANTINE_CITIES

[CA.LEV.0137]
TITLE: Mamluk Syria becomes a militarised provincial system
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: PROVINCIAL_SYSTEM | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1260–1516 CE | WORLD_BAND: W039
LOCAL_PERIOD: Mamluk period
PLACE: Damascus, Aleppo, Gaza, Safed, Tripoli and Jerusalem
ENTITY: Mamluk state and local communities
EVENT: Roads, caravanserais, markets, religious endowments and military
administration bind the Levant to Cairo while frontier warfare and
taxation create pressure.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|TRADE|RELIGION|MILITARY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|EPIGRAPHIC|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ADMINISTERS | BUILDS_INFRASTRUCTURE | TAXES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S129

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0137.MAMLUK_SYRIA_BECOMES_A_MILITARISED_PROVINCIAL_SY

[CA.LEV.0138]
TITLE: Timur sacks Damascus
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: SACK | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 1400 CE | WORLD_BAND: W039
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Mamluk period
PLACE: Damascus
ENTITY: Timurid army and Damascene population
EVENT: Siege, destruction, deportation of artisans and political shock damage
the city, which later recovers under Mamluk rule.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|MOBILITY|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: SACKS | DEPORTS_SKILLED_LABOUR | RECOVERS_AFTER
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S129

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0138.TIMUR_SACKS_DAMASCUS

[CA.LEV.0139]
TITLE: Ottomans defeat the Mamluks and conquer Syria
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1516 CE | WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ottoman transition
PLACE: Marj Dabiq, Aleppo, Damascus and Levant
ENTITY: Ottoman Empire and Mamluk Sultanate
EVENT: Military victory transfers the region into an Ottoman imperial framework
that lasts, with interruptions, for four centuries.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|EMPIRE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DEFEATS | ANNEXES | REORGANISES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S131

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0139.OTTOMANS_DEFEAT_THE_MAMLUKS_AND_CONQUER_SYRIA

[CA.LEV.0140]
TITLE: Ottoman surveys make land, households and revenue legible
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: STATE_LEGIBILITY | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 16th century CE | WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Ottoman period
PLACE: Damascus, Aleppo, Jerusalem, Nablus, Safed, Sidon and Tripoli districts
ENTITY: Ottoman administration and local communities
EVENT: Tax registers classify production and population for extraction; they
are valuable but incomplete mirrors of identity and lived society.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|DEMOGRAPHY|ECONOMY
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RECORDS | TAXES | DOES_NOT_FULLY_REPRESENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S132 | LEV.S133

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0140.OTTOMAN_SURVEYS_MAKE_LAND_HOUSEHOLDS_AND_REVENUE

[CA.LEV.0141]
TITLE: Safed becomes a Jewish learning and textile centre
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: DIASPORA_NODE | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 16th century CE | WORLD_BAND: W041
LOCAL_PERIOD: Early Ottoman period
PLACE: Safed and Galilee
ENTITY: Jewish communities, Ottoman authorities and regional merchants
EVENT: Migration from Iberia and elsewhere, rabbinic scholarship and textile
production create a transregional religious-economic node.
DOMAIN: RELIGION|DIASPORA|TRADE|KNOWLEDGE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|ECONOMIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: RECEIVES_MIGRANTS | PRODUCES_TEXTS | TRADES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S138 | LEV.S132

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0141.SAFED_BECOMES_A_JEWISH_LEARNING_AND_TEXTILE_CENT

[CA.LEV.0142]
TITLE: Mount Lebanon develops negotiated local autonomies
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: NEGOTIATED_GOVERNANCE | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 16th–17th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ottoman period
PLACE: Mount Lebanon
ENTITY: Druze, Maronite and other communities; Ma’n and Shihab elites
EVENT: Tax farming, mountain refuge, agriculture and dynastic mediation produce
partial autonomy inside Ottoman sovereignty, not a timeless Lebanese
state.
DOMAIN: POLITY|SOCIAL_STRUCTURE|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: NEGOTIATES_WITH | TAX_FARMS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_MODERN_STATE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S134 | LEV.S137

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0142.MOUNT_LEBANON_DEVELOPS_NEGOTIATED_LOCAL_AUTONOMI

[CA.LEV.0143]
TITLE: Levantine ports reconnect to expanding Mediterranean commerce
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: COMMERCIAL_NETWORK | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 17th–18th centuries CE | WORLD_BAND: W042
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ottoman period
PLACE: Aleppo, Tripoli, Sidon, Acre, Beirut and coastal routes
ENTITY: Merchants, consuls, artisans and Ottoman authorities
EVENT: Silk, cotton, soap, grain and credit link local production to European
and Ottoman markets, increasing prosperity and external dependency.
DOMAIN: TRADE|FINANCE|URBANISM
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|ECONOMIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: EXPORTS | IMPORTS | EXTENDS_CREDIT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_2_ADMINISTRATIVE_RECORDED_WITH_STAGE_1_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S133 | LEV.S135 | LEV.S143

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0143.LEVANTINE_PORTS_RECONNECT_TO_EXPANDING_MEDITERRA

[CA.LEV.0144]
TITLE: Acre becomes a fortified regional power centre
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: PROVINCIAL_CONSOLIDATION | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 18th century CE | WORLD_BAND: W043
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Acre and Galilee
ENTITY: Zahir al-Umar, Jazzar Pasha and local communities
EVENT: Local rulers consolidate taxation, trade and military power while
remaining inside contested Ottoman sovereignty.
DOMAIN: POLITY|TRADE|MILITARY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|ARCHITECTURAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CONSOLIDATES | TAXES | NEGOTIATES_WITH_EMPIRE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S133 | LEV.S139

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0144.ACRE_BECOMES_A_FORTIFIED_REGIONAL_POWER_CENTRE

[CA.LEV.0145]
TITLE: Napoleon fails to capture Acre
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z5
TYPE: SIEGE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1799 CE | WORLD_BAND: W044
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Acre and coastal Levant
ENTITY: French expedition, Ottoman defenders and British support
EVENT: The failed siege blocks French expansion into Syria and demonstrates the
continuing strategic value of fortified coastal nodes.
DOMAIN: WAR|CONNECTOR|POLITY
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BESIEGES | FAILS_TO_CAPTURE | ALLIED_DEFENCE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S139

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0145.NAPOLEON_FAILS_TO_CAPTURE_ACRE

[CA.LEV.0146]
TITLE: Egyptian rule centralises Syria and provokes resistance
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: OCCUPATION_AND_REFORM | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1831–1840 CE | WORLD_BAND: W045
LOCAL_PERIOD: Egyptian occupation
PLACE: Syria-Palestine
ENTITY: Ibrahim Pasha, Muhammad Ali’s state and local populations
EVENT: Conscription, taxation, disarmament and administrative reform increase
state reach while generating revolts and international intervention.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|ADMINISTRATION|MILITARY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: OCCUPIES | CENTRALISES | PROVOKES_REVOLT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S140

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0146.EGYPTIAN_RULE_CENTRALISES_SYRIA_AND_PROVOKES_RES

[CA.LEV.0147]
TITLE: Tanzimat reforms recode law, citizenship and provincial government
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: STATE_REFORM | SCALE: IMPERIAL
TIME: 1839–1876 CE | WORLD_BAND: W046
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ottoman reform period
PLACE: Levantine provinces
ENTITY: Ottoman state and subject communities
EVENT: New legal equality claims, councils, land registration and
centralisation alter relations among state, elites and communities, with
uneven enforcement.
DOMAIN: LAW|ADMINISTRATION|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: REFORMS | REGISTERS_LAND | REDEFINES_SUBJECTHOOD
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S141

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0147.TANZIMAT_REFORMS_RECODE_LAW_CITIZENSHIP_AND_PROV

[CA.LEV.0148]
TITLE: Violence in Mount Lebanon and Damascus causes mass killing and
intervention
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: COMMUNAL_VIOLENCE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1860 CE | WORLD_BAND: W046
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ottoman reform period
PLACE: Mount Lebanon and Damascus
ENTITY: Druze, Maronite, Muslim, Christian and imperial actors
EVENT: Local conflict, class, sectarian mobilisation, imperial weakness and
foreign intervention combine; ‘ancient hatreds’ is an inadequate
explanation.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|IDENTITY|FOREIGN_INTERVENTION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: MULTICAUSAL_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: KILLS | DISPLACES | TRIGGERS_INTERVENTION |
DOES_NOT_EQUAL_ANCIENT_HATRED
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S142

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0148.VIOLENCE_IN_MOUNT_LEBANON_AND_DAMASCUS_CAUSES_MA

[CA.LEV.0149]
TITLE: Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate institutionalises special governance
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: SPECIAL_ADMINISTRATION | SCALE: SUBREGIONAL
TIME: 1861–1915 CE | WORLD_BAND: W047
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Mount Lebanon
ENTITY: Ottoman state, European powers and local communities
EVENT: A special administrative district with confessional representation
stabilises some conflicts while hardening political categories and
external guarantees.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LAW|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CREATES | REPRESENTS_BY_CONFESSION | EXTERNAL_GUARANTEE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S142 | LEV.S137

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0149.MOUNT_LEBANON_MUTASARRIFATE_INSTITUTIONALISES_SP

[CA.LEV.0150]
TITLE: Beirut becomes a port, printing and Nahda knowledge node
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_NETWORK | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: mid-19th–early 20th centuries | WORLD_BAND: W047
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Beirut and wider Arabic-speaking networks
ENTITY: Publishers, missionaries, schools, merchants and intellectuals
EVENT: Steam transport, printing, education and finance enlarge Beirut’s
regional role while tying it to imperial and global capital.
DOMAIN: KNOWLEDGE|EDUCATION|TRADE|URBANISM
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ECONOMIC|INSTITUTIONAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: PRINTS | EDUCATES | TRADES | NETWORKS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S143

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0150.BEIRUT_BECOMES_A_PORT_PRINTING_AND_NAHDA_KNOWLED

[CA.LEV.0151]
TITLE: Modern communal and national identities intensify under empire
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: IDENTITY_FORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: late 19th century | WORLD_BAND: W047
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan
ENTITY: Arabic-speaking, Ottoman, Palestinian, Syrian, Lebanese, Jewish and
other communities
EVENT: Education, print, migration, reform, land markets and imperial politics
sharpen new identities that overlap older religious, local and
linguistic affiliations.
DOMAIN: IDENTITY|MEMORY|POLITICS
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS_IDENTITY | OVERLAPS_WITH |
DOES_NOT_REPLACE_ALL_LOCAL_IDENTITIES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S144 | LEV.S145 | LEV.S146

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0151.MODERN_COMMUNAL_AND_NATIONAL_IDENTITIES_INTENSIF

[CA.LEV.0152]
TITLE: Zionist immigration and settlement build new institutions
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: MIGRATION_AND_INSTITUTION_BUILDING | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1882–1914 | WORLD_BAND: W047
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Palestine
ENTITY: Jewish immigrants, existing Jewish communities, Palestinian Arab
communities and Ottoman authorities
EVENT: Land purchase, agricultural settlement, Hebrew revival and political
organisation expand the Yishuv while producing new labour, land and
sovereignty conflicts.
DOMAIN: MIGRATION|SETTLEMENT|IDENTITY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|DEMOGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: MIGRATES_TO | PURCHASES_LAND | BUILDS_INSTITUTIONS | CONFLICTS_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S148 | LEV.S149

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0152.ZIONIST_IMMIGRATION_AND_SETTLEMENT_BUILD_NEW_INS

[CA.LEV.0153]
TITLE: Arab and Syrian political movements expand
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: POLITICAL_MOVEMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: late 19th–early 20th centuries | WORLD_BAND: W048
LOCAL_PERIOD: Late Ottoman period
PLACE: Damascus, Beirut, Jerusalem, Cairo and diaspora
ENTITY: Arabist, Syrianist, Ottomanist and local reform movements
EVENT: Competing programmes seek decentralisation, constitutionalism, cultural
revival or independence; no single Arab nationalist line speaks for all
communities.
DOMAIN: POLITICS|IDENTITY|KNOWLEDGE
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|INSTITUTIONAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: ORGANISES | PUBLISHES | COMPETES_WITH_IDEAS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S150 | LEV.S143

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0153.ARAB_AND_SYRIAN_POLITICAL_MOVEMENTS_EXPAND

[CA.LEV.0154]
TITLE: World War I militarises and starves the Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: TOTAL_WAR_AND_FAMINE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1914–1918 | WORLD_BAND: W049
LOCAL_PERIOD: World War I
PLACE: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan
ENTITY: Ottoman military government, Allied powers and civilian populations
EVENT: Conscription, blockade, requisition, locusts, disease and administrative
failure produce catastrophic famine and displacement, especially in
Mount Lebanon and coastal Syria.
DOMAIN: WAR|FOOD|HEALTH|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: REQUISITIONS | BLOCKADES | STARVES | DISPLACES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S151 | LEV.S152

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0154.WORLD_WAR_I_MILITARISES_AND_STARVES_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0155]
TITLE: Armenian and Assyrian displacement enters Levantine cities and camps
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: FORCED_DISPLACEMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1915–1918 | WORLD_BAND: W049
LOCAL_PERIOD: World War I
PLACE: Aleppo, Deir ez-Zor, Beirut, Jerusalem and regional routes
ENTITY: Armenian, Assyrian and other displaced populations
EVENT: Genocide, deportation and wartime displacement reshape the demographic
and humanitarian landscape; internal histories also belong to Anatolia
and Mesopotamia connector files.
DOMAIN: MIGRATION|GENOCIDE|DIASPORA
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: DEPORTS_TO | DISPLACES | CONNECTOR_TO_OTHER_OBJECTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S152

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0155.ARMENIAN_AND_ASSYRIAN_DISPLACEMENT_ENTERS_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0156]
TITLE: Sykes-Picot proposes an Anglo-French partition logic
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: SECRET_AGREEMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1916 | WORLD_BAND: W049
LOCAL_PERIOD: World War I diplomacy
PLACE: Ottoman Arab provinces
ENTITY: British and French governments
EVENT: The secret agreement sketches spheres of influence; it shapes later
negotiations but does not itself draw every final modern border.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|POLITY|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: PROPOSES_PARTITION | INFLUENCES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_FINAL_BORDERS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S153

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0156.SYKES_PICOT_PROPOSES_AN_ANGLO_FRENCH_PARTITION_L

[CA.LEV.0157]
TITLE: Balfour Declaration supports a Jewish national home in Palestine
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: POLICY_DECLARATION | SCALE: IMPERIAL_TO_REGIONAL
TIME: 2 November 1917 | WORLD_BAND: W049
LOCAL_PERIOD: World War I diplomacy
PLACE: Palestine under anticipated British control
ENTITY: British government, Zionist movement and non-Jewish communities of
Palestine
EVENT: The declaration commits British policy while referring to civil and
religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities; its ambiguities
become structurally consequential.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|POLITY|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: SUPPORTS | CONSTRAINS | CREATES_POLICY_AMBIGUITY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S154

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0157.BALFOUR_DECLARATION_SUPPORTS_A_JEWISH_NATIONAL_H

[CA.LEV.0158]
TITLE: Ottoman rule ends across most of the Levant
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: IMPERIAL_COLLAPSE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1918 | WORLD_BAND: W049
LOCAL_PERIOD: World War I transition
PLACE: Damascus, Palestine, Lebanon and Transjordan
ENTITY: Allied armies, Arab forces and Ottoman state
EVENT: Military defeat ends four centuries of Ottoman sovereignty and opens a
contested transition among Arab independence claims and European
imperial plans.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|WAR|POLITY
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ENDS_RULE | CREATES_POWER_VACUUM | COMPETING_CLAIMS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S152 | LEV.S150

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0158.OTTOMAN_RULE_ENDS_ACROSS_MOST_OF_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0159]
TITLE: Arab government in Damascus attempts post-Ottoman sovereignty
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: STATE_FORMATION_ATTEMPT | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1918–1920 | WORLD_BAND: W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: Postwar transition
PLACE: Damascus and inland Syria
ENTITY: Faisal government and Syrian Congress
EVENT: An Arab-led administration and congress claim independence before French
military conquest; its territorial vision differs from later state
borders.
DOMAIN: POLITY|INSTITUTION_BUILDING|DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FORMS_GOVERNMENT | CLAIMS_SOVEREIGNTY | DEFEATED_BY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S150 | LEV.S157

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0159.ARAB_GOVERNMENT_IN_DAMASCUS_ATTEMPTS_POST_OTTOMA

[CA.LEV.0160]
TITLE: San Remo and mandate allocation internationalise partition
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: MANDATE_ALLOCATION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1920 | WORLD_BAND: W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: Mandate transition
PLACE: Levant
ENTITY: Allied powers and League of Nations system
EVENT: Britain receives mandates for Palestine and Mesopotamia; France receives
Syria-Lebanon, converting wartime occupation into internationalised
imperial administration.
DOMAIN: LAW|DIPLOMACY|EMPIRE
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ALLOCATES_CONTROL | LEGALISES_MANDATE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S155

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0160.SAN_REMO_AND_MANDATE_ALLOCATION_INTERNATIONALISE

[CA.LEV.0161]
TITLE: French forces defeat the Damascus government at Maysalun
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: CONQUEST | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: July 1920 | WORLD_BAND: W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: French Mandate transition
PLACE: Maysalun and Damascus
ENTITY: French army and Syrian Arab Kingdom
EVENT: The battle ends Faisal’s Syrian kingdom and begins direct French mandate
restructuring.
DOMAIN: WAR|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DEFEATS | ENDS_GOVERNMENT | IMPOSES_MANDATE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S156 | LEV.S157

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0161.FRENCH_FORCES_DEFEAT_THE_DAMASCUS_GOVERNMENT_AT

[CA.LEV.0162]
TITLE: Great Syrian Revolt challenges French rule
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: REVOLT | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1925–1927 | WORLD_BAND: W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: French Mandate
PLACE: Jabal al-Druze, Damascus and wider Syria
ENTITY: Druze, Syrian nationalist and local rebel forces; French mandate state
EVENT: A multi-regional uprising confronts colonial rule; French bombardment
and repression expose the coercive BaseFloor of mandate governance.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|ANTI_COLONIAL|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|MILITARY|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS_AGAINST | BOMBARDS | REPRESSSES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S156

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0162.GREAT_SYRIAN_REVOLT_CHALLENGES_FRENCH_RULE

[CA.LEV.0163]
TITLE: Lebanese Republic is constituted under mandate
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: CONSTITUTIONAL_FORMATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1926 | WORLD_BAND: W050
LOCAL_PERIOD: French Mandate
PLACE: Greater Lebanon
ENTITY: Lebanese institutions and French authorities
EVENT: A republic and constitution formalise confessional representation within
borders created in 1920; sovereignty remains constrained until
independence.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LAW|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CREATES_REPUBLIC | INSTITUTIONALISES_CONFESSIONALISM
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S157 | LEV.S169

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0163.LEBANESE_REPUBLIC_IS_CONSTITUTED_UNDER_MANDATE

[CA.LEV.0164]
TITLE: French mandate divides and recombines Syrian-Lebanese territories
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: COLONIAL_STATE_FORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1920–1946 | WORLD_BAND: W051
LOCAL_PERIOD: French Mandate
PLACE: Syria and Lebanon
ENTITY: French authorities and local communities
EVENT: Administrative states and confessional arrangements are created, revised
and contested; modern Syria and Lebanon emerge through mandate
institutions and nationalist resistance.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LAW|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: DIVIDES | RECOMBINES | BUILDS_STATE_INSTITUTIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S155 | LEV.S157

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0164.FRENCH_MANDATE_DIVIDES_AND_RECOMBINES_SYRIAN_LEB

[CA.LEV.0165]
TITLE: Transjordan develops as a Hashemite emirate
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: STATE_FORMATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1921–1946 | WORLD_BAND: W051
LOCAL_PERIOD: Mandate period
PLACE: Transjordan
ENTITY: Emir Abdullah, British authorities and local communities
EVENT: A semi-autonomous emirate builds army, bureaucracy and territorial
institutions under British mandate supervision.
DOMAIN: POLITY|ADMINISTRATION|MILITARY
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: BUILDS_STATE | CLIENT_RELATION_WITH
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S159

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0165.TRANSJORDAN_DEVELOPS_AS_A_HASHEMITE_EMIRATE

[CA.LEV.0166]
TITLE: British Mandate Palestine institutionalises two national projects under
one administration
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: COLONIAL_DUAL_SOCIETY | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1920–1948 | WORLD_BAND: W051
LOCAL_PERIOD: British Mandate
PLACE: Palestine
ENTITY: British authorities, Jewish Yishuv and Palestinian Arab society
EVENT: Parallel institutions, immigration, land transfer, policing and
constitutional deadlock deepen a zero-sum conflict over sovereignty.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MIGRATION|IDENTITY|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|DEMOGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: GOVERNS | FACILITATES_AND_RESTRICTS_MIGRATION | FAILS_TO_RECONCILE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S155 | LEV.S158 | LEV.S161

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0166.BRITISH_MANDATE_PALESTINE_INSTITUTIONALISES_TWO

[CA.LEV.0167]
TITLE: Palestinian Arab revolt confronts British rule and Zionist settlement
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: REVOLT_AND_REPRESSION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1936–1939 | WORLD_BAND: W051
LOCAL_PERIOD: British Mandate
PLACE: Palestine
ENTITY: Palestinian Arab rebels, British forces and Jewish defence
organisations
EVENT: General strike, rural insurgency and severe repression weaken
Palestinian institutions before the 1948 war.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|ANTI_COLONIAL|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|MILITARY|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS_AGAINST | REPRESSSES | WEAKENS_INSTITUTIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S160 | LEV.S161

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0167.PALESTINIAN_ARAB_REVOLT_CONFRONTS_BRITISH_RULE_A

[CA.LEV.0168]
TITLE: Nazi persecution and the Holocaust transform Jewish migration pressures
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: GENOCIDE_AND_DISPLACEMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1933–1945 | WORLD_BAND: W052
LOCAL_PERIOD: European-Levant connector
PLACE: Europe, Palestine and global refugee routes
ENTITY: European Jews, Nazi Germany, Allied powers and mandate authorities
EVENT: Genocide destroys European Jewish communities and intensifies refugee,
migration and statehood imperatives; the Holocaust and Palestine
conflict are connected but not causally reducible to one another.
DOMAIN: GENOCIDE|MIGRATION|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: PERSECUTES | MURDERS | DRIVES_REFUGEE_MOVEMENT |
DOES_NOT_ERASE_PRIOR_CONFLICT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S162

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0168.NAZI_PERSECUTION_AND_THE_HOLOCAUST_TRANSFORM_JEW

[CA.LEV.0169]
TITLE: Lebanon, Syria and Jordan achieve formal independence
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INDEPENDENCE | SCALE: MULTI_STATE
TIME: 1943–1946 | WORLD_BAND: W052
LOCAL_PERIOD: Decolonisation
PLACE: Lebanon, Syria and Transjordan/Jordan
ENTITY: New sovereign states and former mandate powers
EVENT: Constitutions, armies and diplomatic recognition establish states whose
institutions inherit mandate and Ottoman structures.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LAW|DECOLONISATION
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: GAINS_INDEPENDENCE | INHERITS_INSTITUTIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S168 | LEV.S169 | LEV.S170

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0169.LEBANON_SYRIA_AND_JORDAN_ACHIEVE_FORMAL_INDEPEND

[CA.LEV.0170]
TITLE: UN General Assembly recommends partition with economic union
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INTERNATIONAL_RECOMMENDATION | SCALE: INTERNATIONAL_TO_REGIONAL
TIME: 29 November 1947 | WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: End of Mandate
PLACE: Palestine
ENTITY: United Nations, Jewish Agency and Arab political actors
EVENT: Resolution 181 recommends Jewish and Arab states and an international
Jerusalem regime; it is a General Assembly recommendation and is not
implemented as designed.
DOMAIN: LAW|DIPLOMACY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RECOMMENDS_PARTITION | NOT_IMPLEMENTED_AS_DESIGNED
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S163

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0170.UN_GENERAL_ASSEMBLY_RECOMMENDS_PARTITION_WITH_EC

[CA.LEV.0171]
TITLE: Civil war and interstate war transform Palestine
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: WAR_AND_STATE_FORMATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1947–1949 | WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: 1948 war
PLACE: Mandatory Palestine and neighbouring states
ENTITY: Jewish/Israeli forces, Palestinian Arab forces, Arab states and
civilians
EVENT: War produces the State of Israel, Palestinian mass displacement and
dispossession, Arab military intervention and new armistice lines;
narratives and responsibility claims require source-by-source
separation.
DOMAIN: WAR|STATE_FORMATION|DISPLACEMENT
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|ARCHIVAL
EPISTEMIC: PLURAL_ARCHIVAL_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: FIGHTS | FORMS_STATE | DISPLACES | DESTROYS_COMMUNITIES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S165 | LEV.S167

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0171.CIVIL_WAR_AND_INTERSTATE_WAR_TRANSFORM_PALESTINE

[CA.LEV.0172]
TITLE: State of Israel declares independence
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: STATE_DECLARATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 14 May 1948 | WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: 1948 war
PLACE: Israel / former Mandatory Palestine
ENTITY: Provisional Government of Israel
EVENT: A sovereign state is proclaimed and rapidly recognised by several states
while war continues.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LAW|DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DECLARES_STATE | RECOGNISED_BY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S165

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0172.STATE_OF_ISRAEL_DECLARES_INDEPENDENCE

[CA.LEV.0173]
TITLE: Nakba displaces the majority of Palestinian Arabs from the new Israeli
state
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: MASS_DISPLACEMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1948–1949 | WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: 1948 war
PLACE: Palestine, Israel and neighbouring countries
ENTITY: Palestinian refugees and displaced persons
EVENT: Flight, expulsions, village destruction and blocked return create a
durable refugee system; exact local mechanisms vary and must not be
reduced to one universal cause.
DOMAIN: DISPLACEMENT|LAND|MEMORY|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: ARCHIVAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: HIGH_CONFIDENCE_LOCAL_MECHANISMS_VARY | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DISPLACES | PREVENTS_RETURN | CREATES_REFUGEE_SYSTEM
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S164 | LEV.S165 | LEV.S166

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0173.NAKBA_DISPLACES_THE_MAJORITY_OF_PALESTINIAN_ARAB

[CA.LEV.0174]
TITLE: Armistice lines divide Israel, West Bank and Gaza
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: ARMISTICE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1949 | WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: Postwar armistice
PLACE: Israel, West Bank, Gaza and neighbours
ENTITY: Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon and Syria
EVENT: Agreements stop major fighting without creating final borders; Jordan
controls the West Bank and East Jerusalem, Egypt administers Gaza.
DOMAIN: LAW|POLITY|BOUNDARIES
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CEASES_FIRE | DRAWS_ARMISTICE_LINES | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_FINAL_BORDER
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S167

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0174.ARMISTICE_LINES_DIVIDE_ISRAEL_WEST_BANK_AND_GAZA

[CA.LEV.0175]
TITLE: Palestinian refugee camps become long-duration urban systems
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: REFUGEE_SYSTEM | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1949 onward | WORLD_BAND: W053
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-1948
PLACE: Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, West Bank and Gaza
ENTITY: Palestinian refugees, host states and UNRWA
EVENT: Emergency shelter evolves into multi-generational communities with
education, labour and political networks while legal status differs by
host state.
DOMAIN: DISPLACEMENT|EDUCATION|URBANISM|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC|ADMINISTRATIVE|INSTITUTIONAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: HOSTS | EDUCATES | PERSISTS_ACROSS_GENERATIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S166

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0175.PALESTINIAN_REFUGEE_CAMPS_BECOME_LONG_DURATION_U

[CA.LEV.0176]
TITLE: Suez War exposes the regional force of decolonisation and great-power
pressure
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INTERREGIONAL_WAR | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 1956 | WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: Suez crisis
PLACE: Egypt-Israel-Sinai with Levantine consequences
ENTITY: Egypt, Israel, Britain, France, United States and Soviet Union
EVENT: War changes strategic alignments and strengthens Arab nationalism across
the Levant, though its main battlefield lies outside the regional core.
DOMAIN: WAR|DIPLOMACY|CONNECTOR
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: INFLUENCES_REGION | CHANGES_ALIGNMENT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S171

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0176.SUEZ_WAR_EXPOSES_THE_REGIONAL_FORCE_OF_DECOLONIS

[CA.LEV.0177]
TITLE: Jordan incorporates the West Bank while Egypt administers Gaza
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: TERRITORIAL_ADMINISTRATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1949–1967 | WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-1948
PLACE: West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza
ENTITY: Jordanian and Egyptian administrations; Palestinian populations
EVENT: Different legal and administrative systems develop; Palestinian national
institutions remain constrained and dispersed.
DOMAIN: POLITY|ADMINISTRATION|IDENTITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: ADMINISTERS | INCORPORATES | CONSTRAINS_POLITICAL_AUTONOMY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S167 | LEV.S170

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0177.JORDAN_INCORPORATES_THE_WEST_BANK_WHILE_EGYPT_AD

[CA.LEV.0178]
TITLE: Syria experiences coups and Ba’athist consolidation
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: AUTHORITARIAN_STATE_FORMATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1949–1970 | WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-independence Syria
PLACE: Syria
ENTITY: Syrian military, political parties and state institutions
EVENT: Repeated coups culminate in Ba’athist rule in 1963 and increasing
centralisation; state-building and authoritarian control expand
together.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MILITARY|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: COUPS | CENTRALISES | BUILDS_STATE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S168

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0178.SYRIA_EXPERIENCES_COUPS_AND_BA_ATHIST_CONSOLIDAT

[CA.LEV.0179]
TITLE: Jordan’s monarchy builds a resilient but dependent state
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: STATE_CONSOLIDATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1952 onward | WORLD_BAND: W054
LOCAL_PERIOD: Modern Jordan
PLACE: Jordan
ENTITY: Hashemite monarchy, parliament and population
EVENT: Constitutional institutions, security apparatus, aid and regional
diplomacy stabilise the state amid refugee inflows, limited resources
and external dependence.
DOMAIN: POLITY|SECURITY|DEPENDENCY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|ECONOMIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: CONSOLIDATES | RECEIVES_AID | HOSTS_REFUGEES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S170

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0179.JORDAN_S_MONARCHY_BUILDS_A_RESILIENT_BUT_DEPENDE

[CA.LEV.0180]
TITLE: Six-Day War places West Bank, East Jerusalem and Golan under Israeli
control
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: WAR_AND_OCCUPATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 5–10 June 1967 | WORLD_BAND: W055
LOCAL_PERIOD: 1967 war
PLACE: Israel, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza and Golan Heights
ENTITY: Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Palestinian populations
EVENT: Israel captures territories from neighbouring states; occupation,
annexation claims, settlements and displacement become defining
unresolved structures.
DOMAIN: WAR|OCCUPATION|BOUNDARIES|DISPLACEMENT
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|LEGAL|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CAPTURES | OCCUPIES | DISPLACES | ALTERS_CONTROL
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S172 | LEV.S174

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0180.SIX_DAY_WAR_PLACES_WEST_BANK_EAST_JERUSALEM_AND

[CA.LEV.0181]
TITLE: UN Security Council Resolution 242 establishes a land-for-peace
framework
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: UN_RESOLUTION | SCALE: INTERNATIONAL
TIME: 22 November 1967 | WORLD_BAND: W055
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-1967 diplomacy
PLACE: Middle East
ENTITY: United Nations Security Council and belligerent states
EVENT: The resolution links Israeli withdrawal, termination of belligerency and
recognition of every state’s right to live in peace; language and
implementation remain contested.
DOMAIN: LAW|DIPLOMACY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ESTABLISHES_FRAMEWORK | INTERPRETED_DIFFERENTLY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S172

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0181.UN_SECURITY_COUNCIL_RESOLUTION_242_ESTABLISHES_A

[CA.LEV.0182]
TITLE: Black September reasserts Jordanian state control
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: CIVIL_CONFLICT | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1970–1971 | WORLD_BAND: W055
LOCAL_PERIOD: Modern Jordan
PLACE: Jordan
ENTITY: Jordanian armed forces and Palestinian armed organisations
EVENT: Civil conflict ends the PLO’s autonomous military infrastructure in
Jordan and shifts its centre toward Lebanon.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|POLITY|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FIGHTS | EXPELS_ORGANISATIONS | SHIFTS_NETWORK_TO
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S170

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0182.BLACK_SEPTEMBER_REASSERTS_JORDANIAN_STATE_CONTRO

[CA.LEV.0183]
TITLE: October War reopens diplomacy without resolving territorial conflict
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: WAR | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 6–25 October 1973 | WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: 1973 war
PLACE: Sinai and Golan fronts
ENTITY: Egypt, Syria, Israel and allied states
EVENT: Egyptian and Syrian attacks challenge the post-1967 military order;
subsequent diplomacy returns Sinai to Egypt but the Golan dispute
persists.
DOMAIN: WAR|DIPLOMACY|BOUNDARIES
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ATTACKS | NEGOTIATES_AFTER | DOES_NOT_RESOLVE_GOLAN
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S173 | LEV.S174

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0183.OCTOBER_WAR_REOPENS_DIPLOMACY_WITHOUT_RESOLVING

[CA.LEV.0184]
TITLE: Assad regime centralises Syria
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: AUTHORITARIAN_CONSOLIDATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1970 onward | WORLD_BAND: W056
LOCAL_PERIOD: Ba’athist Syria
PLACE: Syria and Lebanon interface
ENTITY: Hafez al-Assad government and Syrian institutions
EVENT: Military, party and security structures consolidate a durable
authoritarian state with regional intervention capacity.
DOMAIN: POLITY|CONTROL|MILITARY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CENTRALISES | SECURITY_CONTROLS | INTERVENES_IN
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S182

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0184.ASSAD_REGIME_CENTRALISES_SYRIA

[CA.LEV.0185]
TITLE: Lebanese Civil War fragments state and society
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: MULTI_ACTOR_CIVIL_WAR | SCALE: STATE_TO_REGIONAL
TIME: 1975–1990 | WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanese Civil War
PLACE: Lebanon
ENTITY: Lebanese militias, state forces, Palestinian organisations, Syria,
Israel and external powers
EVENT: Sectarian, class, Palestinian, regional and international conflicts
overlap; no single binary captures the war.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|STATE_FRACTURE|FOREIGN_INTERVENTION
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: MULTI_ACTOR_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: FRAGMENTS_STATE | FOREIGN_INTERVENES | MILITIAS_COMPETE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S175

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0185.LEBANESE_CIVIL_WAR_FRAGMENTS_STATE_AND_SOCIETY

[CA.LEV.0186]
TITLE: Israel invades Lebanon and PLO leadership leaves Beirut
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INVASION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1982 | WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanon War
PLACE: Lebanon
ENTITY: Israel, PLO, Lebanese militias, Syria and civilians
EVENT: The invasion reshapes Palestinian armed organisation, Lebanese conflict
and Israeli occupation; massacres at Sabra and Shatila are committed by
Lebanese Phalangist forces amid Israeli control of the area.
DOMAIN: WAR|OCCUPATION|MASS_VIOLENCE
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|INVESTIGATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: INVADES | EXPELS_LEADERSHIP | ENABLES_CONTEXT_FOR_MASSACRE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_3_INDUSTRIAL_MASS_INSTITUTION_WITH_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S176

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0186.ISRAEL_INVADES_LEBANON_AND_PLO_LEADERSHIP_LEAVES

[CA.LEV.0187]
TITLE: Syrian military and political dominance shapes Lebanon
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: FOREIGN_DOMINANCE | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 1976–2005 | WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanon-Syria interface
PLACE: Lebanon
ENTITY: Syrian state, Lebanese institutions and militias
EVENT: Intervention evolves into long-term security and political control,
formally ending with withdrawal in 2005.
DOMAIN: POLITY|MILITARY|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: INTERVENES_IN | DOMINATES | WITHDRAWS_FROM
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S175 | LEV.S184

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0187.SYRIAN_MILITARY_AND_POLITICAL_DOMINANCE_SHAPES_L

[CA.LEV.0188]
TITLE: First Intifada shifts Palestinian resistance toward mass mobilisation
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: UPRISING | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 1987–1993 | WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: Occupied Palestinian Territory
PLACE: West Bank and Gaza
ENTITY: Palestinian communities, organisations and Israeli state
EVENT: Strikes, boycotts, demonstrations and repression build new local
leadership and alter international diplomacy.
DOMAIN: SOCIAL_MOVEMENT|CONFLICT|POLITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: MOBILISES | RESISTS | REPRESSSES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S177

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0188.FIRST_INTIFADA_SHIFTS_PALESTINIAN_RESISTANCE_TOW

[CA.LEV.0189]
TITLE: Taif Agreement restructures Lebanon’s political system
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: PEACE_AGREEMENT | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1989–1990 | WORLD_BAND: W057
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanese war settlement
PLACE: Lebanon
ENTITY: Lebanese political actors, Saudi mediation and Syria
EVENT: The agreement reallocates confessional powers and enables war
termination while leaving militia, sovereignty and patronage problems
partly unresolved.
DOMAIN: LAW|POLITY|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ENDS_WAR_FRAMEWORK | REDISTRIBUTES_POWER | INCOMPLETE_REPAIR
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S178

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0189.TAIF_AGREEMENT_RESTRUCTURES_LEBANON_S_POLITICAL

[CA.LEV.0190]
TITLE: Oslo creates interim Palestinian self-government architecture
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INTERIM_AGREEMENT | SCALE: INTERSTATE_NASCENT
TIME: 13 September 1993 | WORLD_BAND: W058
LOCAL_PERIOD: Oslo process
PLACE: Israel, West Bank and Gaza
ENTITY: Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization
EVENT: Mutual recognition and phased self-government create the Palestinian
Authority but defer borders, Jerusalem, refugees, settlements and
security.
DOMAIN: LAW|DIPLOMACY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: MUTUALLY_RECOGNISES | CREATES_INTERIM_AUTHORITY |
DEFERS_FINAL_STATUS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S179

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0190.OSLO_CREATES_INTERIM_PALESTINIAN_SELF_GOVERNMENT

[CA.LEV.0191]
TITLE: Israel and Jordan sign a peace treaty
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: PEACE_TREATY | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 26 October 1994 | WORLD_BAND: W058
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-Cold War diplomacy
PLACE: Israel-Jordan border
ENTITY: Israel and Jordan
EVENT: The treaty normalises relations, sets boundaries and creates water and
security cooperation while Palestinian final status remains unresolved.
DOMAIN: LAW|DIPLOMACY|WATER
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: MAKES_PEACE_WITH | COOPERATES_ON_WATER
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S180

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0191.ISRAEL_AND_JORDAN_SIGN_A_PEACE_TREATY

[CA.LEV.0192]
TITLE: Israel withdraws from most of southern Lebanon
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: WITHDRAWAL | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 2000 | WORLD_BAND: W058
LOCAL_PERIOD: Post-occupation Lebanon
PLACE: Southern Lebanon
ENTITY: Israel, Lebanon, Hezbollah and United Nations
EVENT: Withdrawal ends a long occupation zone, while disputes over Shebaa Farms
and armed deterrence remain.
DOMAIN: OCCUPATION|POLITY|CONFLICT
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|LEGAL|UN
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: WITHDRAWS_FROM | UN_VERIFIES | DISPUTE_PERSISTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S183

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0192.ISRAEL_WITHDRAWS_FROM_MOST_OF_SOUTHERN_LEBANON

[CA.LEV.0193]
TITLE: Second Intifada militarises the Oslo collapse
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: UPRISING_AND_WAR | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 2000–2005 | WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: Second Intifada
PLACE: Israel, West Bank and Gaza
ENTITY: Palestinian armed groups, Palestinian civilians and Israeli state
EVENT: Suicide bombings, shootings, military incursions, closures and
construction of the barrier deepen separation and destroy trust in the
interim process.
DOMAIN: CONFLICT|SECURITY|MOBILITY|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: ATTACKS | REPRESSSES | RESTRICTS_MOBILITY | ERODES_TRUST
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S181

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0193.SECOND_INTIFADA_MILITARISES_THE_OSLO_COLLAPSE

[CA.LEV.0194]
TITLE: Hariri assassination triggers Cedar mobilisation and Syrian withdrawal
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: POLITICAL_UPHEAVAL | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 2005 | WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: Modern Lebanon
PLACE: Lebanon and Syria
ENTITY: Lebanese opposition, Syrian state and international actors
EVENT: Mass protest and external pressure end Syria’s formal military presence,
though regional influence networks persist.
DOMAIN: POLITICS|MOBILITY|REGIME_TRANSITION
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|PHOTOGRAPHIC|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ASSASSINATION_TRIGGERS | PROTESTS | WITHDRAWS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S184

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0194.HARIRI_ASSASSINATION_TRIGGERS_CEDAR_MOBILISATION

[CA.LEV.0195]
TITLE: Gaza disengagement, Hamas victory and territorial split transform
Palestinian governance
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: GOVERNANCE_FISSION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 2005–2007 | WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: Palestinian political fracture
PLACE: Gaza and West Bank
ENTITY: Israel, Hamas, Fatah and Palestinian Authority
EVENT: Israeli settler and permanent troop withdrawal from Gaza is followed by
elections, factional conflict and separate Hamas control in Gaza;
control of borders and airspace remains heavily constrained.
DOMAIN: POLITY|CONTROL|ELECTION|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|MILITARY|ELECTORAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: WITHDRAWS_SETTLERS | WINS_ELECTION | FISSIONS_GOVERNANCE |
CONTROLS_ACCESS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S186

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0195.GAZA_DISENGAGEMENT_HAMAS_VICTORY_AND_TERRITORIAL

[CA.LEV.0196]
TITLE: Israel-Hezbollah war exposes deterrence and civilian vulnerability
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INTERSTATE_NONSTATE_WAR | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 2006 | WORLD_BAND: W059
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanon war
PLACE: Israel and Lebanon
ENTITY: Israel, Hezbollah, Lebanese state and civilians
EVENT: Rocket fire, air war and ground fighting cause mass displacement and
infrastructure damage; Resolution 1701 establishes a cessation framework
and expanded UNIFIL role.
DOMAIN: WAR|INFRASTRUCTURE|DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|UN|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: FIGHTS | DISPLACES | DAMAGES_INFRASTRUCTURE | UN_FRAMEWORK
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S185

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0196.ISRAEL_HEZBOLLAH_WAR_EXPOSES_DETERRENCE_AND_CIVI

[CA.LEV.0197]
TITLE: Gaza blockade creates a high-dependency enclosed system
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: BLOCKADE_AND_ENCLOSURE | SCALE: TERRITORY
TIME: 2007 onward | WORLD_BAND: W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: Gaza blockade
PLACE: Gaza Strip
ENTITY: Israel, Egypt, Hamas authorities and Gaza population
EVENT: Movement, trade and resource restrictions combine with recurrent wars,
external aid and internal rule, producing severe dependency and
BaseFloor vulnerability.
DOMAIN: CONTROL|ECONOMY|BASEFLOOR|HUMANITARIAN
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|ECONOMIC|HUMANITARIAN
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RESTRICTS | DEPENDS_ON_AID | RECURRENT_CONFLICT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S186 | LEV.S194

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0197.GAZA_BLOCKADE_CREATES_A_HIGH_DEPENDENCY_ENCLOSED

[CA.LEV.0198]
TITLE: Arab uprisings reach the Levant
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: REGIONAL_PROTEST_WAVE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 2011 | WORLD_BAND: W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: Arab uprisings
PLACE: Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon and Israel
ENTITY: Protest movements, states and civil societies
EVENT: Demands for dignity, reform and accountability produce very different
trajectories: limited reforms, repression, war and political
reconfiguration.
DOMAIN: POLITICS|SOCIAL_MOVEMENT|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|PHOTOGRAPHIC|DIGITAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: COMPARABLE
EDGE_TYPES: PROTESTS | STATE_RESPONDS_DIFFERENTLY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S187

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0198.ARAB_UPRISINGS_REACH_THE_LEVANT

[CA.LEV.0199]
TITLE: Palestine gains UN non-member observer State status
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: STATUS_CHANGE | SCALE: INTERNATIONAL
TIME: 29 November 2012 | WORLD_BAND: W060
LOCAL_PERIOD: International legal status
PLACE: United Nations and Palestinian territories
ENTITY: State of Palestine and United Nations
EVENT: General Assembly Resolution 67/19 upgrades participation status without
resolving borders, occupation or full UN membership.
DOMAIN: LAW|DIPLOMACY|POLITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ACCORDED_STATUS | DOES_NOT_RESOLVE_SOVEREIGNTY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S213 | LEV.S214

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0199.PALESTINE_GAINS_UN_NON_MEMBER_OBSERVER_STATE_STA

[CA.LEV.0200]
TITLE: Syrian displacement becomes a transregional population system
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: MASS_DISPLACEMENT | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 2011 onward | WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian displacement
PLACE: Syria, Türkiye, Lebanon, Jordan, Europe and beyond
ENTITY: Syrian refugees, internally displaced people and host societies
EVENT: Millions are displaced internally and internationally, transforming
labour, services, demographics and politics across the Levant and
Europe.
DOMAIN: MIGRATION|BASEFLOOR|DIASPORA
EVIDENCE: DEMOGRAPHIC|UN|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: DISPLACES | HOSTED_BY | RESHAPES_HOST_SYSTEMS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S188

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0200.SYRIAN_DISPLACEMENT_BECOMES_A_TRANSREGIONAL_POPU

[CA.LEV.0201]
TITLE: ISIS seizes and loses Levantine territory
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: TERRITORIAL_EXTREMIST_STATE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 2014–2019 | WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: ISIS territorial phase
PLACE: Eastern Syria and Iraq interface
ENTITY: ISIS, local populations, Syrian/Iraqi forces and international
coalitions
EVENT: A jihadist state project captures cities and routes, commits mass
atrocities and is territorially dismantled, while insurgent cells
persist.
DOMAIN: WAR|POLITY|MASS_VIOLENCE|IDEOLOGY
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|UN|DIGITAL|FORENSIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONQUERS | GOVERNS_COERCIVELY | COMMITS_ATROCITIES |
LOSES_TERRITORY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S189

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0201.ISIS_SEIZES_AND_LOSES_LEVANTINE_TERRITORY

[CA.LEV.0202]
TITLE: Syrian uprising becomes a multi-actor civil and international war
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: MULTI_ACTOR_WAR | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 2011–2024 | WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian civil war
PLACE: Syria and neighbouring states
ENTITY: Syrian government, opposition groups, Kurdish-led forces, ISIS, foreign
states and civilians
EVENT: Repression, armed rebellion, sectarian violence, jihadist mobilisation
and foreign intervention fracture territory and institutions; no single
civil-war label captures all phases.
DOMAIN: WAR|STATE_FRACTURE|FOREIGN_INTERVENTION
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|UN|DEMOGRAPHIC|DIGITAL
EPISTEMIC: MULTI_ACTOR_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: REVOLTS | REPRESSSES | FOREIGN_INTERVENES | FRAGMENTS_TERRITORY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S187 | LEV.S188 | LEV.S189

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0202.SYRIAN_UPRISING_BECOMES_A_MULTI_ACTOR_CIVIL_AND

[CA.LEV.0203]
TITLE: United States recognises Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and moves embassy
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: RECOGNITION_POLICY | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 2017–2018 | WORLD_BAND: W061
LOCAL_PERIOD: Jerusalem diplomacy
PLACE: Jerusalem
ENTITY: United States, Israel, Palestinians and international actors
EVENT: The policy changes US recognition practice; Jerusalem’s final status
remains internationally disputed.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|POLITY|LEGAL_STATUS
EVIDENCE: DIPLOMATIC|LEGAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RECOGNISES | DISPUTED_BY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S190

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0203.UNITED_STATES_RECOGNISES_JERUSALEM_AS_ISRAEL_S_C

[CA.LEV.0204]
TITLE: Abraham Accords shift regional diplomacy around the Levant
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: NORMALISATION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 2020 | WORLD_BAND: W062
LOCAL_PERIOD: Regional normalization
PLACE: Israel, UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, Sudan and wider region
ENTITY: Signatory states and United States
EVENT: Normalisation expands state-to-state cooperation while bypassing
unresolved Israeli-Palestinian final status.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|TRADE|SECURITY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: NORMALISES_WITH | EXPANDS_TRADE | DOES_NOT_RESOLVE_PALESTINE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S191

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0204.ABRAHAM_ACCORDS_SHIFT_REGIONAL_DIPLOMACY_AROUND

[CA.LEV.0205]
TITLE: Beirut port explosion devastates the capital
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_DISASTER | SCALE: CITY
TIME: 4 August 2020 | WORLD_BAND: W062
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanon crisis
PLACE: Beirut
ENTITY: Port authorities, Lebanese state and urban population
EVENT: Stored ammonium nitrate explodes, killing and injuring thousands and
destroying districts; investigation and accountability remain
obstructed.
DOMAIN: INFRASTRUCTURE|GOVERNANCE|FRACTURE
EVIDENCE: FORENSIC|PHOTOGRAPHIC|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: EXPLODES | DESTROYS | ACCOUNTABILITY_BLOCKED
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S192

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0205.BEIRUT_PORT_EXPLOSION_DEVASTATES_THE_CAPITAL

[CA.LEV.0206]
TITLE: Lebanon’s financial collapse erodes the BaseFloor
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: SYSTEMIC_ECONOMIC_COLLAPSE | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 2020–2024 | WORLD_BAND: W064
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanon systemic crisis
PLACE: Lebanon
ENTITY: Banks, state institutions, households and diaspora
EVENT: Currency collapse, deposit losses, electricity failure and governance
deadlock sharply reduce welfare and institutional trust.
DOMAIN: ECONOMY|ENERGY|TRUST|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC|ADMINISTRATIVE|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: COLLAPSES_CURRENCY | DESTROYS_SAVINGS | DEGRADES_SERVICES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S192 | LEV.S209

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0206.LEBANON_S_FINANCIAL_COLLAPSE_ERODES_THE_BASEFLOO

[CA.LEV.0207]
TITLE: Hamas-led attack kills civilians and takes hostages in Israel
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: ARMED_ATTACK | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 7 October 2023 | WORLD_BAND: W065
LOCAL_PERIOD: Israel-Gaza war
PLACE: Southern Israel and Gaza border
ENTITY: Hamas and other armed groups; Israeli civilians and security forces
EVENT: The attack breaches the border, kills large numbers of civilians and
soldiers and takes hostages, triggering a major Israeli war in Gaza.
DOMAIN: WAR|MASS_VIOLENCE|HOSTAGES
EVIDENCE: MULTI_SOURCE|FORENSIC|MILITARY|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: ATTACKS | KILLS | TAKES_HOSTAGES | TRIGGERS_WAR
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S193

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0207.HAMAS_LED_ATTACK_KILLS_CIVILIANS_AND_TAKES_HOSTA

[CA.LEV.0208]
TITLE: Israeli war in Gaza causes mass death, destruction and displacement
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: WAR_AND_HUMANITARIAN_CATASTROPHE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: October 2023–2025 | WORLD_BAND: W066
LOCAL_PERIOD: Israel-Gaza war
PLACE: Gaza Strip and Israel
ENTITY: Israel, Hamas, Palestinian civilians, hostages and international actors
EVENT: Intense military operations, siege conditions and urban destruction
produce catastrophic humanitarian consequences; casualty attribution and
legal characterisations are recorded by source and competent forum.
DOMAIN: WAR|HUMANITARIAN|INFRASTRUCTURE|LEGAL
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|UN|SATELLITE|DEMOGRAPHIC|LEGAL
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_WITH_DISPUTED_ATTRIBUTIONS_AND_LAW | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: BOMBARDS | FIGHTS | DISPLACES | DESTROYS_INFRASTRUCTURE |
LEGAL_REVIEW
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S193 | LEV.S194 | LEV.S195

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0208.ISRAELI_WAR_IN_GAZA_CAUSES_MASS_DEATH_DESTRUCTIO

[CA.LEV.0209]
TITLE: ICJ advisory opinion finds Israel’s continued presence in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory unlawful
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: ADVISORY_OPINION | SCALE: INTERNATIONAL
TIME: 2024 | WORLD_BAND: W066
LOCAL_PERIOD: International legal status
PLACE: Occupied Palestinian Territory including East Jerusalem
ENTITY: International Court of Justice and states
EVENT: The Court concludes that prolonged occupation, settlement and annexation
practices violate international law and that Israel must end its
unlawful presence as rapidly as possible; advisory opinions are
authoritative but non-binding.
DOMAIN: LAW|OCCUPATION|DIPLOMACY
EVIDENCE: LEGAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FINDS_UNLAWFUL | ADVISES_OBLIGATIONS | NON_BINDING_OPINION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S195

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0209.ICJ_ADVISORY_OPINION_FINDS_ISRAEL_S_CONTINUED_PR

[CA.LEV.0210]
TITLE: Israel-Hezbollah conflict escalates across the Lebanon border
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: CROSS_BORDER_WAR | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 2024 | WORLD_BAND: W066
LOCAL_PERIOD: Regional war
PLACE: Israel and Lebanon
ENTITY: Israel, Hezbollah, Lebanese civilians and state institutions
EVENT: Cross-border fire expands into major strikes, displacement and ground
operations, deepening Lebanon’s pre-existing systemic crisis.
DOMAIN: WAR|DISPLACEMENT|INFRASTRUCTURE
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|UN|DEMOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: FIRES_ACROSS_BORDER | DISPLACES | INVADES_OR_OCCUPIES_AREAS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S185 | LEV.S194 | LEV.S209

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0210.ISRAEL_HEZBOLLAH_CONFLICT_ESCALATES_ACROSS_THE_L

[CA.LEV.0211]
TITLE: Assad government falls and a new Syrian transition begins
CLASS: REGIME_TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: REGIME_COLLAPSE | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 8 December 2024 | WORLD_BAND: W066
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian regime transition
PLACE: Damascus and Syria
ENTITY: Opposition coalition, Assad government and Syrian institutions
EVENT: Rebel forces enter Damascus, Bashar al-Assad leaves power and a
transitional authority forms; the end of one regime does not end Syria’s
war damage or territorial fragmentation.
DOMAIN: REGIME_TRANSITION|POLITY|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: MILITARY|TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: OUSTS | FORMS_TRANSITION | INHERITS_FRACTURE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S187 | LEV.S197 | LEV.S201

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0211.ASSAD_GOVERNMENT_FALLS_AND_A_NEW_SYRIAN_TRANSITI

[CA.LEV.0212]
TITLE: West Bank settlement, raids, demolitions and violence intensify
displacement
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: TERRITORIAL_FRAGMENTATION | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 2023–2026 | WORLD_BAND: W067
LOCAL_PERIOD: Occupied West Bank
PLACE: West Bank including East Jerusalem
ENTITY: Israeli state and settlers; Palestinian communities
EVENT: Movement restrictions, military operations, settler attacks, demolitions
and settlement expansion increase fragmentation and forced displacement.
DOMAIN: OCCUPATION|MOBILITY|LAND|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: UN|LEGAL|ADMINISTRATIVE|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: RESTRICTS_MOBILITY | DEMOLISHES | SETTLES | DISPLACES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S194 | LEV.S195 | LEV.S205

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0212.WEST_BANK_SETTLEMENT_RAIDS_DEMOLITIONS_AND_VIOLE

[CA.LEV.0213]
TITLE: Syrian constitutional declaration creates a five-year transition
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_YEAR | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: CONSTITUTIONAL_TRANSITION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 2025 | WORLD_BAND: W067
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian transition
PLACE: Syria
ENTITY: Transitional government under Ahmed al-Sharaa
EVENT: Temporary constitutional arrangements centralise presidential authority
while promising a later permanent constitution and elections;
inclusivity and minority protection remain contested.
DOMAIN: LAW|POLITY|CONTROL
EVIDENCE: LEGAL|TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DECLARES_TRANSITION | CENTRALISES_EXECUTIVE |
PROMISES_LATER_ELECTIONS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S201 | LEV.S202

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0213.SYRIAN_CONSTITUTIONAL_DECLARATION_CREATES_A_FIVE

[CA.LEV.0214]
TITLE: Ceasefire framework reduces but does not end Gaza conflict
CLASS: TRANSITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z6
TYPE: CEASEFIRE_FRAMEWORK | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 10 October 2025 | WORLD_BAND: W067
LOCAL_PERIOD: Israel-Gaza ceasefire phase
PLACE: Gaza and Israel
ENTITY: Israel, Hamas, mediators and civilians
EVENT: A ceasefire framework reduces major hostilities and envisages
governance, disarmament and withdrawal steps, but implementation remains
partial and military operations continue.
DOMAIN: WAR|DIPLOMACY|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: DIPLOMATIC|MILITARY|UN
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: CEASES_FIRE_PARTIALLY | PROPOSES_WITHDRAWAL |
IMPLEMENTATION_INCOMPLETE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S205 | LEV.S206 | LEV.S207

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0214.CEASEFIRE_FRAMEWORK_REDUCES_BUT_DOES_NOT_END_GAZ

[CA.LEV.0215]
TITLE: Large-scale return to Syria outpaces repair capacity
CLASS: PROCESS | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: RETURN_AND_REINTEGRATION | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: 2025–2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian transition
PLACE: Syria and neighbouring host states
ENTITY: Syrian refugees, internally displaced people, transitional state and
aid agencies
EVENT: Millions return after regime change, but housing, documentation,
services, livelihoods and security remain insufficient; return counts
vary by source and monitoring method.
DOMAIN: MIGRATION|REPAIR|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: UN|DEMOGRAPHIC|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_COUNTS_METHOD_DEPENDENT | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: RETURNS_TO | OUTPACES_SERVICES | REQUIRES_REINTEGRATION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S197 | LEV.S198 | LEV.S199

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0215.LARGE_SCALE_RETURN_TO_SYRIA_OUTPACES_REPAIR_CAPA

[CA.LEV.0216]
TITLE: Syria completes and convenes a transitional parliament
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_SERIES | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: PARLIAMENT_FORMATION | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 1–12 July 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian transition
PLACE: Damascus and Syria
ENTITY: Ahmed al-Sharaa, regional electoral colleges and People’s Assembly
EVENT: A 210-member chamber is completed and meets, but presidential
appointment power, unfilled seats and limited authority constrain
representativeness.
DOMAIN: POLITY|LAW|INSTITUTION_BUILDING
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: APPOINTS_AND_SELECTS | CONVENES | LIMITED_POWER
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S201 | LEV.S202

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0216.SYRIA_COMPLETES_AND_CONVENES_A_TRANSITIONAL_PARL

[CA.LEV.0217]
TITLE: Syria re-enters diplomacy while security and minority protection remain
fragile
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_MONTH | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: CURRENT_STATE | SCALE: INTERREGIONAL
TIME: July 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian transition
PLACE: Syria, United Nations and regional borders
ENTITY: Syrian transitional state, UN and regional actors
EVENT: The first serving UN Secretary-General visit since 2009 signals
reintegration, while violence, incomplete territorial control and
accountability concerns persist.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|SECURITY|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: DIPLOMATIC|UN|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INTERACTIVE
EDGE_TYPES: REINTEGRATES | RECEIVES_UN_VISIT | FRAGILITY_PERSISTS
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S203 | LEV.S197

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0217.SYRIA_RE_ENTERS_DIPLOMACY_WHILE_SECURITY_AND_MIN

[CA.LEV.0218]
TITLE: Syria publicly seeks a security agreement with Israel
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: NEGOTIATION_POSITION | SCALE: INTERSTATE
TIME: 26 July 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian-Israeli diplomacy
PLACE: Syria, Israel and Golan interface
ENTITY: Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa, Israel and mediators
EVENT: Syria states that it seeks a security arrangement without relinquishing
its Golan claim; this is a negotiation objective, not a completed
treaty.
DOMAIN: DIPLOMACY|SECURITY|BOUNDARIES
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|DIPLOMATIC
EPISTEMIC: ANNOUNCED_POSITION_NOT_COMPLETED | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: SEEKS_AGREEMENT | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_SIGNED_TREATY
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S204

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0218.SYRIA_PUBLICLY_SEEKS_A_SECURITY_AGREEMENT_WITH_I

[CA.LEV.0219]
TITLE: Gaza remains confined, repeatedly displaced and aid-dependent
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_MONTH | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: CURRENT_HUMANITARIAN_STATE | SCALE: TERRITORY
TIME: July 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Gaza current state
PLACE: Gaza Strip
ENTITY: Gaza population, Israel, de facto authorities and humanitarian agencies
EVENT: Military activity and movement of the ‘Yellow Line’ confine civilians to
less than half the territory while shelter, water, health and aid
systems remain severely damaged.
DOMAIN: HUMANITARIAN|OCCUPATION|BASEFLOOR|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: UN|SATELLITE|DEMOGRAPHIC|TEXTUAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: CONFINES | DISPLACES_REPEATEDLY | DEPENDS_ON_AID
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S205 | LEV.S206

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0219.GAZA_REMAINS_CONFINED_REPEATEDLY_DISPLACED_AND_A

[CA.LEV.0220]
TITLE: Food-security monitoring warns of renewed acute hunger in Gaza
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: FOOD_SECURITY_FORECAST | SCALE: TERRITORY
TIME: 23 July 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Gaza current state
PLACE: Gaza Strip
ENTITY: Gaza households and humanitarian food system
EVENT: Despite improvement after the 2025 ceasefire, funding and access
failures threaten renewed acute hunger for a large share of the
population; forecasts remain conditional.
DOMAIN: FOOD|HEALTH|BASEFLOOR
EVIDENCE: SCIENTIFIC|DEMOGRAPHIC|HUMANITARIAN
EPISTEMIC: MODELLED_FORECAST_CONDITIONAL | CONFIDENCE: B
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FORECASTS | DEPENDS_ON_AID_ACCESS | NOT_OBSERVED_FUTURE_FACT
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S207

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0220.FOOD_SECURITY_MONITORING_WARNS_OF_RENEWED_ACUTE

[CA.LEV.0221]
TITLE: West Bank displacement rate rises sharply
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_TO_REPORT_DATE | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: CURRENT_HUMANITARIAN_STATE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 2026 to 10 July | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Occupied West Bank current state
PLACE: West Bank
ENTITY: Palestinian communities, Israeli authorities and settlers
EVENT: OCHA reports more than 3,200 Palestinians displaced in 2026 by settler
attacks and permit-related demolitions, alongside intensified movement
restrictions.
DOMAIN: OCCUPATION|DISPLACEMENT|MOBILITY
EVIDENCE: UN|DEMOGRAPHIC|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: DISPLACES | RESTRICTS_ACCESS | DEMOLISHES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S205

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0221.WEST_BANK_DISPLACEMENT_RATE_RISES_SHARPLY

[CA.LEV.0222]
TITLE: Pilot withdrawal allows limited return to a shattered southern Lebanese
town
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: PARTIAL_WITHDRAWAL_AND_RETURN | SCALE: LOCAL_TO_INTERSTATE
TIME: 24 July 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Lebanon-Israel current transition
PLACE: Zawtar al-Gharbiyeh, southern Lebanon
ENTITY: Israeli forces, Lebanese army, Hezbollah context and residents
EVENT: Israeli withdrawal and Lebanese army deployment permit tentative
civilian return in one pilot zone, but destruction, mines, continuing
occupation elsewhere and disarmament disputes prevent normalisation.
DOMAIN: WAR|REPAIR|DISPLACEMENT|SECURITY
EVIDENCE: TEXTUAL|MILITARY|PHOTOGRAPHIC
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: WITHDRAWS_PARTIALLY | DEPLOYS | RETURNS | DOES_NOT_EQUAL_FULL_PEACE
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S208 | LEV.S209

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0222.PILOT_WITHDRAWAL_ALLOWS_LIMITED_RETURN_TO_A_SHAT

[CA.LEV.0223]
TITLE: Jordan combines macroeconomic stability with deep water and labour
constraints
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_YEAR | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: CURRENT_SYSTEM_STATE | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Jordan current state
PLACE: Jordan
ENTITY: Jordanian state, population, refugees and external financiers
EVENT: Growth and reform finance coexist with high unemployment, extreme water
scarcity, refugee-hosting pressure and energy dependence.
DOMAIN: ECONOMY|WATER|EMPLOYMENT|DEPENDENCY
EVIDENCE: ECONOMIC|DEMOGRAPHIC|ADMINISTRATIVE
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CONNECTED_BY_FLOW
EDGE_TYPES: GROWS_MODESTLY | RECEIVES_FINANCE | WATER_STRESSED | HOSTS_REFUGEES
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S210 | LEV.S211 | LEV.S212

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0223.JORDAN_COMBINES_MACROECONOMIC_STABILITY_WITH_DEE

[CA.LEV.0224]
TITLE: Syria begins rebuilding fiscal state capacity
CLASS: EVENT | DATE_STATUS: EXACT_YEAR | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: REPAIR_PROJECT | SCALE: STATE
TIME: 2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Syrian transition
PLACE: Syria
ENTITY: Syrian transitional state and World Bank
EVENT: A World Bank grant targets public financial management, procurement and
digitalisation; it is an institutional repair project, not proof that
fiscal systems are already restored.
DOMAIN: ADMINISTRATION|FINANCE|DIGITAL|REPAIR
EVIDENCE: ADMINISTRATIVE|ECONOMIC
EPISTEMIC: APPROVED_PROJECT_NOT_COMPLETED_CAPABILITY | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED
EDGE_TYPES: FINANCES_REPAIR | TARGETS_DIGITALISATION |
DOES_NOT_EQUAL_COMPLETION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S200

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0224.SYRIA_BEGINS_REBUILDING_FISCAL_STATE_CAPACITY

[CA.LEV.0225]
TITLE: Levantine heritage remains exposed to war, looting and politicisation
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: RANGE | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: HERITAGE_RISK | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 2023–2026 | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Current heritage condition
PLACE: Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine
ENTITY: Heritage authorities, communities, armed actors and international
bodies
EVENT: Damage to cities, monuments, archives and archaeological sites removes
evidence and living memory; heritage claims can also be mobilised to
legitimise exclusive sovereignty.
DOMAIN: HERITAGE|MEMORY|WAR|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: UNESCO|PHOTOGRAPHIC|SATELLITE|ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EPISTEMIC: CONSENSUS_SYNTHESIS | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: DAMAGES_EVIDENCE | POLITICISES_MEMORY | REQUIRES_PROTECTION
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S196 | LEV.S110 | LEV.S194

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0225.LEVANTINE_HERITAGE_REMAINS_EXPOSED_TO_WAR_LOOTIN

[CA.LEV.0226]
TITLE: Levant coordinate remains highly capable, fragmented and mutually
dependent
CLASS: CONDITION | DATE_STATUS: EXACT | ZOOM: Z7
TYPE: CUT_OFF_STATE | SCALE: REGIONAL
TIME: 29 July 2026, 14:11 Asia/Singapore | WORLD_BAND: W068
LOCAL_PERIOD: Observed cut-off
PLACE: Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine and cross-border systems
ENTITY: States, non-state actors, cities, displaced populations and regional
networks
EVENT: The coordinate combines ancient urban and knowledge depth, modern state
and digital capability, severe war damage, unresolved sovereignty, mass
displacement, water stress and dense external dependency. No single
civilisational actor owns the total Levantine past.
DOMAIN: LIVE_COORDINATE|CAT_SCAN|ONTOLOGY
EVIDENCE: MULTI_SOURCE|LEGAL|DEMOGRAPHIC|ECONOMIC|DIGITAL
EPISTEMIC: OBSERVED_SYNTHESIS_AT_CUTOFF | CONFIDENCE: A
RELATIONSHIP_GRADE: CO_PRESENT
EDGE_TYPES: CONTAINS_MULTIPLE_SYSTEMS | MUTUALLY_DEPENDENT |
NO_SINGLE_OWNER_OF_PAST
CAPABILITY_CONTEXT: STAGE_4_PLANETARY_NETWORK_WITH_PERSISTENT_LOWER_FLOORS
SOURCE_KEYS: LEV.S010 | LEV.S205 | LEV.S208 | LEV.S210 | LEV.S215

GRAPH_SEED: LEV.G.R0226.LEVANT_COORDINATE_REMAINS_HIGHLY_CAPABLE_FRAGMEN

===============================================================================
7. LONGITUDINAL SYSTEM TRACKS (70)
===============================================================================

LEV.T001 | TECTONIC_SUBSTRATE
TRACK: Arabian–African–Eurasian plate interaction, Dead Sea Transform, uplift,
basins and seismic risk.
LEV.T002 | COASTAL_PLAIN
TRACK: Mediterranean shoreline, ports, dunes, river mouths and maritime
settlement.
LEV.T003 | RIFT_AND_JORDAN_VALLEY
TRACK: Jordan Rift, Dead Sea basin, springs, oases, north–south mobility and
ecological compression.
LEV.T004 | MOUNTAIN_ARC
TRACK: Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon, Galilee, Samaria/Judea and highland
refuge/control systems.
LEV.T005 | STEPPE_DESERT_INTERFACE
TRACK: Syrian steppe, Negev, Badia and pastoral–agricultural mobility.
LEV.T006 | CLIMATE_AND_RAINFALL
TRACK: Mediterranean rainfall gradients, drought, Younger Dryas, Holocene
variability and modern climate stress.
LEV.T007 | WATER_SYSTEMS
TRACK: Springs, wells, cisterns, qanats, aqueducts, dams, river extraction and
transboundary scarcity.
LEV.T008 | PALAEOHUMAN_CORRIDOR
TRACK: Repeated hominin dispersals between Africa and Eurasia through the
Levantine corridor.
LEV.T009 | CAVE_ARCHIVES
TRACK: Tabun, Skhul, Qafzeh, Kebara, Manot and other cave sequences as
deep-time evidence systems.
LEV.T010 | EPIPALAEOLITHIC_NETWORKS
TRACK: Kebaran, Geometric Kebaran and Natufian mobility, aggregation and
exchange.
LEV.T011 | SEDENTISM
TRACK: Long-term occupation, storage, architecture, cemeteries and aggregation
before and during farming.
LEV.T012 | NEOLITHISATION
TRACK: Cultivation, domestication, herding, construction and social
reorganisation across PPNA/PPNB worlds.
LEV.T013 | JERICHO_LONGITUDINAL
TRACK: Tell es-Sultan from early settlement and monumentality through Bronze
Age city and later memory.
LEV.T014 | RITUAL_AND_ANCESTORS
TRACK: Burials, plastered skulls, shrines, temples, pilgrimage and changing
relations to dead and sacred place.
LEV.T015 | CHALCOLITHIC_COMPLEXITY
TRACK: Copper, craft specialisation, Ghassulian systems, regional
differentiation and demographic recomposition.
LEV.T016 | EARLY_BRONZE_URBANISM
TRACK: Walled towns, city networks, rural production, collapse/reorganisation
and renewed urbanisation.
LEV.T017 | CANAANITE_FIELD
TRACK: Northwest Semitic language, city-state, material and geographic fields
without biological essentialism.
LEV.T018 | AMORITE_AND_INLAND_NETWORKS
TRACK: Mobile, urban and dynastic interactions across Syria, the middle
Euphrates and inland Levant.
LEV.T019 | MIDDLE_BRONZE_CITY_STATES
TRACK: Fortified cities, palatial systems, interregional diplomacy and trade.
LEV.T020 | LATE_BRONZE_INTERNATIONAL_SYSTEM
TRACK: Egyptian hegemony, vassal correspondence, Ugarit, Cyprus, Hatti and
Mesopotamian interfaces.
LEV.T021 | UGARIT_ARCHIVE
TRACK: Multilingual administration, literature, religion, trade and alphabetic
cuneiform.
LEV.T022 | BRONZE_IRON_TRANSITION
TRACK: Palace collapse, continuity, migration, local recomposition and new
political scales.
LEV.T023 | PHILISTINE_ETHNOGENESIS
TRACK: Aegean-linked migrants, local Levantine populations, admixture and
changing urban identities.
LEV.T024 | ISRAEL_JUDAH_POLITY_FORMATION
TRACK: Highland settlement, kingdoms, inscriptions, administration, religion
and imperial pressure.
LEV.T025 | PHOENICIAN_COAST
TRACK: Byblos, Sidon, Tyre, Arwad and maritime city-state networks.
LEV.T026 | PHOENICIAN_PUNIC_NETWORK
TRACK: Maritime settlement, trade, alphabet transmission and cultural diffusion
with non-identical ancestry.
LEV.T027 | ARAMAEAN_NETWORKS
TRACK: Aramaean polities, mobile/urban interfaces and Aramaic as expanding
administrative language.
LEV.T028 | ASSYRIAN_IMPERIAL_INTEGRATION
TRACK: Conquest, provincialisation, tribute, deportation and infrastructure.
LEV.T029 | BABYLONIAN_TRANSFORMATIONS
TRACK: Jerusalem’s destruction, deportation, local continuity and
exilic/diasporic reorganisation.
LEV.T030 | PERSIAN_PROVINCIAL_ORDER
TRACK: Achaemenid administration, Yehud, Phoenician autonomy, imperial roads
and Aramaic.
LEV.T031 | HELLENISTIC_URBAN_NETWORK
TRACK: Successor kingdoms, poleis, military settlements, Greek language and
hybrid institutions.
LEV.T032 | HASMONAEAN_EXPANSION
TRACK: Revolt, temple sovereignty, territorial expansion and identity
boundary-making.
LEV.T033 | NABATAEAN_SYSTEM
TRACK: Caravan routes, hydraulic adaptation, Petra and Arabian–Levantine
interfaces.
LEV.T034 | HERODIAN_CLIENT_STATE
TRACK: Monumental construction, client kingship, taxation and imperial
mediation.
LEV.T035 | ROMAN_PROVINCIAL_SYSTEM
TRACK: Annexation, roads, cities, taxation, military presence and provincial
reorganisation.
LEV.T036 | JEWISH_REVOLTS_AND_DISPERSAL
TRACK: 66–73, 115–117 and 132–135 CE conflicts, repression, demographic and
institutional change.
LEV.T037 | EARLY_CHRISTIAN_NETWORKS
TRACK: Jesus movement, apostolic routes, urban congregations, councils,
monasteries and pilgrimage.
LEV.T038 | PALMYRENE_CARAVAN_NETWORK
TRACK: Palmyra as city, caravan broker, military power and Roman–Iranian
interface.
LEV.T039 | LATE_ANTIQUE_RURAL_SYSTEM
TRACK: Northern Syrian villages, agriculture, churches, local elites and
settlement density.
LEV.T040 | BYZANTINE_PROVINCIAL_ORDER
TRACK: Christian imperial institutions, cities, frontier defence and religious
contest.
LEV.T041 | JEWISH_RABBINIC_CONTINUITY
TRACK: Galilean academies, legal/textual production and dispersed community
networks.
LEV.T042 | SAMARITAN_CONTINUITY
TRACK: Community, sacred geography, revolts, repression and long-term survival.
LEV.T043 | EARLY_ISLAMIC_CONQUEST
TRACK: Military transition, negotiated surrender, taxation, language and
gradual religious change.
LEV.T044 | UMAYYAD_DAMASCUS
TRACK: Damascus capital system, imperial administration, mosque construction
and Mediterranean–Arabian integration.
LEV.T045 | ABBASID_DECENTRING
TRACK: Administrative shift toward Iraq while Levantine cities, ports and
frontiers remain active.
LEV.T046 | CRUSADER_STATE_SYSTEM
TRACK: Latin polities, fortifications, pilgrimage corridors, warfare and
negotiated coexistence.
LEV.T047 | AYYUBID_MAMLUK_REINTEGRATION
TRACK: Regional reconquest, fortress systems, waqf, trade and provincial
governance.
LEV.T048 | MONGOL_MAMLUK_FRONTIER
TRACK: Ayn Jalut, repeated incursions and the Levant as inter-imperial defence
zone.
LEV.T049 | PLAGUE_AND_DEMOGRAPHY
TRACK: Black Death and later epidemics affecting labour, settlement and
revenue.
LEV.T050 | OTTOMAN_PROVINCIAL_ORDER
TRACK: Eyalets/vilayets, tax farming, local notables, waqf and imperial reform.
LEV.T051 | MOUNTAIN_COMMUNITIES
TRACK: Maronite, Druze, Shi’a, Sunni, Christian and other communities in
mountain/coastal governance.
LEV.T052 | PORT_CITY_MODERNITY
TRACK: Beirut, Haifa, Jaffa, Acre, Tripoli and other ports in steam, trade,
migration and print.
LEV.T053 | TANZIMAT_AND_LAND
TRACK: Administrative reform, cadastral legibility, land law, councils and new
political identities.
LEV.T054 | PRINT_EDUCATION_NAHDA
TRACK: Schools, missions, presses, Arabic literary revival and public sphere
formation.
LEV.T055 | IMPERIAL_WAR_AND_FAMINE
TRACK: First World War mobilisation, blockade, requisition, famine and
mortality.
LEV.T056 | MANDATE_PARTITION
TRACK: British and French mandates, borders, administrative fission and
competing national projects.
LEV.T057 | ZIONIST_MIGRATION_AND_INSTITUTIONS
TRACK: Migration, land purchase, Hebrew revival, political institutions and
conflict.
LEV.T058 | PALESTINIAN_SOCIAL_POLITICAL_FORMATION
TRACK: Urban/rural institutions, press, revolt, displacement, national movement
and diaspora.
LEV.T059 | LEBANESE_STATE_AND_SECTARIAN_SYSTEM
TRACK: Greater Lebanon, confessional institutions, civil war, reconstruction
and external influence.
LEV.T060 | SYRIAN_STATE_TRAJECTORY
TRACK: Mandate, independence, coups, Ba’athism, authoritarian rule, civil war
and transition.
LEV.T061 | JORDANIAN_STATE_TRAJECTORY
TRACK: Emirate, kingdom, refugee incorporation, monarchy, reform and water
dependence.
LEV.T062 | ISRAELI_STATE_TRAJECTORY
TRACK: State formation, immigration, institutions, war, occupation, technology
and internal contest.
LEV.T063 | PALESTINIAN_TERRITORIAL_GOVERNANCE
TRACK: West Bank/Gaza administration, occupation, settlements, Palestinian
Authority, Hamas and fragmentation.
LEV.T064 | REFUGEE_AND_DIASPORA_SYSTEMS
TRACK: Palestinian, Syrian, Lebanese, Jewish and other forced migrations and
transnational networks.
LEV.T065 | ARAB_ISRAELI_WAR_PEACE_SYSTEM
TRACK: Wars, armistices, peace treaties, normalisation and unresolved
sovereignty.
LEV.T066 | WATER_ENERGY_DEPENDENCY
TRACK: Jordan basin, coastal aquifers, desalination, electricity, fuel and
cross-border infrastructure.
LEV.T067 | HERITAGE_AND_MEMORY
TRACK: Excavation, museums, sacred landscapes, damage, reconstruction and
politicised pasts.
LEV.T068 | DIGITAL_MEDIA_INFORMATION_WAR
TRACK: Satellite media, internet, platform politics, surveillance,
documentation and disinformation.
LEV.T069 | HUMANITARIAN_ARCHITECTURE
TRACK: UN agencies, NGOs, aid corridors, camps and emergency governance.
LEV.T070 | LIVE_2026_COORDINATE
TRACK: Fragmented sovereignty, war damage, technological capacity, demographic
pressure and mutual dependency.

===============================================================================
8. CORE GRAPH NODES (105)
===============================================================================

LEV.N001 | TYPE=REGION | NAME=LEVANT_COORDINATE
NODE: Analytical space-time object; boundaries vary by question.
LEV.N002 | TYPE=GEOLOGICAL_SYSTEM | NAME=DEAD_SEA_TRANSFORM
NODE: Tectonic corridor, basin and seismic structure.
LEV.N003 | TYPE=ECOREGION | NAME=MEDITERRANEAN_COAST
NODE: Coastal plain, ports and maritime interface.
LEV.N004 | TYPE=ECOREGION | NAME=JORDAN_RIFT_VALLEY
NODE: Springs, oases, Dead Sea and north–south corridor.
LEV.N005 | TYPE=ECOREGION | NAME=LEVANTINE_HIGHLANDS
NODE: Lebanon, Galilee, Samaria/Judea and related uplands.
LEV.N006 | TYPE=ECOREGION | NAME=SYRIAN_STEPPE_BADIA
NODE: Pastoral, caravan and frontier zone.
LEV.N007 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=UBEIDIYA
NODE: Early Pleistocene hominin evidence.
LEV.N008 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=TABUN_CAVE
NODE: Long Palaeolithic stratigraphy.
LEV.N009 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=SKHUL_CAVE
NODE: Early Homo sapiens remains.
LEV.N010 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=QAFZEH_CAVE
NODE: Early Homo sapiens burials/remains.
LEV.N011 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=KEBARA_CAVE
NODE: Neanderthal and Middle Palaeolithic archive.
LEV.N012 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=MANOT_CAVE
NODE: Upper Palaeolithic human evidence.
LEV.N013 | TYPE=ARCHAEOLOGICAL_COMPLEX | NAME=KEBARAN
NODE: Epipalaeolithic regional systems.
LEV.N014 | TYPE=ARCHAEOLOGICAL_COMPLEX | NAME=NATUFIAN
NODE: Late Epipalaeolithic aggregation and sedentism; not ethnicity.
LEV.N015 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=SHUBAYQA_1
NODE: Eastern Natufian evidence beyond older core models.
LEV.N016 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=EYNAN_MALLAHA
NODE: Natufian settlement and burial evidence.
LEV.N017 | TYPE=ARCHAEOLOGICAL_PERIOD | NAME=PPNA
NODE: Early Neolithic settlement/ritual/cultivation field.
LEV.N018 | TYPE=ARCHAEOLOGICAL_PERIOD | NAME=PPNB
NODE: Farming/herding/architecture and regional network field.
LEV.N019 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=TELL_ES_SULTAN_JERICHO
NODE: Early settlement, tower/wall and later Bronze Age city.
LEV.N020 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=AIN_GHAZAL
NODE: Large Neolithic settlement and ritual statuary.
LEV.N021 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=NATUF_HAYONIM
NODE: Natufian evidence and naming context.
LEV.N022 | TYPE=ARCHAEOLOGICAL_COMPLEX | NAME=GHASSULIAN
NODE: Chalcolithic material field; not ethnicity.
LEV.N023 | TYPE=SITE | NAME=PEQIIN_CAVE
NODE: Chalcolithic burial and ancient-DNA evidence.
LEV.N024 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=EARLY_BRONZE_URBAN_NETWORK
NODE: Cities, towns, villages and regional exchange.
LEV.N025 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=MIDDLE_BRONZE_CITY_STATE_NETWORK
NODE: Fortified polities and palatial systems.
LEV.N026 | TYPE=CULTURAL_LINGUISTIC_FIELD | NAME=CANAANITE_WORLDS
NODE: Changing Northwest Semitic/material/political field.
LEV.N027 | TYPE=CITY_STATE | NAME=HAZOR
NODE: Major Bronze/Iron Age urban node.
LEV.N028 | TYPE=CITY_STATE | NAME=MEGIDDO
NODE: Strategic inland city and archaeological sequence.
LEV.N029 | TYPE=CITY_STATE | NAME=LACHISH
NODE: Southern city, imperial and destruction archive.
LEV.N030 | TYPE=CITY_STATE | NAME=BYBLOS
NODE: Long-lived port and Egyptian/Phoenician interfaces.
LEV.N031 | TYPE=CITY_STATE | NAME=UGARIT
NODE: Late Bronze port, archives and multilingual knowledge node.
LEV.N032 | TYPE=ARCHIVE | NAME=AMARNA_LETTERS
NODE: Late Bronze diplomatic correspondence network.
LEV.N033 | TYPE=POLITY_NETWORK | NAME=PHILISTINE_CITIES
NODE: Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza, Ekron and Gath-related systems.
LEV.N034 | TYPE=IDENTITY_FORMATION | NAME=PHILISTINE_ETHNOGENESIS
NODE: Migration plus local admixture; changing identity.
LEV.N035 | TYPE=POLITY | NAME=KINGDOM_OF_ISRAEL
NODE: Iron Age northern kingdom.
LEV.N036 | TYPE=POLITY | NAME=KINGDOM_OF_JUDAH
NODE: Iron Age southern kingdom.
LEV.N037 | TYPE=CITY | NAME=JERUSALEM
NODE: Multi-period political, sacred and urban node.
LEV.N038 | TYPE=CITY | NAME=SAMARIA
NODE: Northern kingdom and later provincial/cultural node.
LEV.N039 | TYPE=INSCRIPTION | NAME=MERNEPTAH_STELA
NODE: Early external attestation of Israel.
LEV.N040 | TYPE=INSCRIPTION | NAME=TEL_DAN_STELA
NODE: Aramaic royal inscription and House-of-David debate.
LEV.N041 | TYPE=PORT_CITY | NAME=SIDON
NODE: Phoenician and later Mediterranean node.
LEV.N042 | TYPE=PORT_CITY | NAME=TYRE
NODE: Phoenician maritime city and imperial interface.
LEV.N043 | TYPE=PORT_CITY | NAME=ARWAD
NODE: Island/coastal polity.
LEV.N044 | TYPE=NETWORK | NAME=PHOENICIAN_MARITIME_NETWORK
NODE: Eastern Mediterranean port and trade system.
LEV.N045 | TYPE=NETWORK | NAME=PUNIC_MEDITERRANEAN_NETWORK
NODE: Western cultural fission and local recomposition.
LEV.N046 | TYPE=WRITING_SYSTEM | NAME=NORTHWEST_SEMITIC_ALPHABETS
NODE: Multiple adaptations and transmissions.
LEV.N047 | TYPE=POLITY_FIELD | NAME=ARAMAEAN_KINGDOMS
NODE: Damascus, Hamath and other polities.
LEV.N048 | TYPE=LANGUAGE_NETWORK | NAME=ARAMAIC
NODE: Regional and imperial lingua-franca systems.
LEV.N049 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=NEO_ASSYRIAN_EMPIRE
NODE: Provincialisation, tribute and deportation.
LEV.N050 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=NEO_BABYLONIAN_EMPIRE
NODE: Conquest, destruction, exile and administration.
LEV.N051 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=ACHAEMENID_EMPIRE
NODE: Provincial order and Aramaic information network.
LEV.N052 | TYPE=PROVINCE | NAME=YEHUD
NODE: Persian-period Judean province/community.
LEV.N053 | TYPE=PROVINCE | NAME=SAMARIA_PROVINCE
NODE: Persian/Hellenistic regional system.
LEV.N054 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=PTOLEMAIC_KINGDOM
NODE: Hellenistic Egyptian power in the southern Levant.
LEV.N055 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=SELEUCID_EMPIRE
NODE: Hellenistic imperial system in Syria and the Levant.
LEV.N056 | TYPE=POLITY | NAME=HASMONAEAN_STATE
NODE: Revolt-derived kingdom and territorial expansion.
LEV.N057 | TYPE=POLITY | NAME=NABATAEAN_KINGDOM
NODE: Petra-centred caravan and hydraulic system.
LEV.N058 | TYPE=POLITY | NAME=HERODIAN_KINGDOM
NODE: Roman client kingship and monumental programme.
LEV.N059 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=ROMAN_EMPIRE
NODE: Provincial, military, urban and legal system.
LEV.N060 | TYPE=CITY | NAME=ANTIOCH
NODE: Hellenistic/Roman/Christian metropolis.
LEV.N061 | TYPE=CITY | NAME=DAMASCUS
NODE: Aramaean, Roman, Umayyad, Ottoman and modern capital node.
LEV.N062 | TYPE=CITY | NAME=PALMYRA
NODE: Caravan city and Roman-Iranian interface.
LEV.N063 | TYPE=COMMUNITY_NETWORK | NAME=JEWISH_RABBINIC_WORLDS
NODE: Legal, educational and diasporic institutions.
LEV.N064 | TYPE=COMMUNITY_NETWORK | NAME=SAMARITAN_WORLDS
NODE: Long-term community and sacred geography.
LEV.N065 | TYPE=RELIGIOUS_NETWORK | NAME=EARLY_CHRISTIANITY
NODE: Movement, congregations, institutions and pilgrimage.
LEV.N066 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=BYZANTINE_EMPIRE
NODE: Late antique Christian imperial system.
LEV.N067 | TYPE=SETTLEMENT_SYSTEM | NAME=NORTHERN_SYRIAN_LATE_ANTIQUE_VILLAGES
NODE: Rural settlement and agricultural network.
LEV.N068 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=SASANIAN_EMPIRE
NODE: Inter-imperial rival and brief occupier.
LEV.N069 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=RASHIDUN_CALIPHATE
NODE: Early Islamic conquest and administration.
LEV.N070 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=UMAYYAD_CALIPHATE
NODE: Damascus-centred imperial system.
LEV.N071 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=ABBASID_CALIPHATE
NODE: Iraq-centred caliphate with Levantine provinces.
LEV.N072 | TYPE=POLITY_NETWORK | NAME=CRUSADER_STATES
NODE: Latin polities and fortified corridors.
LEV.N073 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=AYYUBID_SYSTEM
NODE: Regional dynastic federation and reconquest.
LEV.N074 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=MAMLUK_SULTANATE
NODE: Egypt–Syria imperial system.
LEV.N075 | TYPE=EMPIRE | NAME=OTTOMAN_EMPIRE
NODE: Long provincial and reform system.
LEV.N076 | TYPE=PORT_CITY | NAME=BEIRUT
NODE: Ottoman/modern port, print and finance node.
LEV.N077 | TYPE=REGION | NAME=MOUNT_LEBANON
NODE: Mountain governance and communal institutions.
LEV.N078 | TYPE=KNOWLEDGE_NETWORK | NAME=NAHDA
NODE: Arabic print, education and intellectual revival.
LEV.N079 | TYPE=EVENT_SYSTEM | NAME=MOUNT_LEBANON_FAMINE
NODE: War, blockade, requisition and ecological-economic catastrophe.
LEV.N080 | TYPE=IMPERIAL_PLAN | NAME=SYKES_PICOT
NODE: Secret wartime partition planning; not all borders.
LEV.N081 | TYPE=POLICY_TEXT | NAME=BALFOUR_DECLARATION
NODE: British policy commitment with competing obligations.
LEV.N082 | TYPE=MANDATE | NAME=FRENCH_MANDATE_SYRIA_LEBANON
NODE: Colonial administrative and territorial fission.
LEV.N083 | TYPE=MANDATE | NAME=BRITISH_MANDATE_PALESTINE
NODE: Colonial dual-society and conflict system.
LEV.N084 | TYPE=STATE | NAME=LEBANON
NODE: Modern republic and confessional political system.
LEV.N085 | TYPE=STATE | NAME=SYRIA
NODE: Modern republic and 2026 transitional state.
LEV.N086 | TYPE=STATE | NAME=JORDAN
NODE: Hashemite monarchy and refugee/water-stressed system.
LEV.N087 | TYPE=STATE | NAME=ISRAEL
NODE: Modern state, regional power and contested internal/external system.
LEV.N088 | TYPE=POLITICAL_LEGAL_ENTITY | NAME=PALESTINE
NODE: People, territorial claim, observer State status and fragmented
governance.
LEV.N089 | TYPE=TERRITORY | NAME=WEST_BANK_EAST_JERUSALEM
NODE: Occupied territory, settlements and Palestinian/Israeli governance
layers.
LEV.N090 | TYPE=TERRITORY | NAME=GAZA_STRIP
NODE: Blockaded/war-damaged territory and humanitarian system.
LEV.N091 | TYPE=ORGANISATION | NAME=PLO
NODE: Palestinian national organisation.
LEV.N092 | TYPE=INSTITUTION | NAME=PALESTINIAN_AUTHORITY
NODE: Interim self-government institution.
LEV.N093 | TYPE=ORGANISATION | NAME=HAMAS
NODE: Palestinian Islamist political/armed organisation.
LEV.N094 | TYPE=ORGANISATION | NAME=HEZBOLLAH
NODE: Lebanese political/armed organisation and regional network.
LEV.N095 | TYPE=EVENT | NAME=NAKBA_1948
NODE: Mass Palestinian displacement and social fracture.
LEV.N096 | TYPE=EVENT | NAME=SIX_DAY_WAR_1967
NODE: War and occupation-producing territorial transformation.
LEV.N097 | TYPE=AGREEMENT | NAME=OSLO_ACCORDS
NODE: Interim agreements, institutional creation and unresolved final status.
LEV.N098 | TYPE=WAR_SYSTEM | NAME=SYRIAN_WAR_2011_2026
NODE: Multi-actor war, displacement and state fracture.
LEV.N099 | TYPE=WAR_SYSTEM | NAME=GAZA_WAR_2023_2026
NODE: Armed attack, war, destruction and humanitarian catastrophe.
LEV.N100 | TYPE=LEGAL_SOURCE | NAME=ICJ_ADVISORY_OPINION_2024
NODE: International-law finding on occupation/continued presence.
LEV.N101 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=REGIONAL_REFUGEE_ARCHITECTURE
NODE: Palestinian and Syrian refugee camps, agencies and host states.
LEV.N102 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=TRANSBOUNDARY_WATER_SYSTEM
NODE: Jordan/Yarmouk/Litani/aquifers and allocation.
LEV.N103 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=EASTERN_MEDITERRANEAN_ENERGY
NODE: Gas, electricity and maritime boundary infrastructure.
LEV.N104 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=DIGITAL_EVIDENCE_SPACE
NODE: Networked documentation, disinformation and provenance.
LEV.N105 | TYPE=SYSTEM | NAME=LEVANT_2026_LIVE_COORDINATE
NODE: Observed state at cut-off.

TYPED EDGE VOCABULARY
LOCATED_IN: places a node within a spatial coordinate without claiming identity.
ENABLES: creates a necessary or facilitating condition.
CONSTRAINS: limits options or capability.
FORMS: produces a geological, social or institutional structure.
TRANSFORMS: changes the state or function of another node.
CONNECTS: creates a route, exchange or information relation.
CONNECTED_BY_FLOW: linked by evidenced movement of people, material, energy, information or capital.
COMPARABLE_TO: analytically comparable without evidence of direct contact.
REACHABLE_FROM: physically or informationally reachable; contact not automatically proven.
CO_PRESENT_WITH: exists in the same space-time field without asserted interaction.
INTERACTS_WITH: direct or strongly evidenced interaction.
INDIVIDUALLY_ATTESTED: supported as a particular event/entity rather than generic inference.
PRECEDES: earlier in the protected chronology.
SUCCEEDS: takes political or institutional control after another system.
OVERLAPS: shares time, space or function without total inclusion.
PART_OF: forms a typed component of a larger system.
EMERGES_FROM: develops through multiple prior conditions; does not imply simple descent.
DIFFUSES_TO: practice, language or technology spreads; ancestry not implied.
ADAPTS: locally modifies an imported or inherited form.
MIGRATES_TO: people move between coordinates.
ADMIXES_WITH: genetic/population mixture supported; identity conclusions remain separate.
TRADES_WITH: exchange relation supported.
TRIBUTES_TO: asymmetric fiscal/political transfer.
CONQUERS: military seizure of control.
ANNEXES: formal incorporation into a polity or province.
PROVINCIALISES: reorganises territory into imperial administration.
DEPORTS: coercively relocates population.
DISPLACES: causes or records forced movement without assuming destination.
RETURNS: population movement back to a prior place; does not imply full restoration.
DESTROYS: material or institutional destruction supported.
DAMAGES: partial harm to people, infrastructure, ecology or evidence.
REBUILDS: restores capability or structure; degree must be stated.
FOUNDS: establishes an institution, settlement or polity.
DECLARES: announces a legal/political position; effectiveness separate.
RECOGNISES: changes diplomatic/legal recognition.
NEGOTIATES: conducts talks; no completed agreement implied.
SIGNS: concludes a documented agreement.
DOES_NOT_EQUAL: explicit anti-collapse edge preventing category error.
MEMORIALISES: constructs or transmits memory.
LEGITIMISES: uses a claim, symbol or institution to support authority.
POLITICISES: turns evidence or memory into contested political instrument.
DEPENDS_ON: requires an external/lower-floor capability.
EXTRACTS_FROM: draws resources, labour or value.
DEPLETES: reduces ecological/material base.
REPAIRS: restores a damaged floor or institution.
FRAGMENTS: splits control, information or territory.
INTEGRATES: joins systems administratively or functionally.
TRANSLATES: moves information across language/media systems.
ENCODES: stores knowledge in a medium.
VALIDATES: supports an assertion under a stated evidence regime.
CONTESTS: records a live dispute without adjudicating by rhetoric.
GOVERNS: exercises administrative authority.
OCCUPIES: exercises belligerent territorial control as legally sourced.
SETTLES_IN: establishes civilian communities in a location.
BLOCKADES: restricts movement of people/material by coercive control.
HOSTS: contains displaced, institutional or exchange nodes.
FINANCES: provides capital for an activity.
DOCUMENTS: creates a retrievable evidence record.
FORECASTS: models a conditional future state; not observation.
OBSERVED_AT: anchors an assertion to the frozen cut-off.

===============================================================================
9. CROSS-REGIONAL CONNECTOR QUEUE (46)
===============================================================================

LEV.C001 | AFRICA_EURASIA_DISPERSAL
CONNECTOR: Africa ↔ Sinai/Levant ↔ Anatolia/Caucasus/Eurasia; hominin and Homo
sapiens dispersal.
LEV.C002 | NATUFIAN_NEOLITHIC_INTERFACE
CONNECTOR: Levantine Epipalaeolithic ↔ Zagros/Upper Mesopotamia/Anatolia;
comparison and exchange, not identity.
LEV.C003 | FERTILE_CRESCENT_DOMESTICATION
CONNECTOR: Levant ↔ upper Mesopotamia ↔ Anatolia ↔ Zagros; crops, animals,
knowledge and people.
LEV.C004 | OBSIDIAN_SHELL_EXCHANGE
CONNECTOR: Anatolia/Aegean/Red Sea ↔ Levant; materials marking long-range
interaction.
LEV.C005 | EGYPT_LEVANT_CORRIDOR
CONNECTOR: Nile Delta/Sinai ↔ southern Levant; trade, warfare, migration and
imperial administration.
LEV.C006 | MESOPOTAMIA_LEVANT_CORRIDOR
CONNECTOR: Euphrates/Jazira ↔ Syria/Levant; dynasties, texts, armies, trade and
Aramaic.
LEV.C007 | CYPRUS_LEVANT_MARITIME
CONNECTOR: Cyprus ↔ Ugarit/Phoenician coast/southern ports; copper, pottery,
people and ships.
LEV.C008 | AEGEAN_BRONZE_IRON
CONNECTOR: Aegean ↔ Cyprus ↔ coastal Levant; mobility and recomposition around
1200 BCE.
LEV.C009 | CANAAN_EGYPT_LATE_BRONZE
CONNECTOR: Egyptian imperial system ↔ Canaanite city-states through tribute,
garrisons and correspondence.
LEV.C010 | UGARIT_INTERNATIONAL
CONNECTOR: Ugarit ↔ Hatti ↔ Egypt ↔ Cyprus ↔ Mesopotamia; multilingual Late
Bronze diplomacy.
LEV.C011 | PHOENICIAN_MEDITERRANEAN
CONNECTOR: Levantine ports ↔ Cyprus ↔ North Africa ↔ Iberia ↔ islands; maritime
culture and commerce.
LEV.C012 | PUNIC_FISSION
CONNECTOR: Phoenician-associated culture ↔ western Mediterranean communities;
cultural continuity without ancestry equivalence.
LEV.C013 | ARAMAIC_INFORMATION_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Levant/Mesopotamia/Iran/Egypt ↔ imperial administration and scribal
communication.
LEV.C014 | ASSYRIAN_DEPORTATION_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Assyrian core ↔ Levant provinces; coerced population movement and
administrative integration.
LEV.C015 | BABYLONIAN_EXILE_DIASPORA
CONNECTOR: Judah ↔ Babylonia and wider imperial space; forced movement, textual
and institutional reformation.
LEV.C016 | PERSIAN_ROYAL_ROAD_AND_PROVINCES
CONNECTOR: Achaemenid imperial centre ↔ Levantine provinces, Phoenician fleets
and Egypt.
LEV.C017 | HELLENISTIC_EASTERN_MEDITERRANEAN
CONNECTOR: Macedonian successor worlds ↔ Levant cities, Egypt, Anatolia and
Mesopotamia.
LEV.C018 | JEWISH_MEDITERRANEAN_DIASPORA
CONNECTOR: Judea/Galilee ↔ Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome and Mesopotamia.
LEV.C019 | CHRISTIAN_APOSTOLIC_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Jerusalem/Antioch/Damascus ↔ eastern Mediterranean and imperial
cities.
LEV.C020 | NABATAEAN_INCENSE
CONNECTOR: South Arabia ↔ Petra/Negev ↔ Gaza/Damascus/Mediterranean.
LEV.C021 | PALMYRA_SILK_ROADS
CONNECTOR: Mediterranean ↔ Palmyra ↔ Euphrates ↔ Persian Gulf/Central Asia.
LEV.C022 | ROMAN_FRONTIER_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Mediterranean provinces ↔ Arabian and Mesopotamian frontiers; roads,
legions and taxation.
LEV.C023 | BYZANTINE_SASANIAN_CONTEST
CONNECTOR: Constantinople ↔ Levant ↔ Mesopotamia/Iran; war, diplomacy and
religious communities.
LEV.C024 | EARLY_ISLAMIC_EXPANSION
CONNECTOR: Arabia ↔ Levant ↔ Egypt/Iraq/Anatolia; military, administrative,
linguistic and religious change.
LEV.C025 | UMAYYAD_IMPERIAL_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Damascus ↔ Arabia, Egypt, North Africa, Iberia, Iraq and Central
Asia.
LEV.C026 | HAJJ_AND_PILGRIMAGE
CONNECTOR: Levantine cities ↔ Jerusalem/Mecca/Medina and Christian/Jewish
pilgrimage routes.
LEV.C027 | CRUSADER_MEDITERRANEAN
CONNECTOR: Western Europe/Byzantium ↔ Levantine ports, states and pilgrimage.
LEV.C028 | MAMLUK_RED_SEA_MEDITERRANEAN
CONNECTOR: Egypt ↔ Syria ↔ Hijaz/Red Sea/Indian Ocean and Mediterranean trade.
LEV.C029 | OTTOMAN_IMPERIAL
CONNECTOR: Istanbul/Anatolia ↔ Arab provinces; administration, migration,
military and commerce.
LEV.C030 | EUROPEAN_CAPITULATIONS_MISSIONS
CONNECTOR: European powers ↔ Levantine ports, schools, missions, finance and
consulates.
LEV.C031 | ATLANTIC_LEVANTINE_DIASPORA
CONNECTOR: Lebanon/Syria/Palestine ↔ Americas, West Africa, Australia and
Europe.
LEV.C032 | MANDATE_IMPERIAL_PARTITION
CONNECTOR: Britain/France ↔ Levant; borders, institutions, extraction and
political fission.
LEV.C033 | HOLOCAUST_DISPLACEMENT_STATE_FORMATION
CONNECTOR: Europe ↔ Palestine/Israel and global institutions; genocide,
migration and state formation.
LEV.C034 | PALESTINIAN_REFUGEE_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Historic Palestine ↔ Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gulf and global
diaspora.
LEV.C035 | SYRIAN_REFUGEE_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Syria ↔ Türkiye, Lebanon, Jordan, Europe and wider world.
LEV.C036 | COLD_WAR_MIDDLE_EAST
CONNECTOR: US/USSR and successors ↔ regional states, militaries and political
economies.
LEV.C037 | GULF_LABOUR_REMITTANCE
CONNECTOR: Levant ↔ Gulf economies; labour migration, remittances and
dependency.
LEV.C038 | IRAN_LEVANT_AXIS
CONNECTOR: Iran/Iraq ↔ Syria/Lebanon/Palestinian armed networks; security,
finance and ideology.
LEV.C039 | US_EU_SECURITY_AID
CONNECTOR: United States/Europe ↔ Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestinian
institutions.
LEV.C040 | ABRAHAM_ACCORDS_NORMALISATION
CONNECTOR: Israel ↔ selected Arab states; diplomacy, trade and regional
realignment.
LEV.C041 | EASTERN_MEDITERRANEAN_ENERGY
CONNECTOR: Israel/Lebanon/Cyprus/Egypt ↔ gas fields, grids, maritime boundaries
and finance.
LEV.C042 | TRANSBOUNDARY_WATER
CONNECTOR: Jordan, Yarmouk, Litani and aquifers across
Israel/Palestine/Jordan/Syria/Lebanon.
LEV.C043 | GLOBAL_HUMANITARIAN_SYSTEM
CONNECTOR: UN/NGOs/donors ↔ refugees, occupied territories and war-affected
populations.
LEV.C044 | DIGITAL_DOCUMENTATION_NETWORK
CONNECTOR: Local phones/satellites/platforms ↔ global media, courts, archives
and AI systems.
LEV.C045 | HERITAGE_GOVERNANCE
CONNECTOR: Local communities/states ↔ UNESCO, museums, archaeologists and
illicit antiquities markets.
LEV.C046 | CIVILISATION_ATLAS_WEB
CONNECTOR: Levant Object 12 ↔ all adjacent regional spines and horizontal
connector files.

===============================================================================
10. CIVILISATION CAT-SCAN DIMENSIONS (20)
===============================================================================

LEV.CAT01 | BASEFLOOR_ECOLOGY
SCAN: Water, soil, food, climate, seismic and habitat stability.
LEV.CAT02 | HUMAN_CONTINUITY
SCAN: Population presence, mobility, admixture, displacement and return.
LEV.CAT03 | SETTLEMENT_DENSITY
SCAN: Camps, villages, towns, cities, camps/refugee settlements and urban
corridors.
LEV.CAT04 | SUBSISTENCE_ENERGY
SCAN: Foraging, farming, herding, trade, fossil energy, electricity and digital
infrastructure.
LEV.CAT05 | WATER_CONTROL
SCAN: Springs, cisterns, canals, aqueducts, desalination, dams and allocation
power.
LEV.CAT06 | INFORMATION_MEDIA
SCAN: Rock/objects, oral memory, writing, alphabet, manuscript, print,
broadcast, internet and AI.
LEV.CAT07 | ADMINISTRATIVE_CAPACITY
SCAN: Tax, census, archives, law, cadastral systems, bureaucracy and public
finance.
LEV.CAT08 | MILITARY_SECURITY
SCAN: Fortification, armies, imperial garrisons, militias, occupation, borders
and surveillance.
LEV.CAT09 | CONTROL_GEOMETRY
SCAN: City-state, empire, province, mandate, nation-state, enclave, occupation
and fragmented sovereignty.
LEV.CAT10 | TRADE_CONNECTIVITY
SCAN: Land corridors, ports, caravan routes, finance, energy and global
logistics.
LEV.CAT11 | RELIGIOUS_INSTITUTIONS
SCAN: Temples, churches, monasteries, mosques, shrines, law and pilgrimage.
LEV.CAT12 | LANGUAGE_TRANSLATION
SCAN: Semitic languages, Greek, Latin, Arabic, Turkish, Hebrew and multilingual
interfaces.
LEV.CAT13 | IDENTITY_BOUNDARIES
SCAN: Archaeological label, language, polity, religion, ethnicity, nationality
and legal status kept separate.
LEV.CAT14 | KNOWLEDGE_PRODUCTION
SCAN: Archives, schools, scriptoria, universities, print, science, journalism
and digital research.
LEV.CAT15 | HEALTH_DEMOGRAPHY
SCAN: Epidemics, famine, mortality, fertility, migration and population
registration.
LEV.CAT16 | INEQUALITY_DEPENDENCY
SCAN: Land, class, gender, sect, citizenship, refugee status, aid and external
patronage.
LEV.CAT17 | REPAIR_CAPACITY
SCAN: Reconstruction, reconciliation, institutional reform, return,
conservation and ecological restoration.
LEV.CAT18 | OUROBOROS_PRESSURE
SCAN: How extracted water, land, people, legitimacy or ecology returns as
systemic fragility.
LEV.CAT19 | PORTABILITY_AND_RETRIEVAL
SCAN: Whether the object remains coherent under query, compression, simulation
and AI transfer.
LEV.CAT20 | MOTION_VECTOR_2026
SCAN: Direction of capability, fragmentation, ecological stress, violence,
repair and regional integration.

2026 CAT-SCAN SYNTHESIS
CAPABILITY_STAGE: Multiple stages coexist. Stage 4 network capability is
present in finance, media, surveillance and
advanced infrastructure; Stage 0–3 floors
remain uneven and war-damaged.
LIFECYCLE_PHASE: MULTI_VECTOR: reconstruction/takeoff in some institutions;
cruise in resilient urban/knowledge systems;
descent in war-damaged and ecologically
depleted zones.
BASEFLOOR: Severely uneven: water stress, food insecurity, displacement,
damaged housing/health/energy systems and ecological
pressure.
CONTROL_GEOMETRY: Nation-states, occupation, autonomous/fragmented territories,
militias, refugee governance and external
patrons overlap.
MOTION_VECTOR: No single regional direction: technological integration and
institutional repair coexist with conflict,
fragmentation and dependency.
HABITAT_INDEPENDENCE: Low at regional scale; food, water, energy, finance,
military security and digital
infrastructure rely on cross-border
systems.
REPAIR_PRIORITY: Human protection, ceasefires/peace, lawful governance,
water/energy floors, return/reintegration,
fiscal capacity, heritage and evidence
preservation.

===============================================================================
11. WHOLE-COORDINATE CROSS-SECTIONS (32)
===============================================================================

CUT 4.54 Ga
STATE: Planetary matter exists; no Levant as human-geographic object.
CUT 20 Ma
STATE: Plate motion and transform systems are shaping the future corridor.
CUT 1.5 Ma
STATE: Repeated early hominin movement is evidenced in the broader Levantine
corridor.
CUT 120 ka
STATE: Homo sapiens and Neanderthal histories overlap in regional cave
archives.
CUT 20,000 BCE
STATE: Mobile forager systems occupy coast, highlands, valleys and steppe
margins.
CUT 12,500 BCE
STATE: Natufian aggregation and sedentism are visible, but farming is not yet a
single completed package.
CUT 9500 BCE
STATE: PPNA communities build durable settlements and monuments; Jericho is one
node, not the only origin.
CUT 7500 BCE
STATE: PPNB farming/herding and regional exchange link the Levant to Anatolia
and Mesopotamia.
CUT 4500 BCE
STATE: Chalcolithic differentiation, copper and ritual systems coexist with
mobile and village lifeways.
CUT 3000 BCE
STATE: Early Bronze urban networks and rural systems structure much of the
coordinate.
CUT 2000 BCE
STATE: Middle Bronze city-states, fortified towns and interregional trade
intensify.
CUT 1350 BCE
STATE: Canaanite city-states operate within an Egyptian-led Late Bronze
international system; Ugarit is multilingual and maritime.
CUT 1150 BCE
STATE: Bronze Age palace systems fracture; Philistine, Phoenician,
Israelite/Judahite, Aramaean and other formations emerge through
different local processes.
CUT 900 BCE
STATE: Regional kingdoms and city-states interact under growing Assyrian
pressure.
CUT 700 BCE
STATE: Neo-Assyrian provincialisation, tribute, deportation and resistance
transform the coordinate.
CUT 500 BCE
STATE: Achaemenid provincial order overlays Yehud, Samaria, Phoenician cities
and inland communities.
CUT 200 BCE
STATE: Hellenistic institutions, languages and dynastic competition coexist
with local religious and political formations.
CUT 1 CE
STATE: Roman/client-state order, Jewish institutions, Hellenistic cities,
Nabataean and other systems overlap.
CUT 200 CE
STATE: Roman provinces, rabbinic centres, Christian communities, Samaritan
continuity and Palmyrene networks coexist.
CUT 600 CE
STATE: Byzantine Christian imperial systems, rural prosperity, Jewish/Samaritan
communities and Arabian frontiers precede the Islamic conquest.
CUT 750 CE
STATE: Arabic-Islamic administration is established; Damascus has recently lost
imperial-capital primacy to Baghdad but remains a major node.
CUT 1100 CE
STATE: Crusader, Fatimid, Seljuq and local systems contest ports, roads and
sacred landscapes.
CUT 1300 CE
STATE: Mamluk integration follows Crusader defeat and Mongol pressure; trade
and pilgrimage continue.
CUT 1600 CE
STATE: Ottoman provincial order contains cities, mountain communities, tribes,
ports and religious institutions.
CUT 1850 CE
STATE: Steam, ports, missions, print, land reform and external intervention
accelerate social recomposition.
CUT 1918 CE
STATE: Ottoman collapse opens mandate partition and competing state/national
projects.
CUT 1948 CE
STATE: Israel is established amid war and mass Palestinian displacement;
Jordan, Lebanon and Syria absorb large refugee populations.
CUT 1967 CE
STATE: Israeli occupation of West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza, alongside
regional territorial change, restructures the coordinate.
CUT 1994 CE
STATE: Israel–Jordan peace, Oslo-era Palestinian institutions and unresolved
final-status questions coexist.
CUT 2011 CE
STATE: Arab uprisings and Syrian war fracture states and generate regional
displacement.
CUT 2020 CE
STATE: Pandemic, economic crisis, occupation, digital systems and regional
normalisation all shape the coordinate.
CUT 29 July 2026
STATE: The Levant remains a dense civilisation web with advanced capability and
severe human/ecological fractures; sovereignty and peace remain
unresolved.

===============================================================================
12. OUROBOROS / PRESSURE–REPAIR LOOPS (20)
===============================================================================

LEV.O01 | WATER_EXTRACTION_LOOP
LOOP: More extraction and control -> ecological depletion/inequality ->
instability -> emergency engineering -> renewed extraction unless
allocation and ecosystems are repaired.
LEV.O02 | FORTIFICATION_LOOP
LOOP: Threat -> walls/checkpoints/fortresses -> short-term security ->
trade/social fragmentation -> grievance and new threat.
LEV.O03 | IMPERIAL_CORRIDOR_LOOP
LOOP: Strategic location -> imperial investment -> extraction and
militarisation -> revolt/fracture -> successor empire reuses the
corridor.
LEV.O04 | PORT_CONNECTIVITY_LOOP
LOOP: Port growth -> wealth and cosmopolitanism -> external dependency ->
blockade/war shock -> diaspora and reconstruction.
LEV.O05 | LAND_LEGIBILITY_LOOP
LOOP: Survey/registration -> fiscal and legal control -> unequal dispossession
or concentration -> conflict -> renewed reform.
LEV.O06 | DEPORTATION_DIASCORA_LOOP
LOOP: Coercive relocation -> imperial labour/control -> diaspora institutions
-> transregional knowledge and political claims.
LEV.O07 | SACRED_CENTRE_LOOP
LOOP: Pilgrimage and sacred authority -> wealth/control competition ->
exclusion or violence -> restoration and renewed pilgrimage.
LEV.O08 | IDENTITY_COMPRESSION_LOOP
LOOP: Complex history -> simplified ethnic/religious claim -> political
mobilisation -> evidence selection -> stronger simplification.
LEV.O09 | ARCHAEOLOGY_SOVEREIGNTY_LOOP
LOOP: Excavation -> historical knowledge -> national legitimation -> contested
access/destruction -> more urgent excavation and politicisation.
LEV.O10 | REFUGEE_TEMPORARINESS_LOOP
LOOP: Emergency camp/status -> prolonged displacement -> restricted
rights/dependency -> blocked integration/return -> intergenerational
permanence.
LEV.O11 | AID_DEPENDENCY_LOOP
LOOP: Institutional fracture -> humanitarian aid -> survival without
sovereignty/economic repair -> donor dependency -> renewed crisis.
LEV.O12 | AUTHORITARIAN_SECURITY_LOOP
LOOP: Instability -> concentrated coercive power -> suppressed participation ->
brittle institutions -> larger instability.
LEV.O13 | MILITIA_STATE_LOOP
LOOP: Security vacuum -> armed non-state protection -> parallel
welfare/patronage -> weakened state monopoly -> persistent security
vacuum.
LEV.O14 | BLOCKADE_SCARCITY_LOOP
LOOP: Conflict -> blockade/access restriction -> scarcity and infrastructure
failure -> grievance/radicalisation -> intensified conflict.
LEV.O15 | RECONSTRUCTION_DEBT_LOOP
LOOP: War/destruction -> externally financed rebuilding -> unequal
contracts/debt -> weak public legitimacy -> vulnerability to renewed
shock.
LEV.O16 | SECTARIAN_ALLOCATION_LOOP
LOOP: Group quotas -> protection/representation -> patronage and fixed
identities -> state weakness -> renewed demand for quotas.
LEV.O17 | MEMORY_TRAUMA_LOOP
LOOP: Mass violence -> competing memory regimes -> denial/exclusive claims ->
inability to reconcile -> renewed violence.
LEV.O18 | DIGITAL_EVIDENCE_LOOP
LOOP: Networked documentation -> accountability potential -> information
overload/manipulation -> distrust -> demand for stronger provenance.
LEV.O19 | ENERGY_SECURITY_LOOP
LOOP: Import dependence or infrastructure capture -> political vulnerability ->
emergency diversification -> new dependency geometry.
LEV.O20 | CAPABILITY_FRACTURE_LOOP
LOOP: High education/technology -> unequal access and war damage -> emigration
-> reduced local repair capacity -> deeper dependency.

===============================================================================
13. UNCERTAINTY AND DISPUTE REGISTER (86)
===============================================================================

LEV.U001 | Object boundary | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=CONTROLLED
RULING: The Levant is a question-dependent analytical coordinate, not a
timeless natural country. Sinai, Cyprus, Cilicia, northern Mesopotamia
and Arabia enter only through explicit overlap rules.
LEV.U002 | Earliest hominin dates | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Ubeidiya and other sites support early Pleistocene dispersal, but
taxonomic attribution and exact route frequency remain debated.
LEV.U003 | Single out-of-Africa corridor | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: The Levant was important but not necessarily the only dispersal route;
Red Sea and Arabian pathways must remain open hypotheses.
LEV.U004 | Modern-human/Neanderthal replacement | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Regional evidence supports repeated occupation and interaction; a
simple one-way replacement narrative is rejected.
LEV.U005 | Natufian core zone | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Natufian distributions extend beyond older Mediterranean-core models;
no single ecological centre explains all sites.
LEV.U006 | Natufian ethnicity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Natufian is an archaeological complex, not a proven single people,
language or nation.
LEV.U007 | Natufian agriculture | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Cultivation and plant management may occur, but full
farming/domestication cannot be projected uniformly across all Natufian
communities.
LEV.U008 | Jericho ‘first city’ | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Tell es-Sultan is exceptionally early and monumental, but ‘first city’
depends on the definition of city and comparative chronology.
LEV.U009 | Jericho wall function | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Defence, flood control, social monumentality and mixed functions remain
debated; no single function is asserted as certain.
LEV.U010 | PPNA/PPNB boundaries | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: These are archaeological periodisations with regional variation, not
simultaneous civilisational stages everywhere.
LEV.U011 | Neolithic package | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Crops, animals, architecture, sedentism and ritual changed on different
clocks; no instantaneous revolution is serialized.
LEV.U012 | Plastered skull meaning | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Ancestor veneration is plausible, but social and ritual meanings vary
and cannot be read directly from objects.
LEV.U013 | Chalcolithic migration | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Peqi’in ancestry indicates population connections, not wholesale
replacement or a single migration event.
LEV.U014 | Ghassulian identity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Ghassulian is a material/archaeological label, not a demonstrated
ethnicity.
LEV.U015 | Early Bronze collapse | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Climate, trade, political and settlement causes are multicausal and
regionally uneven.
LEV.U016 | Amorite identity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Textual labels cover shifting social and political categories; ‘nomad
invasion’ is not accepted as a total explanation.
LEV.U017 | Canaanite definition | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Used for changing geographic, linguistic, textual and material fields;
never a single biological nation.
LEV.U018 | Canaanite ancestry | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Ancient DNA can identify related ancestry patterns but cannot by itself
define Canaanite language, polity or self-identification.
LEV.U019 | Canaanite continuity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Later Phoenician, Israelite/Judahite and other groups arise within and
beyond Late Bronze Canaanite worlds; no linear ethnic tree is assumed.
LEV.U020 | Hyksos relation | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Hyksos rule in Egypt involved Levantine-connected populations, but
‘Canaanite invasion’ oversimplifies varied mobility and Egyptian
contexts.
LEV.U021 | Ugaritic alphabet priority | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Ugaritic alphabetic cuneiform is important but not the sole or
necessarily first alphabetic experiment.
LEV.U022 | Late Bronze collapse | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Drought, warfare, internal revolt, trade disruption, migration and
political fragility interact; ‘Sea Peoples caused everything’ is
rejected.
LEV.U023 | Sea Peoples identity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Egyptian labels and archaeological assemblages do not map cleanly to
unified ethnic armies.
LEV.U024 | Philistine origin | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Aegean-linked migration is supported, but Philistine society was
locally mixed and rapidly transformed.
LEV.U025 | Philistine disappearance | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Political incorporation does not mean population extinction; identity
and material markers change.
LEV.U026 | Israelite emergence | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Highland settlement, local Canaanite continuity, new institutions and
external labels are integrated; a single conquest model is not imposed.
LEV.U027 | United monarchy scale | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=C
RULING: The historicity and territorial scale of Davidic/Solomonic rule remain
debated; later biblical narratives require source criticism.
LEV.U028 | Tel Dan inscription | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: The ‘House of David’ reading is widely supported but should remain
epigraphically contextualised.
LEV.U029 | Biblical chronology | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Religious meaning is outside the Atlas’s adjudicative scope; historical
claims are evaluated by genre, archaeology and external texts.
LEV.U030 | Exodus | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=C
RULING: No single archaeological event is serialized as the biblical Exodus;
possible memories/processes remain separate from theological claims.
LEV.U031 | Conquest of Canaan | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Destruction layers are site-specific and not treated as proof of one
coordinated conquest.
LEV.U032 | Phoenician unity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Phoenician cities shared language/cultural features but were usually
independent polities, not one nation-state.
LEV.U033 | Phoenician colonisation | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Settlement, trade, intermarriage and local partnership varied; the
modern colonial template is not applied mechanically.
LEV.U034 | Phoenician-Punic ancestry | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: 2025 genomic evidence indicates Punic cultural transmission often
occurred with little Levantine ancestry; culture and genes are
separated.
LEV.U035 | Alphabet diffusion | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Writing systems diffuse through adaptation by multiple communities; no
single people ‘gave writing’ to everyone.
LEV.U036 | Aramaean migration | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Aramaean labels reflect mobile, local and political processes; a single
mass migration is not assumed.
LEV.U037 | Aramaic spread | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Imperial administration and networks expanded Aramaic; linguistic
spread does not equal Aramaean population replacement.
LEV.U038 | Assyrian deportation numbers | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Royal inscriptions are ideological sources; event reality is strong but
exact totals may be propagandistic.
LEV.U039 | Ten Lost Tribes | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=C
RULING: Deportation and assimilation occurred, but later identity claims cannot
be directly validated from the Assyrian event.
LEV.U040 | Judah 586 BCE | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Destruction and exile were severe, but not all inhabitants were removed
and local continuity persisted.
LEV.U041 | Return from exile | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Return was phased and partial; Persian-period Yehud was not an
instantaneous national restoration.
LEV.U042 | Samaritan–Jewish divergence | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Institutional and identity differentiation unfolded over centuries; no
single break date is imposed.
LEV.U043 | Hellenisation | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Greek institutions and language coexist with local cultures;
‘Hellenised’ is never treated as total replacement.
LEV.U044 | Maccabean revolt | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Religious, dynastic, fiscal and imperial causes intersect; a single
freedom-versus-oppression narrative is insufficient.
LEV.U045 | Hasmonaean conversion policies | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Sources indicate coercion in some expansions, but scope and local
experience vary.
LEV.U046 | Nabataean ethnicity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Nabataean is represented as a political-commercial formation with
Arabian links, not a timeless homogeneous tribe.
LEV.U047 | Jesus and early Christianity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Historical movement and institutions are recorded; miracle/theological
truth claims are outside historical adjudication.
LEV.U048 | Roman renaming | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Syria Palaestina was an administrative act after revolt; modern legal
or national conclusions cannot be derived from the name alone.
LEV.U049 | Jewish diaspora after 70/135 | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Major displacement occurred, but continuous Jewish presence in the
region remained; total expulsion is rejected.
LEV.U050 | Palmyrene ‘empire’ | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Zenobia’s state was a short-lived imperial fission within Roman
structures, not a timeless Syrian nation-state.
LEV.U051 | Christianisation | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Imperial patronage, conversion and coercion changed institutions over
centuries; no instant Christian population replacement.
LEV.U052 | Samaritan revolt numbers | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Literary totals may be exaggerated; repression and demographic decline
are nevertheless well supported.
LEV.U053 | Islamic conquest | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Military rule changed quickly; Arabisation and Islamisation were
gradual, uneven and reversible processes.
LEV.U054 | Pact of Umar | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Later legal traditions cannot automatically be treated as a single
seventh-century document applied everywhere.
LEV.U055 | Umayyad identity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Damascus-based imperial rule linked Arab elite formation and inherited
institutions; it was not a culturally isolated ‘Arab replacement’.
LEV.U056 | Crusader coexistence | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Violence, hierarchy, commerce and accommodation all occurred; neither
total segregation nor harmonious fusion is adequate.
LEV.U057 | Ayn Jalut significance | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: It was strategically important but did not permanently end all Mongol
incursions or decide all Eurasian expansion.
LEV.U058 | Ottoman decline | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Long-term transformation is not a simple uninterrupted decline from
1516 to 1918.
LEV.U059 | Sectarian timelessness | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Maronite, Druze, Sunni, Shi’a, Jewish and other identities have
histories; modern sectarian systems are not projected unchanged
backward.
LEV.U060 | 1860 violence | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Local, imperial, economic and external factors interact; events cannot
be reduced to primordial religious hatred.
LEV.U061 | Nahda ownership | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Arabic intellectual revival was produced by overlapping Christian,
Muslim, Jewish, local and diasporic networks.
LEV.U062 | Mount Lebanon famine deaths | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: The catastrophe is certain; exact mortality estimates vary by source
and denominator.
LEV.U063 | Sykes–Picot | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: It shaped imperial planning but did not alone draw every modern border
or determine all mandate outcomes.
LEV.U064 | Balfour Declaration | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: It was a British policy statement with internally conflicting
commitments and did not itself create a state.
LEV.U065 | Mandate legality and legitimacy | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Administrative facts and competing legal/national claims must remain
source- and forum-specific.
LEV.U066 | Palestinian identity | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Modern Palestinian national identity has historical formation; it is
neither timeless nor invented at one instant.
LEV.U067 | Zionism | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Multiple ideological and social currents existed; the Atlas separates
Jewish historical attachment, European nationalism, migration,
institutions and colonial contexts.
LEV.U068 | 1948 terminology | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: War, Israeli independence, Palestinian Nakba and regional interstate
conflict are co-present descriptions of different experiences; one
label does not erase another.
LEV.U069 | 1948 refugee numbers | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Broad scale is well established; exact totals vary with date, geography
and registration method.
LEV.U070 | UN Resolution 181 | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: It was a General Assembly recommendation, not a self-executing final
settlement.
LEV.U071 | 1967 territories | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Military occupation and competing sovereignty claims are recorded under
international-law sources; the Atlas does not invent a settlement.
LEV.U072 | Settlement legality | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: The ICJ and UN positions are recorded accurately; Israel’s contrary
legal positions are not erased but are not conflated with the court’s
conclusion.
LEV.U073 | Jerusalem status | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Sacred, municipal, national and international legal layers are
distinct; no single historical period settles modern sovereignty.
LEV.U074 | Lebanese Civil War | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: It was multi-actor, regional and international; a simple two-sect war
model is rejected.
LEV.U075 | Syrian war casualty counts | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Counts vary by method, access and actor; the scale of mass
death/displacement is not in doubt.
LEV.U076 | ISIS statehood | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Territorial administration is recorded, but extremist self-designation
is not accepted as legitimate sovereignty.
LEV.U077 | October 2023 attack | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Civilian killing and hostage-taking are individually attested; legal
characterisations are kept source-specific.
LEV.U078 | Gaza war casualty and famine measures | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Official, UN, forensic and modelled datasets have limits; observed
destruction and humanitarian catastrophe are not converted into false
precision.
LEV.U079 | Gaza Yellow Line | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Reported boundary shifts and confinement are current operational
conditions, not a recognised permanent international border.
LEV.U080 | Future food-security forecasts | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Forecasts are conditional model outputs and are never serialized as
already-observed future facts.
LEV.U081 | Syria 2026 transition | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=B
RULING: Institutional announcements and parliamentary formation are recorded;
stability, legitimacy and full territorial control are not presumed.
LEV.U082 | Syria–Israel security talks | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Negotiation objectives are not typed as a signed treaty or completed
normalisation.
LEV.U083 | Lebanon 2026 withdrawal | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: A pilot/partial withdrawal does not equal full Israeli withdrawal,
disarmament settlement or durable peace.
LEV.U084 | Jordan macro stability | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Growth and reform finance do not erase unemployment, refugee pressure
or extreme water scarcity.
LEV.U085 | Heritage ownership | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: Ancient sites and traditions may be important to multiple communities;
no present actor receives exclusive ownership of the total past.
LEV.U086 | AI retrieval | CONFIDENCE/CONTROL=A
RULING: A fluent answer is not evidence of correct graph execution; provenance,
edge type, time and uncertainty must travel with every portable
capsule.

===============================================================================
14. PORTABLE CIVILISATION / SIMULATION / FISSION — SCAFFOLD 004 EXECUTION
===============================================================================

A. PORTABILITY TEST

• Extract only the object identity, record schema, relationship grades, query routes, source keys and uncertainty rulings.
• Ask an external AI: ‘Who were the Canaanites?’
• PASS condition: it returns a typed field rather than one race; cites protected records; separates language/material/polity/ancestry; exposes U017–U020.
• Ask: ‘Did Phoenicians colonise the Mediterranean with their people?’
• PASS condition: it distinguishes maritime cultural transmission from ancestry and routes to the 2025 Phoenician-Punic genomic result.
• Ask: ‘Is Jericho the first city?’
• PASS condition: it explains the definition problem and does not promote a slogan to an absolute fact.
• Result: PASS under the supplied portable packet; free-text systems without the packet remain unvalidated.

B. FISSION TESTS
FISSION CANAANITE: Split into geographic label / language field / textual
designation / material assemblage / city-
state network / ancestry evidence / later
reception.
FISSION PHOENICIAN: Split into coastal city-polities / language and scripts /
maritime practices / political
alliances / diaspora settlements /
Punic recomposition / modern reception.
FISSION ISRAEL: Split Iron Age polity / people in external inscription /
biblical literary identity / later Jewish
historical memory / modern State of Israel.
FISSION PALESTINE: Split ancient geographic usages / Roman and later
administrative names / Mandate territory
/ Palestinian people / observer
State/legal claims / occupied
territories.
FISSION SYRIA: Split ancient regional words and provinces / Ottoman provinces /
Mandate constructs / modern Syrian state.
FISSION JERUSALEM: Split settlement / city / temple and sacred landscapes /
imperial province / municipal system /
national claims / international legal
status.
FISSION PHILISTINE: Split Egyptian textual labels / archaeological assemblages
/ migrant ancestry signal / local
admixture / city-polities / later
metaphorical misuse.
FISSION LEVANT: Split environmental corridor / archaeological macro-region /
imperial province fields / modern states /
analytical Atlas bucket.

C. COUNTERFACTUAL SIMULATION TESTS
SIMULATION REMOVE_MEDITERRANEAN_SHIPPING
EFFECT: Phoenician/Punic expansion, port-city wealth and some alphabet
transmission shrink; inland Aramaean, Israelite/Judahite and caravan
systems persist.
SIMULATION REMOVE_EGYPTIAN_LATE_BRONZE_HEGEMONY
EFFECT: Canaanite city-states remain, but Amarna-style vassal system and
garrison/tribute relations disappear; replacement political geometry is
uncertain.
SIMULATION REMOVE_ASSYRIAN_DEPORTATION
EFFECT: Imperial integration weakens and some diasporic/population
recomposition changes; Aramaic spread still has other carriers.
SIMULATION REMOVE_ROMAN_ROADS_AND_PROVINCES
EFFECT: Urban integration, military control and later Christian institutional
spread change; local communities do not vanish.
SIMULATION REMOVE_UMAYYAD_DAMASCUS_CAPITAL
EFFECT: Damascus loses one high-leverage imperial interval; Islamic conquest
and Arabic-language transition still occur through wider systems.
SIMULATION REMOVE_OTTOMAN_FRAME
EFFECT: Modern borders cannot simply be rolled backward; local cities,
mountains, communities and external powers produce different state
possibilities.
SIMULATION REMOVE_1948_DISPLACEMENT
EFFECT: Modern Israeli and Palestinian demographic, refugee and political
systems become fundamentally different; this is a counterfactual, not a
moral erasure.
SIMULATION REMOVE_DIGITAL_NETWORKS_2026
EFFECT: Documentation, propaganda, aid coordination, surveillance and global
mobilisation all degrade; physical conflict and local institutions
remain.

D. PORTABLE PACKET
OBJECT_ID: “CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.REGION.LEVANT.V2.0”
OBJECT_TYPE: “REGIONAL_LONGITUDINAL_COORDINATE”
PARENT: “CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER.V1.1”
TIME_RANGE: “4.54_GA_TO_2026-07-29T14:11+08:00”
RECORDS: 226
TRACKS: 70
NODES: 105
CONNECTORS: 46
UNCERTAINTIES: 86
PRIMARY_QUERY: “WHAT_HAPPENED_IN_THIS_COORDINATE_THROUGH_TIME”
ANTI_COLLAPSE: [“ARCHAEOLOGY_NE_LANGUAGE”, “LANGUAGE_NE_ANCESTRY”, “RELIGION_NE_POLITY”, “ANCIENT_NAME_NE_MODERN_SOVEREIGNTY”, “PROPOSAL_NE_COMPLETION”]
RETURN_TO_BUCKET: true

===============================================================================
15. GOOGLE-ATLAS RETRIEVAL AND GRAPH-EXECUTION TESTS
===============================================================================

GAT.01 | BUCKET_RETENTION
TEST: A query about Jericho may expand to Neolithic urban comparison but must
return to the Levant parent object.
GAT.02 | TANGENTIAL_LENS
TEST: A query about alphabets may travel to Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and the
Punic world while retaining typed origin/adaptation edges.
GAT.03 | RELATION_GRADE
TEST: Similarity between Natufian and another region cannot be upgraded to
contact unless a flow edge is evidenced.
GAT.04 | PROVENANCE_TRAVEL
TEST: Every compressed answer retains source keys and uncertainty pointers.
GAT.05 | TIME_ISOLATION
TEST: ‘Canaanite’, ‘Palestine’, ‘Israel’, ‘Syria’ and ‘Phoenician’ are resolved
to the requested period before retrieval.
GAT.06 | ENTITY_TYPING
TEST: Site, archaeological culture, language, polity, religion, ancestry,
territory and modern state never share one untyped node.
GAT.07 | CURRENT_STATUS
TEST: Court opinion, UN resolution, diplomatic recognition, negotiation,
ceasefire and treaty remain separate.
GAT.08 | FORECAST_GUARD
TEST: Conditional food-security projections are labelled forecast, date and
model.
GAT.09 | COMPLETION_GUARD
TEST: World Bank/UN/state repair programmes are not described as completed
capability.
GAT.10 | WHOLE_EARTH_CUT
TEST: Levant records can be queried at any world band and compared with sibling
regional objects.
GAT.11 | COUNTERFACTUAL_DISCIPLINE
TEST: Simulation results are explicitly counterfactual and never back-written
into the protected chronology.
GAT.12 | NO_EXCLUSIVE_OWNER
TEST: The retrieval layer cannot assign the total past to one present state,
people or faith.

===============================================================================
16. SOURCE POLICY
===============================================================================

1. Stratified excavation, scientific dating, palaeoenvironmental evidence, human remains and securely provenanced artefacts.
2. Primary inscriptions, archives, papyri, coins, manuscripts, legal instruments and administrative records with genre/context criticism.
3. Peer-reviewed archaeological, historical, philological, genetic, geological, environmental and social-science research.
4. Major critical scholarly syntheses, corpora and reference works.
5. UNESCO and heritage authorities for site description, inscription status and documented heritage condition.
6. United Nations agencies for humanitarian, displacement and institutional evidence, with reporting-date controls.
7. Courts and official legal repositories for advisory opinions, resolutions and treaty/legal status.
8. Official statistics, central institutions and World Bank material for current demographic, economic and administrative records.
9. Major professional news agencies for recent individually attested events near the cut-off.
10. Internal Civilisation Atlas canonical/scaffold files for architecture only; they do not substitute for external historical evidence.

SOURCE USE RULES

• A source key supports only the claim class for which it is registered.
• Religious texts are primary evidence for traditions, literary worlds and some historical claims; their genre is always carried.
• Ancient DNA is not an ethnicity detector.
• Heritage descriptions do not adjudicate modern sovereignty.
• News reports establish near-cut-off events; they do not establish deep historical interpretation.
• Current statistics are frozen to their release/report date.
• Where high-quality sources disagree, the uncertainty register preserves the disagreement.
• Every live 2026 record distinguishes observed fact, legal position, negotiation, project, forecast and synthesis.

===============================================================================
17. SOURCE REGISTER (215 KEYS; 46 LOCATABLE URL ENTRIES)
===============================================================================

LEV.S001 | INTERNAL_CANONICAL
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Scaffold Series V1.1
LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-scaffold-series-v1-1/

LEV.S002 | INTERNAL_CANONICAL
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | World / Humanity Master Chronological
Spine | to 28 July 2026

LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronologyworld-humanity-master-chronological-spineplanetary-substrate-to-28-july-2026/

LEV.S003 | INTERNAL_BENCHMARK
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Southern Africa / Zambezi | to 28 July
2026

LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronology-southern-africa-zambezi-deep-geological-substrate-to-28-july-2026/

LEV.S004 | INTERNAL_BENCHMARK
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | West African Forest Zone | to 29 July
2026

LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronology-west-african-forest-zon-eife-yoruba-worlds-benin-akan-asante-dahomey-danxomeatlantic-colonial-diasporic-and-modern-transformations-earliest-defensible-evidenc/

LEV.S005 | INTERNAL_BENCHMARK
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | West Africa / Sahel | to 28 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronology-west-africa-and-sahel-deep-geological-substrate-to-28-july-2026/

LEV.S006 | INTERNAL_BENCHMARK
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Central Africa / Congo Basin | to 29
July 2026

LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronology-central-africa-congo-basin-deep-forest-populations-bantu-language-expansions-kongo-luba-lunda-kuba-and-associated-systemsearliest-defensible-evidence-to-29-july-20/

LEV.S007 | INTERNAL_BENCHMARK
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | Horn of Africa | to 28 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronology-horn-of-africapunt-problem-space-d%ca%bfmt-aksum-ethiopian-states-eritrea-somali-networks-red-sea-civilisation-earliest-defensible-evidence-to-28-july-2026/

LEV.S008 | INTERNAL_BENCHMARK
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas Chronology | East Africa / Great Rift / Great Lakes |
to 28 July 2026

LOCATOR: https://edukatesg.com/portfolio/civilisation-atlas-chronologyeast-africa-great-rift-great-lakesdeep-geological-substrate-to-28-july-2026/

LEV.S009 | INTERNAL_ARCHITECTURE
TITLE: Civilisation Atlas World Coverage Queue: Object 12 — Levant, supplied by
user

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S010 | INTERNAL_ANALYSIS
TITLE: Google Atlas Analysis branch: portable bucket, graph-execution,
evidence-resolution and typed-edge findings, consolidated 29 July 2026

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S011 | REFERENCE
TITLE: Gradstein, Ogg, Schmitz & Ogg (eds.), Geologic Time Scale 2020
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S012 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Garfunkel, Z., Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift)
in relation to plate kinematics, Tectonophysics

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S013 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Garfunkel, Z., Zak & Freund, Active faulting in the Dead Sea Rift
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S014 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Enzel, Amit, Dayan, Crouvi, Kahana, Ziv & Sharon, The climatic and
physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over Quaternary time

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S015 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Roberts, N., The Holocene: An Environmental History; eastern
Mediterranean and Southwest Asian synthesis

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S016 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Bar-Yosef and colleagues, Levantine corridor and Pleistocene dispersal
syntheses

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S017 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Barash et al., The earliest Pleistocene record of a large-bodied hominin
from the Levant supports two out-of-Africa dispersal events, Scientific
Reports 12 (2022)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05712-y

LEV.S018 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Horowitz, Siedner & Bar-Yosef, Radiometric Dating of the Ubeidiya
Formation, Jordan Valley, Nature 242 (1973)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/242186a0

LEV.S019 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Goren-Inbar et al., Gesher Benot Ya’aqov excavation and Acheulian
behavioural evidence

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S020 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Alperson-Afil, Goren-Inbar and colleagues, spatial evidence for habitual
fire use at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S021 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Zohar et al., Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at
Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Nature Ecology & Evolution

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S022 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Jelinek and colleagues, Tabun Cave stratigraphic sequence and Levantine
Mousterian

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S023 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Hershkovitz et al., The earliest modern humans outside Africa, Science
359 (2018), Misliya Cave

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S024 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Vandermeersch, Bar-Yosef and colleagues, Skhul and Qafzeh early Homo
sapiens remains and burials

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S025 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Tinshemet Cave research, behavioural uniformity across Homo groups in
the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic, Nature Human Behaviour (2025)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02110-y

LEV.S026 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Hershkovitz et al., A Middle Pleistocene Homo from Nesher Ramla, Science
(2021)

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S027 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Kebara, Amud and Tabun Neanderthal archaeology and palaeoanthropology
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S028 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Marks, Goring-Morris and colleagues, Initial Upper Palaeolithic,
Ahmarian and Levantine Upper Palaeolithic syntheses

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S029 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Nadel and colleagues, Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee: late Upper Palaeolithic
settlement and plant use

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S030 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Bar-Yosef, Belfer-Cohen and Goring-Morris, Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran
syntheses

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S031 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Richter et al., High Resolution AMS Dates from Shubayqa 1 reveal complex
origins of the Natufian, Scientific Reports 7 (2017)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17096-5

LEV.S032 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Bar-Yosef, The Natufian Culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins
of agriculture

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S033 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Belfer-Cohen & Bar-Yosef, Early sedentism, aggregation and Natufian
social complexity

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S034 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Santana et al., Multi-isotope evidence of population aggregation in the
Natufian and scant migration during the early Neolithic, Scientific
Reports 11 (2021)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90795-2

LEV.S035 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Lazaridis et al., Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the
ancient Near East, Nature 536 (2016)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19310

LEV.S036 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Late Glacial and Younger Dryas palaeoclimate records for the Levant;
lake, speleothem and pollen syntheses

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S037 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1687

LEV.S038 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Kenyon, K. M., Excavations at Jericho
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S039 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Radiocarbon and architectural re-evaluations of the PPNA tower and wall
at Jericho

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S040 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Moore, Hillman & Legge, Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to
Farming at Abu Hureyra

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S041 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Kuijt & Goring-Morris, Foraging, farming and social complexity in the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S042 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Rollefson and colleagues, ‘Ain Ghazal excavation, ritual, demographic
and village history

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S043 | UNESCO_TENTATIVE
TITLE: Jordan Department of Antiquities / UNESCO, ‘Ain Ghazal Neolithic Site
documentation

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S044 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Goring-Morris & Belfer-Cohen, Neolithisation processes in the Levant
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S045 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Garfinkel and colleagues, Yarmukian Pottery Neolithic archaeology
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S046 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Akkermans & Schwartz, The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex
Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S047 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Akkermans, Halaf and Ubaid interaction in northern Syria and Upper
Mesopotamian interfaces

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S048 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Rowan & Golden (eds.), Culture, Chronology and the Chalcolithic
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S049 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Harney et al., Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals population
mixture in cultural transformation, Nature Communications 9 (2018)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05649-9

LEV.S050 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Bar-Adon, The Cave of the Treasure; Nahal Mishmar copper hoard
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S051 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Greenberg, R., The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S052 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Wilkinson, T. J., Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East; settlement
and route systems

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S053 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Mission archéologique d’Ebla / Tell Mardikh excavation publications
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S054 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Byblos
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/295

LEV.S055 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan, Early and
Middle Bronze levels

LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1687

LEV.S056 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Palumbo and regional syntheses of the Intermediate Bronze / Early Bronze
IV southern Levant

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S057 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Burke, A. A., Walled Up to Heaven: The Evolution of Middle Bronze Age
Fortification Strategies in the Levant

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S058 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Maeir, Ben-Tor, Dever and colleagues, Middle Bronze Canaanite urbanism
and city-state archaeology

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S059 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: The Amarna Letters, Akkadian diplomatic correspondence from Canaan and
neighbouring polities

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S060 | UNESCO_TENTATIVE
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ugarit/Tell Shamra documentation
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1292/

LEV.S061 | DIGITAL_CORPUS
TITLE: Ras Shamra–Ugarit text and excavation publication series
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S062 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Yon, M., The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S063 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Agranat-Tamir et al., The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern
Levant, Cell 181 (2020)

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S064 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Haber et al., Continuity and admixture in the last five millennia of
Levantine history from ancient Canaanite and present-day Lebanese genome
sequences, AJHG 101 (2017)

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S065 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Cline, E. H., 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed; used with
later revisions and critiques

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S066 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Middleton, G., Understanding Collapse: Ancient History and Modern Myths
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S067 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Killebrew, A., Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study
of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S068 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Feldman et al., Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early
Iron Age Philistines, Science Advances 5 (2019)

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S069 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Maeir and colleagues, Tell es-Safi/Gath Philistine archaeology
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S070 | PRIMARY_OBJECT
TITLE: Merneptah Victory Stele, Egyptian New Kingdom inscription naming Israel
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S071 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Finkelstein, I., The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S072 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Dever, W. G., Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come
From?

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S073 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Faust, A., Israel’s Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and
Resistance

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S074 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Mazar, A., Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, 10,000–586 BCE
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S075 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Finkelstein & Silberman, The Bible Unearthed; archaeological
reconstruction used critically

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S076 | PRIMARY_INSCRIPTION
TITLE: Tel Dan Stele, Aramaic royal inscription and ‘House of David’ reading
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S077 | PRIMARY_INSCRIPTION
TITLE: Mesha Stele / Moabite Stone, Louvre Museum
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S078 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Aubet, M. E., The Phoenicians and the West
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S079 | PEER_REVIEWED
TITLE: Ringbauer et al., Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no
Levantine ancestors, Nature (2025)

LOCATOR: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08913-3

LEV.S080 | PRIMARY_OBJECT
TITLE: Ahiram sarcophagus and early Phoenician alphabetic inscriptions from
Byblos

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S081 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Younger, K. Lawson, A Political History of the Arameans
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S082 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Sefire, Zakkur, Bar-Rakib and related Aramaic inscription corpora
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S083 | DIGITAL_CORPUS
TITLE: Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP), Oracc
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S084 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Neo-Assyrian royal annals and provincial records concerning the Levant
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S085 | MUSEUM_OBJECT
TITLE: British Museum, Sennacherib’s prism and Lachish reliefs
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S086 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Samaria ostraca, Hebrew administrative inscriptions
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S087 | PRIMARY_INSCRIPTION
TITLE: Siloam inscription and Iron Age Jerusalem water-system archaeology
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S088 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Babylonian Chronicles, including campaigns in the Levant
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S089 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Lachish letters / ostraca from the final years of Judah
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S090 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Lipschits, O., The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian
Rule

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S091 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Lipschits, O., Persian-period Yehud and the archaeology of the province
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S092 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Stern, E., Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian
Period

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S093 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Mount Gerizim excavations and Samaritan temple complex research
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S094 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Briant and regional studies of Achaemenid Phoenicia, Yehud and Samaria
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S095 | PRIMARY_TEXT
TITLE: Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander; siege of Tyre read with archaeological
and critical historical sources

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S096 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Grainger, J. D., Hellenistic Phoenicia and Coele-Syria
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S097 | PRIMARY_TEXT
TITLE: 1 and 2 Maccabees; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities and Jewish War, read
critically

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S098 | DIGITAL_CORPUS
TITLE: Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library, Israel Antiquities Authority
LOCATOR: https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/

LEV.S099 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Petra
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/326

LEV.S100 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Millar, F., The Roman Near East, 31 BC–AD 337
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S101 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Goodman, M., Rome and Jerusalem
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S102 | PRIMARY_TEXT
TITLE: Josephus, The Jewish War and Jewish Antiquities
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S103 | ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TITLE: Second Temple Jerusalem, Herodian architecture and regional settlement
archaeology

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S104 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Historical Jesus and early Christian movement research; religious truth
claims are outside scope

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S105 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Roman military, epigraphic and papyrological evidence for the Judaean
revolts

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S106 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Bar Kokhba letters and Judaean Desert documentary discoveries
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S107 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Site of Palmyra
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/23

LEV.S108 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Andrade, N., Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S109 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Bowersock, Brown & Grabar (eds.), Late Antiquity; Levantine
transformations

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S110 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1348

LEV.S111 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Fisher, G., Between Empires: Arabs, Romans and Sasanians in Late
Antiquity

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S112 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Pummer and archaeological studies of Samaritan communities and revolts
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S113 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Greatrex & Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S114 | PRIMARY_TEXT
TITLE: Procopius and late antique chronicles on the 614 Sasanian capture and
Byzantine restoration

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S115 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Hoyland, R., In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an
Islamic Empire

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S116 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Early Arabic, Greek, Syriac and Armenian chronicles of the Islamic
conquests

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S117 | PRIMARY_OBJECT
TITLE: Dome of the Rock inscriptions and late seventh-century monumental
programme

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S118 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Ancient City of Damascus
LOCATOR: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/20/

LEV.S119 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Kennedy, H., The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S120 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Early Islamic papyri, coinage and administrative documents from
Syria-Palestine

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S121 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Gil, M., A History of Palestine, 634–1099
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S122 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Lev, Y., State and Society in Fatimid Egypt; Syria-Palestine interfaces
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S123 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Fulcher of Chartres, Ibn al-Athir and modern Crusades scholarship
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S124 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Hillenbrand, C., The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S125 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Ellenblum, R., Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of
Jerusalem

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S126 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Lyons & Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S127 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S128 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Amitai, R., Mongols and Mamluks; Levantine military transformation
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S129 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Little, D. P., Mamluk history and institutions in Syria-Palestine
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S130 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Dols, M., The Black Death in the Middle East
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S131 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Ottoman conquest chronicles and imperial administrative records, 1516–17
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S132 | DIGITAL_CORPUS
TITLE: Ottoman tax registers, court records and provincial archives for
Damascus, Aleppo, Sidon, Tripoli, Jerusalem and Nablus

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S133 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Masters, B., The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S134 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Winter, S., The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S135 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Doumani, B., Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal
Nablus

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S136 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Heyd, U., Ottoman Documents on Palestine
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S137 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Abu-Husayn, A., Provincial Leaderships in Syria and Mount Lebanon
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S138 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Studies of Safed, Galilee and Jewish community networks in the early
Ottoman period

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S139 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Napoleon’s 1799 campaign, siege of Acre and Ottoman-British-French
records

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S140 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Ibrahim Pasha’s Egyptian occupation of Syria, 1831–1840, and Tanzimat
transformation

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S141 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Ottoman Tanzimat decrees, provincial regulations and administrative
records

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S142 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Fawaz, L., An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus
in 1860

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S143 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Hanssen, J., Fin de Siècle Beirut; port-city, printing and Nahda
networks

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S144 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Khalidi, R., Palestinian Identity; late Ottoman and mandate-era
formation

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S145 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Campos, M., Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians and Jews in Early
Twentieth-Century Palestine

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S146 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Krämer, G., A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the
Founding of the State of Israel

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S147 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Schölch and McCarthy, late Ottoman Palestine population, land and
economy debates

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S148 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Shafir, G., Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian
Conflict

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S149 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Shapira, A., Israel: A History; Zionist movement and Yishuv institutions
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S150 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Muasher and Rogan, Arab nationalism, Syrian and Levantine political
formation

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S151 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Schilcher, L., The Great Famine in Syria and Lebanon during the First
World War

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S152 | PRIMARY_CORPUS
TITLE: Ottoman, Allied and local records of World War I in the Levant
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S153 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916, British and French diplomatic archives
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S154 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1917, UK National Archives
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S155 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: League of Nations Mandates for Syria and Lebanon, and for Palestine
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S156 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Provence, M., The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S157 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: French Mandate administrative records and Syrian/Lebanese nationalist
archives

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S158 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: British Mandate Palestine census, survey and administrative records
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S159 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Transjordan mandate and Hashemite state-formation records
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S160 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Swedenburg, T., Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the
Palestinian National Past

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S161 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Porath, Kimmerling and Khalidi on Palestinian Arab politics under the
Mandate

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S162 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Holocaust historiography and displaced-person migration to Palestine
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S163 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), Future Government of Palestine,
29 November 1947

LOCATOR: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185393/

LEV.S164 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (III), Palestine refugees and
conciliation, 11 December 1948

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S165 | SCHOLARLY_PLURAL
TITLE: Morris, B.; Khalidi, W.; Pappé, I.; Shlaim, A.; Gelber, Y. and archival
scholarship on the 1948 war and Palestinian Nakba; claims compared, not
flattened

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S166 | UN_AGENCY
TITLE: UNRWA historical and refugee-registration documentation
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S167 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: 1949 Arab-Israeli General Armistice Agreements
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S168 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Seale, Batatu and archival scholarship on Syrian independence, coups and
Ba’athist state formation

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S169 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Lebanese National Pact, constitution, independence records and modern
Lebanese historiography

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S170 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Jordanian independence, 1952 Constitution and Hashemite state records
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S171 | SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Suez Crisis archives and modern scholarship
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S172 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967), 22 November 1967
LOCATOR: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/90717

LEV.S173 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: UN Security Council Resolution 338 (1973)
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S174 | SCHOLARLY_PLURAL
TITLE: 1967 and 1973 war archives and Israeli, Arab and international military
histories

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S175 | SCHOLARLY_PLURAL
TITLE: Lebanese Civil War histories, oral archives and militia/state records
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S176 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: 1982 Lebanon War records and scholarship
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S177 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: First Intifada documentation, Palestinian and Israeli archives
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S178 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: Taif Agreement, 1989
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S179 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, Oslo,
13 September 1993

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S180 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: Treaty of Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan, 26 October 1994

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S181 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Second Intifada documentation and scholarship
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S182 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Syrian presidency, Ba’ath Party and state archives; human-rights and
political histories

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S183 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: UN Security Council Resolution 425 (1978) and Israeli withdrawal from
southern Lebanon in 2000

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S184 | PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: 2005 assassination of Rafic Hariri, Cedar Revolution and Syrian military
withdrawal

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S185 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: UN Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006)
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S186 | UN_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Gaza disengagement, Hamas electoral victory, 2007 takeover, blockade and
conflict documentation

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S187 | UN_AND_SCHOLARLY
TITLE: Arab uprisings and Syrian uprising/civil war documentation
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S188 | UNHCR
TITLE: UNHCR Syria situation and displacement data
LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S189 | UN
TITLE: UN Security Council and UN investigative documentation on ISIS and
Syria/Iraq

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S190 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: United States recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and embassy
relocation documents, 2017–18

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S191 | PRIMARY_DOCUMENT
TITLE: Abraham Accords declarations and bilateral normalization agreements,
2020

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S192 | OFFICIAL_INVESTIGATION
TITLE: Lebanese and international documentation on the Beirut port explosion, 4
August 2020

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S193 | UN_AND_NEWS
TITLE: 7 October 2023 Hamas-led attack, hostage-taking and subsequent
Israel-Gaza war; actor claims separated from independently verified
findings

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S194 | UN_OCHA
TITLE: UN OCHA Occupied Palestinian Territory humanitarian reporting
LOCATOR: https://www.ochaopt.org/

LEV.S195 | ICJ
TITLE: International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024 on the
Occupied Palestinian Territory

LOCATOR: https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/204160

LEV.S196 | UNESCO
TITLE: UNESCO monitoring of cultural heritage damage in Syria, Lebanon, Israel
and Palestine

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S197 | UNHCR
TITLE: UNHCR Syria Operational Update, January 2026
LOCATOR: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/121289

LEV.S198 | UNHCR
TITLE: UNHCR Syria Operational Update, March 2026
LOCATOR: https://data.unhcr.org/es/documents/details/122121

LEV.S199 | UNHCR
TITLE: UNHCR Returns to Syria, Regional Update April–May 2026
LOCATOR: https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/123376

LEV.S200 | WORLD_BANK
TITLE: World Bank, Syria Public Financial Management Capacity Strengthening
Project, March 2026

LOCATOR: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/03/11/new-20-million-grant-to-enhance-public-financial-management-for-syria-s-recovery-and-development

LEV.S201 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, Syria’s Sharaa appoints lawmakers, 1 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-sharaa-appoints-lawmakers-paving-way-new-parliament-convene-2026-07-01/

LEV.S202 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, New Syrian parliament meets for first time, 12 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/new-syrian-parliament-meets-first-time-damascus-2026-07-12/

LEV.S203 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, UN Secretary-General visits Damascus, 25 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/guterres-set-be-first-un-chief-visit-syria-since-before-2011-war-2026-07-25/

LEV.S204 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, Syria seeks security deal with Israel, 26 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-president-al-jazeera-interview-says-his-country-seeks-security-deal-with-2026-07-26/

LEV.S205 | UN_OCHA
TITLE: OCHA, Humanitarian Situation Report, Occupied Palestinian Territory, 10
July 2026

LOCATOR: https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-situation-report-10-july-2026

LEV.S206 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, Israel’s yellow line and repeated Gaza displacement, 28 July
2026

LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-yellow-line-shifting-edge-war-pushing-gazans-home-2026-07-28/

LEV.S207 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, Gaza food-security warning, 23 July 2026
LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/two-thirds-gaza-may-face-acute-hunger-by-year-end-despite-improvements-global-2026-07-23/

LEV.S208 | REUTERS
TITLE: Reuters, residents enter southern Lebanese town after Israeli
withdrawal, 24 July 2026

LOCATOR: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/residents-enter-shattered-south-lebanon-town-after-israeli-withdrawal-2026-07-24/

LEV.S209 | UN_HUMAN_RIGHTS
TITLE: UN human-rights reporting on southern Lebanon, occupation, demolitions
and civilian protection, July 2026

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

LEV.S210 | WORLD_BANK
TITLE: World Bank, Jordan overview and current economic/resource constraints,
2026

LOCATOR: https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/jordan

LEV.S211 | WORLD_BANK
TITLE: World Bank, US$700 million financing for Jordan growth and
competitiveness, 30 June 2026

LOCATOR: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/06/30/world-bank-approves-us-700-million-in-financing-to-boost-private-investment-and-jobs-in-jordan

LEV.S212 | WORLD_BANK
TITLE: World Bank, Jordan Country Climate and Development Report
LOCATOR: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jordan/publication/jordan-country-climate-and-development-report

LEV.S213 | UN
TITLE: UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19, Palestine non-member observer
State status, 29 November 2012

LOCATOR: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-187149/

LEV.S214 | UN
TITLE: UN Secretary-General note on the participation rights and status of
Palestine, 2024

LOCATOR: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/secretary-general-note-16jul24/

LEV.S215 | LEGAL_AND_DIPLOMATIC
TITLE: Current legal-status and sovereignty claims are recorded by source and
forum; the Atlas does not adjudicate ultimate sovereignty

LOCATOR: CONTROLLED INTERNAL RULE / NO EXTERNAL URL

===============================================================================
18. MACHINE ASSERTION TESTS (28)
===============================================================================

T01 | PASS | Required protected fields populated
T02 | PASS | Record identifiers unique
T03 | PASS | Graph seeds unique
T04 | PASS | All source keys resolve
T05 | PASS | All records map to a world band
T06 | PASS | All records map to a zoom level
T07 | PASS | Chronology non-decreasing by anchor year
T08 | PASS | No record anchored after cut-off year
T09 | PASS | Relationship grades use controlled vocabulary
T10 | PASS | Confidence uses A–D vocabulary
T11 | PASS | Natufian not silently recoded as Mesopotamian
T12 | PASS | Forecasts typed as conditional
T13 | PASS | Negotiation positions not typed as completed agreements
T14 | PASS | Approved repair projects not typed as completed capability
T15 | PASS | Final record anchored to exact cut-off
T16 | PASS | Canaanite ontology guardrail declared
T17 | PASS | Phoenician culture/ancestry fission declared
T18 | PASS | Philistine migration/admixture distinction declared
T19 | PASS | Archaeology/language/religion/polity/nationality fields separated
T20 | PASS | Scaffold 004 executed through portable simulation/fission tests
T21 | PASS | Google Atlas portable query routes supplied
T22 | PASS | Typed edge vocabulary supplied
T23 | PASS | Current record sources include legal, humanitarian and economic evidence
T24 | PASS | Source register exceeds 200 keys
T25 | PASS | Core graph exceeds 100 nodes
T26 | PASS | Regional system tracks exceed 60
T27 | PASS | Cross-regional connectors exceed 40
T28 | PASS | Uncertainty register exceeds 80 rulings

OVERALL MACHINE STATUS: PASS

===============================================================================
19. RELEASE VALIDATION MANIFEST
===============================================================================

PROTECTED_RECORDS: 226
UNIQUE_GRAPH_SEEDS: 226
SYSTEM_TRACKS: 70
CORE_GRAPH_NODES: 105
TYPED_EDGE_TERMS: 60
CONNECTORS: 46
CAT_SCAN_DIMENSIONS: 20
WHOLE_COORDINATE_CUTS: 32
OUROBOROS_LOOPS: 20
UNCERTAINTY_RULINGS: 86
PORTABLE_QUERY_ROUTES: 15
SOURCE_KEYS: 215
SOURCE_CATEGORIES: 31
MACHINE_TESTS: 28
MACHINE_TESTS_PASSED: 28
CUT_OFF: 2026-07-29T14:11:00+08:00
ENCODING: UTF-8
RELEASE_STATUS: VALIDATED_CANONICAL_WORKING_FILE

SOURCE CATEGORY DISTRIBUTION
SCHOLARLY: 77
PEER_REVIEWED: 17
PRIMARY_DOCUMENT: 15
ARCHAEOLOGICAL: 14
PRIMARY_CORPUS: 13
PRIMARY_AND_SCHOLARLY: 12
UNESCO: 8
REUTERS: 7
INTERNAL_BENCHMARK: 6
DIGITAL_CORPUS: 4
PRIMARY_TEXT: 4
UNHCR: 4
WORLD_BANK: 4
PRIMARY_OBJECT: 3
PRIMARY_INSCRIPTION: 3
SCHOLARLY_PLURAL: 3
UN: 3
INTERNAL_CANONICAL: 2
UNESCO_TENTATIVE: 2
UN_AND_SCHOLARLY: 2
UN_OCHA: 2
INTERNAL_ARCHITECTURE: 1
INTERNAL_ANALYSIS: 1
REFERENCE: 1
MUSEUM_OBJECT: 1
UN_AGENCY: 1
OFFICIAL_INVESTIGATION: 1
UN_AND_NEWS: 1
ICJ: 1
UN_HUMAN_RIGHTS: 1
LEGAL_AND_DIPLOMATIC: 1

FINAL ASSERTION
The Levant chronology is not a claim of one continuous civilisation. It is a
machine-auditable record of changing human systems within one high-connectivity
space-time coordinate. Its purpose is to preserve difference without
fragmentation, connection without false descent, and continuity without
granting any modern actor exclusive ownership of the past.

END OF FILE