CIVILISATION ATLAS CHRONOLOGYWORLD / HUMANITY — MASTER CHRONOLOGICAL SPINEPLANETARY SUBSTRATE TO 28 JULY 2026

Specification: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
Specification status: Canonical Working Standard
Object ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER
Instance ID: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER.V1
Canonical filename: WORLD_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER.txt
Version: 1.0
Cut-off: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026
Format: UTF-8 plain text
Role: parent temporal coordinate system for all Civilisation Atlas regional,
composite, connector, transmission, entity and event chronologies
Planetary depth: selected coordinates from Earth formation, c. 4.54 billion
years ago, to the declared cut-off
Hominin depth: c. 7 million years ago onward
Homo sapiens depth: c. 300,000 years ago onward
Civilisational depth: multiple local thresholds; no single universal start

==============================================================================
0. THE WORLD/HUMANITY ARCHITECTURAL CORRECTION
==============================================================================

THIS IS NOT THE HISTORY OF ONE CIVILISATION.

THIS IS NOT A CLAIM THAT HUMANITY MOVED THROUGH ONE LINE OF PROGRESS.

THIS IS NOT A CLAIM THAT EVERY REGION CROSSED THE SAME THRESHOLD AT THE SAME
TIME.

The object recorded here changes through time:

planetary platform
-> biosphere
-> hominin lineages and ecological communities
-> Homo populations
-> Homo sapiens populations
-> foraging, fishing, pastoral and cultivating societies
-> settlements, cities, mobile confederations and states
-> regional civilisations and interregional networks
-> industrial and imperial systems
-> a densely coupled planetary network civilisation
-> the unfinished present

“World,” “humanity” and “civilisation” are therefore kept separate.

WORLD
Earth as a physical, climatic and living system. It contains far more than
humans. Geological, oceanic, atmospheric, plant, animal and microbial
histories define the BaseFloor on which human history is possible.

HUMANITY
Living Homo sapiens and the connected ancestry, populations, communities,
institutions and consequences through which human history unfolds.
Humanity is one biological species with immense cultural, political and
economic plurality. It has never acted as one agent in most periods.

CIVILISATION
A locatable configuration of people, capabilities, institutions, memory,
habitats, dependencies, flows, control systems and relationships. A
civilisation can be compared structurally without being treated as a
timeless ethnic person or a moral rank.

GLOBAL SYSTEM
A condition of high planetary coupling in which events in one region can
propagate rapidly through trade, finance, climate, disease, information,
war, migration, energy, food and technical networks. Global connection
does not imply global equality, global government or shared control.

The master file begins before humans because every upper floor inherits a
planetary lower floor. It includes non-human life because extinctions, habitat
change, domestication, disease reservoirs, pollination, soil formation, ocean
food webs and climate regulation are not background decoration. They are
active components of the system.

The file does not call a Palaeolithic tool-maker, village, herd, city-state,
kingdom, religion, trading network, empire, modern country, corporation,
animal population or technology “a civilisation” merely because it appears.
Each object carries an ENTITY TYPE. The shared space-time substrate allows
different entities to coexist without being falsely made identical.

SCOPE NOTE

No finite text file can contain every event, person, community, species, site,
language, institution or local chronology in world history. This is a
high-resolution orientation spine. It records the transitions, continuities,
fractures, planetary conditions and connection points required to align the
regional files. Regional spines preserve local truth at greater resolution.
Connector files preserve evidenced horizontal relationships. Event nodes can
then expand indefinitely without changing the universal clock.

==============================================================================

THE FIVE-LAYER WORLD CHRONOLOGY ARCHITECTURE

LAYER 1 — WORLD CHRONOLOGY MASTER

One parent clock for the planet and humanity.
It stores universal time bands, shared transitions, planetary conditions,
global-system thresholds and crosswalk rules.

LAYER 2 — FIRST-ORDER GEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE SPINES

Fifty-nine human-geographic files close first-pass terrestrial coverage.
Each runs from the earliest defensible evidence in its coordinate through
prehistoric populations, societies, states, colonial or modern
transformations and the present.

LAYER 3 — COMPOSITE AND COMPARATIVE VIEWS

These assemble several geographic spines for a useful question without
claiming to replace them. Examples:

			
South Asia / India-region
China and its frontiers
Mediterranean world
Islamic worlds
Latin America
modern nation-state histories

		

The completed India file is a composite view spanning first-order coverage
spines 20–23 and interfacing with 24–26. It remains valid. It should not be
forced into one geographic slot. The completed China file maps principally
to spine 27 while retaining interfaces with 18, 19, 26, 28 and 30.

LAYER 4 — CONNECTOR AND TRANSMISSION FILES

These follow relationships that cannot be understood inside one territory:

			
Silk Roads
Indian Ocean world
Mediterranean world
Steppe highway
Trans-Saharan world
Austronesian expansion
Buddhist networks
Islamic civilisation networks
Christian worlds
Atlantic system
Columbian Exchange
industrialisation
colonial empires
global trade
energy systems
telegraph -> telephone -> Internet -> AI
crops, animals, genes, diseases, ideas and institutions

		

LAYER 5 — ENTITY, EVENT AND RELATIONSHIP NODES

Sites, populations, species, settlements, polities, technologies, texts,
institutions, disasters and individual events become addressable nodes.
Each node has time, place, entity type, evidence and confidence. Edges
record only evidenced relationships.

THE CENTRAL RULE

Local timelines preserve truth.
The universal clock aligns them.
The Atlas locates and describes them.
CivOS diagnoses operation, fracture and repair.
Connector files record transmission.
Evidence decides which relationships are real.

SIMULTANEITY IS NOT TRANSMISSION

Two developments occurring in the same time band may be compared, but a
causal or transmission edge requires additional evidence. Wheat found in two
regions, similar monuments, simultaneous state growth or parallel myths do
not by themselves prove direct contact.

CIVILISATION ATTRIBUTION RULE

Do not assign civilisation-scale agency until site-, community-, polity-,
state-, alliance- and network-scale agency have first been resolved.

A state action is not automatically an action by a religion, ethnicity,
continent or civilisation. Similar objects must be compared at equal zoom.
Over-compression erases internal difference; over-fragmentation erases
external coherence.

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2. CANONICAL WORLD TIME, TIME ZOOM AND BAND CROSSWALK
==============================================================================

DATE CONVENTIONS

Ga = billion years ago.
Ma = million years ago.
ka = thousand years ago.
BP = years before 1950.
BCE = before Common Era.
CE = Common Era.
c. = approximate.

Deep dates are intervals because available evidence cannot support modern
calendar precision. Temporal resolution increases as records become denser.
This is TIME ZOOM.

CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM

The labels below are namespaced as CHRONOLOGY_TIME_ZOOM. They do not replace
the Atlas’s spatial zoom or CivOS ZTime direction.

Z0 — GEOLOGICAL DEEP TIME
Typical resolution: millions to billions of years.
Use for geology, continental movement, mountain formation and long
environmental substrate where it materially affects later civilisation.

Z1 — DEEP HUMAN TIME
Typical resolution: hundreds of thousands to millions of years.
Use for hominin occupation, dispersals, stone-tool traditions and long
climatic transitions.

Z2 — LATE PALAEOLITHIC / EARLY HOLOCENE
Typical resolution: thousands to tens of thousands of years.

Z3 — NEOLITHIC AND EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETY
Typical resolution: centuries to millennia.

Z4 — EARLY HISTORICAL CIVILISATION
Typical resolution: decades to centuries.

Z5 — MEDIEVAL / EARLY MODERN HISTORICAL TIME
Typical resolution: years to decades.

Z6 — MODERN / CONTEMPORARY TIME
Typical resolution: year, month, day or finer where justified.

Chronology time zoom states the precision class justified by evidence. It is
not a claim that every record inside one era has equal precision.

Where a record straddles two evidential regimes, a bounded hybrid such as
Z2–Z3 is permitted. Machine conversion stores both endpoint classes and does
not invent a finer date.

TIME SLICE
The position or interval on the universal clock.

ZTIME SIGN
Direction of travel at the chosen zoom:
ZTime+ expanding capability, resilience or future optionality
ZTime0 broadly stable or balanced motion
ZTime− contracting capability, resilience or optionality

Chronology fixes position. ZTime evaluates motion. They must not be merged.

CANONICAL WORLD SYNCHRONISATION BANDS

W000 4.54–4.0 Ga Earth formation and early planetary system
W001 4.0–2.5 Ga early crust, oceans and microbial life
W002 2.5 Ga–541 Ma oxygenation and complex-life preconditions
W003 541–66 Ma Phanerozoic diversification and extinctions
W004 66–7 Ma Cenozoic ecosystems and primate evolution
W005 7–3.3 Ma early hominins
W006 3.3–2.6 Ma earliest known stone-tool horizons
W007 2.6–1.8 Ma Oldowan worlds and early Homo
W008 1.8 Ma–800 ka early Homo dispersals and Acheulean worlds
W009 800–300 ka later archaic humans and fire/technical change
W010 300–130 ka early Homo sapiens and archaic-human mosaics
W011 130–70 ka African diversification and dispersal pulses
W012 70–50 ka major Homo sapiens expansion beyond Africa
W013 50–20 ka continental dispersal and cultural intensification
W014 20–11.7 ka Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene transition
W015 9700–8000 BCE early Holocene adaptations
W016 8000–6000 BCE multiple food-production pathways
W017 6000–5000 BCE villages, herding, cultivation and exchange
W018 5000–4000 BCE regional settlement integration
W019 4000–3500 BCE inequality, metallurgy and proto-urban systems
W020 3500–3000 BCE first cities and writing systems
W021 3000–2500 BCE early state consolidation
W022 2500–2000 BCE Bronze Age urban and exchange systems
W023 2000–1500 BCE regional transformations and wider networks
W024 1500–1200 BCE late Bronze Age interaction systems
W025 1200–1000 BCE late Bronze fracture and Iron Age transitions
W026 1000–800 BCE regional state and settlement growth
W027 800–600 BCE political aggregation and teaching traditions
W028 600–500 BCE intensified urban, imperial and ethical systems
W029 500–300 BCE interregional classical formations
W030 300–100 BCE large territorial empires and corridors
W031 100 BCE–1 CE connected imperial and oceanic worlds
W032 1–200 CE Afro-Eurasian imperial and religious networks
W033 200–400 political recomposition and transregional faiths
W034 400–600 late-antique transformation
W035 600–800 Islamic expansion and regional reconfiguration
W036 800–1000 commercial, religious and agrarian intensification
W037 1000–1200 urban, oceanic and regional state expansion
W038 1200–1300 Mongol-era Eurasian integration
W039 1300–1400 plague, climate and successor systems
W040 1400–1500 oceanic intensification before Atlantic collision
W041 1500–1600 Columbian Exchange and connected world formation
W042 1600–1700 state, finance, plantation and scientific systems
W043 1700–1750 commercial integration and preindustrial strain
W044 1750–1800 industrial and political revolutions
W045 1800–1850 fossil-energy takeoff and imperial expansion
W046 1850–1870 rail, telegraph, steam and state compression
W047 1870–1900 second industrial and high-imperial systems
W048 1900–1914 mass institutions and armed interdependence
W049 1914–1918 First World War
W050 1918–1929 reconstruction and unstable mass politics
W051 1929–1939 depression, authoritarianism and mobilisation
W052 1939–1945 Second World War, genocide and atomic weapons
W053 1945–1950 UN order, decolonisation and Cold War formation
W054 1950–1960 development states and Great Acceleration
W055 1960–1970 decolonisation, rights and planetary observation
W056 1970–1980 oil shocks, environmental governance and computing
W057 1980–1990 market restructuring and late Cold War
W058 1990–2000 post-Cold War globalisation and World Wide Web
W059 2000–2008 security wars, supply chains and digital takeoff
W060 2008–2014 financial fracture, smartphones and social networks
W061 2014–2019 climate compact, platform scale and geopolitical strain
W062 2020 pandemic shock; monthly/daily resolution
W063 2021 vaccine scale, uneven recovery and political rupture
W064 2022 Ukraine invasion, energy/food shock and population 8bn
W065 2023 generative AI diffusion and multiplying wars
W066 2024 global election, war, heat and governance year
W067 2025 AI acceleration, trade fracture and climate stress
W068 1 Jan–28 Jul 2026 live present; exact declared cut-off

LEGACY U-BAND COMPATIBILITY

The India Version 1.0 chronology used provisional U00–U45 bands. Those records
remain valid because their absolute dates remain primary. On conversion:

retain the original U-band as legacy_band;
calculate the corresponding W-band from absolute time;
never overwrite the original date or local period;
permit one legacy band to map to several finer W-bands;
store the crosswalk version.

The World bands are canonical for new files. China and India require additive
W-band fields in their next revisions, not destructive rewriting.

==============================================================================
3. CONVERSION-READY WORLD EVENT SCHEMA
==============================================================================

MINIMUM EVENT FIELDS

RECORD_ID
RECORD_CLASS
TIME
TIME_RANGE
DATE_STATUS
CHRONOLOGY_TIME_ZOOM
SYNCHRONISATION_BAND
PLACE
ENTITY
ENTITY_TYPE
EVENT_OR_CONDITION
DOMAIN[]
DESCRIPTION
EVIDENCE_TYPE[]
EVIDENCE_SOURCE[]
CONFIDENCE
VERSION
CUTOFF

OPTIONAL ATLAS FIELDS

LOCAL_PERIOD
LOCAL_CALENDAR
PREDECESSOR[]
SUCCESSOR[]
RELATED_ENTITIES[]
CAPABILITY_STAGE
LIFECYCLE_STATE
BASEFLOOR_STATE[]
CONTROL_GEOMETRY
HABITAT_DEPENDENCE
MOTION_VECTOR
RELATIONSHIPS[]
CONTROVERSY_STATUS
GRAPH_SEED
CROSSWALK_TAGS[]
NOTES

ADDITIONAL OPERATIONAL FIELDS

RUNTIME_CONDITION
ZTIME_SIGN
INFORMATION_QUALITY
DEPENDENCY[]
FRACTURE[]
REPAIR[]
EXCLUDED_COST[]
CONNECTION[]
TRANSMISSION[]
ATTRIBUTION_LEVEL
DISPUTE_NOTE
FORECAST_STATUS
REVIEW_DATE

READER-FACING LABEL ALIASES

The chronology records use compact labels without losing schema meaning:

EVENT/CONDITION -> EVENT_OR_CONDITION + DESCRIPTION
SOURCE KEYS -> EVIDENCE_SOURCE[]
EVIDENCE SUMMARY -> evidence-description text
SYNCHRONISATION BAND -> SYNCHRONISATION_BAND[]

TIME may display either a point or a range; conversion separates it into TIME
and TIME_RANGE without discarding the original display string. VERSION and
CUTOFF inherit the file-level values unless a record explicitly overrides
them. These aliases preserve the more readable India format while making the
World Master strictly conversion-ready.

DATE STATUS

EXACT
APPROXIMATE
ESTIMATED
RANGE
CONTESTED
INFERRED
UNKNOWN

No uncertain archaeological date may be silently converted into an exact
year. Event time, publication time and discovery time are separate values.

RECORD CLASS

EVENT Something happens or is deliberately enacted.
CONDITION A state persists through an interval.
PROCESS Change accumulates without one defensible event boundary.
TRANSITION A threshold is crossed over an interval.

ENTITY TYPES

GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE
CLIMATE_SYSTEM
ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM
SPECIES
HOMININ_POPULATION
HUMAN_POPULATION
ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE
MATERIAL_CULTURE
CULTURE
SETTLEMENT
CITY
CITY_STATE
TRIBE
CLAN
CONFEDERATION
KINGDOM
EMPIRE
POLITY
STATE
MODERN_STATE
CIVILISATION
RELIGION
LANGUAGE
KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM
INSTITUTION
TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
CROP
DOMESTICATED_ANIMAL
DISEASE
TRADE_NETWORK
MIGRATION
WAR
ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT
ECONOMIC_SYSTEM
EDUCATION_SYSTEM
COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM
ENERGY_SYSTEM
TRANSPORT_SYSTEM
INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM
DIGITAL_SYSTEM
AI_SYSTEM

Additional types are additive. They do not require a specification rewrite.

WORLD MASTER V1.0 ADDITIVE ENTITY-TYPE EXTENSIONS

The following extensions are used where the record’s principal entity is a
system or historically bounded process not cleanly represented by the minimum
V1.0 list:

COLONISATION
COUP
DECOLONISATION
FOOD_SYSTEM
GENOCIDE
HEALTH_SYSTEM
INFORMATION_SYSTEM
LEGAL_SYSTEM
MILITARY_SYSTEM
POLITICAL_SYSTEM
REVOLUTION

They are semantic subclasses. For graph exchange they may additionally map to
their parent types:

COLONISATION / DECOLONISATION / REVOLUTION / COUP -> EVENT + POLITY/STATE
GENOCIDE -> EVENT + WAR/INSTITUTION
FOOD_SYSTEM -> ECONOMIC/ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
HEALTH_SYSTEM / LEGAL_SYSTEM -> INSTITUTION
INFORMATION_SYSTEM -> COMMUNICATION/KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
MILITARY_SYSTEM -> INSTITUTION/TECHNOLOGY
POLITICAL_SYSTEM -> POLITY/INSTITUTION

EVIDENCE TYPES

ARCHAEOLOGICAL
TEXTUAL
EPIGRAPHIC
NUMISMATIC
GENETIC
PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL
GEOLOGICAL
LINGUISTIC
ART_HISTORICAL
ARCHITECTURAL
ORAL_TRADITION
DEMOGRAPHIC
ECONOMIC
ADMINISTRATIVE
SCIENTIFIC
SATELLITE
DIGITAL
MULTI_SOURCE

CONFIDENCE

A VERY HIGH — multiple strong independent sources.
B HIGH — well-supported scholarly consensus.
C MODERATE — reasonable interpretation with material uncertainty.
D LOW — limited or contested evidence.
E SPECULATIVE — hypothesis only.
U UNKNOWN — insufficient evidence.

Confidence attaches to a claim, not to the dignity of a community or
tradition. A sacred account can be a secure historical memory carrier while
its literal event date remains uncertain.

THE THREE-AXIS GATEWAY COORDINATE

S = chronological capability stage
L = lifecycle phase or condition
H = habitat independence

These axes are separate.

FOUNDATION 0 Adaptive Human Worlds
STAGE 1 Settlement and Surplus
STAGE 2 Administrative and Recorded Civilisation
STAGE 3 Industrial and Mass-Institution Civilisation
STAGE 4 Planetary Network Civilisation
STAGE 5 Regenerative and Self-Correcting Civilisation

No invention changes a stage by itself. A transition requires sufficient
invention, adoption, scaling, reliability, institutionalisation, education,
generational transfer, dependency and structural consequence. Earlier floors
remain necessary after later stages appear.

V1.0 deliberately ends at Stage 5. Any later multi-habitat or interplanetary
proposal belongs to a separately versioned research extension. Habitat
dependence already records whether a population remains terrestrial,
partially extraterrestrial or genuinely multi-habitat; speculative future
capabilities must not be smuggled into the canonical stage vocabulary.

Lifecycle vocabulary:

TAKEOFF
CLIMB
CRUISE
DESCENT

Fracture, repair and recomposition are operational conditions, not extra
lifecycle phases. Capability is not condition.

BASEFLOOR DIMENSIONS

FOOD
WATER
ENERGY
SHELTER
HEALTH
SECURITY
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL_STABILITY
KNOWLEDGE_CONTINUITY
INFRASTRUCTURE

BaseFloor state values:

STRONG
ADEQUATE
STRESSED
FRACTURED
CRITICAL
UNKNOWN

CONTROL GEOMETRY

DECENTRALISED
NETWORKED
FEDERATED
CENTRALISED
HIERARCHICAL
IMPERIAL
FRAGMENTED
CAPTURED
HYBRID

MOTION VECTOR

EXPANDING
CONSOLIDATING
STABLE
ADAPTING
FRAGMENTING
CONTRACTING
COLLAPSING
RECOVERING
TRANSFORMING

Humanity can be Stage 4 in network capability while particular organs or
regions occupy different stages and while the planetary system is in
ecological descent. Stage is not virtue. Lifecycle is not age.

HABITAT DEPENDENCE

LOCAL_TERRESTRIAL
REGIONAL_TERRESTRIAL
PLANETARY_DEPENDENT
PARTIALLY_EXTRATERRESTRIAL
MULTI_HABITAT
HABITAT_INDEPENDENT

At the cut-off, humanity is PLANETARY_DEPENDENT. Continuous orbital occupation
and a crewed lunar flyby are major capabilities, but no off-world population
can survive, reproduce and maintain its civilisation without Earth.

==============================================================================
4. COMPRESSED WORLD/HUMANITY MASTER SPINE
==============================================================================

c. 4.54 Ga–7 Ma
Earth forms, cools and develops oceans, atmosphere, plate tectonic systems
and life. Microbial metabolism reshapes planetary chemistry; oxygenation
enables new biological pathways; complex multicellular life diversifies.
Repeated mass extinctions and radiations alter the biosphere. Mammals and
primates diversify after the end-Cretaceous extinction. This is planetary
and biological history, not civilisation. [A/B]

c. 7–3.3 Ma
Several African hominin lineages exhibit combinations of upright movement,
climbing, changing diets and social adaptation. The human evolutionary tree
is branching, not a ladder. Species, dates and relationships remain revised
as fossils and environments are reinterpreted. [A/B/C]

c. 3.3–1.8 Ma
The earliest presently known deliberately made stone tools appear at
Lomekwi by c. 3.3 Ma. Oldowan technologies spread after c. 2.6 Ma. Early
Homo is present by about 2.8 Ma. Tool-making is not exclusive to Homo, and
no single tool tradition identifies one people or language. [A/B]

c. 1.8 Ma–300 ka
Homo populations disperse beyond Africa into Eurasia. Homo erectus and
related forms occupy varied landscapes; Acheulean and other technical
traditions persist and change. Fire use, hunting, gathering, social care,
teaching and regional adaptation develop unevenly. Neanderthal, Denisovan
and other archaic populations emerge from a reticulated history. [A/B/C]

c. 300–70 ka
Early Homo sapiens fossils and Middle Stone Age technologies appear across
Africa. Africa contains structured, interacting populations rather than one
tiny birthplace. Sapiens, Neanderthals, Denisovans and other populations
meet and exchange genes in later dispersals. [A/B]

c. 70–20 ka
Major Homo sapiens expansion through Asia and onward to Sahul; occupation
across Eurasia intensifies and people later reach the Americas. Water
crossings, composite tools, clothing, pigments, ornaments, images, ritual
and dense knowledge traditions appear at different times and places.
Neanderthals disappear as distinct populations by roughly 40 ka, while
ancestry persists in living people. [A/B/C on routes and first dates]

c. 20–11.7 ka
Last Glacial Maximum, refugia, large sea-level difference, terminal
Pleistocene warming and abrupt climate episodes restructure habitats and
migration. People inhabit every permanently settled continent except
Antarctica. Many megafaunal losses occur through interacting climate,
ecology and human pressures. [A/B/C]

c. 9700–5000 BCE
Holocene climates and local knowledge support multiple, independent or
interacting pathways into cultivation, herding, intensified fishing and
settled life. Southwest Asia, China, New Guinea, Africa, South Asia,
Mesoamerica, the Andes, Amazonia and other regions develop different food
systems. Foraging and mobile lifeways remain successful; farming is not an
instantaneous universal revolution. [A/B]

c. 5000–3500 BCE
Larger villages, pastoral mobility, irrigation, exchange, metallurgy,
ritual centres and inequality expand in some regions. Other societies
organise complexity without dense cities or states. Austronesian,
Afroasiatic, Indo-European, Niger-Congo and many other language histories
begin or expand on different and disputed clocks. [A/B/C]

c. 3500–2000 BCE
Cities, administrative institutions and writing emerge in Mesopotamia and
Egypt; the Indus system urbanises; Caral/Norte Chico develops monumental
centres without known writing; complex societies grow in China, the Aegean,
Central Asia and elsewhere. Bronze, wheeled transport, sailing, accounting
and long-distance exchange connect some regions. No single “cradle” contains
all human civilisation. [A/B]

c. 2000–1200 BCE
Bronze Age states and exchange networks link much of Afro-Eurasia while
urban, agrarian, mobile and maritime systems develop independently across
Africa, the Americas, Oceania and Asia. Horses and chariots change mobility
and war in parts of Eurasia. Indus urban integration deconcentrates; new
political formations grow in the Yellow River, Nile, Mesopotamia, Anatolia,
Aegean and Central Asia. [A/B]

c. 1200–500 BCE
Late Bronze systems fracture in the eastern Mediterranean and West Asia;
iron technologies, new states, seaborne settlement and mobile
confederations spread unevenly. Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian imperial
systems; Zhou states; Ganga urbanisation; Greek poleis; Phoenician
corridors; Nok metallurgy; Olmec and Chavín worlds; Lapita expansion and
many other regional systems coexist. Major ethical, philosophical and
religious teaching traditions develop on local chronologies. [A/B/C]

500 BCE–500 CE
Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Roman, Mauryan, Han, Kushan and other large
territorial systems connect parts of Afro-Eurasia without creating one
world state. Buddhism, Jainism, Jewish traditions, Christianity,
Confucian, Daoist, Greek, Roman, Indian and other knowledge systems
institutionalise and travel. Teotihuacan, Maya, Zapotec, Moche, Nazca,
Aksum, Nok, Bantu-speaking societies, steppe confederations and Indian Ocean
ports develop on their own clocks. [A/B]

500–1000
Post-Roman, Byzantine, Sasanian and successor worlds recombine. Islam begins
in seventh-century Arabia and expands through states, scholarship,
pilgrimage, trade and translation across Africa and Eurasia. Tang and later
East Asian systems, Indian regional states, Tibet, Srivijaya, Khmer
formations, Ghana/Wagadu, Swahili settlements, Maya cities, Andean states
and Pacific navigation create a plural connected world. [A/B]

1000–1300
Song commercial and technical scale, Islamic scholarly and trade networks,
Chola and Indian Ocean systems, Khmer/Angkor, Great Zimbabwe, West African
states, European agrarian and urban expansion, Cahokia, Mesoamerican and
Andean formations, and Polynesian settlement intensify. Mongol conquests
create an exceptionally large Eurasian imperial corridor while causing
immense destruction and population movement. [A/B]

1300–1500
Plague pandemics kill a major share of populations across Eurasia and North
Africa and reach additional regions through connected routes. Mongol
successor states, Ming China, Timurid, Ottoman, Vijayanagara, Majapahit,
Mali/Songhai, Swahili, Great Zimbabwe successor, Mexica and Inca systems
expand or recombine. Maritime knowledge and state competition prepare
sustained Atlantic crossings. [A/B]

1500–1750
European Atlantic voyages join previously separated disease pools and
exchange systems. Conquest, epidemic and forced labour produce catastrophic
Indigenous demographic loss in the Americas. Crops, animals, pathogens,
silver and people move planet-wide. Atlantic chattel slavery and plantation
systems expand. Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Qing, Tokugawa, African, American,
Southeast Asian and European states operate within increasingly connected
trade and war systems. Printing, experiment, finance and navigation
transform information and control. [A/B]

1750–1850
Fossil-fuelled mechanisation begins a durable industrial transition,
initially concentrated in Britain and parts of Europe before wider
diffusion. American, French, Haitian and Latin American revolutions
reconfigure sovereignty while preserving or creating exclusions. Steam,
factories, vaccination, rail, telegraph and mass production expand.
Abolition advances unevenly; enslavement, empire, Indigenous dispossession
and coerced labour continue. [A/B]

1850–1914
Railways, steamships, telegraph cables, industrial chemistry, electricity,
petroleum, corporations, mass schools, census states and global finance
compress time and space. European and settler empires seize or consolidate
vast territories; Japan industrialises; China, Ottoman domains and other
states confront industrial collision and reform. Migration and indenture
connect continents. Nationalism, labour, anti-colonial, feminist and civil
rights movements grow inside an armed, unequal world economy. [A/B]

1914–1945
Two world wars, revolution, depression, fascism, colonial mobilisation,
genocide, strategic bombing and mass displacement destroy lives and
institutions at industrial scale. The Armenian genocide, Holocaust and
other mass atrocities demonstrate how administrative and technical
capability can organise extermination. Nuclear weapons appear in 1945.
Anti-colonial mobilisation and social-state institutions also accelerate.
[A/B]

1945–1970
United Nations institutions, human-rights law, decolonisation and new states
coexist with the Cold War, proxy wars and nuclear deterrence. Antibiotics,
vaccination, sanitation, public health, Green Revolution packages, mass
schooling, aviation, television, computing and spaceflight expand human
capability. Population rises rapidly. The same “Great Acceleration” sharply
increases energy, material use, emissions and ecological pressure. [A/B]

1970–1990
Oil shocks expose energy dependency. Environmental governance, women’s
rights, civil-rights extensions, Indigenous mobilisation and democratic
transitions advance unevenly. Neoliberal restructuring, debt crises and
export-oriented production alter institutions and labour. Personal
computing, satellites, fibre optics and early Internet protocols build a
planetary information layer. The Cold War ends across 1989–91. [A/B]

1990–2008
Post-Cold War globalisation expands trade, supply chains, migration,
finance, Internet access and mobile communication. Extreme poverty declines
substantially under contemporary measures, especially in East Asia, while
inequality, fragility and ecological externalisation persist. Genocide and
war in Rwanda, the Balkans and elsewhere refute any automatic “end of
history.” The 11 September 2001 attacks and subsequent wars reconfigure
security. The 2008 financial crisis reveals systemic coupling. [A/B]

2008–2019
Smartphones, cloud platforms, social media, machine learning and digital
finance create near-real-time planetary networks. The Arab uprisings,
Syrian war, displacement, populist politics and democratic erosion reveal
political volatility. The SDGs and Paris Agreement create global
coordination targets without enforcement equivalent to the problems.
Climate, biodiversity and material pressures intensify. [A/B]

2020
COVID-19 becomes a planetary pandemic. Travel, work, education, health
systems, supply chains and borders are disrupted. Digital systems preserve
some functions but expose unequal access. States demonstrate extraordinary
emergency capacity and major failures of preparation, trust, distribution
and international coordination. [A/B]

2021–2023
Vaccines scale at unprecedented speed but unequally. Pandemic recovery,
inflation and debt diverge. Russia launches a full-scale invasion of Ukraine
in February 2022, driving war, displacement and food/energy shocks. Coups
and wars affect Myanmar, Sudan, the Sahel and other regions. Hamas attacks
Israel on 7 October 2023; Israel’s war in Gaza produces mass civilian death,
destruction and displacement. Generative AI moves into mass use. World
population passes eight billion by the UN’s conventional marker in 2022.
[A/B; live-conflict claims require attribution]

2024
A very large share of humanity votes in national elections, but electoral
procedure, rights and information quality vary sharply. Wars in Ukraine,
Gaza, Sudan and elsewhere continue. 2024 is measured as the warmest year in
the instrumental record and the first calendar year around 1.5°C above the
1850–1900 average, while one year does not alone determine the Paris
long-term threshold. The UN adopts the Pact for the Future, Global Digital
Compact and Declaration on Future Generations. AI capability, investment
and energy demand accelerate. [A/B]

2025
The second Trump administration begins in the United States and sharply
alters tariffs, migration, alliances, climate policy and aid. Trade is
front-loaded around tariff shocks even as AI hardware demand expands.
Ukraine, Sudan and other wars continue; an October ceasefire changes but
does not resolve Gaza’s conflict. AI corporate investment and adoption
accelerate. Six billion people are estimated online, while 2.2 billion
remain offline. Low-emissions sources provide about 43% of global
electricity, yet energy-related CO2 emissions still rise. 2025 is the
second- or third-warmest year in major datasets. [A/B]

1 January–28 July 2026
Humanity remains an uneven Stage 4 planetary network civilisation. A
US–Israeli war with Iran begins on 28 February, causes thousands of deaths,
attacks across the region and severe Strait of Hormuz disruption; fighting,
temporary arrangements and renewed strikes remain live at the cut-off.
Ukraine, Gaza, Sudan and other conflicts continue. Artemis II carries four
humans around the Moon from 1–10 April, the first crewed lunar-vicinity
mission since 1972, but no independent off-world habitat exists. Official
2025 data report 117.8 million forcibly displaced people, 645 million facing
hunger and 273 million children and youth out of school. Global military
spending reached an estimated US$2.887 trillion in 2025. AI investment and
adoption continue rapidly while governance, evaluation and access lag.
Present institutions can sense planetary risk but cannot yet reliably repair
climate, biodiversity, conflict, inequality and information fractures.
[A/B; current conflicts and forecasts remain versioned]

==============================================================================
5. PLANETARY PLATFORM AND LIVING BASEFLOOR
c. 4.54 BILLION–7 MILLION YEARS AGO
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000001 — [WPM-001] EARTH FORMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: c. 4.54 Ga.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W000.
PLACE: inner Solar System / Earth.
ENTITY: planet Earth.
EVENT/CONDITION: Accretion, differentiation and early bombardment form the
planet whose gravity, orbit, magnetic, atmospheric, oceanic and geological
systems later support life. The age is derived principally from radiometric
dating of meteorites and the oldest terrestrial and lunar materials.
DOMAIN: planet | geology | future habitat.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: isotope geochronology and planetary materials.
CONFIDENCE: A for approximate age; details of earliest evolution B.
ATLAS READING: Planetary BaseFloor, not human history.
SOURCE KEYS: S005–S007.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000002 — [WPM-002] CRUST, WATER AND ATMOSPHERE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
TIME: c. 4.4–4.0 Ga, with continuing change.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W000.
PLACE: Earth.
ENTITY: early crust, oceans and atmosphere.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ancient zircons and geochemical models indicate early crust
and liquid-water conditions. Impact, volcanism, atmosphere–ocean exchange and
the faint young Sun define a changing habitability field. No single snapshot
represents all early Earth.
DOMAIN: geology | water | atmosphere | habitability.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: mineral geochemistry, isotope systems and planetary modelling.
CONFIDENCE: B; timing and extent remain model-sensitive.
SOURCE KEYS: S005, S007–S008.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000003 — [WPM-003] EARLY LIFE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: at least c. 3.5 Ga; some proposed evidence is older and disputed.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W001.
PLACE: oceans and near-surface environments.
ENTITY: microbial life.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fossils, stromatolites, isotopic fractionation and molecular
inference establish a very ancient microbial biosphere. Evidence does not
identify one secure “first organism” or the exact place where life originated.
DOMAIN: life | metabolism | planetary chemistry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, sedimentary structures, isotopes and phylogenetics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for life by c. 3.5 Ga; C for older claims and origin pathway.
SOURCE KEYS: S007–S009.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000004 — [WPM-004] LIFE CHANGES THE PLANET
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally c. 2.45–2.3 Ga for the Great Oxidation Event.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W002.
PLACE: atmosphere, oceans and biosphere.
ENTITY: photosynthetic microbes and Earth-system cycles.
EVENT/CONDITION: Oxygenic photosynthesis predates a sustained rise in
atmospheric oxygen. The Great Oxidation Event transforms mineral cycles,
habitats and evolutionary possibilities while creating stress for organisms
adapted to anoxic worlds.
DOMAIN: biosphere | atmosphere | energy | extinction/adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: sulphur isotopes, red beds, palaeosols and geochemistry.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; the sequence and mechanisms remain refined.
SOURCE KEYS: S007–S010.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000005 — [WPM-005] EUKARYOTES AND MULTICELLULARITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: SPECIES.
TIME: eukaryotic lineages by at least c. 1.8–1.6 Ga; complex multicellular
organisms much later and through multiple evolutionary pathways.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W002.
PLACE: global oceans.
ENTITY: eukaryotic and multicellular life.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cells with complex internal organisation, sexual
reproduction, symbiosis and multicellularity expand the range of biological
forms. Plants, animals and fungi are late branches of a much older living
world.
DOMAIN: evolution | information | biological complexity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, biomarkers, comparative genomics and molecular clocks.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest dates vary by evidence type.
SOURCE KEYS: S008–S010.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000006 — [WPM-006] COMPLEX ANIMAL WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: Ediacaran, c. 635–539 Ma; Cambrian diversification from c. 539 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W002–W003.
PLACE: global marine environments.
ENTITY: early macroscopic organisms and animal lineages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ecological engineering, predation, mobility and biomineralised
body plans expand. The “Cambrian explosion” is a geologically rapid
diversification and preservation event, not an instantaneous creation of all
modern animals.
DOMAIN: evolution | ecosystems | ocean chemistry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossil assemblages, trace fossils and stratigraphy.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S005, S008–S010.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000007 — [WPM-007] LAND ECOSYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: principally c. 470–360 Ma for major plant and animal terrestrialisation.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W003.
PLACE: continental surfaces.
ENTITY: plants, fungi, arthropods and vertebrates.
EVENT/CONDITION: Life increasingly occupies land. Roots, soils, forests and
food webs alter weathering, carbon cycles, rivers, atmosphere and habitats.
Later human food, fuel, building and oxygen systems inherit these deep
biological infrastructures.
DOMAIN: plants | soil | atmosphere | habitat.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, spores, sedimentology and phylogenetics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S005, S008–S010.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000008 — [WPM-008] MASS EXTINCTIONS AND RECOVERY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
TIME: multiple events; especially end-Permian c. 252 Ma and end-Cretaceous
c. 66 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W003.
PLACE: global biosphere.
ENTITY: ecosystems and species.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rapid environmental change eliminates many lineages and
reorganises ecosystems. Recovery produces novelty but does not restore lost
species or prior ecological relationships. Extinction is therefore both a
biological event and a loss of historical information.
DOMAIN: extinction | climate | volcanism | impact | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: stratigraphic boundaries, fossils, geochemistry and impact deposits.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; causal weighting varies by event.
SOURCE KEYS: S005, S009–S010.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000009 — [WPM-009] CENOZOIC RECOMPOSITION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: 66–23 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: mammals, birds, flowering plants and changing climates.
EVENT/CONDITION: Following the end-Cretaceous extinction, surviving lineages
diversify into changing forests, grasslands, oceans and climates. Continental
movement and mountain uplift reorganise currents, rainfall and migration.
DOMAIN: biosphere | climate | geography | future food webs.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, stratigraphy, palaeoclimate proxies and plate reconstruction.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S005, S009–S010.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000010 — [WPM-010] PRIMATE AND APE WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: SPECIES.
TIME: primate diversification after c. 66 Ma; hominoids principally from
c. 23 Ma; African ape–human last common ancestry later.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004.
PLACE: Africa, Eurasia and connected habitats.
ENTITY: primates and apes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Arboreal movement, grasping, vision, social learning and
flexible diets develop through many primate branches. Human traits do not
appear as one package and cannot be read as a predetermined destination.
DOMAIN: evolution | sociality | learning | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, comparative anatomy and genomics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S010–S011.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000011 — [WPM-011] COOLING, GRASSLANDS AND VARIABLE HABITATS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z0.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: especially c. 10–5 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W004–W005.
PLACE: Africa and adjoining regions.
ENTITY: climate, vegetation and late Miocene fauna.
EVENT/CONDITION: Long-term cooling, regional drying, tectonics and mosaic
habitats alter the opportunities faced by apes and other mammals. No simple
“savanna caused bipedalism” model explains the full record.
DOMAIN: climate | ecology | evolution | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: isotopes, pollen, faunal assemblages and sediments.
CONFIDENCE: B.
SOURCE KEYS: S010–S011.

==============================================================================
6. EARLY HOMININ AND FIRST TOOL-MAKING WORLDS
c. 7–1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000012 — [WHM-001] EARLIEST HOMININ CANDIDATES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 7–5 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005.
PLACE: Central and East Africa.
ENTITY: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus and related candidate lineages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fossils exhibit combinations relevant to the ancestry of
later hominins, including possible habitual upright posture. Sparse samples
make exact relationships disputed.
DOMAIN: human evolution | locomotion | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, comparative anatomy and geological dating.
CONFIDENCE: B/C by genus and trait.
SOURCE KEYS: S010–S011.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000013 — [WHM-002] AUSTRALOPITH DIVERSITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 4.2–2 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W005–W007.
PLACE: eastern, central and southern Africa.
ENTITY: Australopithecus and related hominins.
EVENT/CONDITION: Multiple species combine bipedal movement, climbing,
different diets and changing hands, teeth and brains. The record is a bush of
overlapping lineages, not a single march from ape to human.
DOMAIN: evolution | mobility | diet | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, footprints, isotopes and palaeoenvironments.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; phylogenetic relationships C.
SOURCE KEYS: S010–S011.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000014 — [WHM-003] LOMEKWI TOOLS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: c. 3.3 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006.
PLACE: West Turkana, present Kenya.
ENTITY: unidentified hominin tool-makers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large deliberately struck stone artefacts at Lomekwi 3 are
the earliest widely accepted manufactured stone-tool assemblage presently
published. They predate the oldest known Homo fossils.
DOMAIN: technology | learning | material culture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: excavated artefacts, stratigraphy and palaeomagnetism.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; maker unknown.
SOURCE KEYS: S012.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000015 — [WHM-004] EARLY HOMO
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: fossil evidence by c. 2.8 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006–W007.
PLACE: Afar region, present Ethiopia; later wider Africa.
ENTITY: early genus Homo.
EVENT/CONDITION: Jaw and dental evidence indicates Homo earlier than once
recognised. Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis and other labels represent real
morphological diversity but their boundaries and relationships remain debated.
DOMAIN: evolution | anatomy | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils and radiometric/stratigraphic dating.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for early Homo presence; C for species boundaries.
SOURCE KEYS: S013–S014.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000016 — [WHM-005] OLDOWAN WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: from c. 2.6 Ma; recently reported older candidates require continuing
review.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007.
PLACE: eastern Africa, then wider Africa and beyond.
ENTITY: multiple hominin tool-making populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Flakes, cores and percussive tools widen access to plant and
animal resources. Oldowan-like technologies are associated with more than one
hominin lineage and should not be treated as an ethnic culture.
DOMAIN: technology | diet | teaching | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: artefact assemblages, cut marks and site context.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S013–S015.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000017 — [WHM-006] CLIMATE VARIABILITY AS A FIELD, NOT A SINGLE CAUSE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 3–2 Ma and continuing.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W006–W007.
PLACE: Africa.
ENTITY: hominins in variable environments.
EVENT/CONDITION: Orbital cycles, tectonics and regional climate variability
produce shifting mosaics. Behavioural flexibility, cooperation and mobility
may be selected within this field, but no one climate event “creates humanity.”
DOMAIN: climate | adaptation | uncertainty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: lake cores, dust, isotopes, fauna and modelling.
CONFIDENCE: B/C for causal interpretations.
SOURCE KEYS: S010–S011, S015.

==============================================================================
7. EARLY HOMO DISPERSALS, ARCHAIC MOSAICS AND TECHNICAL PERSISTENCE
c. 1.8 MILLION–300,000 YEARS AGO
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000018 — [WHD-001] HOMO BEYOND AFRICA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: by c. 1.85–1.77 Ma.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008.
PLACE: Dmanisi, present Georgia; wider Eurasian dispersal thereafter.
ENTITY: early Homo populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fossils and tools show an early movement beyond Africa by
hominins with relatively small brains and flexible technology. Dispersal did
not require a modern-human body, language or civilisation.
DOMAIN: migration | adaptation | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, artefacts, stratigraphy and radiometric dating.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONNECTIONS: Africa <-> Caucasus <-> Eurasia.
SOURCE KEYS: S014–S016.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000019 — [WHD-002] HOMO ERECTUS AND RELATED FORMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 1.9 Ma–later than 200 ka in some regions.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W010.
PLACE: Africa and Eurasia.
ENTITY: Homo erectus and regionally classified related populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Long-lived Homo lineages occupy tropical, temperate, coastal,
highland and continental environments. Body proportions, endurance, dietary
flexibility and social learning support persistence, but regional variation
resists one uniform species story.
DOMAIN: evolution | mobility | ecology | learning.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, tools and palaeoenvironmental records.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; taxonomy C.
SOURCE KEYS: S014–S016.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000020 — [WHD-003] ACHEULEAN TECHNOLOGIES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: from c. 1.76 Ma; persistence into the Middle Pleistocene and later in
some regions.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: much of Africa and western/southern Eurasia, with different eastern
Asian technological patterns.
ENTITY: multiple hominin populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bifacial large cutting tools and associated technologies
demonstrate planning, material selection and durable teaching. Absence or
rarity in some regions cannot be explained by a simple cultural boundary.
DOMAIN: technology | memory transmission | regional variation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: stone-tool sequences and dating.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S014–S016.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000021 — [WHD-004] CHINA-REGION DEEP OCCUPATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 2.12 Ma onward, overlapping this section’s later sequence.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W007–W009.
PLACE: East Asia, including Shangchen and later sites.
ENTITY: unidentified hominin populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Stone artefacts at Shangchen establish very early activity in
East Asia; later fossils and sites show repeated or persistent occupation.
This extends a geographic record, not a “Chinese civilisation.”
DOMAIN: dispersal | technology | regional adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: artefacts, loess stratigraphy, palaeomagnetism and fossils.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; species assignment often unknown.
SOURCE KEYS: S016, S205.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000022 — [WHD-005] SOUTHEAST ASIAN ISLAND ADAPTATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: at least c. 1 Ma in parts of Island Southeast Asia; dates vary by site.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: Java, Flores, Luzon and neighbouring islands.
ENTITY: Homo erectus and other hominin lineages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hominins reach islands separated by changing but sometimes
substantial water barriers. Later insular lineages such as Homo floresiensis
and Homo luzonensis demonstrate evolutionary diversity and long regional
histories.
DOMAIN: migration | seafaring question | island evolution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, artefacts, faunal context and dating.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for presence; C for water-crossing mechanisms.
SOURCE KEYS: S014–S016.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000023 — [WHD-006] FIRE AS A LONG, UNEVEN PROCESS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: possible early traces before 1 Ma; repeated and increasingly secure
evidence later, especially after c. 400 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W008–W009.
PLACE: Africa and Eurasia.
ENTITY: multiple hominin populations and fire regimes.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hominins increasingly interact with, transport and control
fire for warmth, protection, cooking, light, sociality and landscape effects.
Claims must distinguish wildfire association, opportunistic use and habitual
production.
DOMAIN: energy | food | security | sociality | landscape.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: heated sediments, ash, bones, hearth context and experiments.
CONFIDENCE: B/C for earliest claims; A/B for later repeated use.
SOURCE KEYS: S015–S017.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000024 — [WHD-007] COOPERATION, CARE AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
TIME: deep Pleistocene; evidence becomes denser after c. 800 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009.
PLACE: Africa and Eurasia.
ENTITY: hominin groups.
EVENT/CONDITION: Transported materials, coordinated acquisition, survival
with impairment and repeated technical traditions indicate cooperation and
care. Social capability cannot be measured directly from brain volume.
DOMAIN: society | health | teaching | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: site organisation, skeletal pathology and experimental archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: B/C by inference.
SOURCE KEYS: S011, S015–S017.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000025 — [WHD-008] MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE RECOMPOSITION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 800–300 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009.
PLACE: Africa and Eurasia.
ENTITY: populations often assigned to Homo heidelbergensis, Homo
rhodesiensis, early Neanderthals, Denisovan-related and other lineages.
EVENT/CONDITION: Regional populations diverge and reconnect. Prepared-core
technologies, hunting, fire and varied settlement strategies expand. Taxonomic
labels simplify a reticulated history.
DOMAIN: evolution | population structure | technology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, artefacts, palaeoproteomics and genetics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for diversity; C for classification.
SOURCE KEYS: S014–S019.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000026 — [WHD-009] NEANDERTHAL AND DENISOVAN LINEAGES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: deep divergence before c. 400 ka; later fossils and genetic evidence.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W009–W013.
PLACE: western Eurasia for Neanderthals; wider Asia for Denisovan-related
populations.
ENTITY: archaic Homo populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Distinct but interbreeding populations adapt to multiple
environments. Denisovans are known disproportionately through genetics,
proteins and a small fossil record; their geographic and biological diversity
is still emerging.
DOMAIN: evolution | genetics | adaptation | relationship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, ancient DNA, sediment DNA and palaeoproteomics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; range and taxonomy C.
SOURCE KEYS: S018–S020.

==============================================================================
8. HOMO SAPIENS ORIGINS, DISPERSAL AND ADMIXTURE
c. 300,000–50,000 YEARS AGO
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000027 — [WHS-001] EARLY HOMO SAPIENS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 315 ka at Jebel Irhoud; other early fossils across Africa.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W010.
PLACE: Morocco and wider Africa.
ENTITY: early Homo sapiens populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fossils and technologies support a pan-African emergence
through structured populations rather than one isolated point-origin. Modern
facial traits, brain shape and behaviour do not appear simultaneously.
DOMAIN: evolution | population | anatomy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, thermoluminescence dates and comparative anatomy.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S020–S022.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000028 — [WHS-002] AFRICAN POPULATION STRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: c. 300–70 ka and beyond.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W010–W012.
PLACE: Africa.
ENTITY: interacting Homo sapiens populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ecological refugia, river and coastal systems, deserts and
climatic shifts alternately connect and separate populations. Deep ancestry
and possible admixture with unsampled archaic groups complicate any one
founding-population story.
DOMAIN: demography | climate | genetics | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, archaeology, genomics and palaeoclimate models.
CONFIDENCE: B/C for detailed models.
SOURCE KEYS: S020–S023.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000029 — [WHS-003] MIDDLE STONE AGE INNOVATION MOSAICS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: principally c. 300–70 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W010–W011.
PLACE: multiple African regions.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Prepared cores, points, pigments, hafting, bone tools,
shellfish use, long material transfers and ornaments appear, disappear and
reappear. Behavioural modernity is cumulative and mosaic, not one “creative
explosion.”
DOMAIN: technology | information | symbolism | subsistence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: stratified artefacts, residues and dating.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S021–S024.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000030 — [WHS-004] EARLY DISPERSALS BEYOND AFRICA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: multiple pulses before 70 ka, including Levantine and Arabian evidence.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W010–W011.
PLACE: northeast Africa, Levant, Arabia and parts of Asia.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens dispersal populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sapiens leave Africa more than once. Some early populations
may contribute little to later ancestry; fossils and tools do not always
reveal population continuity.
DOMAIN: migration | climate | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, archaeology, palaeoclimate and genetics.
CONFIDENCE: B/C by route and persistence.
SOURCE KEYS: S020–S023.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000031 — [WHS-005] MAJOR LATE PLEISTOCENE EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: principally c. 70–50 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W012.
PLACE: Africa -> Arabia/Levant -> southern and northern Eurasia.
ENTITY: expanding Homo sapiens populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ancestral populations contributing heavily to most
non-African people expand across Asia and Europe through multiple routes and
interactions. This is not one marching group or one replacement event.
DOMAIN: migration | demography | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: genomics, ancient DNA, archaeology and fossils.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact routes C.
SOURCE KEYS: S019–S023.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000032 — [WHS-006] ADMIXTURE WITH NEANDERTHALS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: major detectable episodes after dispersal, around c. 60–50 ka, with
additional contacts.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W012–W013.
PLACE: western Asia and Eurasia.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens and Neanderthal populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Interbreeding leaves Neanderthal ancestry in most living
non-African populations. Some variants influence immunity, physiology and
disease risk. Population labels do not imply pure or permanently separate
biological races.
DOMAIN: genetics | migration | health | relationship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: ancient and modern genomes.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S018–S023.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000033 — [WHS-007] ADMIXTURE WITH DENISOVAN-RELATED POPULATIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: multiple episodes, principally after c. 60 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W012–W013.
PLACE: Asia and ancestral routes toward Sahul.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens and Denisovan-related populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Distinct Denisovan ancestry streams enter later Asian,
Papuan, Aboriginal Australian and other populations. One inherited variant
contributes to Tibetan high-altitude adaptation.
DOMAIN: genetics | adaptation | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: ancient DNA, modern genomes and functional genetics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; number and location of contacts C.
SOURCE KEYS: S018–S023.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000034 — [WHS-008] SAHUL SETTLEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: at least c. 50–65 ka; older claims and route detail remain debated.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W012–W013.
PLACE: Wallacea, New Guinea and Australia, then one connected Sahul landmass.
ENTITY: ancestral Papuan and Aboriginal Australian populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: People cross multiple water gaps and establish durable
occupation across tropical, arid, montane and coastal habitats. Navigation,
ecological knowledge and social organisation are prerequisites.
DOMAIN: seafaring | migration | knowledge | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: archaeology, dating, palaeogeography and genomics.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest date C.
SOURCE KEYS: S023–S026.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000035 — [WHS-009] NORTHERN EURASIAN DISPERSAL
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z1.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: c. 50–40 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: western, central, northern and eastern Eurasia.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens populations interacting with resident archaic humans.
EVENT/CONDITION: Populations enter cold, seasonal and high-latitude
environments, developing clothing, shelters, hunting systems and long-distance
exchange. Some early lineages disappear; later populations incorporate and
replace one another.
DOMAIN: migration | technology | climate | demography.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossils, artefacts, ancient DNA and dating.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S020–S025.

==============================================================================
9. LATE PLEISTOCENE GLOBAL SETTLEMENT AND CULTURAL INTENSIFICATION
c. 50,000–11,700 YEARS AGO
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000036 — [WLP-001] VISUAL, MUSICAL AND RITUAL RECORDS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
TIME: secure examples by c. 50–40 ka; traditions continue and diversify.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: Africa, Eurasia, Sahul and later the Americas.
ENTITY: Homo sapiens communities and memory carriers.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pigment, engraving, beads, figurative images, musical
instruments, burials and built ritual settings preserve symbolic practice.
Their survival is uneven: perishable art, performance and oral knowledge are
systematically under-recorded.
DOMAIN: art | ritual | memory | information bias.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: artefacts, residues, cave/rock art and burials.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; meaning C.
SOURCE KEYS: S021–S027.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000037 — [WLP-002] COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
TIME: c. 50–20 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: multiple continents.
ENTITY: tool-making communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hafted points, microliths, projectiles, needles, nets, traps,
watercraft and tailored clothing expand ecological range. Complex systems
depend on distributed skills and teaching, not isolated invention.
DOMAIN: technology | education | mobility | subsistence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: tools, microwear, residues and experimental archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S021–S027.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000038 — [WLP-003] NEANDERTHALS CEASE AS A DISTINCT POPULATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: HOMININ_POPULATION.
TIME: principally c. 45–40 ka.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013.
PLACE: western Eurasia.
ENTITY: Neanderthal populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Neanderthals disappear as a recognisably distinct population
amid climate variability, small population size, competition, assimilation
and Homo sapiens expansion. Their genes and some knowledge relationships
persist; one-cause extermination stories exceed the evidence.
DOMAIN: population | extinction/assimilation | genetics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: latest fossils, dating, archaeology and genomes.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for disappearance interval; C for causal weighting.
SOURCE KEYS: S018–S023.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000039 — [WLP-004] AMERICAS PEOPLING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
TIME: secure widespread presence by at least c. 16–14 ka; earlier sites and
routes continue to be tested.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: Beringia, North America and South America.
ENTITY: founding and diversifying Indigenous American populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: People move through and/or along deglaciating northern routes
and rapidly occupy diverse American habitats. Clovis is one later widespread
tradition, not the first people of the Americas.
DOMAIN: migration | seafaring/coastal routes | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: sites, dating, ancient DNA and palaeogeography.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest dates C.
SOURCE KEYS: S025, S028–S029.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000040 — [WLP-005] LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 26.5–19 ka, with regional differences.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: global climate system.
ENTITY: ice sheets, oceans, ecosystems and human populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ice volume peaks and sea level is roughly 120 metres lower
than the later Holocene level. Exposed shelves connect some lands and move
coasts far from their present positions. Refugia concentrate populations and
knowledge.
DOMAIN: climate | sea level | migration | habitat.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: ice cores, marine sediments, geomorphology and modelling.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S025, S030.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000041 — [WLP-006] LANDSCAPE ENGINEERING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
TIME: late Pleistocene onward.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013–W014.
PLACE: multiple continents, especially well documented in Australia and later
Holocene landscapes.
ENTITY: human communities, fire and ecosystems.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deliberate burning, selective harvesting, translocation and
habitat knowledge shape mosaics. “Untouched wilderness” can erase long
Indigenous management histories, but intensity and ecological effect differ
by place.
DOMAIN: ecology | fire | food | Indigenous knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: charcoal, pollen, species distributions, archaeology and oral history.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; local attribution varies.
SOURCE KEYS: S027, S030–S031.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000042 — [WLP-007] MEGAFAUNAL LOSSES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
TIME: regionally staggered, roughly c. 50–10 ka, with later island extinctions.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W013–W015.
PLACE: Sahul, Eurasia, the Americas and islands.
ENTITY: large animals, ecosystems, climate and human populations.
EVENT/CONDITION: Many large-bodied species disappear. Human hunting,
landscape change, climate and ecological cascades interact differently by
continent. Extinction removes ecosystem functions and cultural relationships.
DOMAIN: biodiversity | food web | human impact | climate.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: fossil last appearances, kill sites, models and palaeoecology.
CONFIDENCE: A for losses; B/C for causal shares.
SOURCE KEYS: S030–S032.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000043 — [WLP-008] TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE WARMING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: c. 14.7–11.7 ka, interrupted by abrupt regional events including the
Younger Dryas in the North Atlantic region.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014.
PLACE: global with strong regional variation.
ENTITY: climate, coasts, rivers, species and human communities.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rapid warming, ice retreat, rainfall shifts and rising seas
reconfigure habitats. People aggregate, disperse, intensify fishing and plant
use, and sometimes build semi-sedentary settlements before domestication.
DOMAIN: climate | water | settlement | subsistence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GEOLOGICAL.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: ice cores, pollen, sediments, shorelines and archaeology.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S025, S030–S033.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000044 — [WLP-009] HOLOCENE BOUNDARY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
TIME: 11,700 BP, conventionally 9701 BCE.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014–W015.
PLACE: global geologic timescale.
ENTITY: Holocene Epoch.
EVENT/CONDITION: Stratigraphers define the Holocene by a Greenland ice-core
signal marking the end of the Younger Dryas. The boundary is a global
chronological reference, not a simultaneous cultural revolution everywhere.
DOMAIN: time standard | climate | evidence governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
EVIDENCE SUMMARY: ratified stratigraphic boundary.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S005, S030.

==============================================================================
10. EARLY HOLOCENE, FOOD-PRODUCTION PATHWAYS AND SETTLEMENT
9700–5000 BCE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000045 — [WHA-001] HOLOCENE COASTS, RIVERS AND SEAS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 9700–5000 BCE, continuing thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W017.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: Holocene climate, coasts, wetlands and human communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Warming, ice loss and sea-level rise flood continental
shelves, form new estuaries and move coasts toward their present positions.
Rivers, lakes and monsoons reorganise. Archaeology preserved on modern land
therefore undercounts drowned coastal populations and early seafaring.
DOMAIN: environment | water | settlement | evidence bias.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — HOLOCENE SEA-LEVEL RISE.
SOURCE KEYS: S030, S033–S034.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000046 — [WHA-002] SOUTHWEST ASIAN PRE-DOMESTICATION SETTLEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 12,500–9500 BCE for Natufian formations; regional continuity and
change thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014–W015.
PLACE: Levant and adjoining Southwest Asia.
ENTITY: late Epipalaeolithic foraging and semi-sedentary communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Some communities intensify cereal gathering, storage,
architecture, commensal relations and burial in settlements before fully
domesticated crops. Sedentism can precede farming; neither threshold creates a
state or civilisation automatically.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | storage | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S035–S037.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000047 — [WHA-003] GÖBEKLI TEPE AND COLLECTIVE BUILDING
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 9600–8200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015.
PLACE: Upper Mesopotamia, present Türkiye.
ENTITY: Göbekli Tepe and associated communities.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monumental stone enclosures, reliefs, food preparation and
repeated aggregation demonstrate large-scale ritual and labour coordination
among communities at the beginning of food production. The site does not by
itself prove a lost urban civilisation or one temple-directed origin of
agriculture.
DOMAIN: ritual | construction | cooperation | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; social interpretation C.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: interpretive debate.
SOURCE KEYS: S036–S038.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000048 — [WHA-004] MULTIPLE FERTILE-CRESCENT DOMESTICATION PATHWAYS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 9500–7000 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W016.
PLACE: Levant, upper Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Zagros.
ENTITY: cultivators, herders, plants and animals.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wheat, barley, pulses, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle change
through prolonged human–species relationships across several zones. Genetic
and archaeological evidence rejects a single farm, inventor or instantaneous
“Neolithic package.”
DOMAIN: food | crops | animals | genetics | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact centres and routes vary by taxon.
GRAPH SEED: YES — WHEAT | BARLEY | SHEEP | GOAT | CATTLE.
SOURCE KEYS: S035–S040.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000049 — [WHA-005] JERICHO AND EARLY DENSE SETTLEMENT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 9000–7000 BCE for major Pre-Pottery Neolithic phases.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W016.
PLACE: Jordan Valley.
ENTITY: Tell es-Sultan/Jericho settlement.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: A long-lived oasis settlement contains substantial
architecture, a tower and wall, burials and changing food systems. Its scale
is historically important, but “first city” depends on how city is defined and
should not be converted into one universal urban starting date.
DOMAIN: settlement | infrastructure | food | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: terminology contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S036–S038.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000050 — [WHA-006] RICE CULTIVATION AND DOMESTICATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: cultivation and management visible by c. 9000–7000 BCE; domestication
traits accumulate over later millennia.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W017.
PLACE: Yangtze basin and connected East Asian regions.
ENTITY: human communities and Oryza rice lineages.
ENTITY TYPE: CROP.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wetland use, harvesting, cultivation and selection gradually
produce domesticated rice systems. Regional evidence and genetic models
support interaction and later dispersal rather than one precise invention day.
DOMAIN: food | water | crop | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest cultivation thresholds C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — RICE.
SOURCE KEYS: S039–S042.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000051 — [WHA-007] MILLET, VILLAGES AND NORTH CHINA FOOD SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 7000–5000 BCE, with earlier management candidates.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W017.
PLACE: Yellow River and northern China regions.
ENTITY: cultivators, millet crops, pigs and dogs.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Broomcorn and foxtail millet cultivation, storage, houses and
animal management support increasingly settled communities. Rice, foraging,
fishing and regional exchange continue; “Chinese agriculture” is not one
ecological package.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | domestication | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MILLET.
SOURCE KEYS: S039–S043.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000052 — [WHA-008] NEW GUINEA HIGHLAND CULTIVATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: evidence for plant manipulation and drainage by c. 7000–5000 BCE, with
some earlier landscape use.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W017.
PLACE: New Guinea highlands, especially Kuk Swamp.
ENTITY: highland cultivators and vegetatively propagated crops.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Drainage, mounds and plant residues show an independent or
locally transformed food-production pathway involving taro, yam, banana and
other plants. Agriculture does not require cereals, writing or a dryland
plough.
DOMAIN: food | water | infrastructure | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; crop-specific dates C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NEW GUINEA HIGHLAND AGRICULTURE.
SOURCE KEYS: S040, S044–S045.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000053 — [WHA-009] MEHRGARH AND NORTHWEST SOUTH ASIAN FARMING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 7000/6500–5500 BCE for early phases.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W017.
PLACE: Kachi Plain, present Pakistan.
ENTITY: Mehrgarh communities.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mud-brick settlement, wheat and barley, sheep/goats/cattle,
craft and burial show a durable farming community at the interface of Iranian
plateau and South Asian systems. Some plants and animals arrive through
western connections; local cattle and practices develop regionally.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | craft | transmission.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONNECTIONS: Iranian plateau | Indus basin | South Asia.
SOURCE KEYS: S040, S046–S047.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000054 — [WHA-010] EARLY MESOAMERICAN PLANT DOMESTICATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 9000–5000 BCE and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W017.
PLACE: Mexico and wider Mesoamerica.
ENTITY: mobile and increasingly settled cultivators; squash, maize and other
plants.
ENTITY TYPE: CROP.
EVENT/CONDITION: Squash management and domestication precede the long
transformation of teosinte into maize. Beans and other crops join later
regional systems. Crop domestication can begin among mobile communities and
does not imply immediate villages or social hierarchy.
DOMAIN: food | crop | genetics | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest maize chronology remains refined.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MAIZE | SQUASH.
SOURCE KEYS: S040, S048–S050.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000055 — [WHA-011] ANDEAN AND AMAZONIAN FOOD LANDSCAPES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 9000–5000 BCE, with later intensification.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W017.
PLACE: Andes, Pacific valleys and Amazonia.
ENTITY: foragers, fishers, cultivators; potatoes, quinoa, manioc, cotton and
camelids.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Diverse altitude and river systems support independent plant
management, fishing, camelid relationships and settlement pathways.
Domestication histories are distributed across ecological zones; Amazonian
forests include long human histories rather than one untouched baseline.
DOMAIN: food | landscape | animals | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; taxon-specific first dates C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — POTATO | MANIOC | CAMELIDS.
SOURCE KEYS: S040, S050–S052.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000056 — [WHA-012] AFRICAN HOLOCENE SUBSISTENCE PLURALITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 9000–5000 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015–W017.
PLACE: Sahara, Nile, Ethiopian highlands, Sahel, forests and eastern Africa.
ENTITY: fishing, hunting, gathering, herding and cultivating communities.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Humid-period lakes and grasslands sustain fishers and
pastoral transitions; cattle relationships develop through debated local and
incoming pathways. African crops such as sorghum, pearl millet, African rice,
teff and yams follow different later chronologies. Africa has many food-system
centres, not one imported Neolithic.
DOMAIN: food | water | pastoralism | crops | climate.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; specific domestication dates C.
SOURCE KEYS: S040, S053–S056.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000057 — [WHA-013] JŌMON SETTLEMENT AND CERAMIC TRADITIONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: ceramic traditions begin before the Holocene; substantial Holocene
settlements continue after c. 10,000 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z2–Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W014–W018.
PLACE: Japanese archipelago.
ENTITY: Jōmon communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pottery, fishing, nut management, hunting, storage and
semi-sedentary or sedentary settlements demonstrate complex forager worlds.
Ceramics and village life are not exclusive markers of farming.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | ceramics | maritime adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S057–S058.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000058 — [WHA-014] VILLAGE LIFE CHANGES THE HUMAN–DISEASE RELATIONSHIP
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: early Holocene onward, regionally staggered.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W015 onward.
PLACE: multiple regions.
ENTITY: dense settlements, domesticates, pathogens and people.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sedentism, stored food, waste, animal proximity and larger
populations alter infection, nutrition, labour and inequality. Some health
outcomes worsen even as food storage and fertility can increase population.
The “Neolithic transition” is therefore a capability gain with variable
BaseFloor costs.
DOMAIN: health | food | settlement | animals | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; local disease attribution varies.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SETTLEMENT–DISEASE TRANSITION.
SOURCE KEYS: S035, S040, S059.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000059 — [WHA-015] ÇATALHÖYÜK AND DENSE HOUSEHOLD URBANISM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 7400–6200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016.
PLACE: central Anatolia.
ENTITY: Çatalhöyük settlement.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: A large roof-accessed agglomeration contains repeated
household rebuilding, burials, craft, exchange and images without clear
palaces, streets or a single central authority. It broadens the range of
possible dense-settlement control geometries.
DOMAIN: settlement | household | ritual | control geometry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; political interpretation C.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: NETWORKED / uncertain.
SOURCE KEYS: S036–S038.

==============================================================================
11. REGIONAL INTEGRATION, PASTORAL MOBILITY AND PROTO-URBAN SYSTEMS
5000–3500 BCE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000060 — [WRI-001] MID-HOLOCENE CLIMATE AND SAHARAN TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 6000–3000 BCE, strongly regional and non-synchronous.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W017–W020.
PLACE: Sahara, Sahel and Nile-linked zones.
ENTITY: African Humid Period environments and populations.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monsoon weakening and increasing aridity redistribute lakes,
pasture, people and animals toward refugia, the Nile and Sahel. Climate alters
the field of choice but does not mechanically create Egyptian states or one
mass migration.
DOMAIN: climate | water | migration | pastoralism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; local causal sequences C.
SOURCE KEYS: S053–S056, S060.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000061 — [WRI-002] PASTORALISM AS A MOBILE INFRASTRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 6000–3000 BCE and later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W017–W020.
PLACE: Africa, Southwest and Central Asia, Eurasian steppe.
ENTITY: herding communities and domestic animals.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Herding converts variable grasslands into food, transport,
exchange and social wealth. Mobility is an adaptive system with route,
watering and customary-governance infrastructure, not a primitive absence of
settlement.
DOMAIN: food | animals | mobility | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PASTORALISM.
SOURCE KEYS: S040, S053–S056, S061.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000062 — [WRI-003] UBAID REGIONAL SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 6500–3800 BCE, with regional phase variation.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W019.
PLACE: southern Mesopotamia and connected Gulf regions.
ENTITY: Ubaid-period settlements and exchange.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Irrigated villages, tripartite buildings, craft and shared
material forms create a wide interaction sphere before Uruk cities. Similar
objects need not mean one ethnic population or empire.
DOMAIN: settlement | irrigation | exchange | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S062–S064.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000063 — [WRI-004] LOWER MESOPOTAMIAN IRRIGATION DEPENDENCY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fifth–fourth millennia BCE and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W018–W020.
PLACE: Tigris–Euphrates alluvium.
ENTITY: canals, fields, settlements and institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Canal agriculture enables dense settlement and surplus while
creating maintenance, coordination, salinisation and upstream–downstream
dependencies. Irrigation does not require one despotic state; control
geometry changes through time.
DOMAIN: water | food | infrastructure | governance | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
DEPENDENCY: river flow -> canals -> agriculture -> storage -> urban density.
GRAPH SEED: YES — IRRIGATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S062–S065.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000064 — [WRI-005] PREDYNASTIC NILE REGIONALISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 5000–3100 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W018–W020.
PLACE: Nile Valley and Delta.
ENTITY: Badarian, Naqada and other communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Farming, herding, river transport, craft, cemeteries,
symbolic repertoires and elite differentiation connect and compete along the
Nile. Political unification emerges from regional relationships, not an empty
land suddenly becoming Egypt.
DOMAIN: settlement | food | transport | hierarchy | state formation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S066–S068.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000065 — [WRI-006] INDUS REGIONALISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 5000–3300 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W018–W020.
PLACE: Baluchistan, Indus basin, Ghaggar-Hakra and adjoining regions.
ENTITY: village, pastoral and exchange communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Farming and pastoral settlements, ceramics, craft and
long-distance materials form several regional traditions that later contribute
to Early Harappan integration. Mature urbanism is not projected backward.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | trade | material culture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S046–S047, S069–S071.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000066 — [WRI-007] YANGSHAO AND CONTEMPORARY CHINA-REGION WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 5000–3000 BCE, with regional sequences.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W018–W020.
PLACE: Yellow River, Yangtze, Liao and other China-region basins.
ENTITY: Yangshao, Hemudu, Daxi, Hongshan and other communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Villages, millet and rice systems, pigs, craft, ritual
objects and differentiated burials develop in multiple centres. “China” is a
later political coordinate; these societies are not one homogeneous
civilisation.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | ritual | regional diversity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S039–S043, S072.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000067 — [WRI-008] EUROPEAN FARMING DISPERSAL AND FORAGER INTERACTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 7000–4000 BCE, regionally staggered.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W018.
PLACE: Anatolia and Europe.
ENTITY: incoming farming populations and resident forager communities.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Farming populations expand through Balkan, Danubian and
Mediterranean routes, mixing variably with existing hunter-gatherers. Crops,
animals and ancestry move together in some phases, but adoption and
interaction are local.
DOMAIN: migration | genetics | food | land.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONNECTIONS: Anatolia -> Balkans -> central/western Europe; Mediterranean
coasts.
SOURCE KEYS: S073–S075.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000068 — [WRI-009] TRYPILLIA MEGA-SITES AND PERIODIC AGGREGATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 4100–3400 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W019–W020.
PLACE: present Ukraine, Moldova and Romania.
ENTITY: Cucuteni–Trypillia mega-sites.
ENTITY TYPE: SETTLEMENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: Very large planned settlement footprints and repeated house
construction demonstrate aggregation outside classic palace-state models.
Population permanence, governance and seasonal use vary by site and remain
debated.
DOMAIN: settlement | planning | household | control geometry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A for scale; B/C for occupancy and polity.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: contested urban classification.
SOURCE KEYS: S076–S077.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000069 — [WRI-010] COPPER, GOLD AND EARLY METALLURGICAL SPECIALISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: sixth–fourth millennia BCE, varying by region.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W017–W020.
PLACE: Balkans, Anatolia, Southwest Asia, Iran, South Asia and other centres.
ENTITY: miners, smelters, smiths and exchange networks.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Native metal working, smelting and alloy experimentation
create new crafts, valuables and weapons. Varna burials show extreme material
difference, but metal does not independently create hierarchy.
DOMAIN: material | technology | trade | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — METALLURGY | COPPER.
SOURCE KEYS: S078–S080.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000070 — [WRI-011] THE WHEEL, TRACTION AND VEHICLE SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: evidence concentrates in the later fourth millennium BCE; antecedent
rotary technologies are older.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W019–W020.
PLACE: parts of Europe and Southwest Asia, then wider Eurasia.
ENTITY: wheels, axles, carts, draft animals and roads.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wheeled transport emerges as a system requiring materials,
animal traction, terrain and maintenance. Exact priority among early finds is
contested; diffusion, parallel experimentation and preservation must be
distinguished.
DOMAIN: transport | animals | infrastructure | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; earliest priority C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — WHEELED TRANSPORT.
SOURCE KEYS: S079–S081.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000071 — [WRI-012] STEPPE HERDING AND POPULATION MOVEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 4500–3000 BCE and later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W019–W020.
PLACE: Pontic–Caspian and wider Eurasian steppe.
ENTITY: mobile pastoral populations, including later Yamnaya-associated
groups.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Herding, wagons and open grassland corridors support large
movements and new ancestry mixtures into Europe and parts of Asia. Language
models connect some movements to Indo-European dispersal, but genes, pots,
languages and political identities are not interchangeable.
DOMAIN: migration | animals | language | genetics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for migration; B/C for specific language mapping.
SOURCE KEYS: S073–S075, S081–S083.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000072 — [WRI-013] MONUMENTS, ANCESTORS AND COOPERATIVE SCALE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fifth–third millennia BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W018–W021.
PLACE: Europe, Africa, West and South Asia, and other regions.
ENTITY: megalithic and earthwork-building communities.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tombs, stone settings, mounds, enclosures and ritual
landscapes coordinate labour, memory and territory. Similar monumental forms
can arise without direct contact and do not define one worldwide megalithic
people.
DOMAIN: construction | ritual | memory | synchrony rule.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S077, S084–S085.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000073 — [WRI-014] ACCOUNTING BEFORE FULL WRITING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 8000–3500 BCE, with regional continuities.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W016–W020.
PLACE: Southwest Asia.
ENTITY: tokens, sealings, tallies and administrative communities.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Material counters, impressions, containers and seals track
goods and obligations. Administrative notation grows through institutional
needs, but no single token sequence proves a simple linear invention of
writing.
DOMAIN: information | economy | administration | measurement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; direct genealogy of signs C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ACCOUNTING.
SOURCE KEYS: S062–S065, S086.

==============================================================================
12. FIRST CITIES, WRITING, STATES AND BRONZE-AGE CONNECTIONS
3500–2000 BCE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000074 — [WFC-001] URUK URBAN TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: c. 4000–3100 BCE, with greatest scale in later fourth millennium.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W019–W020.
PLACE: southern Mesopotamia and connected colonies/exchange zones.
ENTITY: Uruk and related urban institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Very large settlement, monumental precincts, specialised
labour, rationing, seals and administrative tablets mark an early urban
system. The “Uruk expansion” combines trade, mobility, enclaves and local
adaptation rather than one uniform empire.
DOMAIN: city | governance | economy | writing | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 2 threshold emerges locally.
GRAPH SEED: YES — CITY | ADMINISTRATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S062–S065, S086–S087.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000075 — [WFC-002] CUNEIFORM WRITING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: earliest tablets c. 3400–3200 BCE; continuing transformation.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020.
PLACE: southern Mesopotamia, then wider West Asia.
ENTITY: proto-cuneiform and cuneiform scribal systems.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Administrative signs expand into a flexible script capable of
recording several languages, law, literature, mathematics and diplomacy.
Writing externalises memory but depends on trained readers, institutions and
durable media.
DOMAIN: writing | administration | education | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — CUNEIFORM.
SOURCE KEYS: S064–S065, S086–S089.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000076 — [WFC-003] EGYPTIAN STATE FORMATION AND HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: c. 3300–3000 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020.
PLACE: Nile Valley and Delta.
ENTITY: early Egyptian polities and administration.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competing Nile centres become integrated under early
dynastic kingship; hieroglyphic labels and administrative marks appear.
Unification is a process with coercion, exchange and symbolic construction,
not one secure “first pharaoh” event.
DOMAIN: state | writing | taxation | river transport.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact political sequence C.
SOURCE KEYS: S066–S068, S090.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000077 — [WFC-004] EARLY DYNASTIC AND OLD KINGDOM EGYPT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 3100–2181 BCE; Old Kingdom conventionally c. 2686–2181 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W022.
PLACE: Nile Valley, Delta and connected deserts/coasts.
ENTITY: dynastic Egyptian state.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court, provinces, taxation, writing, craft, river logistics
and agricultural surplus sustain a territorial state. Pyramid complexes
concentrate extraordinary labour and knowledge; evidence supports organised
corvée and specialist work, not the old claim that enslaved foreign masses
alone built them.
DOMAIN: governance | infrastructure | food | religion | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: HIERARCHICAL / CENTRALISED with provincial variation.
SOURCE KEYS: S066–S068, S090–S091.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000078 — [WFC-005] SUMERIAN CITY-STATE PLURALITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 2900–2350 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W021–W022.
PLACE: southern Mesopotamia.
ENTITY: Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish and other city-states.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY_STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Temples, palaces, assemblies, fields, canals, armies and
merchant networks operate in competing city territories. “Sumer” is a
linguistic-cultural field containing political plurality, not one permanent
state.
DOMAIN: city | governance | law | war | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: FRAGMENTED / NETWORKED / HIERARCHICAL.
SOURCE KEYS: S062–S065, S087–S089.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000079 — [WFC-006] AKKADIAN IMPERIAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: c. 2334–2154 BCE under conventional middle chronology.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W022.
PLACE: Mesopotamia and adjoining regions.
ENTITY: Akkadian Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sargon and successors subordinate multiple cities and
project power over long routes, while local institutions persist. Later
memory makes Sargon archetypal; precise regnal chronology and territorial
control vary.
DOMAIN: empire | war | administration | language.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact dates and borders C.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONQUERS | INTEGRATES | FRAGMENTS_INTO.
SOURCE KEYS: S062–S065, S088–S089.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000080 — [WFC-007] INDUS / HARAPPAN URBAN SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Early Harappan c. 3300–2600 BCE; Mature Harappan c. 2600–1900 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W023.
PLACE: Indus, Ghaggar-Hakra, Gujarat and connected South Asian regions.
ENTITY: Harappan settlements and exchange network.
ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large cities, standard weights, baked brick, wells, drainage,
craft, seals and extensive settlement hierarchy form a vast integrated
system. Political form is not securely known; monumentality differs from
Mesopotamia and Egypt.
DOMAIN: city | infrastructure | standards | trade | control geometry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; political model C.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: UNKNOWN / possibly NETWORKED.
SOURCE KEYS: S046–S047, S069–S071.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000081 — [WFC-008] INDUS SIGNS AND THE DECIPHERMENT LIMIT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 2600–1900 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W021–W023.
PLACE: Indus sphere and trading contacts.
ENTITY: Indus sign system.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Short patterned inscriptions appear on seals, tablets and
objects. Without a bilingual text, long corpus or recovered reading community,
the language and status of the system remain undeciphered. Claimed readings
must make reproducible corpus-wide predictions.
DOMAIN: writing | information | evidence quality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for signs; C/D for unverified decipherments.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: contested.
ATLAS POSITION: uncertain whether full writing or another formal notation.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INDUS SIGN SYSTEM.
SOURCE KEYS: S069–S071, S092.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000082 — [WFC-009] CARAL / NORTE CHICO MONUMENTAL NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 3000–1800 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W021–W023.
PLACE: north-central coast and valleys of present Peru.
ENTITY: Caral-Supe and related centres.
ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monumental platform mounds, sunken courts, settlements,
irrigation and cotton–fish exchange support large coordinated communities.
Known evidence lacks ceramics in early phases and has no confirmed writing,
showing that urban complexity has multiple material pathways.
DOMAIN: settlement | infrastructure | food | trade | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; political hierarchy C.
SOURCE KEYS: S050–S052, S093–S094.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000083 — [WFC-010] LIANGZHU WATER AND JADE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 3300–2300 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W022.
PLACE: lower Yangtze region.
ENTITY: Liangzhu communities and centre.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large hydraulic works, rice agriculture, walls, elite
cemeteries and jade ritual objects demonstrate coordinated labour and sharp
social differentiation. Flood and environmental change contribute to later
reorganisation.
DOMAIN: water | food | settlement | hierarchy | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S072, S095–S096.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000084 — [WFC-011] LONGSHAN-ERA REGIONAL COMPETITION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 3000–1900 BCE, varying by region.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W021–W023.
PLACE: Yellow River and adjoining China-region basins.
ENTITY: Longshan-associated and contemporary regional societies.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Walled centres, fine ceramics, craft, violence and
stratification intensify amid regional competition. The evidence does not
justify projecting a single historical dynasty uniformly over all sites.
DOMAIN: settlement | war | hierarchy | craft.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S072, S095–S097.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000085 — [WFC-012] EARLY AEGEAN PALATIAL TRAJECTORIES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 3200–2000 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W022.
PLACE: Crete, Cyclades and mainland Aegean.
ENTITY: Early Minoan, Cycladic and Helladic communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Maritime exchange, metallurgy, settlement growth and
regional hierarchies precede later palaces. Island interaction is dense but
does not erase political and cultural diversity.
DOMAIN: maritime trade | settlement | metallurgy | hierarchy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S078–S080, S098–S099.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000086 — [WFC-013] OXUS / BMAC FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 2300–1700 BCE, with antecedents.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W022–W023.
PLACE: southern Central Asia and northern Afghanistan.
ENTITY: Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fortified centres, irrigation, craft and long-distance
materials connect steppe, Iranian plateau, Indus and Mesopotamian worlds.
Named texts do not securely identify the inhabitants’ language or ethnicity.
DOMAIN: settlement | irrigation | trade | craft.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; identity C.
CONNECTIONS: Steppe | Iranian plateau | Indus | Mesopotamia.
SOURCE KEYS: S100–S101.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000087 — [WFC-014] BRONZE AS A NETWORK TECHNOLOGY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fourth–second millennia BCE, regionally staggered.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W019–W024.
PLACE: multiple Afro-Eurasian and independent regional centres.
ENTITY: copper–tin/arsenic alloys, miners, smelters and traders.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bronze combines technical knowledge with ore access,
specialised labour and long routes. Tin scarcity can enlarge exchange
networks and vulnerability. “Bronze Age” is a local archaeological
classification, not a simultaneous world stage.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | trade | labour | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BRONZE.
SOURCE KEYS: S078–S080, S102.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000088 — [WFC-015] SAILING AND EARLY MARITIME CORRIDORS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fourth–second millennia BCE and older local antecedents.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W019–W024.
PLACE: Nile, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Mediterranean and western
Pacific routes.
ENTITY: boats, ports, sailors and exchange communities.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: River and sea craft move bulky goods, people and ideas.
Egypt–Levant, Mesopotamia–Dilmun–Magan–Meluhha and Aegean routes are
evidenced at different strengths. Open-water navigation predates states by
many millennia.
DOMAIN: transport | trade | knowledge | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; specific route frequency C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MARITIME TRANSPORT.
SOURCE KEYS: S064–S065, S090, S103–S105.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000089 — [WFC-016] AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGE–POPULATION EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 3000–1500 BCE for movement from Taiwan into the
Philippines and Island Southeast Asia; later branches continue much farther.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W021–W024.
PLACE: Taiwan, Philippines, Island Southeast Asia and onward.
ENTITY: Austronesian-speaking populations and local communities.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Seafaring farmers and crafts move through islands, mix with
resident populations and generate many new societies. Language, genes and
ceramics have partly overlapping but non-identical histories.
DOMAIN: migration | language | seafaring | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact routes and pace C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION.
SOURCE KEYS: S106–S108.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000090 — [WFC-017] STEPPE ANCESTRY AND INDO-EUROPEAN DISPERSAL MODELS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 3300–2000 BCE for major westward/eastward population
movements; linguistic divergence spans a wider interval.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W020–W023.
PLACE: Eurasian steppe, Europe, Central and South Asia interfaces.
ENTITY: Yamnaya-, Corded Ware-, Sintashta- and related populations.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ancient DNA documents large population movements and
mixtures. Archaeology and historical linguistics strongly connect some of
these processes to Indo-European language spread, but no archaeological label
is itself a language, race or permanent civilisation.
DOMAIN: migration | genetics | language | pastoralism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for movements; B/C for branch-specific language mapping.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: details contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S073–S075, S081–S083, S109.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000091 — [WFC-018] THE 4.2-KILOYEAR CLIMATE EVENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: approximately 2200 BCE, with regional onset and duration.
DATE STATUS: APPROXIMATE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W022.
PLACE: multiple regions, especially parts of North Africa and Asia.
ENTITY: hydroclimate anomalies and societies.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: Severe aridity is registered in several records near a period
of Akkadian, Egyptian, Indus and other transformations. Local timing,
resilience and political causes differ; a global simultaneous “collapse”
cannot be inferred from one climatic label.
DOMAIN: climate | water | state | synchrony rule.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for anomalies; C for event-specific causation.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: causal weighting contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S060, S110–S112.

==============================================================================
13. MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE-AGE WORLDS
2000–1200 BCE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000092 — [WBA-001] OLD BABYLONIAN POLITICAL AND LEGAL WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 2000–1595 BCE under conventional middle chronologies.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023.
PLACE: Mesopotamia.
ENTITY: Isin, Larsa, Babylon and other states.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competing kingdoms use cuneiform administration, courts,
credit, property and diplomacy. Hammurabi’s law stele, c. eighteenth century
BCE, is one royal legal statement within a larger customary and documentary
field, not the world’s first law.
DOMAIN: governance | law | economy | writing.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact absolute chronology B/C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — WRITTEN LAW.
SOURCE KEYS: S088–S089, S113–S114.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000093 — [WBA-002] MIDDLE AND NEW KINGDOM EGYPT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Middle Kingdom c. 2055–1650 BCE; New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BCE.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W025.
PLACE: Nile Valley, Nubia, Levant and eastern Mediterranean.
ENTITY: Egyptian kingdoms and imperial administration.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Political reunification, irrigation, literature and craft are
followed after a divided period by New Kingdom military expansion and
diplomacy. Egyptian power coexists with powerful Nubian, Levantine and West
Asian states and does not define all Nile history.
DOMAIN: governance | war | diplomacy | religion | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S066–S068, S090–S091.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000094 — [WBA-003] KERMA AND NUBIAN STATE POWER
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 2500–1500 BCE, with changing phases.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W022–W024.
PLACE: Upper Nile, principally present Sudan.
ENTITY: Kerma polity.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: A major urban centre, monumental architecture, craft and
regional control create an independent Nubian state that trades and conflicts
with Egypt. Narratives treating Nubia only as Egyptian periphery erase its
agency.
DOMAIN: state | city | trade | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S115–S117.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000095 — [WBA-004] MINOAN PALATIAL SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 2000–1450 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W024.
PLACE: Crete and Aegean maritime networks.
ENTITY: Minoan palatial centres.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia and other centres coordinate storage,
craft, ritual, seafaring and Linear A administration. “Minoan” is a modern
archaeological term; Linear A remains undeciphered and political unity is
uncertain.
DOMAIN: palace | maritime trade | writing | craft.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; language and political structure C.
SOURCE KEYS: S098–S099, S118.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000096 — [WBA-005] THERA ERUPTION AND AEGEAN DISRUPTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: second millennium BCE, most scientific estimates in later seventeenth
century BCE; archaeological chronology remains debated.
DATE STATUS: CONTESTED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023.
PLACE: Thera/Santorini and eastern Mediterranean.
ENTITY: volcanic eruption, settlements and maritime systems.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: A large eruption buries Akrotiri and produces regional ash
and tsunami effects. It disrupts networks but does not by itself explain the
later end of Minoan palatial power.
DOMAIN: environment | settlement | trade | causality rule.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A for eruption; C for exact year and political consequences.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: calendar and causation contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S118–S120.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000097 — [WBA-006] HITTITE AND ANATOLIAN IMPERIAL SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 1650–1200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W024.
PLACE: Anatolia and northern Levant.
ENTITY: Hittite Kingdom/Empire and neighbouring polities.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cuneiform administration, treaties, military logistics and
vassal relations support a major state interacting with Egypt, Assyria,
Mitanni and Aegean worlds. “Hittite” imperial identity overlays multiple
Anatolian languages and communities.
DOMAIN: empire | diplomacy | law | war | language.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S121–S122.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000098 — [WBA-007] SHANG POLITICAL AND BRONZE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: securely attested late Shang c. 1250–1046 BCE; earlier dynastic
boundaries are reconstructed.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W024–W025.
PLACE: Yellow River region and linked China-region zones.
ENTITY: Shang polity and associated societies.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Walled centres, royal lineages, armies, large-scale bronze
casting, divination and oracle-bone writing create a documented political
system. Shang control is regional, and contemporary societies beyond it
remain independent.
DOMAIN: governance | writing | metallurgy | religion | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for late Shang; C for earlier literary chronology.
SOURCE KEYS: S095–S097, S123–S124.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000099 — [WBA-008] ERLITOU AND THE XIA IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 1900–1500 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023.
PLACE: central Yellow River region.
ENTITY: Erlitou site and network.
ENTITY TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL_SITE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Palatial compounds, roads, elite craft and bronze indicate a
major early state-scale centre. Later texts describe a Xia dynasty, but the
archaeological culture cannot securely be equated with that named polity
without contemporary readable inscriptions.
DOMAIN: state formation | archaeology | textual memory | evidence quality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for site; C/D for direct Xia equation.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: contested identification.
ATLAS POSITION: Erlitou secure; dynastic label uncertain.
SOURCE KEYS: S095–S097, S123.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000100 — [WBA-009] POST-URBAN INDUS TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: principally c. 1900–1300 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W024.
PLACE: Indus and adjoining South Asian regions.
ENTITY: Late Harappan and regional communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Major cities deconcentrate, long-distance standardisation
weakens and populations reorganise eastward and locally. Craft, crops and
communities continue. River change, monsoon weakening, trade and social
reorganisation interact; no evidence supports one instantaneous annihilating
invasion.
DOMAIN: settlement | climate | trade | population | continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; causal shares C.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING / FRAGMENTING.
SOURCE KEYS: S069–S071, S110–S112.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000101 — [WBA-010] INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE AND ANCESTRY TRANSFORMATIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally second millennium BCE; textual chronology approximate.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W025.
PLACE: Central Asia, northwest and northern South Asia.
ENTITY: mobile populations, resident communities and Indo-Aryan languages.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Steppe-related ancestry enters South Asia after the mature
Indus phase and contributes to later populations. Indo-Aryan languages and
Vedic oral traditions become visible through a complex process of migration,
admixture, patronage and local transformation. It is neither racial purity nor
one archaeologically documented invasion battle.
DOMAIN: migration | genetics | language | oral knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | LINGUISTIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for ancestry and language family; C for exact route and dates.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: politicised and interpretively contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S109, S125–S127.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000102 — [WBA-011] HORSE, SPOKED CHARIOT AND MOBILITY COMPLEX
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 2100–1500 BCE for early spoke-wheeled chariot systems;
later diffusion.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W022–W024.
PLACE: Eurasian steppe, West, South and East Asia.
ENTITY: horses, vehicles, breeders, drivers and warrior elites.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Horse management and light spoke-wheeled chariots amplify
speed, signalling and elite warfare in suitable terrains. Adoption depends on
animal supply, training, roads and institutions; cavalry becomes dominant in
different later contexts.
DOMAIN: animals | transport | war | status.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest horse riding indicators C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — HORSE | CHARIOT.
SOURCE KEYS: S081–S083, S128–S129.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000103 — [WBA-012] LATE BRONZE DIPLOMATIC CLUB
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 1500–1200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W024.
PLACE: eastern Mediterranean and West Asia.
ENTITY: Egyptian, Hittite, Babylonian, Assyrian, Mitannian, Mycenaean and
other courts.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Envoys, royal gifts, marriages, treaties and Akkadian
cuneiform correspondence connect courts. The Amarna letters reveal
interdependence and hierarchy while omitting most non-elite lives.
DOMAIN: diplomacy | writing | trade | elite network.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — DIPLOMACY.
SOURCE KEYS: S121–S122, S130–S131.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000104 — [WBA-013] MYCENAEAN PALATIAL AND LINEAR B SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 1600–1200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W024.
PLACE: mainland Greece, Crete and Aegean networks.
ENTITY: Mycenaean palatial polities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fortified centres, warrior elites, redistributive
administration and Linear B records operate within competing Greek-speaking
polities. Later epic memory preserves transformed traces, not a direct
chronicle of one Trojan War date.
DOMAIN: palace | writing | war | trade | memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; epic event mapping C/D.
SOURCE KEYS: S098–S099, S118, S132.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000105 — [WBA-014] LAPITA AND REMOTE-OCEANIC EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 1600–500 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W028.
PLACE: Bismarck Archipelago through Remote Oceania to Tonga and Samoa.
ENTITY: Lapita-associated seafaring communities and resident Papuan
populations.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Long-distance voyaging, settlement, ceramics, domestic
plants and animals link islands across enormous distances. Mixture and local
adaptation create ancestral Oceanic societies; Lapita is not a single pure
people.
DOMAIN: seafaring | migration | food | language.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — LAPITA.
SOURCE KEYS: S106–S108, S133.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000106 — [WBA-015] EARLY BANTU-SPEAKING EXPANSION PROCESSES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: beginnings often placed in second millennium BCE; major movements and
mixtures continue over millennia.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023 onward.
PLACE: west-central Africa toward eastern and southern Africa.
ENTITY: Bantu-speaking farming communities and resident populations.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Languages, crops, livestock and later iron-working move
through many local migrations and exchanges. Expanding communities mix with
forest foragers and pastoralists; one arrow cannot represent the entire
process.
DOMAIN: migration | language | food | technology | genetics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: LINGUISTIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: B; route and chronology C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BANTU EXPANSION.
SOURCE KEYS: S134–S136.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000107 — [WBA-016] EARLY FORMATIVE AMERICAN COMPLEXITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 2000–1200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W023–W024.
PLACE: Mesoamerica, Andes and adjoining American regions.
ENTITY: village, ceremonial and exchange communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Maize-based and mixed food systems, pottery, irrigation,
platforms and long-distance valuables support growing regional centres before
Olmec and Chavín florescence. American trajectories are independent of Old
World state formation.
DOMAIN: food | settlement | ritual | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S048–S052, S137–S138.

==============================================================================
14. LATE BRONZE FRACTURE, IRON-AGE DIVERSITY AND IMPERIAL FORMATION
1200–500 BCE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000108 — [WIA-001] EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN LATE BRONZE FRACTURE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: principally c. 1200–1100 BCE, with earlier and later regional changes.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W025.
PLACE: eastern Mediterranean and West Asia.
ENTITY: palatial states, cities, mobile groups and trade systems.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Several palatial systems fall, cities are destroyed or
abandoned and trade changes amid war, internal revolt, political fragility,
drought, migration and cascading failures. No single “Sea Peoples” invasion
explains the whole transformation.
DOMAIN: state | trade | climate | war | systems fracture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for transformation; C for causal weighting.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: multi-causal debate.
MOTION VECTOR: FRAGMENTING / TRANSFORMING.
SOURCE KEYS: S130–S132, S139–S141.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000109 — [WIA-002] IRON PRODUCTION AND UNEVEN ADOPTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: second–first millennia BCE, regionally staggered.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W024–W031.
PLACE: independent and connected centres across Africa and Eurasia.
ENTITY: iron smelters, smiths, ores and users.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Iron production expands through varied local traditions.
Abundant ore does not make usable iron cheap: charcoal, furnaces, skill and
institutions are required. Iron does not create one simultaneous world “Age.”
DOMAIN: metallurgy | energy | food | war | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest regional chronologies C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — IRON.
SOURCE KEYS: S078–S080, S134–S136, S142.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000110 — [WIA-003] PHOENICIAN MARITIME AND ALPHABETIC NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 1100–600 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W025–W028.
PLACE: Levant, Mediterranean and Atlantic-facing coasts.
ENTITY: Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Carthage and connected communities.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Seafaring, settlements, craft and exchange link the Levant
with North Africa, Iberia and islands. Phoenician consonantal writing informs
Greek and later alphabets; scripts are adapted, not mechanically copied with
an entire civilisation.
DOMAIN: trade | seafaring | writing | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ALPHABETIC WRITING.
SOURCE KEYS: S143–S145.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000111 — [WIA-004] ISRAEL, JUDAH AND BIBLICAL TEXT FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Iron Age polities c. tenth–sixth centuries BCE; textual composition and
editing continue later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W029.
PLACE: southern Levant and exilic/diaspora settings.
ENTITY: Israelite and Judahite polities, communities and texts.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Local kingdoms, imperial conquest, exile, return and scribal
traditions contribute to forms of Judaism and the Hebrew Bible. Archaeology,
inscriptions and texts overlap unevenly; theological chronology is not
silently converted into exact event history.
DOMAIN: state | religion | writing | memory | diaspora.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for attested polities; C/D by specific narrative.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: claim-specific.
SOURCE KEYS: S146–S148.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000112 — [WIA-005] NEO-ASSYRIAN IMPERIAL SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 911–609 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W028.
PLACE: Mesopotamia, Levant, Anatolia, Egypt and Iranian interfaces.
ENTITY: Neo-Assyrian Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Provincial administration, roads, intelligence, siege
systems, tribute and forced resettlement support exceptional territorial
scale. Deportation integrates labour and knowledge while inflicting severe
coercion. Imperial archives preserve rulers’ claims, not a neutral total view.
DOMAIN: empire | war | infrastructure | migration | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: IMPERIAL / HIERARCHICAL.
SOURCE KEYS: S113–S114, S149–S150.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000113 — [WIA-006] NEO-BABYLONIAN AND ACHAEMENID SUCCESSION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: Neo-Babylonian c. 626–539 BCE; Achaemenid conquest 539 BCE and empire
thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W027–W029.
PLACE: West Asia, Egypt, Central and South Asian interfaces.
ENTITY: Babylonian and Achaemenid imperial systems.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Babylonian state power and scholarship are incorporated into
an Achaemenid system using provinces, roads, tribute, multilingual
administration and local intermediaries. Cyrus’s policies vary by place; the
Cyrus Cylinder is not a modern human-rights charter.
DOMAIN: empire | governance | writing | infrastructure | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: SUCCEEDS | INTEGRATES | ADAPTS.
SOURCE KEYS: S149–S152.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000114 — [WIA-007] ZHOU POLITICAL AND INTELLECTUAL FIELD
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: conventionally 1046–256 BCE; western/eastern phases.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W025–W030.
PLACE: Yellow River, central plains and expanding China-region networks.
ENTITY: Zhou kings, regional states and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: A royal order gives way to increasingly autonomous states,
agricultural expansion, iron use, cities, armies and bureaucratic practice.
The Mandate of Heaven legitimates succession and later political theory.
DOMAIN: governance | war | agriculture | philosophy | legitimacy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: FEDERATED -> FRAGMENTED / competitive.
SOURCE KEYS: S123–S124, S153–S154.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000115 — [WIA-008] GANGES SETTLEMENT, IRON AND MAHAJANAPADAS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 1000–500 BCE, accelerating after c. 700 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W028.
PLACE: Ganges plain and northern South Asia.
ENTITY: farming settlements, cities and mahajanapada polities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forest clearance, wet-rice systems, iron, exchange, cities
and states grow unevenly. Kingdoms and oligarchic assemblies coexist.
Technology contributes but does not alone cause “second urbanisation.”
DOMAIN: food | settlement | metallurgy | governance | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; early textual dating C.
SOURCE KEYS: S125–S127, S155–S156.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000116 — [WIA-009] BUDDHIST, JAIN AND ŚRAMAṆA FORMATIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally sixth–fifth centuries BCE, with textual redaction later.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W029.
PLACE: northern South Asia.
ENTITY: renunciant communities, teachers and patrons.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Buddhist, Jain and other śramaṇa traditions contest ritual,
violence, selfhood and liberation within changing urban and political worlds.
Lives of founders are historically grounded at broad scale, but exact
chronologies vary among traditions.
DOMAIN: religion | philosophy | education | institution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: B; exact biographies C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BUDDHISM | JAINISM.
SOURCE KEYS: S155–S158.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000117 — [WIA-010] GREEK POLEIS, COLONISATION AND CITIZENSHIP
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 800–500 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W027–W029.
PLACE: Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Sea.
ENTITY: Greek-speaking poleis and settlements.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY_STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Independent poleis develop varied constitutions, warfare,
law, sanctuaries and colonising settlements. Citizenship creates political
participation for bounded groups while excluding women, enslaved people and
foreign residents.
DOMAIN: city | governance | law | colonisation | exclusion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S159–S161.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000118 — [WIA-011] LYDIAN/GREEK COINAGE AND MONETARY ADOPTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. seventh–sixth centuries BCE.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W027–W028.
PLACE: western Anatolia and Aegean, then wider regions.
ENTITY: struck coinage, states, markets and soldiers.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Standard stamped metal pieces gain institutional guarantee
and spread into taxation, wages and exchange. Money, credit and units of
account are much older; coinage is one monetary technology rather than the
invention of economy.
DOMAIN: money | state | market | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: NUMISMATIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; earliest priority C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COINAGE.
SOURCE KEYS: S162–S163.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000119 — [WIA-012] STEPPE CONFEDERATIONS AND SCYTHIAN WORLDS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. ninth–third centuries BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W030.
PLACE: Eurasian steppe from Inner Asia to Black Sea.
ENTITY: Scythian/Saka and related mobile societies.
ENTITY TYPE: CONFEDERATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Horse-based mobility, pastoral economies, craft and long
routes support confederations interacting with Persia, Greece, Central and
South Asia, and China-region states. External ethnonyms compress diverse
groups.
DOMAIN: pastoralism | war | trade | art | mobility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | GENETIC | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; ethnic mapping C.
SOURCE KEYS: S164–S165.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000120 — [WIA-013] NOK AND WEST AFRICAN IRON-AGE FORMATIONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: broadly first millennium BCE–early first millennium CE; chronology
continues to be refined.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W027–W033.
PLACE: central Nigeria and wider West African contexts.
ENTITY: Nok-associated communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Terracotta traditions, settlement and iron production
demonstrate substantial regional complexity. Nok cannot be treated as one
known kingdom or direct ancestor of every later West African state.
DOMAIN: metallurgy | art | settlement | evidence quality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; political/ethnic inference C.
SOURCE KEYS: S134–S136, S166–S167.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000121 — [WIA-014] OLMEC REGIONAL SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 1500–400 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W024–W029.
PLACE: Gulf Coast and wider Mesoamerican interaction sphere.
ENTITY: San Lorenzo, La Venta and related Olmec communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monumental centres, colossal sculpture, ritual, exchange and
iconography influence a wide region. “Mother culture” overstates unilateral
origin; interaction and locally adapted traditions are better supported.
DOMAIN: settlement | art | religion | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; transmission model C.
SOURCE KEYS: S137–S138, S168–S169.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000122 — [WIA-015] CHAVÍN HORIZON AND ANDEAN INTEGRATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 900–200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W030.
PLACE: central Andes.
ENTITY: Chavín de Huántar and connected traditions.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pilgrimage, ritual architecture, images, sound, exchange and
elite practice connect diverse Andean zones. It is a religious-cultural
horizon, not securely one territorial empire.
DOMAIN: religion | art | trade | regional integration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S137–S138, S170.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000123 — [WIA-016] POLYNESIAN ANCESTRAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 1000–500 BCE and later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W029.
PLACE: Tonga, Samoa and western Polynesia.
ENTITY: post-Lapita communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Local settlement, language divergence, exchange and
navigation form ancestral Polynesian societies after Lapita expansion. Later
voyages into the eastern Pacific occur on separate first-millennium CE and
second-millennium clocks.
DOMAIN: seafaring | language | settlement | culture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S106–S108, S133.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000124 — [WIA-017] EARLY KOREAN AND JAPANESE TRANSFORMATIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: first millennium BCE, regionally phased.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W026–W031.
PLACE: Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago.
ENTITY: Mumun, Gojoseon-related, late Jōmon and Yayoi communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wet-rice farming, metallurgy, settlement hierarchy and
population movement connect the peninsula and archipelago. Gojoseon is
historically visible in later first millennium BCE sources; legendary
foundation dates are memory, not exact chronology.
DOMAIN: food | migration | metallurgy | state formation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; legendary dates D.
SOURCE KEYS: S171–S173.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000125 — [WIA-018] “AXIAL AGE” AS COMPARISON, NOT ONE EVENT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: broadly c. 800–200 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W027–W030.
PLACE: parts of China, South Asia, Iran, Levant and Mediterranean.
ENTITY: diverse philosophical, ethical and religious traditions.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Confucian, Daoist, Buddhist, Jain, Greek, Jewish, Zoroastrian
and other traditions are often compared under “Axial Age.” The label can
support synchronisation, but traditions have different roots and dates and
simultaneity does not prove one cause or contact network.
DOMAIN: philosophy | religion | education | synchrony rule.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: B for comparative pattern; C for unified causal theory.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: heuristic contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S153–S161, S174.

==============================================================================
15. CLASSICAL, IMPERIAL AND TRANSREGIONAL FORMATIONS
500 BCE–500 CE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000126 — [WCL-001] ACHAEMENID IMPERIAL SCALE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 550–330 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W028–W029.
PLACE: West and Central Asia, Egypt, Anatolia, Levant and Indus interfaces.
ENTITY: Achaemenid Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Provincial rule, royal roads, tribute, garrisons and
multilingual administration connect an exceptionally wide territory.
Imperial practice adapts local institutions and permits varied cults while
remaining coercive and unequal.
DOMAIN: empire | governance | infrastructure | communication | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: IMPERIAL / HIERARCHICAL / HYBRID.
SOURCE KEYS: S151–S152, S175–S176.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000127 — [WCL-002] GREEK–PERSIAN WAR AND ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally fifth century BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W029.
PLACE: Aegean and eastern Mediterranean.
ENTITY: Persian forces, Greek poleis and Athenian institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: War reshapes alliances and Athenian power. Direct democratic
institutions expand participation among male citizens while depending on
empire, taxation, women’s excluded labour, enslaved people and non-citizen
residents. “Democracy” is therefore a specific doorway, not universal
equality.
DOMAIN: war | governance | citizenship | exclusion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S159–S161, S177.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000128 — [WCL-003] ALEXANDER AND HELLENISTIC RECOMBINATION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: conquest 334–323 BCE; successor systems c. 323–30 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W029–W031.
PLACE: eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, West, Central and South Asian interfaces.
ENTITY: Macedonian conquest and Hellenistic successor states.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Alexander destroys Achaemenid central rule; successor
kingdoms combine Greek-Macedonian court forms with older regional
institutions. Cities, coinage, armies, art and knowledge move through
bidirectional encounters, not simple “Hellenisation.”
DOMAIN: conquest | state | migration | culture | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONQUERS | ADAPTS | FRAGMENTS_INTO.
SOURCE KEYS: S175–S179.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000129 — [WCL-004] MAURYAN IMPERIAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 321–185 BCE.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W029–W030.
PLACE: much of South Asia, with variable frontier control.
ENTITY: Mauryan Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Magadhan conquest and administration support the largest
known early South Asian territorial state. Tax, roads, officials, cities,
armies and regional intermediaries operate unevenly; the empire does not
erase autonomous communities or the far south.
DOMAIN: empire | governance | tax | infrastructure | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; exact territorial control C.
SOURCE KEYS: S155–S158, S180–S181.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000130 — [WCL-005] ASHOKA’S INSCRIPTIONAL ETHICS AND BUDDHIST PATRONAGE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: reign c. 268–232 BCE; inscriptions principally mid-third century BCE.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030.
PLACE: Mauryan domains and border regions.
ENTITY: Ashoka, officials, inscriptions and religious communities.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rock and pillar edicts communicate dhamma, welfare,
religious respect and remorse after Kalinga while retaining imperial power and
punishment. Patronage supports Buddhist institutions and missions; later
tradition enlarges the memory.
DOMAIN: governance | ethics | writing | religion | public communication.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; later narrative details C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BUDDHIST TRANSMISSION.
SOURCE KEYS: S157–S158, S180–S182.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000131 — [WCL-006] QIN UNIFICATION AND IMPERIAL STANDARDISATION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: 221–206 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030.
PLACE: major China-region states and frontiers.
ENTITY: Qin Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Qin conquers rival states and intensifies central
administration, commanderies, law, roads, measures, script standardisation
and mobilisation. Its brief rule creates durable imperial templates while
imposing severe labour and military burdens.
DOMAIN: conquest | governance | law | standards | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: CENTRALISED / HIERARCHICAL.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONQUERS | INTEGRATES | ENABLES.
SOURCE KEYS: S153–S154, S183–S184.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000132 — [WCL-007] HAN IMPERIAL AND KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 206 BCE–220 CE, interrupted 9–23 CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030–W033.
PLACE: China-region heartlands and changing frontier zones.
ENTITY: Han imperial state and associated societies.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bureaucratic governance, taxation, granaries, roads, census,
military colonies and classical learning integrate large populations.
Expansion into south, northwest and Korea interfaces generates trade,
settlement, resistance and coercion.
DOMAIN: governance | education | infrastructure | food | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S183–S186.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000133 — [WCL-008] PAPER AS AN EVOLVING INFORMATION MEDIUM
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: archaeological paper before first century BCE; court-linked improvement
traditionally dated 105 CE; diffusion thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030–W034.
PLACE: China region, then Central Asia and wider world.
ENTITY: paper-making communities and institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Fibrous sheets develop through accumulated craft knowledge.
Cai Lun is associated with a documented court presentation, not the creation
of paper from nothing. Paper lowers some writing and copying costs when
materials, skill and literate institutions exist.
DOMAIN: information | material | administration | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PAPER.
SOURCE KEYS: S187–S188.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000134 — [WCL-009] XIONGNU CONFEDERATION AND INNER-ASIAN STATECRAFT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 209 BCE–first century CE; successor formations later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030–W032.
PLACE: Mongolia and Inner Asian steppe.
ENTITY: Xiongnu confederation.
ENTITY TYPE: CONFEDERATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobile pastoral, military, tribute and diplomatic systems
coordinate a large confederation interacting with Han and other populations.
Steppe power is statecraft adapted to mobility, not the absence of
institutions.
DOMAIN: governance | pastoralism | war | diplomacy | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; linguistic identity C.
SOURCE KEYS: S164–S165, S189–S190.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000135 — [WCL-010] SILK-ROAD CORRIDORS FORM
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: especially second century BCE onward, with older exchanges.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030 onward.
PLACE: East Asia, steppe, Central Asia, South Asia, Iran, West Asia and
Mediterranean.
ENTITY: caravan routes, oasis cities, mobile societies and merchants.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Diplomatic missions, horses, silk, metals, glass, religions,
art and information move through a branching land-and-sea network. No single
road directly joins China and Rome, and intermediaries are central actors.
DOMAIN: trade | migration | religion | technology | disease.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SILK ROADS.
SOURCE KEYS: S003–S004, S185–S191.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000136 — [WCL-011] ROMAN REPUBLIC TO MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: republic conventionally 509–27 BCE; imperial principate from 27 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W029–W031.
PLACE: Italy, Mediterranean, western Europe, North Africa and West Asia.
ENTITY: Roman Republic and Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Alliances, citizenship, armies, roads, taxation and conquest
turn one city-state into a Mediterranean empire. Republican elite competition
and civil war produce one-man rule; institutions and local communities remain
heterogeneous.
DOMAIN: governance | war | law | infrastructure | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S192–S195.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000137 — [WCL-012] ROMAN INFRASTRUCTURE, LAW AND ENSLAVED LABOUR
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. first century BCE–third century CE at greatest imperial integration.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W031–W033.
PLACE: Roman imperial territories.
ENTITY: roads, ports, aqueducts, cities, law and labour systems.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Transport, water engineering, coinage, courts and common
administrative practices support large-scale exchange. Enslavement,
provincial extraction, military violence and unequal citizenship are
structural inputs, not side effects omitted from capability assessment.
DOMAIN: infrastructure | law | water | economy | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHITECTURAL | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
EXCLUDED COST: enslavement | conquest | extraction.
SOURCE KEYS: S192–S196.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000138 — [WCL-013] PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN IRANIAN IMPERIAL SUCCESSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Parthian c. 247 BCE–224 CE; Sasanian 224–651 CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030–W035.
PLACE: Iranian plateau, Mesopotamia, Central Asian and Gulf interfaces.
ENTITY: Arsacid/Parthian and Sasanian empires.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Iranian imperial systems mediate overland and Gulf routes,
compete with Roman/Byzantine powers and support diverse languages and
religions. Sasanian institutions centralise some taxation, law and
Zoroastrian authority while remaining regionally layered.
DOMAIN: empire | trade | religion | war | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S197–S199.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000139 — [WCL-014] KUSHAN AND CENTRAL/SOUTH ASIAN CONNECTIVITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally first–third centuries CE.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W033.
PLACE: Afghanistan, Central Asia, northwest South Asia and Ganges interfaces.
ENTITY: Kushan Empire and connected communities.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: A multilingual, multi-religious imperial system joins
Central Asian, South Asian and Iranian routes. Coinage, Gandharan/Mathura art,
Buddhist patronage and commerce show recombination rather than one-directional
cultural diffusion.
DOMAIN: trade | religion | art | coinage | empire.
EVIDENCE TYPE: NUMISMATIC | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; regnal chronology C.
SOURCE KEYS: S181–S182, S200–S201.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000140 — [WCL-015] INDIAN OCEAN MONSOON NETWORK
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: first millennium BCE onward; dense textual visibility around first
centuries BCE/CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030 onward.
PLACE: East Africa, Red Sea, Arabia, Persian Gulf, South Asia, Sri Lanka and
Southeast Asia.
ENTITY: ports, sailors, merchants, monsoon knowledge and coastal societies.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Seasonal winds structure bidirectional movement of spices,
textiles, metals, ceramics, people, religions, crops and pathogens.
Greco-Roman texts record one view of a network operated largely by African,
Arabian, Persian, Indian and Southeast Asian actors.
DOMAIN: maritime trade | transport | migration | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | NUMISMATIC | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INDIAN OCEAN WORLD.
SOURCE KEYS: S103–S105, S202–S204.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000141 — [WCL-016] MEROË AND NILE–AFRICAN CONNECTIVITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Kushite rule centred at Meroë c. 300 BCE–350 CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W029–W033.
PLACE: middle Nile and African/Red Sea interfaces.
ENTITY: Kingdom of Kush at Meroë.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Urban centres, kingship, iron production, long-distance
trade, temples and the Meroitic script support an independent state.
Meroitic remains incompletely understood, limiting political and social
reconstruction.
DOMAIN: state | writing | metallurgy | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; language interpretation C.
SOURCE KEYS: S115–S117, S205.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000142 — [WCL-017] AKSUM AND RED SEA STATE FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. first–seventh centuries CE, with earlier antecedents.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W035.
PLACE: northern Ethiopia, Eritrea and Red Sea networks.
ENTITY: Aksumite Kingdom.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Urban centres, monumental stelae, Geʿez inscriptions, coinage
and Red Sea trade support a powerful state. Royal Christianity develops in
the fourth century; African, Arabian and Mediterranean relationships are
bidirectional.
DOMAIN: state | trade | writing | religion | coinage.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S206–S208.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000143 — [WCL-018] CHRISTIAN ORIGINS AND DIVERSE EARLY CHURCHES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: first–fifth centuries CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W034.
PLACE: Roman Judea, eastern Mediterranean, Africa, West Asia and beyond.
ENTITY: Jesus movement and diverse Christian communities.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Jewish followers of Jesus form communities that spread
through cities and networks, produce texts and develop varied institutions.
Imperial toleration and patronage in the fourth century transform scale while
doctrinal plurality and churches outside Rome persist.
DOMAIN: religion | communication | institution | empire.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for broad development; specific biography C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — CHRISTIANITY.
SOURCE KEYS: S146–S148, S209–S211.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000144 — [WCL-019] SECOND-TEMPLE DESTRUCTION AND RABBINIC RECOMPOSITION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: 70 CE and following centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W034.
PLACE: Jerusalem, Roman Palestine and Jewish diaspora communities.
ENTITY: Jewish institutions and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Roman destruction of the Jerusalem Temple after revolt
removes a central institution. Rabbinic learning, synagogue, law, liturgy and
diaspora networks become major vehicles of continuity; no single date
exhausts the transformation.
DOMAIN: religion | war | diaspora | law | knowledge continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING / RECOVERING.
SOURCE KEYS: S146–S148, S209.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000145 — [WCL-020] BUDDHIST TRANSMISSION ACROSS ASIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: third century BCE–fifth century CE and later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W030–W034.
PLACE: South Asia, Sri Lanka, Central Asia, China and Southeast Asia.
ENTITY: monastic institutions, patrons, merchants, translators and texts.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Buddhist lineages travel through maritime and overland
routes, translate teachings and adapt institutions to local languages and
states. Transmission branches and returns; “India exported Buddhism” is too
simple to model the network.
DOMAIN: religion | education | translation | trade | art.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: TRANSMITS_TO | TRANSLATES | ADAPTS | TEACHES.
SOURCE KEYS: S157–S158, S182, S200–S204, S212.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000146 — [WCL-021] TEOTIHUACAN URBAN SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 100 BCE–550 CE, greatest scale c. 200–450 CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W031–W034.
PLACE: Basin of Mexico and Mesoamerican interaction sphere.
ENTITY: Teotihuacan.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: A very large planned city with apartment compounds, craft,
ritual avenues and far-reaching exchange influences Maya and other regions.
Its language and governing institutions remain uncertain; it is not securely
an “Aztec” city.
DOMAIN: city | infrastructure | trade | religion | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; political model C.
SOURCE KEYS: S168–S169, S213–S214.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000147 — [WCL-022] MAYA WRITING, CALENDARS AND CLASSIC POLITIES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: writing visible in late first millennium BCE; Classic period
conventionally c. 250–900 CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W031–W036.
PLACE: Maya lowlands and highlands.
ENTITY: Maya cities, dynasties, scribes and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Logosyllabic writing, calendrical systems, mathematics,
monuments, markets, water management and competing kingdoms create a dense
political landscape. “Maya collapse” later concerns many southern lowland
courts, not the disappearance of Maya people.
DOMAIN: writing | mathematics | city | governance | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MAYA WRITING.
SOURCE KEYS: S168–S169, S213–S216.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000148 — [WCL-023] MOCHE AND NAZCA REGIONAL SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Nazca c. 100 BCE–800 CE; Moche c. 100–800 CE, varying locally.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W031–W036.
PLACE: Andean Pacific valleys.
ENTITY: Nazca- and Moche-associated polities and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Irrigation, settlements, craft, ritual landscapes and
regional authorities flourish without one unified Andean state. Images and
burials reveal hierarchy and violence but do not provide simple narrative
chronicles.
DOMAIN: water | food | art | governance | ritual.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; political boundaries C.
SOURCE KEYS: S170, S217–S218.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000149 — [WCL-024] HOPEWELL INTERACTION SPHERE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 100 BCE–500 CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W031–W034.
PLACE: Eastern Woodlands of North America.
ENTITY: Hopewell-associated communities and exchange networks.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Earthworks, gatherings and materials from distant regions
connect multiple communities. “Hopewell” names an interaction and ceremonial
field, not one empire or homogeneous tribe.
DOMAIN: earthworks | trade | ritual | community.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S219–S220.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000150 — [WCL-025] LATE-ANTIQUE IMPERIAL AND EPIDEMIC STRAIN
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally third–fifth centuries CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W033–W034.
PLACE: Roman, Iranian, Central/East Asian and connected regions.
ENTITY: states, armies, populations and pathogens.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: Civil wars, frontier pressures, fiscal change, migration and
epidemics alter large empires. Western Roman rule fragments in the fifth
century; eastern Roman, Sasanian and many successor institutions continue.
No date constitutes the universal “fall of civilisation.”
DOMAIN: state | migration | disease | economy | transformation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; disease-agent attribution varies.
SOURCE KEYS: S192–S199, S221–S222.

==============================================================================
16. LATE ANTIQUITY, ISLAMIC FORMATION AND REGIONAL RECOMPOSITION
500–1000 CE
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000151 — [WMA-001] EASTERN ROMAN / BYZANTINE CONTINUITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 330–1453 CE as a long imperial continuity; this band covers 500–1000.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z4–Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: eastern Mediterranean, Balkans and Anatolia.
ENTITY: Eastern Roman Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Roman law, taxation, cities, Christianity and Greek-language
administration adapt through war, plague and territorial loss. “Byzantine” is
a later scholarly label; inhabitants commonly understood their state as
Roman.
DOMAIN: empire | law | religion | city | continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S192–S199, S223.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000152 — [WMA-002] JUSTINIANIC PLAGUE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: first pandemic wave 541–549 CE; recurrences into eighth century.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W035.
PLACE: Mediterranean, West Asia and connected regions.
ENTITY: Yersinia pestis, people and transport networks.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Plague spreads through connected ports and inland routes,
causing high but regionally uncertain mortality. Ancient DNA confirms the
pathogen; claims that it alone ended antiquity or killed one fixed percentage
everywhere exceed the evidence.
DOMAIN: health | trade | population | state.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; aggregate mortality C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PLAGUE.
SOURCE KEYS: S221–S222, S224.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000153 — [WMA-003] ISLAMIC ORIGINS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: early seventh century; Hijra conventionally 622 CE; Muhammad dies 632.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035.
PLACE: western Arabia.
ENTITY: Muhammad, Qurʾanic revelation community and early Muslims.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: A monotheist community forms around Qurʾanic revelation,
worship, ethics and political alliance. Earliest Islamic texts, inscriptions
and later biographies provide different evidential layers; precise incident
chronologies require source criticism.
DOMAIN: religion | community | law | oral/written knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for core sequence; C for some biography.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ISLAM.
SOURCE KEYS: S225–S228.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000154 — [WMA-004] CALIPHAL EXPANSION AND ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 632–750 CE; successor caliphates and states thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035.
PLACE: Arabia, West and Central Asia, North Africa, Iberia and South Asian
interfaces.
ENTITY: Rashidun, Umayyad and early Abbasid systems.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Armies and agreements rapidly displace Byzantine and
Sasanian rule across large territories. Arabic administration, taxation,
coinage, legal and religious institutions develop gradually; conquest does
not mean instantaneous conversion or cultural replacement.
DOMAIN: conquest | governance | religion | language | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONQUERS | ADAPTS | INTEGRATES | TRANSMITS_TO.
SOURCE KEYS: S225–S230.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000155 — [WMA-005] ABBASID URBAN, TRANSLATION AND KNOWLEDGE NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Abbasid caliphate from 750; greatest Baghdad-centred authority
eighth–tenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W036.
PLACE: West Asia with Mediterranean, African, Central and South Asian links.
ENTITY: Baghdad, scholars, courts, merchants and educational institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Translation and original work in mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, philosophy, geography and engineering combine Greek, Syriac,
Persian, Indian and other knowledge. The process is multilingual and
multi-centred, not passive preservation by one group.
DOMAIN: education | science | translation | city | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | SCIENTIFIC | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: TRANSLATES | TEACHES | ADAPTS | PRESERVES.
GRAPH SEED: YES — TRANSLATION MOVEMENT.
SOURCE KEYS: S229–S232.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000156 — [WMA-006] SUI–TANG REUNIFICATION AND EAST ASIAN NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Sui 581–618; Tang 618–907.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: China-region heartlands and Central, Northeast and Southeast Asian
interfaces.
ENTITY: Sui and Tang imperial states.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Reunification, canals, examination institutions, land/tax
systems and cosmopolitan capitals integrate a large realm. Buddhism, trade,
embassies and migration connect Central Asia, Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia;
frontier peoples retain agency.
DOMAIN: governance | infrastructure | education | trade | religion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S183–S188, S233–S234.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000157 — [WMA-007] TIBETAN IMPERIAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 618–842.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W036.
PLACE: Tibetan Plateau and Central/East/South Asian frontiers.
ENTITY: Tibetan Empire.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Military, administrative and writing systems support a
plateau empire competing and negotiating with Tang, Central Asian and South
Asian powers. Buddhist patronage grows amid internal plurality; later Tibetan
Buddhism is not identical to the entire imperial state.
DOMAIN: empire | writing | war | religion | highland adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S235–S236.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000158 — [WMA-008] KOREAN KINGDOMS, SILLA AND BALHAE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: Three Kingdoms to seventh century; Silla/Balhae configurations
seventh–tenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: Korean Peninsula and Manchurian frontier.
ENTITY: Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Gaya and Balhae.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competing states develop fortifications, Buddhism, writing
and diplomacy. Silla’s peninsula dominance and Balhae’s northern state create
overlapping inheritances later national narratives must not monopolise.
DOMAIN: state | war | religion | diplomacy | frontier.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S171–S173, S237–S238.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000159 — [WMA-009] JAPANESE YAMATO, NARA AND HEIAN STATE FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. fifth–tenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: Japanese archipelago.
ENTITY: Yamato court and successor institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Court alliances, kofun elite networks, law codes, taxation,
Buddhism and written administration form a central state drawing selectively
on Korean and Chinese models. Indigenous practices and regional powers remain
active.
DOMAIN: governance | religion | writing | transmission.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S171–S173, S237–S239.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000160 — [WMA-010] SOUTH ASIAN REGIONAL AND TEMPLE SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 500–1000.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: South Asia.
ENTITY: post-Gupta, Pallava, Chalukya, Pala, Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and other
polities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Regional courts, agrarian grants, temples, monasteries,
merchant groups, vernaculars and Sanskrit cosmopolitan practice form
multi-centred orders. “Feudalism” does not uniformly describe all regions.
DOMAIN: governance | food | religion | trade | language.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; comparative model C.
SOURCE KEYS: S180–S182, S240–S242.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000161 — [WMA-011] MATHEMATICS, ZERO AND TRANSMISSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: place-value practice develops over centuries; Brahmagupta’s rules
published c. 628 CE; transmission continues.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: South Asia, Islamic world and later wider regions.
ENTITY: mathematicians, texts, numerals and educational networks.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Indian place-value numeration and operations involving zero
and negative numbers develop cumulatively. Arabic-language scholars translate,
extend and transmit methods later called “Hindu-Arabic numerals.” No one
person invents all meanings of zero.
DOMAIN: mathematics | writing | education | transmission.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PLACE VALUE | ZERO.
SOURCE KEYS: S231–S232, S243–S244.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000162 — [WMA-012] SRIVIJAYA AND MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally seventh–thirteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W038.
PLACE: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Straits and wider maritime routes.
ENTITY: Srivijaya-linked ports and rulers.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Control and service around strategic sea lanes, ports,
Buddhist learning and tributary diplomacy connect India, Southeast Asia and
China. Srivijaya is a changing maritime network, not a continuously bounded
modern nation.
DOMAIN: maritime trade | governance | religion | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; territorial extent C.
SOURCE KEYS: S202–S204, S245–S246.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000163 — [WMA-013] EARLY KHMER AND ANGKORIAN FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: pre-Angkorian polities to 802; Angkorian period from ninth century.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: Mekong basin and mainland Southeast Asia.
ENTITY: Chenla-related and Khmer polities.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Inscriptions, temples, reservoirs, rice systems, labour and
regional networks support state aggregation. “Funan” and “Chenla” are partly
external labels and should not be rendered as simple dynastic boxes.
DOMAIN: governance | water | food | religion | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; early political map C.
SOURCE KEYS: S245–S248.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000164 — [WMA-014] GHANA / WAGADU AND SAHEL TRADE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: visible in external texts by eighth–ninth centuries; antecedents older;
greatest power c. ninth–eleventh centuries.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W037.
PLACE: western Sahel.
ENTITY: Ghana/Wagadu polity and trading communities.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Gold-producing zones, agrarian settlements, taxation and
trans-Saharan trade support state power. Arabic accounts and later oral
traditions illuminate different layers; the polity is not the modern Republic
of Ghana.
DOMAIN: state | trade | gold | oral memory | religion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; early chronology C.
SOURCE KEYS: S249–S251.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000165 — [WMA-015] SWAHILI COASTAL FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: first millennium CE, accelerating c. eighth–tenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: East African coast and islands.
ENTITY: African coastal settlements, merchants and maritime networks.
ENTITY TYPE: CULTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Bantu-speaking coastal communities build towns and join
Indian Ocean trade; Islam and imported objects are locally adapted.
Archaeology and language refute colonial stories that Swahili civilisation was
simply founded by foreigners.
DOMAIN: settlement | trade | language | religion | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC | GENETIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S202–S204, S252–S254.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000166 — [WMA-016] WARI AND TIWANAKU ANDEAN SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 500–1000.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: central Andes and Lake Titicaca region.
ENTITY: Wari and Tiwanaku polities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Roads, provincial centres, colonies, ritual, raised fields
and highland exchange support two different large-scale systems. Their
relations combine influence and competition; neither is simply an early Inca
empire.
DOMAIN: governance | infrastructure | food | religion | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; administrative detail C.
SOURCE KEYS: S217–S218, S255–S256.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000167 — [WMA-017] CLASSIC MAYA POLITICAL FRACTURE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: principally c. 750–950 in southern lowlands, with regional variation.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W036.
PLACE: Maya lowlands.
ENTITY: Maya kingdoms, cities and populations.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Many dynastic centres lose population and monument
production amid drought, warfare, inequality and political failure. Northern
centres and Maya communities continue and transform; there is no disappearance
of Maya civilisation or people.
DOMAIN: state | climate | water | war | continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; causal weighting C.
MOTION VECTOR: FRAGMENTING / TRANSFORMING.
SOURCE KEYS: S213–S216, S257.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000168 — [WMA-018] ISLAMIC AND TRANS-SAHARAN AFRICAN NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: seventh–tenth centuries and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W036.
PLACE: North Africa, Sahara, Sahel and West Africa.
ENTITY: Amazigh, Arab, Sahelian and other trading and religious communities.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Camels, caravan knowledge, oasis systems, gold, salt, books
and people connect the Mediterranean and Sahel. Islam spreads through trade,
scholarship, rulers and communities at different rates; conquest alone does
not explain West African conversion.
DOMAIN: trade | religion | transport | migration | knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | LINGUISTIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — TRANS-SAHARAN WORLD.
SOURCE KEYS: S249–S251, S258.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000169 — [WMA-019] CAROLINGIAN AND POST-ROMAN EUROPEAN ORDERS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 500–1000; Carolingian imperial phase eighth–ninth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: western and central Europe.
ENTITY: successor kingdoms, churches, estates and towns.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Roman, Germanic and Christian institutions recombine through
regional kingdoms. Carolingian rule standardises some administration,
liturgical practice and learning, then fragments. “Dark Ages” is an
inadequate universal description.
DOMAIN: governance | religion | land | education | continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S259–S261.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000170 — [WMA-020] VIKING-AGE MOBILITY AND NORTH ATLANTIC SETTLEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 750–1050.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W037.
PLACE: Scandinavia, Europe, North Atlantic, Baltic and river routes to Eurasia.
ENTITY: Norse raiders, traders, settlers and states.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Sailing technology supports raids, commerce, enslavement,
settlement and state formation. Norse communities settle Iceland, Greenland
and briefly reach North America around 1000; these voyages do not establish
continuous European colonisation there.
DOMAIN: seafaring | migration | trade | war | settlement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S262–S264.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000171 — [WMA-021] SLAVIC, BULGAR, KHAZAR AND RUS FORMATIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. sixth–tenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W034–W036.
PLACE: eastern Europe, Balkans and steppe–forest zones.
ENTITY: mobile populations, trading towns and emerging states.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Migration, farming, tribute, river trade, Christianity,
Judaism, Islam and steppe relationships produce multiple polities including
Bulgaria, Khazaria and Rus. Later national genealogies must not claim exclusive
ownership of shared medieval formations.
DOMAIN: migration | state | religion | trade | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | LINGUISTIC | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; ethnogenesis detail C.
SOURCE KEYS: S265–S267.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000172 — [WMA-022] WOODBLOCK PRINTING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: securely visible in East Asia by seventh–eighth centuries; wider
expansion thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W035–W036.
PLACE: China, Korea, Japan and Buddhist networks.
ENTITY: printers, blocks, paper, texts and reading communities.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Reproducible impressions scale Buddhist, administrative and
other texts. Printing capability depends on paper, carving, ink,
distribution, literacy and demand; manuscripts and oral transmission remain
essential.
DOMAIN: printing | education | religion | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PRINTING.
SOURCE KEYS: S187–S188, S268–S269.

==============================================================================
17. COMMERCIAL INTENSIFICATION, OCEANIC STATES AND MONGOL EURASIA
1000–1300
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000173 — [WMM-001] SONG COMMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL SCALE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 960–1279.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: much of China region and maritime networks.
ENTITY: Song state, cities, markets and knowledge institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large cities, monetisation, paper currency, printing,
examinations, iron, coal use, waterways and maritime commerce support
exceptional scale. Frontier military limits coexist with high administrative
and economic capability.
DOMAIN: economy | city | education | energy | information | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | NUMISMATIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CAPABILITY STAGE: mature STAGE 2 with proto-industrial organs.
SOURCE KEYS: S233–S234, S268–S271.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000174 — [WMM-002] GUNPOWDER WEAPON SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: formulas visible in ninth-century China; weapon applications expand
tenth–thirteenth centuries and transmit westward later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: East Asia, then Central/West Asia, Europe and wider regions.
ENTITY: gunpowder, fire weapons, artisans and armies.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Chemical knowledge evolves into incendiaries, bombs, rockets
and guns. Transmission requires recipes, materials, metalworking and military
institutions; no one date marks the completed “invention of the gun.”
DOMAIN: military | chemistry | metallurgy | transmission.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GUNPOWDER.
SOURCE KEYS: S268–S272.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000175 — [WMM-003] MARINER’S COMPASS AND NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: magnetic-direction knowledge older; maritime compass documented by
eleventh–twelfth centuries in China and soon in other maritime regions.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037.
PLACE: East Asian seas, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and later Atlantic.
ENTITY: magnetic instruments, pilots, charts and sailing knowledge.
ENTITY TYPE: TECHNOLOGY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Magnetised direction-finding augments celestial, seasonal,
wave and coastal navigation. It does not replace expert sailors; diffusion and
independent adaptation are embedded in maritime exchange.
DOMAIN: navigation | trade | knowledge | seafaring.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COMPASS.
SOURCE KEYS: S268–S272.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000176 — [WMM-004] CHOLA AND SOUTH ASIAN OCEANIC POWER
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Chola imperial high phase c. 985–1070; wider dynasty c. ninth–thirteenth
centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: South India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asian maritime routes.
ENTITY: Chola state, temples, merchants and fleets.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agrarian revenue, temples, inscriptions, craft and naval
expeditions support regional power. Merchant associations and diaspora links
operate alongside the court; raids on Srivijaya do not create permanent
Indian rule over Southeast Asia.
DOMAIN: state | maritime trade | religion | war | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S240–S242, S245–S246, S273.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000177 — [WMM-005] ANGKORIAN WATER, AGRARIAN AND TEMPLE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally ninth–fifteenth centuries; this band covers 1000–1300.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W040.
PLACE: mainland Southeast Asia.
ENTITY: Khmer/Angkorian state and urban landscape.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Temples, reservoirs, canals, roads, rice landscapes and
distributed settlement support a very large low-density urban complex.
Hydrology combines ritual, transport and water management; it is not one
perfect centrally controlled irrigation machine.
DOMAIN: city | water | food | religion | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHITECTURAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S245–S248, S274–S275.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000178 — [WMM-006] ISLAMIC COMMERCIAL, LEGAL AND SCHOLARLY COMMONS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 1000–1300.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: Africa, Mediterranean, West/Central/South Asia and Indian Ocean.
ENTITY: merchants, jurists, scholars, pilgrims and cities.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Shared legal instruments, Arabic scholarship, pilgrimage,
credit and diaspora communities reduce some transaction costs across many
states. Political fragmentation coexists with network coherence; “Islamic
civilisation” is not one empire or ethnicity.
DOMAIN: trade | law | education | religion | communication.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ISLAMIC CIVILISATION NETWORK.
SOURCE KEYS: S229–S232, S258, S276.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000179 — [WMM-007] SELJUK, CRUSADER AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CONFLICT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally eleventh–thirteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W038.
PLACE: Anatolia, Levant, Egypt and Mediterranean.
ENTITY: Seljuk states, Byzantine Empire, Latin crusading polities, Fatimid and
Ayyubid systems, and local communities.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Conquests, pilgrimages, settlements and counter-conquests
reconfigure the region. Religious mobilisation matters, but dynastic politics,
trade and local alliances cross simple Christian/Muslim blocs.
DOMAIN: war | religion | migration | trade | state.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S223, S229–S230, S277–S279.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000180 — [WMM-008] WESTERN EUROPEAN AGRARIAN, URBAN AND LEGAL EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 1000–1300.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W038.
PLACE: western and central Europe.
ENTITY: villages, towns, kingdoms, churches, guilds and estates.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Population growth, land clearance, mills, markets, charters,
cathedrals and monarchic administration expand. Serfdom and lordship structure
labour; Jewish, Muslim and Christian communities interact amid persecution
and legal difference.
DOMAIN: food | city | governance | labour | religion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S259–S261, S280–S281.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000181 — [WMM-009] UNIVERSITIES AND CORPORATE LEARNING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: eleventh–thirteenth centuries, with older monastic, cathedral, madrasa
and other scholarly institutions.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W038.
PLACE: Europe, Islamic worlds and connected intellectual networks.
ENTITY: universities, madrasas, monasteries, teachers and students.
ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Degree-granting corporate universities emerge in parts of
Europe while Islamic, South Asian, East Asian and other institutions sustain
advanced learning through different organisational forms. “First university”
depends on legal and institutional definition.
DOMAIN: education | law | knowledge | institution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: terminology contested.
GRAPH SEED: YES — UNIVERSITY.
SOURCE KEYS: S231–S232, S280–S283.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000182 — [WMM-010] DELHI SULTANATE FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: conquests intensify late twelfth century; Sultanate conventionally
1206–1526.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W041.
PLACE: northern South Asia with changing regional reach.
ENTITY: Delhi Sultanates and regional populations.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Turkic-Afghan military elites, Persianate administration,
Indian revenue systems and local alliances build successive states. Islam,
language, architecture and society change through coercion, migration,
patronage and everyday exchange; conquest is not total cultural replacement.
DOMAIN: state | war | language | religion | taxation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S240–S242, S284–S285.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000183 — [WMM-011] GREAT ZIMBABWE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: major growth c. eleventh–fifteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W040.
PLACE: southern African plateau and Indian Ocean interfaces.
ENTITY: Great Zimbabwe urban/political system.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Dry-stone architecture, cattle wealth, gold and regional
authority support a major African centre linked to Swahili ports. Racist
colonial claims of foreign builders are refuted by archaeology and Shona
historical continuity.
DOMAIN: city | trade | architecture | state | evidence justice.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S252–S254, S286–S287.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000184 — [WMM-012] MALI AND MANSA MUSA
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Mali imperial formation c. thirteenth–sixteenth centuries; Mansa Musa’s
pilgrimage 1324–25.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W038–W041.
PLACE: western Sahel and trans-Saharan networks.
ENTITY: Mali Empire and associated communities.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agrarian production, tribute, gold fields, trade towns and
military power sustain a large state. Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage displays wealth
and strengthens Islamic scholarly ties; oral and Arabic sources provide
different perspectives.
DOMAIN: empire | trade | religion | education | oral memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; territorial detail C.
SOURCE KEYS: S249–S251, S288–S289.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000185 — [WMM-013] CAHOKIA AND MISSISSIPPIAN URBANISM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Cahokia’s greatest concentration c. 1050–1350; broader Mississippian
traditions c. 800–1600.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W037–W039.
PLACE: Mississippi valley and Eastern Woodlands.
ENTITY: Cahokia and connected Mississippian communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monumental earthworks, dense settlement, maize agriculture,
craft and far-reaching exchange form the largest known precolonial urban
centre north of Mexico. Political model and population estimates remain
debated.
DOMAIN: city | food | earthworks | trade | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; population/political form C.
SOURCE KEYS: S219–S220, S290–S291.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000186 — [WMM-014] POSTCLASSIC MESOAMERICAN RECOMPOSITION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: c. 900–1300.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: Mesoamerica.
ENTITY: Toltec-related Tula, Maya states, Mixtec, Zapotec and other polities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Networks, cities, militarised orders, manuscripts and
markets reorganise after Classic-period transformations. “Toltec empire” and
later Mexica origin accounts combine archaeology and political memory rather
than one settled map.
DOMAIN: city | state | trade | writing | memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ART_HISTORICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; legendary mappings C.
SOURCE KEYS: S213–S216, S292–S293.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000187 — [WMM-015] CHIMÚ AND ANDEAN COASTAL INTEGRATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 900–1470.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W040.
PLACE: north coast of present Peru.
ENTITY: Chimú state and Chan Chan.
ENTITY TYPE: KINGDOM.
EVENT/CONDITION: A vast adobe city, irrigation, craft and regional conquest
support a powerful coastal kingdom later incorporated by the Inca. Water
infrastructure enables scale while creating vulnerability to climate and
political control.
DOMAIN: city | water | craft | conquest | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S255–S256, S294.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000188 — [WMM-016] POLYNESIAN EASTWARD SETTLEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 800–1300, varying by island group.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W036–W038.
PLACE: Society, Marquesas, Hawaiʻi, Rapa Nui, Aotearoa and other Pacific
islands.
ENTITY: Polynesian navigators and founding communities.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deliberate long-distance voyaging settles most habitable
eastern Pacific islands. Star, swell, wind, bird and memory systems enable
navigation; dates have narrowed through archaeology and genetics and remain
island-specific.
DOMAIN: seafaring | migration | knowledge | ecology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | LINGUISTIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; island-specific first dates C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — POLYNESIAN NAVIGATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S106–S108, S133, S295–S296.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000189 — [WMM-017] MONGOL CONQUESTS AND EURASIAN CORRIDOR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: imperial unification 1206; major conquests thirteenth century.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W038.
PLACE: East Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and eastern Europe.
ENTITY: Mongol Empire and successor khanates.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mobile military organisation, intelligence, horse logistics
and incorporation of specialists produce the largest contiguous land empire.
Conquest kills and displaces enormous populations while later protected
routes accelerate diplomacy, trade, technology and disease movement.
DOMAIN: conquest | transport | trade | migration | disease.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; mortality estimates C.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: IMPERIAL -> FEDERATED / FRAGMENTING.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MONGOL EURASIA.
SOURCE KEYS: S297–S300.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000190 — [WMM-018] PAX MONGOLICA AS A CONDITIONAL NETWORK EFFECT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally mid-thirteenth–mid-fourteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W038–W039.
PLACE: Eurasian routes.
ENTITY: khanates, merchants, envoys, artisans and relay posts.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Passport, relay and protection systems reduce some route
friction across successor territories. The label “Pax Mongolica” must retain
the coercion that created it and the political fragmentation within it.
DOMAIN: trade | communication | empire | knowledge | excluded cost.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
EXCLUDED COST: conquest mortality | forced movement | tribute.
SOURCE KEYS: S297–S300.

==============================================================================
18. PLAGUE, IMPERIAL SUCCESSORS AND PRE-ATLANTIC OCEANIC INTENSIFICATION
1300–1500
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000191 — [WPA-001] SECOND PLAGUE PANDEMIC / BLACK DEATH
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: major west-Eurasian/North African wave 1346–1353; recurring outbreaks
for centuries; origins and earlier Asian chronology under continuing study.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039.
PLACE: Eurasia, North Africa and connected routes.
ENTITY: Yersinia pestis, vectors, people and trade networks.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Plague travels through interconnected land and sea systems
and causes catastrophic mortality in many regions. Ancient DNA establishes
the pathogen and places important diversification in Central Eurasia; precise
population losses and routes vary.
DOMAIN: health | trade | population | labour | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GENETIC | PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; global mortality totals C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BLACK DEATH.
SOURCE KEYS: S224, S301–S304.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000192 — [WPA-002] POST-PLAGUE LABOUR, LAND AND STATE CHANGE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fourteenth–fifteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W040.
PLACE: affected Eurasian and North African regions.
ENTITY: survivors, workers, landholders, states and religious institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Population loss alters wages, land use, prices, inheritance,
labour coercion and belief differently by region. Some workers gain leverage;
states and elites also intensify controls. Pandemic consequence is mediated
by institutions, not determined by mortality alone.
DOMAIN: labour | economy | governance | religion | recovery.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; region-specific causal comparisons C.
SOURCE KEYS: S301–S305.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000193 — [WPA-003] MING RECONSTRUCTION AND MARITIME EXPEDITIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Ming dynasty 1368–1644; Zheng He voyages 1405–1433.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W042.
PLACE: China region, Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean and East Africa.
ENTITY: Ming state, fleets and tributary/commercial networks.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Post-Yuan reconstruction strengthens administration,
agriculture and craft. State fleets under Zheng He project diplomacy and
military power through existing Asian and African maritime systems; voyages
do not constitute colonisation of all ports visited.
DOMAIN: governance | seafaring | diplomacy | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONNECTS_TO | TRADES_WITH | INFLUENCES.
SOURCE KEYS: S306–S308.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000194 — [WPA-004] TIMURID CONQUEST AND PERSIANATE CULTURAL NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Timur’s conquests c. 1370–1405; successor formations fifteenth century.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W040.
PLACE: Central, West and South Asian interfaces.
ENTITY: Timurid Empire, cities, scholars and artisans.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Violent campaigns destroy populations and forcibly move
specialists, while Samarkand, Herat and related centres support art,
astronomy, literature and architecture. Capability and atrocity coexist in
the same system.
DOMAIN: conquest | migration | art | knowledge | city.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ART_HISTORICAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
EXCLUDED COST: mass killing | forced relocation.
SOURCE KEYS: S309–S310.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000195 — [WPA-005] OTTOMAN IMPERIAL FORMATION AND CONSTANTINOPLE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Ottoman polity from c. 1299; conquest of Constantinople 29 May 1453.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W040.
PLACE: Anatolia, Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
ENTITY: Ottoman state.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Frontier principality becomes a multi-regional empire
through conquest, alliances, taxation and institutional adaptation. Capture
of Constantinople ends the eastern Roman state while the city continues as an
imperial and commercial centre.
DOMAIN: empire | war | city | religion | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | NUMISMATIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONQUERS | ADAPTS | INTEGRATES.
SOURCE KEYS: S223, S311–S313.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000196 — [WPA-006] VIJAYANAGARA, BAHMANI AND DECCAN PLURALITY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Vijayanagara 1336–1646; Bahmani state 1347–1527; successor systems.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W042.
PLACE: South Asian Deccan and south.
ENTITY: Vijayanagara, Bahmani and regional polities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Competing states mobilise agrarian revenue, forts, horses,
temples, mosques, cities and international trade. Religious labels do not map
cleanly onto alliances, armies or cultural exchange.
DOMAIN: state | war | religion | trade | city.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHITECTURAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S284–S285, S314–S315.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000197 — [WPA-007] MAJAPAHIT AND JAVANESE MARITIME–AGRARIAN POWER
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 1293–early sixteenth century; high phase fourteenth century.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W041.
PLACE: Java and Island Southeast Asian networks.
ENTITY: Majapahit polity and connected ports.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rice-producing heartlands, court networks, maritime tribute
and commerce support regional influence. Later nationalist maps overstate
direct territorial administration across the entire archipelago.
DOMAIN: state | food | maritime trade | memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; territorial extent C.
SOURCE KEYS: S245–S246, S316.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000198 — [WPA-008] MALACCA AND A MARITIME MUSLIM PORT ORDER
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 1400–1511.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W041.
PLACE: Strait of Malacca.
ENTITY: Malacca Sultanate and merchant communities.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY_STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Strategic location, harbour governance, multilingual trade
and Islamic institutions make Malacca a major intermediary linking Indian
Ocean and South China Sea routes. Its society is a port assemblage, not one
ethnic container.
DOMAIN: city | maritime trade | religion | law | language.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S245–S246, S317–S318.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000199 — [WPA-009] SONGHAI GROWTH AND SAHELIAN KNOWLEDGE CITIES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fifteenth–sixteenth centuries; antecedent Gao older.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W041.
PLACE: Niger bend and western Sahel.
ENTITY: Songhai polity, Timbuktu, Gao, Jenne and regional networks.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: River transport, agriculture, trade, taxation and military
power shift regional predominance from Mali toward Songhai. Manuscript and
scholarly communities connect the Sahel to wider Islamic networks while oral
knowledge remains fundamental.
DOMAIN: state | trade | education | religion | river.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S249–S251, S288–S289, S319.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000200 — [WPA-010] SWAHILI CITY-STATE HIGH PHASE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 1200–1500.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W038–W040.
PLACE: East African coast and islands.
ENTITY: Kilwa, Mombasa, Malindi, Zanzibar and other Swahili cities.
ENTITY TYPE: CITY_STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coral-stone towns, mosques, coinage and merchant families
link African interiors and Indian Ocean shipping. Political autonomy and
competition coexist with a shared Swahili language and Islamic coastal
culture.
DOMAIN: city | trade | religion | language | Africa–Asia connection.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | NUMISMATIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S252–S254, S320.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000201 — [WPA-011] MEXICA / AZTEC IMPERIAL TRIBUTE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Tenochtitlan founded traditionally 1325; Triple Alliance 1428–1521.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W041.
PLACE: Basin of Mexico and Mesoamerican tributary regions.
ENTITY: Mexica-led Triple Alliance and subject polities.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Urban infrastructure, chinampa food systems, markets,
warfare, tribute and ritual support a powerful but uneven empire. “Aztec”
often compresses Mexica, allies, rivals and many language communities.
DOMAIN: city | food | empire | trade | religion.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; foundation date C.
SOURCE KEYS: S292–S293, S321–S323.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000202 — [WPA-012] INCA / TAWANTINSUYU INTEGRATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: imperial expansion principally c. 1438–1530s, with earlier Cusco polity.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W041.
PLACE: Andes from present Colombia to Chile/Argentina.
ENTITY: Tawantinsuyu.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Roads, bridges, storehouses, labour taxation, resettlement,
quipu information and ecological zoning integrate an enormous mountain
empire. Local authorities and communities retain varying autonomy; conquest
and forced movement are core mechanisms.
DOMAIN: empire | infrastructure | information | food | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ARCHITECTURAL | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — QHIPU / QUIPU | ANDEAN ROAD SYSTEM.
SOURCE KEYS: S294, S324–S326.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000203 — [WPA-013] AMAZONIAN ANTHROPOGENIC LANDSCAPES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: long-term Holocene formation; dense late precolonial systems visible by
first–second millennia CE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W032–W041 and older.
PLACE: Amazon basin.
ENTITY: terra preta, earthworks, managed forests and regional societies.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Soil creation, plant management, roads, ditches and large
settlement networks demonstrate deep human shaping without uniform urban
states. Later forest cover can conceal prior density; European epidemics
precede many written observations.
DOMAIN: environment | food | settlement | Indigenous knowledge.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; population estimates C.
SOURCE KEYS: S327–S329.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000204 — [WPA-014] IBERIAN RECONQUEST, JEWISH/MUSLIM EXPULSION AND 1492
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: Granada conquered January 1492; expulsion decree March 1492; Atlantic
voyage reaches Caribbean October 1492.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040.
PLACE: Iberia, Atlantic and Caribbean.
ENTITY: Castilian-Aragonese monarchy, Muslim and Jewish communities, Columbus
expedition and Indigenous Caribbean peoples.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Dynastic state consolidation, forced conversion/expulsion and
Atlantic expansion occur in one year but are distinct processes. Columbus
reaches already inhabited islands; he does not “discover” an empty America.
DOMAIN: state | religion | expulsion | seafaring | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: CONQUERS | COLONISES | MIGRATES_TO.
SOURCE KEYS: S330–S332.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000205 — [WPA-015] PORTUGUESE AFRICAN AND ATLANTIC OCEANIC EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally fifteenth century; Cape rounded 1488; India reached by sea
1498.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040.
PLACE: Atlantic islands, West/Central/Southern African coasts and Indian Ocean.
ENTITY: Portuguese crown, navigators, merchants and African/Asian states.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ships, finance, fortifications and violence extend European
routes into established African and Indian Ocean systems. Plantation slavery
develops on Atlantic islands before American expansion. Coastal contact does
not equal control of African interiors or Asian trade.
DOMAIN: seafaring | trade | enslavement | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ATLANTIC SYSTEM.
SOURCE KEYS: S333–S335.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000206 — [WPA-016] MOVABLE-TYPE PRINTING IN EUROPE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: mid-fifteenth century; Gutenberg Bible c. 1450s.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040.
PLACE: Mainz and expanding European print networks.
ENTITY: metal movable type, press, paper, printers and readers.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: A production system combining press, type, ink, paper and
markets sharply lowers some copying costs. East Asian printing and movable
type are older; the European configuration has distinctive alphabetic,
commercial and later global consequences.
DOMAIN: printing | information | religion | education | market.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ART_HISTORICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PRINTING.
SOURCE KEYS: S268–S269, S336–S338.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000207 — [WPA-017] LITTLE ICE AGE AS A REGIONAL, VARIABLE CLIMATE LABEL
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: broadly c. 1300–1850, with different regional expressions and minima.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W039–W045.
PLACE: global climate system, strongest evidence in some Northern Hemisphere
regions.
ENTITY: climate variability, societies and ecosystems.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Volcanism, solar variability, ocean–atmosphere dynamics and
feedbacks contribute to cooler intervals. Effects on harvests, disease and
conflict depend on institutions; the label must not imply one continuous
globally synchronous freeze.
DOMAIN: climate | food | water | state | causality rule.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | TEXTUAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; social causal claims C.
SOURCE KEYS: S339–S341.

==============================================================================
19. ATLANTIC COLLISION, GUNPOWDER STATES AND EARLY GLOBAL INTEGRATION
1500–1750
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000208 — [WEG-001] COLUMBIAN BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1492 onward, accelerating through sixteenth–eighteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W043.
PLACE: Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania.
ENTITY: crops, animals, pathogens, people and ecosystems.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Previously separated biotas enter sustained exchange. Maize,
potato, cassava, tomato and other American crops spread widely; horses,
cattle, pigs, wheat, sugar and many weeds enter the Americas. Benefits,
ecological disruption and power are radically unequal.
DOMAIN: food | disease | animals | migration | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC | TEXTUAL | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.
SOURCE KEYS: S342–S345.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000209 — [WEG-002] AMERICAN EPIDEMIC CATASTROPHE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: sixteenth–seventeenth centuries, with later regional waves.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W042.
PLACE: Americas and Caribbean.
ENTITY: Indigenous populations, introduced pathogens and colonial systems.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Smallpox, measles, influenza and other infections interact
with war, enslavement, displacement, famine and colonial extraction to cause
catastrophic population losses. Disease is not an innocent or sufficient
single-cause explanation for conquest.
DOMAIN: health | population | conquest | food | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | GENETIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for catastrophe; C for continental totals.
EXCLUDED COST: mass mortality | cultural and knowledge loss.
SOURCE KEYS: S342–S347.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000210 — [WEG-003] SPANISH CONQUEST OF MEXICA IMPERIAL CENTRE
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: alliance and war 1519–1521; Tenochtitlan falls 13 August 1521.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041.
PLACE: central Mexico.
ENTITY: Spanish expedition, Tlaxcalan and other Indigenous allies, Mexica
state and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: A small Spanish force succeeds through Indigenous alliances,
imperial rivalries, weapons, siege and disease. Calling the event “Cortés
conquers the Aztecs” erases the majority Indigenous coalition and later
decades of colonial warfare.
DOMAIN: conquest | alliance | disease | city | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
ATTRIBUTION LEVEL: alliance and state, not “European civilisation.”
SOURCE KEYS: S321–S323, S346–S349.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000211 — [WEG-004] SPANISH CONQUEST OF TAWANTINSUYU
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1532 capture of Atahualpa; Cusco taken 1533; Neo-Inca resistance to
1572 and other resistance much longer.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041.
PLACE: Andes.
ENTITY: Spanish forces, Indigenous allies/rivals, Inca factions and
communities.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Civil war, alliances, ambush, disease and political
restructuring allow Spaniards to seize imperial centres. Tawantinsuyu does not
vanish in one event; institutions, languages and communities persist under
colonial coercion and resistance.
DOMAIN: conquest | alliance | disease | labour | continuity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
ATTRIBUTION LEVEL: alliances, factions and states.
SOURCE KEYS: S324–S326, S346–S349.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000212 — [WEG-005] IBERIAN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDIANS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: sixteenth–eighteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W043.
PLACE: Spanish and Portuguese American territories.
ENTITY: crowns, viceroyalties, municipalities, missions and Indigenous
communities.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Colonial law creates racialised estates, tribute, forced
labour, land grants and church jurisdictions while recognising some
Indigenous corporate communities and courts. Written protection and actual
power diverge sharply.
DOMAIN: governance | law | religion | labour | race.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: IMPERIAL / HIERARCHICAL / HYBRID.
SOURCE KEYS: S350–S352.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000213 — [WEG-006] ATLANTIC CHATTEL SLAVERY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fifteenth–nineteenth centuries; greatest transatlantic volume
seventeenth–nineteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W046.
PLACE: Africa, Atlantic, Americas and Europe.
ENTITY: enslaved Africans, traders, states, plantations and resistance
communities.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: More than twelve million captive Africans are embarked in
the transatlantic trade and millions more are enslaved within connected
systems. Hereditary racial chattel slavery produces capital and commodities
through organised violence; African agency includes states, victims,
resisters and abolitionists, not one role.
DOMAIN: labour | migration | trade | race | violence.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; totals continually refined.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.
SOURCE KEYS: S353–S356.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000214 — [WEG-007] PLANTATION–SUGAR–SLAVERY COMPLEX
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Atlantic islands from fifteenth century; American scale sixteenth–
nineteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W046.
PLACE: Atlantic islands, Brazil, Caribbean and later wider tropics.
ENTITY: sugar plantations, mills, enslaved labour and merchant finance.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coordinated fields, mills, heat, shipping, credit and coerced
labour produce mass commodities. The plantation is an early integrated
production system whose apparent efficiency externalises death, land seizure
and ecological damage.
DOMAIN: food | industry | labour | finance | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
EXCLUDED COST: enslavement | mortality | deforestation | dispossession.
SOURCE KEYS: S342–S356.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000215 — [WEG-008] PORTUGUESE ESTADO DA ÍNDIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: from 1505; changing network through seventeenth century and later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W042.
PLACE: East Africa, Indian Ocean, South and Southeast Asian ports.
ENTITY: Portuguese crown fort/port network and local powers.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: Armed ships, cartaz passes and fortified nodes seek to tax
and redirect existing commerce. Portuguese forces win some choke points but
never monopolise the Indian Ocean; Asian and African merchants and states
adapt, resist and compete.
DOMAIN: maritime trade | war | taxation | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S333–S335, S357–S359.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000216 — [WEG-009] MANILA GALLEON AND TRANS-PACIFIC SILVER
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1565–1815.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W045.
PLACE: Spanish America, Philippines, China and Pacific.
ENTITY: Manila–Acapulco shipping and Asian/American merchant systems.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: American silver moves through Manila into Asian markets
while silks, ceramics and other goods cross the Pacific. Filipino, Chinese,
Mexican and other workers sustain the route; it is an early persistent
trans-Pacific system.
DOMAIN: trade | finance | seafaring | labour | migration.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | NUMISMATIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MANILA GALLEON.
SOURCE KEYS: S360–S362.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000217 — [WEG-010] SILVER AND EARLY GLOBAL PRICE CONNECTIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally sixteenth–seventeenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W042.
PLACE: Potosí, Mexico, Europe, Ottoman domains, South Asia and China.
ENTITY: silver mines, forced labour, currencies and markets.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: American and Japanese silver feeds taxation, trade and
monetisation across continents. Potosí’s output depends on mita labour and
mercury with severe health and environmental cost. Price movements become
more connected without forming one frictionless world market.
DOMAIN: mining | money | labour | trade | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SILVER.
SOURCE KEYS: S360–S365.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000218 — [WEG-011] OTTOMAN IMPERIAL HIGH PHASE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 1453–1700, with empire continuing to 1922.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W042.
PLACE: Balkans, Anatolia, Levant, Arabia, Egypt and North Africa.
ENTITY: Ottoman Empire and subject communities.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Taxation, provinces, courts, military households, waqf
institutions, cities and sea/land routes sustain a multi-religious empire.
Legal pluralism provides communal autonomy within hierarchy; slavery,
conquest and unequal status remain structural.
DOMAIN: governance | law | religion | military | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | NUMISMATIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S311–S313, S366–S368.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000219 — [WEG-012] SAFAVID IRAN AND TWELVER SHIʿI STATE FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1501–1736.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W043.
PLACE: Iranian plateau and adjoining regions.
ENTITY: Safavid state and Persianate communities.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: A militant order becomes a territorial state, institutionalises
Twelver Shiʿism and competes with Ottoman and Mughal systems. Conversion,
clerical networks, trade and Persian culture transform identity over
generations.
DOMAIN: state | religion | war | trade | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | NUMISMATIC | ARCHITECTURAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S197–S199, S369–S370.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000220 — [WEG-013] MUGHAL IMPERIAL SYNTHESIS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1526–1707 for formation/high phase; dynasty nominally to 1857.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W043.
PLACE: South Asia.
ENTITY: Mughal Empire and regional societies.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Cavalry, firearms, land revenue, mansab service, Persianate
court culture, Indian knowledge and alliances support enormous scale.
Religious and political practice varies by ruler and region; the empire is
neither simply foreign nor a homogeneous national state.
DOMAIN: governance | tax | military | art | religion | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: IMPERIAL / HIERARCHICAL / HYBRID.
SOURCE KEYS: S371–S374.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000221 — [WEG-014] QING CONQUEST AND MULTI-ETHNIC IMPERIAL ORDER
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Manchu state formation early seventeenth century; Beijing taken 1644;
Qing rule 1644–1912.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W048.
PLACE: China region, Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and frontiers.
ENTITY: Qing Empire and constituent peoples.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Manchu conquest incorporates Ming institutions while
preserving banner, multilingual and frontier-specific systems. Later
territorial scale cannot be projected backward as timeless modern Chinese
national territory.
DOMAIN: conquest | governance | frontier | language | identity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S306–S308, S375–S377.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000222 — [WEG-015] TOKUGAWA PEACE, STATUS AND MARKET INTEGRATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1603–1868.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W046.
PLACE: Japanese archipelago.
ENTITY: Tokugawa shogunate, domains, towns and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Shogunal-domain governance, regulated status, castle towns,
roads, literacy and markets create durable internal integration. Maritime
relations are restricted and channelled, not total national isolation.
DOMAIN: governance | trade | education | infrastructure | status.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ARCHITECTURAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: FEDERATED / HIERARCHICAL.
SOURCE KEYS: S378–S380.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000223 — [WEG-016] REFORMATION AND CONFESSIONAL STATE FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: conventionally from 1517; sixteenth–seventeenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W042.
PLACE: Europe and expanding colonial networks.
ENTITY: Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist and other
communities and states.
ENTITY TYPE: RELIGION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Print, theology, church reform, state power and social
grievances fracture western Christianity. Wars and persecution accompany
vernacular literacy, institutional competition and later toleration.
DOMAIN: religion | printing | state | education | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — REFORMATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S336–S338, S381–S383.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000224 — [WEG-017] SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AS NETWORKED TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally sixteenth–seventeenth centuries, with older global
genealogies.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W042.
PLACE: European centres within Islamic, Asian, African and American knowledge
connections.
ENTITY: astronomers, natural philosophers, instrument makers, navigators and
institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Heliocentric models, experiment, mathematics, instruments,
print and learned societies alter reliable inquiry. The process builds on
Greek, Islamic, Indian, Chinese, Indigenous and craft knowledge and on
colonial collection; it is not knowledge appearing from one civilisation.
DOMAIN: science | education | measurement | printing | empire.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MODERN SCIENCE.
SOURCE KEYS: S384–S388.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000225 — [WEG-018] MECHANICAL CLOCKS, MAPS AND STANDARDISED OBSERVATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: late medieval antecedents; global scale sixteenth–eighteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W043.
PLACE: Europe and global navigation/mission/trade networks.
ENTITY: clocks, charts, observatories, surveys and institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: More precise timekeeping and spatial measurement improve
navigation, coordination, astronomy, labour discipline and territorial
claims. Maps measure and also assert control; Indigenous geographic knowledge
is frequently appropriated.
DOMAIN: time | mapping | navigation | control | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL | ART_HISTORICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — STANDARD TIME | CARTOGRAPHY.
SOURCE KEYS: S384–S389.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000226 — [WEG-019] DUTCH AND ENGLISH JOINT-STOCK EMPIRE NETWORKS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: VOC founded 1602; English East India Company 1600; expansion through
seventeenth–eighteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W042–W043.
PLACE: Europe, Atlantic, Indian Ocean and Asia.
ENTITY: chartered companies, investors, armed ships and subject communities.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Joint-stock finance and delegated sovereign powers combine
trade, fortification, treaty, taxation and war. Companies are neither ordinary
firms nor full states; their violence and monopolies are built into the
business model.
DOMAIN: finance | trade | war | colonisation | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: CAPTURED / CORPORATE-IMPERIAL HYBRID.
SOURCE KEYS: S357–S359, S390–S393.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000227 — [WEG-020] AFRICAN STATES IN ATLANTIC AND INTERNAL TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fifteenth–eighteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040–W043.
PLACE: West, West-Central and southern Africa.
ENTITY: Kongo, Benin, Oyo, Asante, Dahomey, Luba-Lunda, Mutapa and other
states and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: African states pursue diplomacy, trade, religion and war
within regional and Atlantic systems. Firearms and slave demand alter power
without making Africans one undifferentiated seller population; many societies
resist, suffer raids or form refuges.
DOMAIN: state | trade | slavery | religion | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; polity-specific chronology varies.
SOURCE KEYS: S353–S356, S394–S398.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000228 — [WEG-021] RUSSIAN EXPANSION ACROSS SIBERIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally sixteenth–eighteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W043.
PLACE: north Eurasia to Pacific.
ENTITY: Muscovite/Russian state, Cossacks, merchants and Indigenous peoples.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forts, fur tribute, river routes, missions and epidemic
disease extend imperial authority eastward. Indigenous communities negotiate,
resist and suffer dispossession; the process is continental colonisation, not
empty-land settlement.
DOMAIN: colonisation | trade | disease | Indigenous sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S399–S401.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000229 — [WEG-022] INDIGENOUS AMERICAN CONTINUITY AND RESISTANCE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1492–1750 and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W040 onward.
PLACE: Americas.
ENTITY: Indigenous nations, confederacies, towns and displaced communities.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Communities survive epidemic and conquest, retain and rebuild
languages, governance, crops, land knowledge and diplomacy. Pueblo Revolt
(1680), Mapuche resistance, Maya and Amazonian autonomy, maroon alliances and
many local struggles prevent colonial rule from becoming complete.
DOMAIN: sovereignty | resistance | knowledge continuity | land.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: RESISTING / RECOVERING / TRANSFORMING.
SOURCE KEYS: S350–S352, S402–S405.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000230 — [WEG-023] EARLY MODERN GLOBAL POPULATION AND URBAN GROWTH
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1500–1750.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W041–W043.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: human population and cities.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: World population grows after regional catastrophes, with
major concentrations in Asian agrarian systems and expanding cities.
American crops improve food security in many environments while war,
epidemic, famine and coercion remain recurrent. All totals are reconstructed,
not census-exact.
DOMAIN: population | food | city | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: B/C.
SOURCE KEYS: S406–S408.

==============================================================================
20. FOSSIL-ENERGY TAKEOFF, ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS AND INDUSTRIAL COLLISION
1750–1850
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000231 — [WIR-001] BRITISH INDUSTRIAL TAKEOFF
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: principally c. 1760–1830, with older antecedents and later diffusion.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W045.
PLACE: Britain, then parts of Europe and North America.
ENTITY: factories, coal, steam, capital, workers and markets.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mechanised textiles, coal-powered steam, iron, transport and
factory organisation produce sustained gains in output and energy throughput.
Agrarian change, empire, Atlantic slavery, skilled labour, institutions and
global markets are inputs; no single machine causes industrialisation.
DOMAIN: industry | energy | labour | finance | empire.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3 begins locally.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INDUSTRIALISATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S409–S413.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000232 — [WIR-002] FOSSIL ENERGY BREAKS THE BIOMASS CEILING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: eighteenth century onward, accelerating after 1850.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z5–Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W043 onward.
PLACE: first Britain and industrial regions, then planetary system.
ENTITY: coal, steam, later oil/gas and industrial civilisation.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Concentrated geological energy expands mechanical power,
transport and material production beyond annual biomass flows. It also
accumulates greenhouse gases and creates mine, pollution and geopolitical
dependencies inherited by the present.
DOMAIN: energy | climate | industry | health | dependency.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | GEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
DEPENDENCY: fossil extraction -> power -> industrial scale -> emissions.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COAL | FOSSIL ENERGY.
SOURCE KEYS: S409–S415.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000233 — [WIR-003] AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND SETTLER REPUBLIC
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: war 1775–1783; Declaration 4 July 1776; Constitution 1787–1789.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044.
PLACE: British North American colonies / United States.
ENTITY: colonial rebels, British state, Indigenous nations, enslaved and free
populations.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: A settler revolution creates a constitutional republic and
expands some representative institutions. Enslavement, restricted franchise
and Indigenous dispossession remain foundational exclusions; independence is
not decolonisation for all inhabitants.
DOMAIN: revolution | governance | law | settler colonialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S416–S419.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000234 — [WIR-004] FRENCH REVOLUTION AND MASS POLITICAL SOVEREIGNTY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1789–1799; Napoleonic transformation follows.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044.
PLACE: France, Europe and colonial domains.
ENTITY: revolutionary governments, citizens, workers, women, enslaved and
colonised populations.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monarchy and privilege are overthrown; declarations,
republican mobilisation, terror and war transform citizenship and state
capacity. Universal language coexists with gender, colonial and class
exclusion and later empire.
DOMAIN: governance | law | war | citizenship | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — RIGHTS DECLARATIONS.
SOURCE KEYS: S420–S422.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000235 — [WIR-005] HAITIAN REVOLUTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1791–1804; independence declared 1 January 1804.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W045.
PLACE: Saint-Domingue / Haiti.
ENTITY: enslaved revolutionaries, free people of colour, colonial powers and
Haitian state.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Enslaved people defeat French, British and Spanish forces,
abolish slavery and create the first enduring independent Black republic.
Diplomatic isolation, indemnity and racial hostility impose long external
costs.
DOMAIN: slavery | revolution | state | race | international order.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ABOLITION | HAITIAN REVOLUTION.
SOURCE KEYS: S423–S425.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000236 — [WIR-006] LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1808–1826; later exceptions and transformations.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045.
PLACE: Spanish America and Brazil.
ENTITY: insurgent armies, royalists, Indigenous, enslaved and creole
communities, emerging states.
ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Iberian imperial crisis enables wars that create republics
and an independent Brazilian monarchy. Formal sovereignty changes faster than
land, race, labour and gender hierarchies; borders derive partly from colonial
administration.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | war | state | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S426–S428.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000237 — [WIR-007] ABOLITION MOVEMENTS AND THE END OF ATLANTIC TRADE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: late eighteenth–nineteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W047.
PLACE: Atlantic world and wider slave systems.
ENTITY: enslaved resisters, abolitionists, states and slaveholders.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Revolt, organising, religious and secular advocacy, war and
state policy outlaw slave trading and slavery at different dates. British
trade abolition (1807) and emancipation (1830s) are important but do not end
global enslavement or coerced labour.
DOMAIN: law | labour | rights | war | enforcement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
RELATIONSHIPS: DECOLONISES | DISPLACES | REPAIRS.
SOURCE KEYS: S353–S356, S423–S425, S429–S431.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000238 — [WIR-008] NAPOLEONIC WAR AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPORT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1799–1815.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W045.
PLACE: Europe, Mediterranean, Atlantic and colonial theatres.
ENTITY: Napoleonic France, coalitions and occupied populations.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mass armies and imperial war redraw borders and kill at large
scale. Legal codification, administrative reform and nationalism spread
through both imposition and resistance; emancipation and equality remain
selective.
DOMAIN: war | law | state | nationalism | conscription.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S420–S422, S432–S433.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000239 — [WIR-009] COMPANY RULE AND INDUSTRIAL COLLISION IN SOUTH ASIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: territorial acceleration 1757–1857.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W046.
PLACE: South Asia.
ENTITY: East India Company, Indian states, peasants, artisans and soldiers.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: A chartered company converts revenue and military advantage
into territorial rule. Land settlements, monopoly, deindustrialising
pressures and global trade transform livelihoods while Indian states and
communities resist and adapt.
DOMAIN: colonisation | tax | trade | industry | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; regional economic effects vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S390–S393, S434–S436.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000240 — [WIR-010] SETTLER COLONISATION OF AUSTRALIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: British colony from 1788; frontier expansion through nineteenth and
twentieth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044 onward.
PLACE: Australian continent.
ENTITY: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nations, British state,
convicts and settlers.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Britain claims already governed Indigenous lands, builds
penal and settler colonies and expands through disease, violence and land
seizure. Indigenous sovereignty, knowledge and resistance continue; “terra
nullius” is a legal fiction later rejected.
DOMAIN: settler colonialism | land | disease | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S437–S440.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000241 — [WIR-011] NEW ZEALAND/AOTEAROA COLONIAL TREATY ORDER
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: sustained European settlement late eighteenth century; Treaty of
Waitangi signed from 6 February 1840.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W045.
PLACE: Aotearoa New Zealand.
ENTITY: Māori iwi/hapū, British Crown and settlers.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Māori polities engage trade, mission literacy and new
technologies before treaty-making. Māori and English treaty texts differ over
sovereignty and governance; later land war and confiscation violate many
guarantees.
DOMAIN: treaty | sovereignty | language | settler colonialism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: interpretation and redress remain live.
SOURCE KEYS: S441–S443.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000242 — [WIR-012] VACCINATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: variolation practices older across Asia/Africa; Jenner’s cowpox
experiment 1796; global vaccination systems thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W045.
PLACE: transregional origins and global diffusion.
ENTITY: inoculators, physicians, states, communities and vaccines.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Controlled exposure and later vaccination reduce smallpox
risk. Scaling requires production, cold/storage systems, trust, delivery and
surveillance; coercive colonial campaigns can generate resistance even when
the medical intervention works.
DOMAIN: health | biotechnology | state | trust.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — VACCINATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S444–S446.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000243 — [WIR-013] STEAM TRANSPORT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: practical expansion late eighteenth–mid-nineteenth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044–W046.
PLACE: industrialising regions and global routes.
ENTITY: steam engines, railways, ships, mines and workers.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Steam decouples some transport from wind, current and animal
power, sharply increasing speed and tonnage. Rails and ports require massive
capital, land, fuel, maintenance and standardisation and can serve extraction,
war or public connection.
DOMAIN: transport | energy | infrastructure | empire.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — STEAM | RAILWAY.
SOURCE KEYS: S409–S415, S447–S449.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000244 — [WIR-014] ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: practical systems 1830s–1840s; rapid global network after 1850.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W047.
PLACE: Europe/North America, then imperial and global routes.
ENTITY: telegraph devices, codes, cables, operators and organisations.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Electrical signals separate information speed from physical
transport for the first time at scale. Networks compress markets, news and
command while placing control in states and firms with cable access.
DOMAIN: communication | trade | military | information | infrastructure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — TELEGRAPH.
SOURCE KEYS: S450–S452.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000245 — [WIR-015] OPIUM, IMPERIAL TRADE AND QING COLLISION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: opium trade expands eighteenth–nineteenth centuries; First Opium War
1839–1842.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W043–W045.
PLACE: British India, China coast and global trade system.
ENTITY: British traders/state, Qing state, Indian producers and Chinese users.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: British commercial and imperial systems use Indian opium to
reverse silver flows. Qing enforcement triggers war; military defeat and
unequal treaties open ports and cede Hong Kong. “Free trade” is imposed
through armed narcotics commerce.
DOMAIN: trade | drug | war | colonisation | finance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S375–S377, S453–S455.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000246 — [WIR-016] REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 AND SOCIAL QUESTION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: 1848–1849.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045.
PLACE: much of Europe, with wider ideological connections.
ENTITY: workers, liberals, nationalists, socialists, women and states.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Economic crisis and political mobilisation produce connected
revolutions demanding constitutions, national rights and social reform. Most
regimes recover control, but mass politics, labour questions and nationalism
persist.
DOMAIN: governance | labour | nationalism | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S456–S458.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000247 — [WIR-017] ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 RISE BECOMES MEASURABLE IN THE EARTH RECORD
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: industrial era, conventionally from c. 1750.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W044 onward.
PLACE: atmosphere and Earth system.
ENTITY: fossil emissions, land-use change and greenhouse gases.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coal combustion, later oil/gas use and deforestation raise
atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations beyond long preindustrial ranges.
Climate impact is delayed, cumulative and planetary even where emissions and
benefits are unequal.
DOMAIN: climate | energy | environment | responsibility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE.
SOURCE KEYS: S414–S415, S459–S461.

==============================================================================
21. INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS, HIGH IMPERIALISM AND MASS INSTITUTIONS
1850–1914
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000248 — [WHI-001] SECOND INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 1870–1914.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W048.
PLACE: industrial centres in Europe, North America, Japan and expanding
global production networks.
ENTITY: steel, chemistry, electricity, oil, machinery and firms.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: New materials, power and corporate organisation expand
industrial scale and technical systems. Adoption remains globally unequal and
relies on colonial raw materials, migrant labour and environmental sinks.
DOMAIN: industry | energy | science | finance | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 3 consolidates in industrial centres.
SOURCE KEYS: S462–S465.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000249 — [WHI-002] ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: practical generation and networks principally 1880s onward.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: cities and industrial regions, then wider systems.
ENTITY: generators, grids, lamps, motors, standards and utilities.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Electricity permits flexible lighting, motors,
communication and later household systems. Competing technical standards
become infrastructures; access depends on capital, regulation and grid reach.
DOMAIN: energy | infrastructure | industry | standards.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ELECTRICITY GRID.
SOURCE KEYS: S462–S466.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000250 — [WHI-003] PETROLEUM AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: modern oil industry from 1850s; engines/automobiles expand late
nineteenth–early twentieth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W048.
PLACE: global extraction and industrialising markets.
ENTITY: oil fields, refineries, engines, firms and states.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Liquid fuel combines high energy density with transportable
storage, enabling automobiles, aviation, mechanised war and petrochemicals.
It creates strategic choke points, pollution and carbon lock-in.
DOMAIN: energy | transport | war | environment | geopolitics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — PETROLEUM.
SOURCE KEYS: S462–S465, S467–S468.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000251 — [WHI-004] GLOBAL TELEGRAPH CABLE SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: transatlantic service durable from 1866; global network grows to 1914.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W048.
PLACE: ocean floors, imperial ports and inland lines.
ENTITY: cables, stations, news agencies, states and firms.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Near-real-time intercontinental information supports finance,
shipping, journalism and imperial command. Cable geography privileges
imperial hubs; disconnection and interception become strategic weapons.
DOMAIN: communication | finance | media | empire | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GLOBAL TELEGRAPH.
SOURCE KEYS: S450–S452, S469–S470.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000252 — [WHI-005] TELEPHONE, RADIO AND RECORDED SOUND
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: telephone patents/networks from 1870s; radio experiments 1890s and
broadcast era after 1918; recording from late nineteenth century.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W050.
PLACE: industrial and colonial communication networks.
ENTITY: telephones, wireless, phonographs, operators and audiences.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Voice and sound become transmissible or reproducible at
scale. Infrastructure creates new media, emergency and command capabilities
while ownership and spectrum regulation shape who speaks.
DOMAIN: communication | culture | information | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — TELEPHONE | RADIO.
SOURCE KEYS: S471–S473.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000253 — [WHI-006] PARTITION OF AFRICA / HIGH IMPERIAL CONQUEST
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 1880–1914; Berlin Conference 1884–1885.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: African continent.
ENTITY: European empires, African states and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: European states convert coastal influence into territorial
claims through war, treaties, concession companies and arbitrary borders.
African diplomacy and resistance are extensive; conquest relies on industrial
weapons, logistics and epidemic asymmetries.
DOMAIN: colonisation | war | borders | labour | resources.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
EXCLUDED COST: mass killing | forced labour | land/resource seizure.
SOURCE KEYS: S474–S478.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000254 — [WHI-007] CONGO FREE STATE ATROCITY SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1885–1908; Belgian colonial rule follows.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: Congo basin.
ENTITY: Congo Free State, concession firms and Congolese communities.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Leopold II’s personal regime uses hostage-taking, mutilation,
forced labour and killing to extract rubber and ivory. Population loss is
massive though exact totals remain debated; exposure campaigns force transfer
to Belgian state rule without ending colonial exploitation.
DOMAIN: forced labour | extraction | atrocity | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; mortality total C.
SOURCE KEYS: S474–S478, S479–S481.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000255 — [WHI-008] SETTLER FRONTIERS AND INDIGENOUS DISPOSSESSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: nineteenth–early twentieth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: North America, southern South America, Australia, New Zealand,
southern Africa and other settler zones.
ENTITY: settler states, Indigenous nations and ecosystems.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Treaties, land law, warfare, reservations, child removal and
ecological replacement transfer territory to settler populations. Violence
and survival are region-specific; frontier “closure” does not end Indigenous
sovereignty or colonial structures.
DOMAIN: land | sovereignty | migration | environment | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S416–S419, S437–S443, S482–S485.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000256 — [WHI-009] UNITED STATES CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1861–1865; Reconstruction to 1877.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046.
PLACE: United States.
ENTITY: Union, Confederacy, enslaved/free Black people and Indigenous
communities.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Secession to protect slavery produces civil war; enslaved
people’s flight and service make emancipation a war outcome. Constitutional
abolition and citizenship expand rights, while white supremacist violence and
later segregation reverse much of Reconstruction.
DOMAIN: war | slavery | law | citizenship | repair/fracture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S486–S488.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000257 — [WHI-010] GLOBAL LEGAL ABOLITION REMAINS INCOMPLETE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: nineteenth–twentieth centuries; United States 1865, Cuba 1886, Brazil
1888 and other jurisdictions on different dates.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045 onward.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: formerly enslaved people, states, employers and coercive labour
systems.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Formal abolition removes legal ownership of persons across
successive jurisdictions. Debt bondage, forced labour, trafficking, prison
labour and racialised land exclusion persist, showing that legal threshold and
operational freedom are separate.
DOMAIN: law | labour | race | enforcement | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S429–S431, S486–S489.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000258 — [WHI-011] MEIJI RESTORATION AND JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STATE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: 1868–1912.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W048.
PLACE: Japan and East Asian imperial sphere.
ENTITY: Meiji state, firms, workers and armed forces.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Centralisation, tax reform, conscription, schools, industry
and imported/adapted knowledge rapidly build Stage 3 organs. Japan also
colonises Hokkaidō/Ryukyu, Taiwan and Korea and becomes an imperial power.
DOMAIN: state | industry | education | military | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: EXPANDING / IMPERIAL.
SOURCE KEYS: S490–S493.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000259 — [WHI-012] QING CRISIS, REBELLION AND REFORM
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Taiping War 1850–1864; Self-Strengthening c. 1860s–1890s; Boxer crisis
1899–1901; revolution 1911.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W048.
PLACE: Qing Empire.
ENTITY: Qing state, rebels, foreign powers and regional armies.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Massive civil war, foreign intervention, fiscal strain and
industrial collision kill millions and drive military, educational and
administrative reform. Reforms create capacity but also decentralise force;
the empire ends in revolution.
DOMAIN: war | governance | industry | education | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; death estimates C.
SOURCE KEYS: S375–S377, S453–S455, S494–S497.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000260 — [WHI-013] OTTOMAN TANZIMAT, CONSTITUTION AND IMPERIAL CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Tanzimat 1839–1876; constitutional episodes 1876 and 1908.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: Ottoman domains.
ENTITY: Ottoman state and diverse subjects.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Administrative, military, legal and educational reforms seek
equal citizenship and stronger central capacity. European intervention,
national movements, debt and internal hierarchy produce uneven outcomes;
reform and coercion expand together.
DOMAIN: governance | law | education | military | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S366–S368, S498–S500.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000261 — [WHI-014] BRITISH RAJ, INFRASTRUCTURE AND EXTRACTION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: Crown rule 1858–1947.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W053.
PLACE: British India and princely states.
ENTITY: colonial state, Indian communities, railways and markets.
ENTITY TYPE: COLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rail, telegraph, law, census, schools and bureaucracy create
subcontinental integration while serving military control and export.
Representation remains limited; revenue and famine policy expose severe
BaseFloor failures.
DOMAIN: colonisation | infrastructure | tax | famine | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S434–S436, S501–S504.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000262 — [WHI-015] FAMINE IN AN INTEGRATED IMPERIAL MARKET
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: especially 1876–1878 and 1896–1902 in British India; other global
famines in similar climate/economic context.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: South Asia, China, Brazil, Africa and other affected regions.
ENTITY: drought, food markets, states and vulnerable populations.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: El Niño-linked drought interacts with poverty, export,
warfare, colonial policy and weak relief to produce mass mortality. Food
availability and entitlement are distinct; rail and markets do not guarantee
access.
DOMAIN: food | climate | governance | trade | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: PALEOENVIRONMENTAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; mortality totals C.
SOURCE KEYS: S501–S505.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000263 — [WHI-016] MASS MIGRATION AND INDENTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally c. 1830–1914.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: Europe, Asia, Africa, Americas, Caribbean and Pacific.
ENTITY: voluntary, coerced and contract migrants.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Tens of millions cross oceans through settler migration,
labour recruitment, refuge and indenture. Indian and Chinese contract workers
enter plantation and infrastructure systems after slave emancipation; legal
contract often masks coercion.
DOMAIN: migration | labour | diaspora | colonisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INDENTURED LABOUR.
SOURCE KEYS: S506–S509.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000264 — [WHI-017] GERM THEORY, SANITATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: sanitation reforms from 1840s; germ theory consolidates 1860s–1880s;
public-health systems expand.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: cities and imperial networks, with global knowledge inputs.
ENTITY: researchers, water/sewer systems, laboratories and health authorities.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Epidemiology, microbiology, clean water, sewage and hygiene
reduce infectious mortality when scaled. Colonial tropical medicine often
protects troops and commerce first and can exploit subjects; public benefit
depends on universal provision.
DOMAIN: health | water | science | infrastructure | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GERM THEORY | SANITATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S444–S446, S510–S513.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000265 — [WHI-018] MASS SCHOOLING AND CREDENTIAL STATES
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally nineteenth–early twentieth centuries.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: expanding national and colonial school systems.
ENTITY: schools, teachers, examinations and ministries.
ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: States scale literacy, numeracy, civic identity and skilled
labour through compulsory or subsidised schooling. Schools also enforce
language hierarchy, nationalism and Indigenous assimilation; enrolment and
learning quality remain different measures.
DOMAIN: education | state | language | citizenship | control.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MASS EDUCATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S514–S516.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000266 — [WHI-019] LABOUR, SOCIALIST AND COOPERATIVE MOVEMENTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: nineteenth century–1914.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: industrial and agrarian regions worldwide.
ENTITY: workers, unions, socialist parties, mutual aid and cooperatives.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Organising contests working hours, wages, safety, ownership
and political exclusion. Marxist, anarchist, social-democratic, cooperative
and local traditions diverge; repression and concession help build labour law
and welfare institutions.
DOMAIN: labour | governance | economy | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S517–S519.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000267 — [WHI-020] WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND SUFFRAGE MOVEMENTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: nineteenth century–early twentieth century, with different national
thresholds.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: transnational.
ENTITY: women’s organisations and allied/reform movements.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Campaigns challenge coverture, restricted education,
property law, labour exploitation and political exclusion. New Zealand grants
women national voting rights in 1893, but race, class and colonial status
continue to control the doorway in many systems.
DOMAIN: gender | law | education | citizenship.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S520–S522.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000268 — [WHI-021] NATIONALISM, CENSUS AND CLASSIFIED POPULATIONS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: nineteenth century–1914.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W048.
PLACE: Europe, empires and colonial territories.
ENTITY: states, national movements, censuses, maps and identity categories.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mass print, schools, censuses and conscription make
populations more legible and mobilisable. National self-determination can
oppose empire while also homogenising minorities; administrative categories
can harden flexible identities.
DOMAIN: state | information | identity | education | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S514–S516, S523–S525.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000269 — [WHI-022] INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PEACE INSTITUTIONS BEFORE 1914
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1864 Geneva Convention; Hague Conferences 1899 and 1907; wider
nineteenth-century institutions.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W046–W048.
PLACE: international system.
ENTITY: states, Red Cross movement, treaties and arbitration bodies.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Humanitarian law, postal/telegraph unions, standards and
arbitration create permanent international organs. Membership is state-centric
and imperial; rules expand faster than enforcement and fail to prevent world
war.
DOMAIN: international governance | law | communication | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S526–S529.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000270 — [WHI-023] ANTARCTIC OBSERVATION AND TERRITORIAL CLAIM-MAKING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: sightings/landings nineteenth century; “Heroic Age” c. 1897–1922.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W045–W050.
PLACE: Antarctica and Southern Ocean.
ENTITY: explorers, whalers, scientists and claimant states.
ENTITY TYPE: GEOLOGICAL_FEATURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Exploration and extraction bring Antarctica into global
navigation, science and imperial claim systems. The continent has no
Indigenous human population and no permanent self-sustaining settlement; its
ecological and climate role makes it a first-order World spine.
DOMAIN: science | exploration | environment | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S530–S532.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000271 — [WHI-024] ARMED INTERDEPENDENCE BEFORE 1914
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: principally c. 1890–1914.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W047–W048.
PLACE: global alliance, imperial and economic systems.
ENTITY: great powers, empires, alliances, arms industries and global trade.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rail mobilisation, conscription, industrial weapons, naval
competition and alliance plans increase destructive power and reduce decision
time. Trade integration does not guarantee peace; it can transmit shock once
war begins.
DOMAIN: military | alliance | industry | finance | ZTime risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: EXPANDING capability / FRAGMENTING security.
SOURCE KEYS: S533–S535.

==============================================================================
22. WORLD WAR, REVOLUTION, DEPRESSION, GENOCIDE AND ATOMIC WEAPONS
1914–1945
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000272 — [WGW-001] FIRST WORLD WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 28 July 1914–11 November 1918 for principal European armistice; fighting
and settlement continue elsewhere.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049.
PLACE: Europe, West Asia, Africa, Pacific and global maritime/colonial systems.
ENTITY: belligerent states, empires, soldiers and civilian populations.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Alliance escalation, mobilisation plans, imperial rivalry
and political choices convert a Balkan crisis into industrial global war.
Colonised troops and resources make it a world conflict; blockade, occupation,
famine and disease extend violence beyond battlefields.
DOMAIN: war | empire | industry | food | population.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
EXCLUDED COST: mass death | disability | displacement | ecological damage.
SOURCE KEYS: S536–S539.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000273 — [WGW-002] OTTOMAN ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1915–1917, with persecution and killing before and after.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049–W050.
PLACE: Ottoman Empire and deportation routes.
ENTITY: Committee of Union and Progress/Ottoman authorities, Armenian and
other Christian communities.
ENTITY TYPE: GENOCIDE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deportation, massacre, starvation, expropriation and forced
assimilation destroy much of the Ottoman Armenian population and also target
Assyrian and Greek communities in related campaigns. Denial is a political
claim, not equal evidence.
DOMAIN: genocide | state | migration | property | memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: scholarly classification highly secure; state denial
persists.
SOURCE KEYS: S540–S543.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000274 — [WGW-003] RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS AND SOVIET FORMATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: revolutions February/March and October/November 1917; civil war
1917–1922; USSR formed 30 December 1922.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049–W050.
PLACE: former Russian Empire.
ENTITY: workers, soldiers, peasants, national movements, Bolsheviks and rival
forces.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: War crisis topples monarchy; Bolsheviks seize power and win a
multi-sided civil war through mobilisation and coercion. Land, industry and
nationality institutions are remade; one-party rule and security repression
become structural.
DOMAIN: revolution | war | governance | economy | nationality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S544–S547.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000275 — [WGW-004] 1918 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1918–1920, with major waves.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049–W050.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: influenza A(H1N1), populations and wartime transport systems.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: A pandemic infects a large share of humanity and kills tens
of millions, with severe young-adult mortality in many regions. War movement,
crowding, censorship, nutrition and weak health systems shape outcomes.
“Spanish” names reporting history, not origin.
DOMAIN: health | war | migration | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; global death estimate C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — 1918 INFLUENZA.
SOURCE KEYS: S548–S550.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000276 — [WGW-005] PARIS SETTLEMENT, MANDATES AND LEAGUE OF NATIONS
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: 1919–1920.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050.
PLACE: international system and former imperial territories.
ENTITY: victorious powers, new states, mandates and League institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Treaties redraw Europe and West Asia, create minority regimes
and establish the League. Self-determination is applied selectively; mandates
repackage colonial rule. International health, labour and refugee work grows,
but collective security lacks universal membership and enforcement.
DOMAIN: international governance | borders | colonisation | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | EPIGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S551–S554.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000277 — [WGW-006] ANTI-COLONIAL MASS POLITICS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1918–1939, with older roots and later culmination.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W051.
PLACE: Asia, Africa, Caribbean, Pacific and imperial metropoles.
ENTITY: nationalists, workers, peasants, veterans, women and diaspora
organisations.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wartime mobilisation and unequal self-determination intensify
campaigns in India, Egypt, Ireland, China, Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Africa
and elsewhere. Constitutional, nonviolent, labour and armed strategies
coexist; movements contain ideological and social conflict.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | citizenship | labour | nationalism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: TEXTUAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — DECOLONISATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S555–S559.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000278 — [WGW-007] WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE EXPANSION AND CONTINUING EXCLUSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1910s–1940s, with earlier and later national thresholds.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049–W052.
PLACE: transnational.
ENTITY: women voters, movements and states.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Many states extend national voting rights to women after
decades of organising and wartime change. Race, colonial status, age and
property restrictions still exclude many; formal vote does not equal
representation, bodily autonomy or economic equality.
DOMAIN: gender | law | citizenship | doorway.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S520–S522, S560–S562.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000279 — [WGW-008] RADIO, FILM AND MASS POLITICAL MEDIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1920s–1940s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W052.
PLACE: global but access uneven.
ENTITY: broadcasters, cinemas, states, firms and audiences.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Broadcast and film synchronise large audiences, expand
education and culture, and amplify propaganda and personality politics.
Authoritarian and democratic systems both learn to govern through mass
attention.
DOMAIN: communication | culture | governance | information quality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | ART_HISTORICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BROADCAST MEDIA.
SOURCE KEYS: S471–S473, S563–S565.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000280 — [WGW-009] AUTOMOBILE, AVIATION AND OIL-BASED MOBILITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: mass automobiles from 1910s–1920s in some states; civil aviation expands
between wars.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W049–W052.
PLACE: industrial centres and global routes.
ENTITY: cars, aircraft, roads, airports, oil and production lines.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Assembly-line production and petroleum mobility reshape
cities, logistics, tourism and war. Benefits depend on road and fuel systems;
crashes, segregation, pollution and carbon become structural costs.
DOMAIN: transport | energy | city | military | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — AUTOMOBILE | AVIATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S467–S468, S566–S568.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000281 — [WGW-010] GREAT DEPRESSION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1929–late 1930s, with regional timing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W051.
PLACE: global financial, trade and production systems.
ENTITY: banks, firms, workers, farms, states and colonies.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Financial collapse, debt, deflation, policy failure and trade
contraction generate mass unemployment and hardship. Recovery paths through
social policy, monetary change, rearmament and war differ; colonies bear
commodity shocks without equal policy autonomy.
DOMAIN: finance | labour | trade | governance | welfare.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: CONTRACTING / FRACTURING.
SOURCE KEYS: S569–S572.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000282 — [WGW-011] FASCIST AND NAZI DICTATORSHIPS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Fascist Italy from 1922; Nazi Germany 1933–1945; related movements.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W052.
PLACE: Europe and ideological networks.
ENTITY: fascist parties, states, supporters and targeted populations.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITY.
EVENT/CONDITION: Authoritarian mass mobilisation, ultranationalism,
leader-rule, racism, violence and anti-left repression destroy democratic
institutions. Nazi racial state radicalises toward territorial conquest and
genocide.
DOMAIN: governance | information | war | race | repression.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: CENTRALISED / CAPTURED / HIERARCHICAL.
SOURCE KEYS: S573–S576.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000283 — [WGW-012] JAPANESE IMPERIAL EXPANSION IN ASIA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: colonial acquisitions from 1895/1910; Manchuria 1931; full-scale war in
China from 1937; Pacific War to 1945.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048–W052.
PLACE: East and Southeast Asia and Pacific.
ENTITY: Japanese Empire, occupied populations and resistance movements.
ENTITY TYPE: EMPIRE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Industrial military power, colonial settlement and resource
strategy produce conquest, forced labour, sexual slavery, massacre and
assimilation. Anti-Western rhetoric does not make the empire decolonial.
DOMAIN: empire | war | labour | race | resources.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S490–S493, S577–S580.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000284 — [WGW-013] CHINESE REVOLUTION, REPUBLIC AND CIVIL WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Qing falls 1911–1912; Nationalist reunification efforts 1920s; civil war
with interruptions to 1949.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W048–W053.
PLACE: China region and frontiers.
ENTITY: Republic of China, Nationalists, Communists, warlords and local
populations.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Imperial collapse opens competing projects of republican,
nationalist and socialist state-building. Warlord conflict, Japanese invasion
and civil war produce severe displacement while education, industry and
political mobilisation expand unevenly.
DOMAIN: revolution | state | war | education | industry.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S494–S497, S581–S583.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000285 — [WGW-014] STALINIST COLLECTIVISATION, FAMINE AND INDUSTRIALISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1928–1939.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W050–W051.
PLACE: Soviet Union.
ENTITY: party-state, peasants, workers and targeted national populations.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Forced collectivisation transfers food and labour into rapid
industrial growth. Famine, including the Holodomor in Ukraine and severe loss
elsewhere, deportation, terror and Gulag labour are integral costs, not
separate from the accumulation model.
DOMAIN: industry | food | state | repression | famine.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; intent classification debated by jurisdiction.
EXCLUDED COST: famine mortality | forced labour | repression.
SOURCE KEYS: S544–S547, S584–S587.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000286 — [WGW-015] SECOND WORLD WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Europe 1 September 1939–8 May 1945; Asia-Pacific war has earlier
beginnings and ends 2 September 1945.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: Axis and Allied powers, occupied peoples and civilian populations.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Expansionist states, failed collective security and earlier
aggression culminate in total war. Tens of millions die through combat,
occupation, genocide, bombardment, famine and disease; colonial troops and
theatres are central.
DOMAIN: war | genocide | industry | population | empire.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; aggregate death totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S588–S592.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000287 — [WGW-016] THE HOLOCAUST / SHOAH
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: persecution from 1933; systematic mass murder principally 1941–1945.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W051–W052.
PLACE: Nazi Germany and occupied Europe.
ENTITY: Nazi state and collaborators; Jewish people and other persecuted
groups.
ENTITY TYPE: GENOCIDE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Nazi institutions and collaborators murder six million Jews
through shootings, ghettos, starvation, forced labour and extermination
camps. Roma and Sinti, disabled people, Soviet prisoners, Poles, queer people
and others are persecuted and murdered under related programmes.
DOMAIN: genocide | state | race | information | memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ARCHAEOLOGICAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — HOLOCAUST.
SOURCE KEYS: S593–S596.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000288 — [WGW-017] MASS VIOLENCE AND GENOCIDE BEYOND THE HOLOCAUST
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1930s–1945.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W051–W052.
PLACE: Europe, Asia and occupied regions.
ENTITY: states, militaries and targeted civilian populations.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Japanese atrocities including Nanjing, Ustaše genocide in
the Independent State of Croatia, Soviet deportations and executions, ethnic
cleansing, reprisals and mass sexual violence demonstrate several perpetrator
systems. Distinct crimes require distinct attribution rather than dilution
into generic wartime tragedy.
DOMAIN: atrocity | genocide | occupation | state.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S577–S580, S597–S600.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000289 — [WGW-018] BENGAL FAMINE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1943–1944.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052.
PLACE: Bengal, British India.
ENTITY: colonial wartime government, markets and vulnerable populations.
ENTITY TYPE: ENVIRONMENTAL_EVENT.
EVENT/CONDITION: Crop shock, wartime inflation, military procurement,
transport disruption, policy failure and unequal entitlement produce
approximately several million excess deaths. It is not explained by absolute
food shortage alone.
DOMAIN: food | war | colonisation | market | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; mortality total C.
SOURCE KEYS: S501–S504, S601–S603.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000290 — [WGW-019] ELECTRONIC COMPUTING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: theoretical and electromechanical work 1930s; operational electronic
machines during and immediately after war.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W051–W053.
PLACE: several European and North American programmes.
ENTITY: mathematicians, engineers, machines and military institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Logic, stored procedures, electronics and programming
converge through several machines rather than one undisputed “first
computer.” Wartime cryptanalysis and ballistics accelerate investment; women
and classified teams are often under-credited.
DOMAIN: computing | information | military | labour.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; “first” terminology contested.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ELECTRONIC COMPUTER.
SOURCE KEYS: S604–S607.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000291 — [WGW-020] NUCLEAR FISSION AND ATOMIC BOMBING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: fission identified 1938–1939; Trinity test 16 July 1945; Hiroshima
6 August and Nagasaki 9 August 1945.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W051–W052.
PLACE: global scientific network; United States, Japan and Pacific.
ENTITY: Manhattan Project, nuclear weapons and civilian populations.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: International science and vast state-industry mobilisation
produce nuclear weapons. US atomic bombs destroy two cities and kill large
numbers immediately and through radiation. Nuclear capability creates a
permanent species-level governance problem.
DOMAIN: science | war | energy | existential risk | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; counterfactual necessity debate remains.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
SOURCE KEYS: S608–S611.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000292 — [WGW-021] BRETTON WOODS AND POSTWAR ECONOMIC DESIGN
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: conference 1–22 July 1944; institutions begin operation after war.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052–W053.
PLACE: international system.
ENTITY: Allied governments, IMF and International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments design monetary and reconstruction institutions
to reduce interwar instability. Voting power reflects economic hierarchy;
colonised peoples have limited direct representation. The system later
changes from fixed exchange rates into broader development finance.
DOMAIN: finance | international governance | reconstruction.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BRETTON WOODS.
SOURCE KEYS: S612–S614.

==============================================================================
23. UNITED NATIONS ORDER, DECOLONISATION, COLD WAR AND GREAT ACCELERATION
1945–1970
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000293 — [WPO-001] UNITED NATIONS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: Charter signed 26 June 1945; enters into force 24 October 1945.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052–W053.
PLACE: international system.
ENTITY: United Nations and member states.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: A global organisation creates universal forums, Security
Council authority and specialised cooperation. Sovereign equality in the
General Assembly coexists with permanent-member veto and power asymmetry.
Colonial membership gaps narrow through decolonisation.
DOMAIN: international governance | security | law | development.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — UNITED NATIONS.
SOURCE KEYS: S615–S617.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000294 — [WPO-002] GENOCIDE CONVENTION AND UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: Genocide Convention adopted 9 December 1948; Universal Declaration of
Human Rights 10 December 1948.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053.
PLACE: United Nations.
ENTITY: international human-rights architecture.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: States articulate universal protection against genocide and
a broad rights standard. Drafting includes contributors from many regions,
but colonial rule, segregation and gender inequality continue. Norm creation
and enforcement are separate system layers.
DOMAIN: law | rights | genocide prevention | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — HUMAN RIGHTS.
SOURCE KEYS: S618–S620.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000295 — [WPO-003] ISRAEL, NAKBA AND ARAB–ISRAELI WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: UN partition recommendation 29 November 1947; Israel declared
14 May 1948; war 1947–1949.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053.
PLACE: Palestine/Israel and neighbouring states.
ENTITY: Zionist/Israeli forces and state, Palestinian communities, Arab
states, British withdrawal.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Jewish statehood follows persecution, migration and political
organisation; war creates Israel and the mass displacement/dispossession of
Palestinians remembered as the Nakba. Competing national narratives do not
erase documented events or continuing refugee claims.
DOMAIN: state | war | migration | land | memory.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: responsibility and legal claims contested.
SOURCE KEYS: S621–S624.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000296 — [WPO-004] INDIA/PAKISTAN INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: British India partitioned and dominions independent 14–15 August 1947;
violence and migration extend beyond.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053.
PLACE: South Asia.
ENTITY: India, Pakistan, princely states and affected populations.
ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Decolonisation creates two states amid rushed boundary-making,
communal violence and one of history’s largest forced migrations. Women
experience mass abduction and assault. Bangladesh later emerges through a
separate 1971 war.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | borders | migration | violence | state.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; death/displacement totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S555–S559, S625–S627.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000297 — [WPO-005] PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND TAIWAN STRAIT ORDER
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: PRC proclaimed 1 October 1949; ROC government relocates to Taiwan in
December 1949; unresolved sovereignty continues.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053.
PLACE: mainland China, Taiwan and offshore islands.
ENTITY: Chinese Communist Party/PRC, Republic of China and populations.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Communist victory ends the main civil-war phase on the
mainland and creates rival governments. Land reform and state reconstruction
proceed in the PRC; authoritarian ROC rule and later democratisation develop
in Taiwan. The war has no signed final peace.
DOMAIN: revolution | state | land | sovereignty | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S581–S583, S628–S630.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000298 — [WPO-006] COLD WAR AND NUCLEAR DETERRENCE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: c. 1947–1991.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W058.
PLACE: planetary alliance and military systems.
ENTITY: United States, Soviet Union, alliances, non-aligned states and nuclear
forces.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ideological, military, intelligence, economic and
technological competition divides much of the international system. Nuclear
deterrence may inhibit direct great-power war while imposing accident,
miscalculation and civilisation-ending risk.
DOMAIN: security | nuclear | alliance | information | development.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
HABITAT DEPENDENCE: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.
SOURCE KEYS: S608–S611, S631–S634.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000299 — [WPO-007] KOREAN WAR AND DIVIDED PENINSULA
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 25 June 1950–27 July 1953 armistice; no peace treaty.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054.
PLACE: Korean Peninsula and regional alliance system.
ENTITY: North Korea, South Korea, UN/US-led forces, China and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Invasion, intervention and territorial reversals cause mass
death and destruction before armistice near the original division. Competing
states later build sharply different political and economic systems under
continuing militarisation.
DOMAIN: war | state | alliance | displacement | division.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S635–S637.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000300 — [WPO-008] BANDUNG, NON-ALIGNMENT AND THIRD-WORLD SOLIDARITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Bandung Conference 18–24 April 1955; Non-Aligned Movement founded 1961.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W055.
PLACE: Asia, Africa, Latin America and international forums.
ENTITY: postcolonial states and liberation movements.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Leaders seek autonomy from bloc domination, anti-colonial
cooperation, racial equality and development reform. Non-alignment is a
diverse strategy rather than neutrality or one unified geopolitical actor.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | diplomacy | development | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT.
SOURCE KEYS: S638–S640.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000301 — [WPO-009] AFRICAN DECOLONISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1950s–1970s; liberation struggles continue later.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W056.
PLACE: African continent.
ENTITY: liberation movements, colonial powers, new states and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: DECOLONISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Negotiation, mass organising and wars end most formal
European rule. Colonial borders, extractive economies and Cold War
intervention constrain new states; Pan-African institutions seek continental
coordination.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | state | borders | economy | war.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S555–S559, S641–S644.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000302 — [WPO-010] APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: formal apartheid from 1948; democratic transition 1990–1994.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W059.
PLACE: South Africa and regional labour/military system.
ENTITY: apartheid state and subjected/resisting populations.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Racial classification, land, pass laws, forced removal,
education and labour controls institutionalise white minority rule. Resistance
is domestic and international; capability in industry and administration is
used to sustain domination.
DOMAIN: race | law | land | labour | resistance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: CAPTURED / HIERARCHICAL.
SOURCE KEYS: S645–S647.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000303 — [WPO-011] EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Council of Europe 1949; coal/steel community 1951; EEC treaties 1957.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W054.
PLACE: western Europe, expanding later.
ENTITY: European institutions and member states.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: States pool selected industries, markets and law to reduce
war risk and increase prosperity under US security. Colonial resources and
relations remain part of early integration; Europe is not equivalent to the
whole continent at every stage.
DOMAIN: governance | trade | law | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — EUROPEAN INTEGRATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S648–S650.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000304 — [WPO-012] DEVELOPMENT STATE AND MASS INFRASTRUCTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1945–1970.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W055.
PLACE: socialist, capitalist and postcolonial states.
ENTITY: planning agencies, public firms, dams, roads, grids and factories.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments coordinate industrialisation, welfare,
agriculture and infrastructure at new scale. Outcomes range from rapid growth
to debt, displacement and authoritarian control; GDP growth does not measure
all BaseFloor gains or losses.
DOMAIN: development | industry | infrastructure | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S612–S614, S651–S654.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000305 — [WPO-013] GREEN REVOLUTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: research roots 1940s; rapid Asian/Latin American scaling 1960s–1980s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W057.
PLACE: Mexico, South and Southeast Asia and other farming regions.
ENTITY: high-yield crops, irrigation, fertiliser, farmers and states.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Breeding and input packages raise cereal yields and help
avoid feared shortages. Benefits depend on water, credit, land and extension;
debt, inequality, groundwater stress, fertiliser pollution and crop
homogenisation are persistent costs.
DOMAIN: food | science | water | energy | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREEN REVOLUTION.
SOURCE KEYS: S655–S658.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000306 — [WPO-014] ANTIBIOTICS, VACCINES AND MORTALITY DECLINE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: antibiotics scale from 1940s; immunisation and health systems expand
through postwar decades.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W052–W056.
PLACE: global, with unequal access.
ENTITY: medicines, vaccines, health workers and public-health institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Treatment and prevention sharply reduce many infectious
deaths and support longer lives. Distribution is unequal; antimicrobial
resistance emerges from biological evolution, overuse and weak systems.
DOMAIN: health | science | institutions | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ANTIBIOTICS.
SOURCE KEYS: S444–S446, S659–S662.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000307 — [WPO-015] DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND POPULATION ACCELERATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: nineteenth-century beginnings in some regions; global acceleration
1945–1970 and differing later transitions.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W055.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: human population, households and health/education systems.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Mortality falls before fertility in many regions, producing
rapid population growth. Later fertility decline depends on child survival,
education, urbanisation, contraception and women’s autonomy rather than one
universal clock.
DOMAIN: population | health | gender | education | food.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S406–S408, S663–S665.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000308 — [WPO-016] TRANSISTOR, INTEGRATED CIRCUIT AND COMPUTING SCALE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: transistor 1947; integrated circuits 1958–1959; mainframe and
minicomputer expansion thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W056.
PLACE: research/industrial centres and global supply networks.
ENTITY: semiconductor devices, computers, firms and states.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Solid-state electronics reduce size, cost and energy per
operation, enabling reliable computing and communication. Capability depends
on materials, precision manufacturing, software and education, not chips
alone.
DOMAIN: computing | industry | information | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SEMICONDUCTOR.
SOURCE KEYS: S604–S607, S666–S669.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000309 — [WPO-017] SPACE AGE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Sputnik 4 October 1957; first human orbit 12 April 1961; first crewed
Moon landing 20 July 1969.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W055.
PLACE: Earth orbit, Moon and terrestrial support networks.
ENTITY: Soviet, US and other space programmes, humans and machines.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rockets, satellites and crews extend observation and
temporary human presence beyond Earth. Weather, communication and Earth
science gain planetary reach, while military competition drives capability.
No independent off-world civilisation is created.
DOMAIN: space | science | communication | military | habitat.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
HABITAT DEPENDENCE: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SPACEFLIGHT.
SOURCE KEYS: S670–S673.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000310 — [WPO-018] CIVIL-RIGHTS AND ANTI-RACIST MOVEMENTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1940s–1970s, with older roots and later continuities.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W056.
PLACE: United States and transnational anti-racist/anti-colonial networks.
ENTITY: Black-led movements, allied communities and states.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Litigation, boycotts, direct action, self-defence and federal
law dismantle formal segregation and expand voting rights in the United
States. Structural inequality and violence persist; movements exchange ideas
with decolonisation and anti-apartheid struggles.
DOMAIN: race | law | citizenship | movement | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S674–S677.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000311 — [WPO-019] SECOND-WAVE FEMINISM AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1960s–1980s, with different local genealogies.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: transnational.
ENTITY: women’s movements, states and institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Campaigns challenge employment, education, family law,
sexual violence and reproductive control. Movements differ by race, class,
colonial history and region; state population policy can expand contraception
while violating bodily autonomy.
DOMAIN: gender | health | law | labour | doorway.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S678–S681.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000312 — [WPO-020] GREAT ACCELERATION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: especially c. 1950 onward.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054 onward.
PLACE: planetary human and Earth systems.
ENTITY: population, production, energy, materials, infrastructure and
biosphere.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: GDP, energy, fertiliser, dams, transport, urbanisation and
consumption rise rapidly, improving many lives while accelerating emissions,
pollution, habitat conversion and material throughput. Responsibility is
highly unequal across populations and time.
DOMAIN: industry | energy | food | environment | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GREAT ACCELERATION.
SOURCE KEYS: S682–S685.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000313 — [WPO-021] VIETNAM AND DECOLONISATION WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: anti-French war 1946–1954; divided Vietnam and US war phase to 1975.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W053–W056.
PLACE: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and wider Cold War system.
ENTITY: Vietnamese movements/states, France, United States, regional states
and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Anti-colonial struggle merges with civil and Cold War
conflict. Bombing, chemical defoliation, massacre and displacement cause
long-term human and ecological damage; Vietnamese agency cannot be reduced to
proxy war.
DOMAIN: decolonisation | war | environment | state.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S686–S689.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000314 — [WPO-022] ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: treaty signed 1 December 1959; enters force 23 June 1961.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W054–W055.
PLACE: Antarctica.
ENTITY: Antarctic Treaty parties, research stations and ecosystems.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: States reserve Antarctica for peaceful purposes and science,
freeze rather than resolve territorial claims, and establish inspection.
Later agreements strengthen environmental protection. Governance remains
state-led and dependent on voluntary compliance.
DOMAIN: environment | science | peace | international governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM.
SOURCE KEYS: S530–S532, S690–S691.

==============================================================================
24. ECOLOGICAL GOVERNANCE, OIL SHOCKS, DIGITAL FOUNDATIONS AND COLD-WAR END
1970–1990
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000315 — [WLT-001] MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Earth Day 1970; Stockholm Conference 1972; national and international
institutions expand thereafter.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W057.
PLACE: national and international systems.
ENTITY: environmental movements, agencies, laws and UNEP.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Pollution, wildlife, pesticides and planetary limits become
durable public-policy fields. Regulation produces important local repairs,
but global climate, biodiversity and material pressures grow faster than
governance.
DOMAIN: environment | law | science | movement | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE.
SOURCE KEYS: S692–S695.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000316 — [WLT-002] OIL SHOCKS AND ENERGY DEPENDENCE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1973–1974 and 1979–1980 shocks.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: global petroleum, finance and political systems.
ENTITY: oil-producing states, importers, firms and consumers.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Embargo, revolution, war and price change expose industrial
dependence on oil. Producer states gain leverage; importers pursue efficiency,
nuclear power, new fields and strategic reserves. Fossil dependence is
diversified rather than ended.
DOMAIN: energy | geopolitics | economy | transport.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S467–S468, S696–S699.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000317 — [WLT-003] END OF BRETTON WOODS FIXED EXCHANGE AND FINANCIAL CHANGE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: US dollar convertibility suspended 15 August 1971; floating-rate system
consolidates through 1970s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: international monetary system.
ENTITY: currencies, central banks, capital markets and states.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: The postwar fixed-exchange architecture gives way to more
flexible rates and growing cross-border finance. Policy autonomy and
volatility shift; developing-country debt becomes a major vulnerability.
DOMAIN: finance | governance | trade | dependency.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S612–S614, S700–S702.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000318 — [WLT-004] NEOLIBERAL RESTRUCTURING AND DEBT CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: late 1970s–1990s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W058.
PLACE: global, through different national programmes.
ENTITY: states, IMF/World Bank, firms, workers and creditors.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Deregulation, privatisation, trade/financial liberalisation
and weakened labour bargaining reshape political economies. Inflation falls
and some efficiencies rise; unemployment, inequality, public-service cuts and
debt burdens vary sharply.
DOMAIN: economy | labour | finance | governance | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; causal evaluation B/C.
SOURCE KEYS: S700–S705.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000319 — [WLT-005] CHINA’S REFORM AND OPENING
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: from December 1978; acceleration through 1980s–2000s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056 onward.
PLACE: People’s Republic of China and global production networks.
ENTITY: party-state, households, township enterprises, firms and workers.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Agricultural decollectivisation, special zones, investment
and market mechanisms transform production and reduce poverty at vast scale.
One-party political control persists; migration restrictions, labour and
environmental costs accompany growth.
DOMAIN: economy | state | migration | industry | environment.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: EXPANDING / TRANSFORMING.
SOURCE KEYS: S628–S630, S706–S709.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000320 — [WLT-006] IRANIAN REVOLUTION AND ISLAMIC REPUBLIC
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: revolution 1978–1979; Islamic Republic established 1979.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056.
PLACE: Iran and regional networks.
ENTITY: revolutionary coalition, monarchy, clerical institutions and state.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Broad opposition topples the shah; clerical forces
consolidate a new constitutional-theocratic system and repress competitors.
The revolution reshapes political Islam, oil geopolitics and regional
conflict.
DOMAIN: revolution | religion | governance | energy | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S710–S713.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000321 — [WLT-007] HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: virus crosses into humans earlier in twentieth century; AIDS recognised
1981; pandemic continues.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057 onward.
PLACE: global, with severe burden in sub-Saharan Africa and key populations.
ENTITY: HIV, affected communities, health systems and movements.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: HIV causes a global pandemic amplified by stigma, inequality,
political denial and delayed medicine access. Activism transforms research,
drug approval and rights; antiretroviral therapy turns infection into a
manageable chronic condition where access is sustained.
DOMAIN: health | rights | information | inequality | activism.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — HIV/AIDS.
SOURCE KEYS: S714–S717.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000322 — [WLT-008] PERSONAL COMPUTER AND INTERNET PROTOCOLS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: network research 1960s; TCP/IP standard transition 1 January 1983;
personal computing scales 1970s–1980s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055–W057.
PLACE: research, military, university and commercial networks.
ENTITY: computers, packet networks, standards, software and users.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: General-purpose computers move into workplaces and homes
while open internetworking protocols connect heterogeneous networks.
Distributed architecture enables later global scale; access and governance
remain concentrated.
DOMAIN: computing | communication | standards | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DIGITAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INTERNET.
SOURCE KEYS: S666–S669, S718–S721.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000323 — [WLT-009] SATELLITES AND PLANETARY OBSERVATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1970s–1990 and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W058.
PLACE: Earth orbit and ground systems.
ENTITY: weather, navigation, communication and remote-sensing satellites.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Repeated global observation improves forecasting, mapping,
navigation, agriculture and environmental science. Military surveillance and
commercial control grow alongside public capability; satellites remain
Earth-supported infrastructure.
DOMAIN: space | information | climate | security | communication.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SATELLITE | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S670–S673, S722–S724.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000324 — [WLT-010] THIRD WAVE OF DEMOCRATISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: mid-1970s–1990s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W058.
PLACE: southern Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa and eastern Europe.
ENTITY: movements, parties, militaries and states.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Authoritarian regimes give way to electoral systems through
protest, negotiation, elite fracture and international pressure. Transition
does not guarantee equal citizenship, rule of law or irreversible democracy.
DOMAIN: governance | rights | movement | military.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S725–S728.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000325 — [WLT-011] INDIGENOUS RIGHTS AND DECOLONIAL REVIVAL
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1960s–1990 and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W055 onward.
PLACE: Americas, Oceania, Arctic, Asia and Africa.
ENTITY: Indigenous nations, movements and states.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Land, language, treaty, cultural property and self-government
campaigns rebuild political visibility. Legal recognition expands unevenly;
resource extraction and state sovereignty continue to override consent.
DOMAIN: sovereignty | land | language | law | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ORAL_TRADITION | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S729–S732.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000326 — [WLT-012] WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL RIGHTS ARCHITECTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: International Women’s Year 1975; CEDAW adopted 1979; global organising
continues.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W057.
PLACE: international and national systems.
ENTITY: women’s movements, UN institutions and states.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: A global treaty framework addresses political, economic,
social and family discrimination. Reservations, weak enforcement and violence
limit effect; movements use the norms as leverage across different contexts.
DOMAIN: gender | law | governance | doorway.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S678–S681, S733–S735.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000327 — [WLT-013] MONTREAL PROTOCOL AS PLANETARY REPAIR
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: agreed 16 September 1987; enters force 1 January 1989; amendments later.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057.
PLACE: atmosphere and international governance.
ENTITY: ozone layer, states, scientists and industries.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Science, monitoring, finance and binding controls phase out
ozone-depleting substances. Atmospheric recovery demonstrates genuine
planetary repair, though substitutes and climate effects require continuing
management.
DOMAIN: environment | science | law | industry | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CAPABILITY STAGE: local Stage 5-type repair organ within an overall Stage 4
system; humanity is not thereby Stage 5.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MONTREAL PROTOCOL.
SOURCE KEYS: S736–S738.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000328 — [WLT-014] END OF THE COLD WAR AND SOVIET UNION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: eastern European revolutions 1989; German unification 1990; USSR
dissolves 26 December 1991.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057–W058.
PLACE: Europe, Soviet Union and global alliance system.
ENTITY: reformers, national movements, states and populations.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Economic strain, political reform, popular mobilisation and
national sovereignty dissolve the Soviet bloc and union. Nuclear arsenals,
new borders, market shocks and unresolved conflicts become successor
dependencies.
DOMAIN: state | economy | nationalism | nuclear | transition.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: FRAGMENTING / TRANSFORMING.
SOURCE KEYS: S631–S634, S739–S742.

==============================================================================
25. POST-COLD-WAR GLOBALISATION, WORLD WIDE WEB AND SYSTEMIC FINANCE
1990–2008
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000329 — [WPG-001] WORLD WIDE WEB
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: proposal 1989; first web server/site 1990–1991; public/global expansion
through 1990s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: CERN and global Internet.
ENTITY: web protocols, browsers, servers, pages and users.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Open standards for addressing, linking and transferring
documents make the Internet broadly navigable and publishable. The Web is one
service on the Internet, not the whole network; commercial platforms later
centralise many functions.
DOMAIN: information | communication | standards | education.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — WORLD WIDE WEB.
SOURCE KEYS: S718–S721, S743–S745.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000330 — [WPG-002] MOBILE TELEPHONY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: cellular systems from 1980s; global mass adoption 1990s–2000s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057–W060.
PLACE: global wireless networks.
ENTITY: mobile devices, spectrum, towers, firms and users.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Wireless voice and later data bring communication to regions
where fixed lines were scarce. Prepaid systems and falling device costs widen
access; spectrum control, surveillance and network shutdown become new
governance levers.
DOMAIN: communication | infrastructure | market | control.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MOBILE NETWORK.
SOURCE KEYS: S746–S748.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000331 — [WPG-003] WTO AND RULE-BASED TRADE EXPANSION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: World Trade Organization begins 1 January 1995; China joins
11 December 2001; membership expands.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: global trade system.
ENTITY: WTO, member states, firms and workers.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Binding trade agreements and dispute settlement create a
broad common framework. Trade grows and supply chains deepen; adjustment
costs, agricultural rules, intellectual property and unequal bargaining
produce continuing conflict.
DOMAIN: trade | law | industry | labour | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — WTO.
SOURCE KEYS: S749–S752.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000332 — [WPG-004] GLOBAL SUPPLY-CHAIN PRODUCTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 1990s–2008 and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W060.
PLACE: transcontinental production and logistics corridors.
ENTITY: firms, ports, containers, workers, standards and finance.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Container shipping, trade rules, computing and labour-cost
differences distribute production across many states. Efficiency and lower
prices coexist with labour arbitrage, concentrated choke points and hidden
environmental footprints.
DOMAIN: industry | trade | transport | labour | resilience.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN.
SOURCE KEYS: S749–S755.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000333 — [WPG-005] EUROPEAN UNION AND EURO
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: EU established 1 November 1993; euro introduced electronically 1999 and
as cash 2002; later enlargement.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: Europe.
ENTITY: European Union, member states and citizens.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Shared law, market, mobility and currency deepen integration.
Sovereignty is pooled unevenly; monetary union lacks a fully equivalent fiscal
union, creating asymmetric crisis capacity. Borders remain hard for many
non-members and migrants.
DOMAIN: governance | law | finance | migration | trade.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S648–S650, S756–S759.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000334 — [WPG-006] RWANDAN GENOCIDE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 7 April–July 1994.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058.
PLACE: Rwanda and regional displacement system.
ENTITY: extremist state/militia networks, Tutsi and targeted Hutu civilians,
RPF and international actors.
ENTITY TYPE: GENOCIDE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Organised authorities and militias murder around 800,000
people, mostly Tutsi, in roughly one hundred days amid civil war. International
institutions fail to prevent or stop the genocide; its aftermath contributes
to regional wars and displacement.
DOMAIN: genocide | state | information | international failure.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | ORAL_TRADITION.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S760–S763.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000335 — [WPG-007] YUGOSLAV DISSOLUTION AND BOSNIAN GENOCIDE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: wars 1991–2001; Srebrenica genocide July 1995.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: former Yugoslavia.
ENTITY: successor states, armed forces, civilians and international
institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Federal collapse, nationalist mobilisation and territorial
war produce siege, ethnic cleansing, sexual violence and displacement. Courts
classify the Srebrenica mass murder as genocide; criminal responsibility is
individual/organisational, not inherited by whole peoples.
DOMAIN: war | genocide | borders | justice | media.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | TEXTUAL | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S764–S767.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000336 — [WPG-008] INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURTS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: ad hoc tribunals 1993/1994; Rome Statute adopted 17 July 1998; ICC begins
1 July 2002.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: international legal system.
ENTITY: tribunals, ICC, states, victims and accused persons.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Permanent and ad hoc institutions prosecute genocide, crimes
against humanity and war crimes. Jurisdiction, state cooperation and great-
power non-membership limit reach; legal accountability is real but selective.
DOMAIN: law | war | genocide | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE.
SOURCE KEYS: S618–S620, S768–S770.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000337 — [WPG-009] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND EXTREME-POVERTY DECLINE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 1990–2019 under changing statistical series.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W061.
PLACE: global, with major regional differences.
ENTITY: households, states and development systems.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Life expectancy, schooling, income and extreme-poverty
measures improve substantially, especially through East Asian growth and
public services. Threshold changes, inequality and multidimensional
deprivation mean no single poverty number describes human security.
DOMAIN: poverty | health | education | economy | measurement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B within definitions.
SOURCE KEYS: S771–S774.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000338 — [WPG-010] HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: project launched 1990; draft announced 2000; reference sequence
completed 2003; later diversity/completeness projects continue.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W059.
PLACE: international laboratory and data networks.
ENTITY: genomes, sequencing technologies, scientists and databases.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large-scale cooperation produces a reference human genome and
drives cheaper sequencing. One reference is not “the” human genome; population
diversity, consent, privacy and benefit sharing remain essential.
DOMAIN: genetics | health | information | ethics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DIGITAL | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GENOMICS.
SOURCE KEYS: S775–S778.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000339 — [WPG-011] UNFCCC, IPCC AND KYOTO ARCHITECTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: IPCC established 1988; UNFCCC adopted 1992; Kyoto Protocol adopted 1997,
in force 2005.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W057–W059.
PLACE: planetary climate and international governance.
ENTITY: climate science panels, treaties, states and civil society.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Scientific assessment and treaty processes establish
anthropogenic climate change as a permanent governance field and differentiated
responsibility as a principle. Emissions continue to rise; agreement capacity
outpaces enforcement.
DOMAIN: climate | science | law | responsibility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — CLIMATE GOVERNANCE.
SOURCE KEYS: S459–S461, S779–S782.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000340 — [WPG-012] 11 SEPTEMBER ATTACKS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: 11 September 2001.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: United States and global security system.
ENTITY: al-Qaeda attackers, victims, US state and international actors.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coordinated hijackings kill nearly three thousand people and
trigger a global security reorientation. Attribution belongs to al-Qaeda, not
Islam or a civilisation. Surveillance, border and war powers expand.
DOMAIN: terrorism | security | information | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
ATTRIBUTION LEVEL: organisation.
SOURCE KEYS: S783–S785.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000341 — [WPG-013] AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ WARS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: US-led Afghanistan war from October 2001; Iraq invasion March 2003;
conflicts and consequences extend for decades.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W061.
PLACE: Afghanistan, Iraq and wider regions.
ENTITY: US-led coalitions, Afghan/Iraqi states and societies, insurgencies and
civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: The Afghanistan intervention displaces Taliban rule but
fails to build a durable legitimate order; the Iraq invasion removes Saddam
Hussein on false claims about active weapons programmes and fractures state
systems. Civilian death, displacement and regional militancy persist.
DOMAIN: war | state | information quality | displacement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; casualty totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S783–S789.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000342 — [WPG-014] GLOBAL HEALTH FUNDS AND HIV TREATMENT SCALE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 2000s–2008 and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W060.
PLACE: global health systems.
ENTITY: Global Fund, PEPFAR, WHO, communities and medicine suppliers.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large financing, generic medicines and community action
expand HIV, tuberculosis and malaria prevention/treatment. Donor dependence,
patent disputes and health-workforce limits show that vertical programmes
must connect to durable systems.
DOMAIN: health | finance | trade | community | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S714–S717, S790–S792.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000343 — [WPG-015] UN DECLARATION ON INDIGENOUS RIGHTS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: adopted 13 September 2007.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059.
PLACE: United Nations and Indigenous territories.
ENTITY: Indigenous peoples, states and UN institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: LEGAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: The declaration affirms self-determination, culture, land and
free, prior and informed consent. It is a normative framework rather than
self-enforcing law; some initially opposing states later endorse it while
implementation remains uneven.
DOMAIN: sovereignty | land | law | culture.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S729–S732, S793–S794.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000344 — [WPG-016] FINANCIALISATION AND 2008 SYSTEMIC CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: build-up 1990s–2007; crisis intensifies 2007–2009.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W058–W060.
PLACE: United States, Europe and global finance/trade.
ENTITY: banks, shadow finance, households, regulators and states.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Leverage, securitisation, housing speculation and regulatory
failure create a crisis transmitted through globally coupled balance sheets.
Public rescue prevents deeper collapse while shifting losses and austerity
unevenly.
DOMAIN: finance | housing | governance | inequality | systemic risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: FRACTURING -> state-supported RECOVERY.
SOURCE KEYS: S795–S799.

==============================================================================
26. PLATFORM CIVILISATION, MULTIPLE CRISES AND PLANETARY AGREEMENTS
2008–2019
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000345 — [WPN-001] GLOBAL FINANCIAL AFTERMATH AND EUROZONE CRISIS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 2008–2015, with long effects.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: global and European financial systems.
ENTITY: central banks, governments, debtors, banks and workers.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Monetary rescue and fiscal measures stabilise finance, but
foreclosure, unemployment and austerity distribute costs unevenly. Eurozone
design converts bank and sovereign debt into prolonged political conflict.
DOMAIN: finance | labour | governance | welfare | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S795–S799, S800–S802.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000346 — [WPN-002] SMARTPHONE AND CLOUD PLATFORM SCALE
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: smartphones accelerate after 2007; app/cloud ecosystems scale through
2010s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: global digital and supply-chain systems.
ENTITY: smartphones, cloud data centres, apps, firms and users.
ENTITY TYPE: DIGITAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Portable sensors, broadband, software distribution and cloud
computing put network access into daily life. Convenience and low transaction
cost coexist with surveillance, platform dependency, mineral/energy demand and
concentrated control.
DOMAIN: communication | computing | economy | control | energy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SMARTPHONE | CLOUD.
SOURCE KEYS: S746–S748, S803–S806.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000347 — [WPN-003] SOCIAL MEDIA AND ALGORITHMIC ATTENTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: mass adoption late 2000s–2010s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: global digital public sphere.
ENTITY: platforms, recommendation systems, creators, states and users.
ENTITY TYPE: INFORMATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: User publishing and network effects expand voice,
mobilisation and community while advertising models optimise attention and
personal data. Harassment, disinformation and polarisation are system risks
whose causal size varies by context.
DOMAIN: information | politics | economy | culture | mental health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for architecture; B/C for aggregate social effects.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SOCIAL MEDIA.
SOURCE KEYS: S803–S808.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000348 — [WPN-004] ARAB UPRISINGS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: from December 2010; transformations through 2010s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: North Africa and West Asia.
ENTITY: protesters, regimes, militaries, parties and foreign actors.
ENTITY TYPE: REVOLUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Demands for dignity, work and accountable government topple
several rulers. Tunisia’s democratic opening later erodes; Egypt returns to
military authoritarianism; Libya, Syria and Yemen enter wars. Digital media
helps mobilisation but does not determine outcomes.
DOMAIN: governance | movement | information | war | economy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | TEXTUAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S809–S812.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000349 — [WPN-005] SYRIAN WAR AND MASS DISPLACEMENT
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: from 2011.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060 onward.
PLACE: Syria and regional/global refugee systems.
ENTITY: Syrian state, opposition groups, extremist organisations, foreign
powers and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: State repression of uprising escalates into multi-sided war,
foreign intervention, siege, chemical attacks and Islamic State territorial
rule. Hundreds of thousands die and millions are displaced; responsibility
must be assigned by actor and event.
DOMAIN: war | state | displacement | health | attribution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; totals vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S809–S814.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000350 — [WPN-006] BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: announced 2013; projects and policy continue.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America and Pacific.
ENTITY: Chinese state/finance, partner states, firms and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: INFRASTRUCTURE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Ports, rail, roads, power and digital projects extend trade
and Chinese economic influence. Projects differ in finance, ownership and
local benefit; neither “debt-trap” as a universal plan nor pure win-win
language fits all cases.
DOMAIN: infrastructure | finance | trade | geopolitics.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | ECONOMIC | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; project-specific evaluation required.
SOURCE KEYS: S815–S818.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000351 — [WPN-007] RUSSIA’S 2014 UKRAINE INTERVENTION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Crimea occupied/annexed February–March 2014; Donbas war from 2014.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Ukraine and European security system.
ENTITY: Russian state/forces, Ukrainian state, armed groups and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Following Ukraine’s Euromaidan revolution, Russia seizes
Crimea and supports armed conflict in Donbas. The annexation is widely
rejected under international law and becomes a precursor to the 2022 full-
scale invasion.
DOMAIN: war | sovereignty | information | international law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | SATELLITE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S819–S822.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000352 — [WPN-008] EBOLA AND EMERGENCY HEALTH CAPACITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: West African epidemic 2014–2016; later outbreaks.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and international health system.
ENTITY: Ebola virus, communities, health workers and institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Weak health systems, mistrust and delayed international
response allow epidemic growth; community practice, treatment centres,
surveillance and later vaccines contain it. Health-worker death damages
already limited capacity.
DOMAIN: health | trust | institutions | repair.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S823–S825.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000353 — [WPN-009] SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: adopted 25 September 2015; target horizon 2030.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: United Nations and national systems.
ENTITY: 2030 Agenda, states and civil society.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Seventeen goals join poverty, health, education, equality,
peace and environment into one universal framework. Indicators improve
comparability but do not create enforcement or resolve trade-offs and
under-counted costs.
DOMAIN: development | measurement | governance | BaseFloor.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SDGS.
SOURCE KEYS: S826–S828.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000354 — [WPN-010] PARIS AGREEMENT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: adopted 12 December 2015; enters force 4 November 2016.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W061.
PLACE: planetary climate governance.
ENTITY: Paris Agreement, states, cities, firms and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Nearly universal parties agree to hold warming well below
2°C and pursue 1.5°C through nationally determined plans, transparency and
ratchets. National pledges remain collectively insufficient and compliance
largely reputational.
DOMAIN: climate | law | energy | finance | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S779–S782, S829–S831.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000355 — [WPN-011] DEEP LEARNING AND MODERN AI ACCELERATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: breakthroughs and scaling principally 2012–2019, with much older AI
genealogies.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: global research and computing networks.
ENTITY: neural networks, data, accelerators, researchers and firms.
ENTITY TYPE: AI_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Larger datasets, specialised chips and learning methods
produce major gains in perception, translation and game systems. Capability
concentrates in organisations controlling compute and data; benchmark success
does not equal general understanding.
DOMAIN: AI | computing | information | control.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DIGITAL | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — DEEP LEARNING.
SOURCE KEYS: S832–S835.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000356 — [WPN-012] RENEWABLE-ENERGY COST DECLINE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: especially 2010–2019 and continuing.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: global energy and manufacturing systems.
ENTITY: solar PV, wind, batteries, grids and supply chains.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Learning, scale and policy sharply reduce solar and wind
costs, creating a credible electricity-transition pathway. Variable output,
grids, storage, minerals, land and labour determine system-level adoption;
fossil use does not automatically fall.
DOMAIN: energy | climate | industry | materials.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — SOLAR | WIND | BATTERY.
SOURCE KEYS: S836–S839.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000357 — [WPN-013] #METOO AND NETWORKED GENDER ACCOUNTABILITY
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: phrase created 2006; global viral expansion from October 2017.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W061.
PLACE: transnational digital and workplace systems.
ENTITY: survivors, organisers, employers, courts and platforms.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Public testimony exposes sexual harassment and institutional
silence at unprecedented scale. Some law and organisational practice changes;
due process, backlash, unequal visibility and risks to marginalised survivors
remain.
DOMAIN: gender | labour | information | law | trust.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S840–S842.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000358 — [WPN-014] DEMOCRATIC EROSION AND POPULIST POLITICS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 2010s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: multiple electoral systems.
ENTITY: governments, parties, courts, media and citizens.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Elected leaders in several states weaken checks,
independent media, civil service and minority rights while claiming direct
popular mandate. Measurement varies, but democracy can erode incrementally
without one coup.
DOMAIN: governance | law | information | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; country classifications B/C.
SOURCE KEYS: S725–S728, S843–S846.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000359 — [WPN-015] SIXTH ASSESSMENT-ERA CLIMATE AND BIODIVERSITY ALARM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: evidence accumulates through 2010s; IPBES global assessment 2019.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W060–W061.
PLACE: planetary biosphere.
ENTITY: climate, species, ecosystems and human systems.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Attribution science establishes pervasive human-driven
warming; biodiversity assessment warns roughly one million species face
threat of extinction under assessed conditions. Risk is not one future event
but an accumulating condition.
DOMAIN: climate | biodiversity | food | water | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — BIODIVERSITY CRISIS.
SOURCE KEYS: S847–S850.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000360 — [WPN-016] ANTHROPOCENE PROPOSAL
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: term popularised around 2000; formal stratigraphic proposal developed
through 2010s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W059–W061.
PLACE: Earth science and historical discourse.
ENTITY: Anthropocene concept and stratigraphic working process.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Researchers use “Anthropocene” to describe human planetary
impact, often locating a marker near the mid-twentieth-century Great
Acceleration. Geological formalisation and broader Earth-system/historical
use are separate questions.
DOMAIN: geology | environment | evidence governance | responsibility.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A for concept/use; formal status unresolved in this band.
SOURCE KEYS: S682–S685, S851–S853.

==============================================================================
27. PANDEMIC SHOCK, WAR ESCALATION AND GENERATIVE-AI TAKEOFF
2020–2023
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000361 — [WCR-001] COVID-19 PANDEMIC
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: outbreak identified late 2019; WHO declares Public Health Emergency
30 January 2020 and characterises pandemic 11 March 2020; emergency phase
changes in 2023.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W065.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: SARS-CoV-2, people and health/governance systems.
ENTITY TYPE: DISEASE.
EVENT/CONDITION: A novel coronavirus spreads through global mobility and
airborne transmission, causing acute illness, long-term disability and mass
death. Outcomes reflect age, health, housing, work, trust and state capacity as
well as biology.
DOMAIN: health | governance | work | mobility | information.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — COVID-19.
SOURCE KEYS: S854–S858.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000362 — [WCR-002] LOCKDOWNS, BORDER CONTROLS AND SOCIAL SYSTEM SHOCK
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 2020–2021.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W063.
PLACE: global with diverse national/local policies.
ENTITY: governments, households, schools, firms and essential workers.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Emergency restrictions reduce some transmission while
disrupting income, education, care and mobility. Policy timing, design,
support and legitimacy vary; “lockdown” is not one globally identical
intervention.
DOMAIN: governance | health | economy | education | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; policy-effect sizes context-specific.
SOURCE KEYS: S854–S859.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000363 — [WCR-003] RAPID VACCINE DEVELOPMENT AND UNEQUAL ACCESS
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: first authorisations December 2020; mass campaigns 2021 onward.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W064.
PLACE: global research, manufacturing and health systems.
ENTITY: COVID-19 vaccines, researchers, firms, states and communities.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Platform science, public funding, trials and manufacturing
produce effective vaccines at unprecedented speed. Rich states secure early
supply; patent, production, logistics and hesitancy create profound access
inequality.
DOMAIN: health | biotechnology | finance | trade | trust.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — MRNA VACCINE.
SOURCE KEYS: S860–S863.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000364 — [WCR-004] PANDEMIC MORTALITY AND RECOVERY LIMIT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2020–2023 measured period; health consequences continue.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W065.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: mortality, long COVID and health systems.
ENTITY TYPE: HEALTH_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: WHO’s later analysis links the pandemic period to about
22.1 million excess deaths during 2020–2023, exceeding confirmed COVID death
counts. Service disruptions and long-term illness persist; estimates depend
on incomplete mortality registration and modelling.
DOMAIN: health | population | information quality | recovery.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; model intervals apply.
SOURCE KEYS: S854–S858, S864.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000365 — [WCR-005] EDUCATION DISRUPTION AND DIGITAL DIVIDE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 2020–2022; learning effects continue.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W064.
PLACE: global education systems.
ENTITY: learners, households, teachers, schools and digital platforms.
ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: School closures interrupt learning, nutrition, protection
and social development at historic scale. Online systems preserve education
for some while devices, connectivity, language and household conditions widen
inequality.
DOMAIN: education | information | food | gender | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S865–S868.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000366 — [WCR-006] PANDEMIC ECONOMIC SHOCK, STIMULUS AND INFLATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: 2020–2023.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W065.
PLACE: global economy.
ENTITY: workers, firms, central banks, governments and supply chains.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Output and employment fall sharply in 2020; exceptional
fiscal/monetary support prevents deeper collapse where states have capacity.
Reopening demand, bottlenecks, energy/food shocks and war contribute to later
inflation and debt divergence.
DOMAIN: economy | labour | finance | trade | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S869–S872.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000367 — [WCR-007] RACIAL-JUSTICE MOBILISATION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: global protest wave principally May–2020 onward.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062.
PLACE: United States and transnational networks.
ENTITY: Black Lives Matter and allied/local movements, states and police.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: George Floyd’s murder triggers mass protest over policing and
structural racism. Digital evidence and pandemic conditions accelerate
mobilisation; reforms, backlash and outcomes vary across jurisdictions.
DOMAIN: race | law | policing | information | movement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S873–S875.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000368 — [WCR-008] MYANMAR COUP AND CIVIL WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: military coup 1 February 2021; nationwide resistance and war continue.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W063 onward.
PLACE: Myanmar and border/refugee regions.
ENTITY: military junta, elected government representatives, resistance
forces, ethnic armed organisations and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: The military overturns an election, detains leaders and uses
lethal repression; resistance broadens into armed conflict. Rohingya
persecution predates the coup and remains unresolved.
DOMAIN: coup | war | rights | displacement | ethnicity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL | SATELLITE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S876–S879.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000369 — [WCR-009] TALIBAN RETURN TO POWER
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: Kabul taken 15 August 2021; US withdrawal completes 30 August 2021.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W063.
PLACE: Afghanistan.
ENTITY: Taliban, former Afghan republic, foreign forces and Afghan people.
ENTITY TYPE: STATE.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rapid state collapse ends the US-led military presence and
returns Taliban rule. Severe restrictions on women’s and girls’ education,
work and public life close major capability doorways; humanitarian and
economic crisis continue.
DOMAIN: state | war | gender | education | aid.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S786–S789, S880–S882.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000370 — [WCR-010] RUSSIA’S FULL-SCALE INVASION OF UKRAINE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: begins 24 February 2022; war continues at cut-off.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064–W068.
PLACE: Ukraine, Russia, Europe and global food/energy systems.
ENTITY: Russian state/forces, Ukrainian state/forces, allies and civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Russia expands its 2014 intervention into a full-scale
invasion, causing mass death, destruction, displacement and alleged
international crimes. Ukrainian resistance, external support, sanctions and
global commodity effects create a prolonged internationalised war.
DOMAIN: war | sovereignty | displacement | food | energy.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SATELLITE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; live casualty/control claims versioned.
SOURCE KEYS: S819–S822, S883–S887.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000371 — [WCR-011] ENERGY AND FOOD SHOCK AFTER 2022 INVASION
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: principally 2022–2023.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064–W065.
PLACE: Europe, Black Sea and global commodity markets.
ENTITY: gas, oil, grain, fertiliser, transport and households.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: War, sanctions, damaged logistics and market fear raise
energy and food prices. Europe rapidly diversifies gas and accelerates
renewables while poorer importers face larger BaseFloor stress.
DOMAIN: energy | food | trade | inequality | adaptation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S883–S889.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000372 — [WCR-012] WORLD POPULATION REACHES EIGHT BILLION
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: 15 November 2022 as UN symbolic/conventional marker.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: human population.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: The UN marks eight billion people amid longer life and
declining fertility. Exact crossing cannot be observed directly and regional
age structures diverge: some populations age and shrink while others grow
rapidly.
DOMAIN: population | health | food | urbanisation.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: B within demographic models.
SOURCE KEYS: S663–S665, S890–S892.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000373 — [WCR-013] GENERATIVE-AI MASS DIFFUSION
RECORD CLASS: TRANSITION.
TIME: large public diffusion from late 2022; acceleration 2023 onward.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064–W068.
PLACE: global digital systems, uneven access.
ENTITY: foundation models, computing infrastructure, firms, states and users.
ENTITY TYPE: AI_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Large models generate text, images, audio, code and other
outputs through general interfaces, diffusing faster than prior AI products.
Capability depends on data, chips, energy and human feedback; reliability,
copyright, labour, concentration and safety governance lag.
DOMAIN: AI | information | education | labour | energy | control.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DIGITAL | SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GENERATIVE AI.
SOURCE KEYS: S832–S835, S893–S896.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000374 — [WCR-014] SUDAN WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: begins 15 April 2023; continues at cut-off.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W065–W068.
PLACE: Sudan and neighbouring refugee regions.
ENTITY: Sudanese Armed Forces, Rapid Support Forces, allied groups and
civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Rival military centres enter war after a failed political
transition, producing atrocities, famine risk, urban destruction and mass
displacement. Reliable mortality is difficult to establish; actor-level
attribution is mandatory.
DOMAIN: war | displacement | food | health | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SATELLITE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; casualty totals C.
SOURCE KEYS: S897–S900.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000375 — [WCR-015] 7 OCTOBER ATTACK AND GAZA WAR
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: Hamas-led attack 7 October 2023; Israeli military campaign and conflict
continue through the cut-off with changing ceasefire arrangements.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W065–W068.
PLACE: Israel, Gaza and wider region.
ENTITY: Hamas and allied attackers, Israeli state/forces, Palestinian and
Israeli civilians, regional actors.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Hamas-led forces kill civilians and soldiers and take
hostages; Israel’s campaign causes mass Palestinian death, displacement,
infrastructure destruction and hunger. Legal cases and investigations assess
conduct and state/individual responsibility; live totals require dates and
sources.
DOMAIN: war | hostages | displacement | food | law.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | SATELLITE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; live figures versioned.
SOURCE KEYS: S901–S905.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000376 — [WCR-016] SAHEL COUPS AND REGIONAL SECURITY FRACTURE
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: coups from 2020 through 2023 and later transitions.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W066.
PLACE: Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Gabon and wider Sahel/West Africa.
ENTITY: militaries, governments, regional organisations and populations.
ENTITY TYPE: COUP.
EVENT/CONDITION: Insecurity, governance failure and anti-colonial/anti-French
rhetoric accompany military seizures of power. Counterterrorism relationships
shift toward new external partners; coups do not by themselves repair civilian
security or institutions.
DOMAIN: governance | military | security | sovereignty.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | DEMOGRAPHIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S906–S909.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000377 — [WCR-017] KUNMING–MONTREAL GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: adopted 19 December 2022.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W064.
PLACE: planetary biodiversity governance.
ENTITY: Convention on Biological Diversity parties, Indigenous peoples and
ecosystems.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments adopt targets for conservation, restoration,
pollution, finance and benefit sharing through 2030. Recognition of Indigenous
roles improves, but implementation, rights and finance determine whether area
targets repair living systems.
DOMAIN: biodiversity | law | land | finance | Indigenous rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S847–S850, S910–S912.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000378 — [WCR-018] RENEWABLE DEPLOYMENT ACCELERATES WHILE FOSSIL USE PERSISTS
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2020–2023.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W062–W065.
PLACE: global energy system.
ENTITY: renewables, grids, fossil fuels, storage and demand.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Solar, wind, electric vehicles and storage expand rapidly,
helped by policy and energy-security shocks. Total energy demand and fossil
use remain high; adding clean supply is not yet equivalent to complete
displacement.
DOMAIN: energy | climate | industry | materials.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING, with contradictory flows.
SOURCE KEYS: S836–S839, S913–S915.

==============================================================================
28. LIVE PLANETARY PRESENT
2024–28 JULY 2026
==============================================================================

RECORD CA.WORLD.000379 — [WLPRES-001] 2024 GLOBAL ELECTION SUPER-CYCLE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2024.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: multiple national and supranational elections.
ENTITY: voters, parties, electoral bodies, media and states.
ENTITY TYPE: POLITICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: A historically large share of humanity participates in
national or major elections. Electoral procedure, competitiveness,
disinformation, violence and rights vary sharply; number of voters is not an
adequate measure of democratic condition.
DOMAIN: governance | citizenship | information | rights.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S916–S919.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000380 — [WLPRES-002] 2024 WARMEST YEAR IN INSTRUMENTAL RECORD
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1 January–31 December 2024.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: global climate system.
ENTITY: global mean surface temperature and climate impacts.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: WMO’s consolidated assessment places 2024 at about 1.55°C
above the 1850–1900 average, the warmest year in the instrumental record and
first calendar year around/above 1.5°C. A single year does not determine the
Paris long-term threshold.
DOMAIN: climate | environment | risk | measurement.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S920–S922.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000381 — [WLPRES-003] PACT FOR THE FUTURE AND GLOBAL DIGITAL COMPACT
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: adopted 22 September 2024.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: United Nations.
ENTITY: Pact for the Future, Global Digital Compact and Declaration on Future
Generations.
ENTITY TYPE: INSTITUTION.
EVENT/CONDITION: States commit to reform cooperation across peace,
development, digital systems, youth and future generations. The compact
creates shared AI/digital principles but not a world government or automatic
enforcement.
DOMAIN: international governance | digital | AI | future generations.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | TEXTUAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
GRAPH SEED: YES — GLOBAL DIGITAL COMPACT.
SOURCE KEYS: S923–S925.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000382 — [WLPRES-004] FORMAL ANTHROPOCENE EPOCH PROPOSAL REJECTED
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: IUGS/ICS decision announced March 2024.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066.
PLACE: international geological governance.
ENTITY: Anthropocene formalisation proposal and geological institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: KNOWLEDGE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Geological authorities reject adding an Anthropocene Epoch
beginning in the mid-twentieth century to the formal time scale. The word
remains widely useful as an informal event/concept; rejection of a boundary is
not rejection of human planetary impact.
DOMAIN: geology | evidence governance | environment | terminology.
EVIDENCE TYPE: GEOLOGICAL | ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A.
CONTROVERSY STATUS: formal decision settled for this version; conceptual
debate continues.
SOURCE KEYS: S851–S853, S926–S928.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000383 — [WLPRES-005] GLOBAL POPULATION 8.2 BILLION AND DIVERGING FUTURES
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2024 estimate and projection revision.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066–W068.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: human population.
ENTITY TYPE: HUMAN_POPULATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: UN World Population Prospects 2024 estimates about 8.2
billion people and projects a likely peak near 10.3 billion in the mid-2080s,
then slight decline by 2100. Projection is conditional; ageing and growth are
regionally divergent.
DOMAIN: population | health | food | migration | projection.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for estimate; B/C for long-range projection.
SOURCE KEYS: S929–S931.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000384 — [WLPRES-006] 2025 CLIMATE CONDITION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 1 January–31 December 2025; report issued 23 March 2026.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global climate system.
ENTITY: temperature, oceans, ice and extreme events.
ENTITY TYPE: CLIMATE_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: WMO assesses 2025 as the second- or third-warmest year,
about 1.43°C above 1850–1900; 2015–2025 are the warmest eleven years. La Niña
variability does not reverse the long warming trend.
DOMAIN: climate | water | environment | infrastructure risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
SOURCE KEYS: S932–S934.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000385 — [WLPRES-007] 2025 ENERGY TRANSITION AND EMISSIONS CONTRADICTION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025, reported April 2026.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global energy/electricity system.
ENTITY: renewable, nuclear and fossil energy systems.
ENTITY TYPE: ENERGY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Low-emissions sources supply 43% of global electricity;
renewables supply 34% and wind plus solar 17%. Renewable/nuclear growth exceeds
the increase in electricity demand, yet all fossil-fuel demand categories grow
and energy-related CO2 emissions still rise about 0.4%.
DOMAIN: energy | climate | industry | transition.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING, not yet REGENERATIVE.
SOURCE KEYS: S935–S937.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000386 — [WLPRES-008] SIX BILLION PEOPLE ONLINE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025 estimate.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: Internet users, networks and excluded populations.
ENTITY TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: ITU estimates about six billion people online while roughly
2.2 billion remain offline. Connection quality, affordability, skills,
language, disability access and freedom determine effective participation
beyond the binary user count.
DOMAIN: communication | education | economy | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DEMOGRAPHIC | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B within estimation model.
SOURCE KEYS: S938–S940.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000387 — [WLPRES-009] AI INVESTMENT AND ADOPTION SURGE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025 outcomes reported in 2026.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global digital economy, highly concentrated.
ENTITY: AI firms, models, investors, users and infrastructure.
ENTITY TYPE: AI_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Stanford’s 2026 AI Index reports global corporate AI
investment of US$581.7 billion in 2025 and generative-AI adoption reaching an
estimated 53% of population within three years under its measure. Responsible-
AI evaluation and transparency lag capability; concentration is severe.
DOMAIN: AI | finance | labour | education | governance.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | DIGITAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B within report definitions.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: CENTRALISED / NETWORKED / CORPORATE.
SOURCE KEYS: S941–S943.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000388 — [WLPRES-010] GLOBAL MILITARY SPENDING 2025
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025, reported 27 April 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: state military systems.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: SIPRI estimates military expenditure at US$2.887 trillion,
up 2.9% in real terms and the eleventh consecutive annual increase. The top
three spenders account for about 51%; expenditure measures inputs, not safety
or effective defence.
DOMAIN: military | finance | opportunity cost | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; opaque-state estimates vary.
SOURCE KEYS: S944–S945.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000389 — [WLPRES-011] NUCLEAR ARSENALS IN JANUARY 2026
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: January 2026 estimate; report issued 8 June 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: global nuclear command systems.
ENTITY: nine nuclear-armed states and warheads.
ENTITY TYPE: MILITARY_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: SIPRI estimates a total global inventory of 12,187 nuclear
warheads, about 9,745 in military stockpiles. Modernisation and salience rise;
secrecy limits precision. Deterrence capability and civilisation risk remain
the same structure.
DOMAIN: nuclear | security | command | existential risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | SCIENTIFIC | MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B; state secrecy.
SOURCE KEYS: S946–S947.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000390 — [WLPRES-012] FORCED DISPLACEMENT AT END-2025
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 31 December 2025; data released 11 June 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: refugees, asylum-seekers and internally displaced people.
ENTITY TYPE: MIGRATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: UNHCR reports 117.8 million forcibly displaced people,
including 41.6 million refugees and 68.7 million internally displaced people
under its headline categories. The total declines from end-2024 but remains
historically extreme; category overlaps and mandates are documented.
DOMAIN: migration | war | rights | shelter | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B within reporting coverage.
SOURCE KEYS: S948–S950.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000391 — [WLPRES-013] HUNGER AND HEALTHY-DIET ACCESS IN 2025
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025 estimate; report released 21 July 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: food-insecure populations and food systems.
ENTITY TYPE: FOOD_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: SOFI 2026 estimates 645 million people faced hunger in 2025
and about 2.69/2.7 billion could not afford a healthy diet. Hunger declines for
a third year but improvement is uneven and far from 2030 targets.
DOMAIN: food | poverty | health | inequality.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B with uncertainty ranges.
SOURCE KEYS: S951–S953.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000392 — [WLPRES-014] OUT-OF-SCHOOL POPULATION
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2024 estimate reported in 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066–W068.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: children/youth, schools and education systems.
ENTITY TYPE: EDUCATION_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: UNESCO’s 2026 monitoring reports about 273 million children
and youth out of school in 2024. Enrolment alone does not measure learning,
safety or inclusion; conflict, poverty, gender, disability and displacement
control access.
DOMAIN: education | poverty | war | gender | doorway.
EVIDENCE TYPE: DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B within model.
SOURCE KEYS: S954–S956.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000393 — [WLPRES-015] EXTREME POVERTY UNDER THE 2021-PPP LINE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2024 estimate reported March 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W066–W068.
PLACE: global.
ENTITY: people below the World Bank international poverty line.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Under the revised US$3.00-per-day 2021-PPP international
line, the World Bank estimates about 847 million people in extreme poverty in
2024. Series revisions prevent naive comparison with older $1.90/$2.15 lines;
country poverty and multidimensional deprivation require additional measures.
DOMAIN: poverty | measurement | food | shelter | health.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | DEMOGRAPHIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B within survey/model limits.
SOURCE KEYS: S957–S959.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000394 — [WLPRES-016] SEVEN OF NINE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES TRANSGRESSED
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025 assessment.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067.
PLACE: planetary Earth system.
ENTITY: climate, biosphere, land, water, nutrients, novel entities and oceans.
ENTITY TYPE: ECOLOGICAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: The Planetary Health Check 2025 assesses seven of nine
planetary boundaries as transgressed, adding ocean acidification to the six
identified in 2023. Boundaries are risk thresholds, not exact cliff dates or
proof of immediate global collapse.
DOMAIN: environment | water | biodiversity | materials | risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | SATELLITE | PALEOENVIRONMENTAL.
CONFIDENCE: B; framework and control-variable uncertainty explicit.
SOURCE KEYS: S960–S963.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000395 — [WLPRES-017] GLOBAL MATERIAL EXTRACTION AND UNEQUAL FOOTPRINT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: long trend since 1970; present assessment through mid-2020s.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W056–W068.
PLACE: planetary economy and ecosystems.
ENTITY: biomass, minerals, fossil fuels, construction materials and
consumption.
ENTITY TYPE: INDUSTRIAL_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: UN resource assessments find global material extraction has
roughly tripled since 1970. High-income populations consume about six times
more materials and generate about ten times the climate impact of low-income
populations under cited comparisons.
DOMAIN: materials | inequality | climate | biodiversity.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
SOURCE KEYS: S964–S966.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000396 — [WLPRES-018] 2025–2026 TRADE FRACTURE AND AI-GOODS BOOM
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025 outcome; WTO forecast released March 2026.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: global trade system.
ENTITY: tariffs, firms, AI-enabling goods and supply chains.
ENTITY TYPE: TRADE_NETWORK.
EVENT/CONDITION: WTO estimates merchandise trade volume grew 4.6% in 2025,
supported by front-loading and AI-related goods, then projects 1.9% baseline
growth in 2026 before war-related adjustments. AI-enabling goods account for
42% of 2025 trade growth while only about one-sixth of trade.
DOMAIN: trade | AI | tariffs | industry | forecast.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for 2025 estimate; C for forecast.
SOURCE KEYS: S967–S969.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000397 — [WLPRES-019] 2025–2026 AI GOVERNANCE GAP
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 2025–28 July 2026.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W067–W068.
PLACE: national, regional and international systems.
ENTITY: AI laws, standards, evaluations and developers.
ENTITY TYPE: AI_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Governments and standards bodies expand risk frameworks and
reporting while model capabilities, deployment and incidents advance faster.
The UN creates a global scientific panel/dialogue process, but no universal
licensing, incident or compute-governance regime exists.
DOMAIN: AI | law | standards | information quality | security.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL | SCIENTIFIC.
CONFIDENCE: A/B.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: FRAGMENTED / NETWORKED / CORPORATE.
SOURCE KEYS: S923–S925, S941–S943, S970–S972.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000398 — [WLPRES-020] US–ISRAEL WAR WITH IRAN
RECORD CLASS: PROCESS.
TIME: begins 28 February 2026; active and diplomatically unstable at
28 July 2026 cut-off.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Iran, Israel, Gulf states, Lebanon, Red Sea and wider global system.
ENTITY: United States, Israel, Iran, allied armed groups, regional states and
civilians.
ENTITY TYPE: WAR.
EVENT/CONDITION: Coordinated US–Israeli strikes initiate a direct war; Iran
retaliates against Israel, US-linked facilities and shipping. Thousands are
reported killed and millions displaced across affected areas; current totals
and control claims remain provisional.
DOMAIN: war | nuclear risk | displacement | energy | attribution.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE | SATELLITE | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A/B for onset and broad condition; C for live totals.
REVIEW DATE: 28 July 2026.
SOURCE KEYS: S973–S977.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000399 — [WLPRES-021] STRAIT OF HORMUZ SYSTEMIC CHOKE POINT
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: severe disruption from 28 February 2026; negotiations active at cut-off.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Strait of Hormuz, Persian Gulf and global energy routes.
ENTITY: shipping, oil/gas flows, states, insurers and consumers.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Iranian action and regional war severely curtail traffic
through a corridor that carried roughly one-fifth of world oil supply before
the conflict. Energy, fertiliser, food, aviation and inflation shocks propagate
far beyond the battlefield; reopening forecasts are conditional.
DOMAIN: transport | energy | trade | food | systemic risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE | SATELLITE | ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A/B; forward path C.
GRAPH SEED: YES — STRAIT OF HORMUZ.
SOURCE KEYS: S967–S969, S973–S979.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000400 — [WLPRES-022] 2026 WORLD ECONOMY BETWEEN WAR AND TECHNOLOGY
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: IMF update 8 July 2026; forecast horizon 2026–2027.
DATE STATUS: ESTIMATED.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: global economy.
ENTITY: economies, energy importers/exporters and technology value chains.
ENTITY TYPE: ECONOMIC_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: IMF projects global growth of 3.0% in 2026 and 3.4% in 2027,
with Middle East war drag partly offset by AI-related investment. Inflation,
energy and food assumptions are highly contingent on conflict and Strait
reopening.
DOMAIN: economy | war | energy | AI | forecast.
EVIDENCE TYPE: ECONOMIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: C because forecast; underlying observed data A/B.
REVIEW DATE: 28 July 2026.
SOURCE KEYS: S980–S982.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000401 — [WLPRES-023] ARTEMIS II CREWED LUNAR FLYBY
RECORD CLASS: EVENT.
TIME: launch 1 April 2026; splashdown 10 April 2026.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Earth–Moon space and terrestrial mission network.
ENTITY: four-person Artemis II crew, Orion/SLS and support institutions.
ENTITY TYPE: TRANSPORT_SYSTEM.
EVENT/CONDITION: Artemis II carries humans around the Moon and returns safely,
the first crewed lunar-vicinity mission since 1972. It demonstrates high
technical capability but creates no permanent or independently survivable
off-world population.
DOMAIN: space | science | transport | habitat.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE | DIGITAL.
CONFIDENCE: A.
HABITAT DEPENDENCE: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.
SOURCE KEYS: S983–S985.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000402 — [WLPRES-024] PRESENT HUMAN HABITAT DEPENDENCE
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 28 July 2026.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: Earth, continuous low-Earth-orbit habitation and temporary deep-space
missions.
ENTITY: humanity.
ENTITY TYPE: SPECIES.
EVENT/CONDITION: Humans maintain continuous rotating occupation in low Earth
orbit and can send short missions beyond it, but every crew, machine, food,
water, oxygen, replacement part and institution ultimately depends on Earth.
No off-world population can reproduce and maintain a civilisation
independently.
DOMAIN: habitat | space | BaseFloor | species risk.
EVIDENCE TYPE: SCIENTIFIC | ADMINISTRATIVE.
CONFIDENCE: A.
HABITAT DEPENDENCE: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.
SOURCE KEYS: S670–S673, S983–S987.

RECORD CA.WORLD.000403 — [WLPRES-025] WORLD/HUMANITY CIVILISATION STATE AT CUT-OFF
RECORD CLASS: CONDITION.
TIME: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026.
DATE STATUS: EXACT.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.
SYNCHRONISATION BAND: W068.
PLACE: planetary human system.
ENTITY: humanity as a coupled but non-unitary civilisation system.
ENTITY TYPE: CIVILISATION.
EVENT/CONDITION: Humanity has Stage 4 planetary-network capability in
communication, trade, science, observation, finance, energy and war, with
Stage 3 and lower capability conditions coexisting across people and places.
It has isolated Stage 5-like repair organs but does not yet reliably regenerate
its climate, biosphere, peace, truth, health or inclusion floors.
DOMAIN: capability | lifecycle | BaseFloor | control | motion | habitat.
EVIDENCE TYPE: MULTI_SOURCE.
CONFIDENCE: B; this is an explicit Atlas synthesis, not raw measurement.
CAPABILITY STAGE: STAGE 4.
LIFECYCLE STATE: CRUISE in some networks / DESCENT in several lower floors;
no single global lifecycle label is sufficient.
BASEFLOOR STATE: FOOD STRESSED | WATER STRESSED | ENERGY ADEQUATE but
transitioning | SHELTER STRESSED | HEALTH STRESSED | SECURITY FRACTURED |
ENVIRONMENT CRITICAL | SOCIAL_STABILITY STRESSED | KNOWLEDGE_CONTINUITY
ADEQUATE but unequal | INFRASTRUCTURE ADEQUATE but unequal.
CONTROL GEOMETRY: NETWORKED / HIERARCHICAL / FRAGMENTED / CAPTURED hybrid.
HABITAT DEPENDENCE: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.
MOTION VECTOR: TRANSFORMING; simultaneous EXPANDING technical capability,
RECOVERING in selected systems and CONTRACTING ecological/security margins.
ZTIME SIGN: MIXED; negative at planetary ecological and war-risk zoom,
positive in selected health, energy and knowledge capabilities.
REVIEW DATE: 28 July 2026.
SOURCE KEYS: S920–S987.

LIVE-HISTORY CUT-OFF RULE

Nothing after 23:59 Asia/Singapore on 28 July 2026 belongs to Version 1.0.
Later corrections to events before the cut-off must be added as versioned
evidence revisions, never silently rewritten as if they had been known at the
time. Forecasts remain forecasts. Open wars remain open ranges. Publication
date and event date must remain separate.

==============================================================================
29. CANONICAL PARALLEL SYSTEM-TRACK REGISTRY
==============================================================================

The World Master uses 148 first-pass tracks. This is a routing vocabulary, not
a claim that history contains exactly 148 systems. One record may map to many
tracks; one track may retrieve records from every region and era. Regional
files may add subtracks without changing these parent codes.

HUMAN AND DEMOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS

HD01 human occupation HD02 migration/dispersal
HD03 ancestry/admixture HD04 population size/structure
HD05 mortality/fertility HD06 settlement/urbanisation
HD07 household/kinship

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

EN01 geology/tectonics EN02 terrain/corridors
EN03 atmosphere/climate EN04 cryosphere/sea level
EN05 rivers/groundwater EN06 coasts/oceans
EN07 forests/vegetation EN08 soils/nutrients
EN09 biodiversity/ecosystems EN10 pollution/degradation/repair

FOOD SYSTEMS

FD01 hunting/gathering/fishing FD02 cultivation/domestication
FD03 pastoralism FD04 irrigation/water control
FD05 storage/redistribution FD06 markets/distribution
FD07 fisheries/aquaculture FD08 diet/nutrition/famine

MATERIAL SYSTEMS

MT01 stone/wood/fibre MT02 ceramics/glass
MT03 metallurgy MT04 textiles/leather
MT05 construction/materials MT06 craft/manufacturing
MT07 extraction/waste/circularity

ENERGY SYSTEMS

EG01 human/animal EG02 biomass/fire
EG03 wind/water EG04 coal/steam
EG05 petroleum/gas EG06 electricity/grids
EG07 nuclear EG08 renewables/storage/efficiency

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

TR01 foot/corridor TR02 animal/cart
TR03 road/bridge TR04 river/canal
TR05 maritime/port TR06 rail/automobile
TR07 aviation TR08 space transport

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

CM01 speech/gesture CM02 symbolic display
CM03 writing/manuscript CM04 print/post
CM05 telegraph/telephone CM06 broadcast/recording
CM07 Internet/mobile CM08 platform/social media
CM09 AI-mediated communication

KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

KN01 oral/ecological knowledge KN02 mathematics/astronomy
KN03 medicine/health knowledge KN04 philosophy/ethics
KN05 engineering/craft KN06 experimental science
KN07 computing/data KN08 artificial intelligence

EDUCATION SYSTEMS

ED01 household/community ED02 apprenticeship
ED03 scribal/court ED04 religious/monastic
ED05 academy/university ED06 mass schooling
ED07 professional/research ED08 digital/AI-enabled

GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS

GV01 kinship/council GV02 chiefdom/confederation
GV03 city/state/kingdom GV04 bureaucracy/empire
GV05 republic/constitution GV06 colonial/imperial administration
GV07 international governance GV08 planetary/future-generations governance

LEGAL SYSTEMS

LG01 customary law LG02 written codes/courts
LG03 property/contract LG04 citizenship/rights
LG05 administrative/regulatory LG06 international/criminal law

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

EC01 subsistence/reciprocity EC02 redistribution/tribute
EC03 market/barter EC04 money/tax
EC05 credit/banking EC06 capitalism/corporation
EC07 welfare/development EC08 digital finance/platform economy

TRADE SYSTEMS

TD01 local exchange TD02 regional corridor
TD03 caravan/steppe TD04 riverine/maritime
TD05 transcontinental TD06 colonial/Atlantic
TD07 global supply chain

MILITARY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

ML01 hunting/defence ML02 organised warfare
ML03 fortification/siege ML04 cavalry/naval
ML05 gunpowder/standing army ML06 industrial/total war
ML07 nuclear/cyber ML08 autonomous/space security

CULTURAL SYSTEMS

CU01 visual art/material display CU02 music/performance
CU03 ritual/custom CU04 architecture/place
CU05 literature/oral narrative CU06 identity/language
CU07 sport/leisure/mass culture

RELIGIOUS AND COSMOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

RC01 ancestor/ritual RC02 polytheist/civic cult
RC03 renunciant/philosophical RC04 monotheist/scriptural
RC05 monastic/mission network RC06 plural/secular order
RC07 new/revival/digital religion

HEALTH SYSTEMS

HL01 healing traditions HL02 sanitation/water
HL03 hospitals/professions HL04 epidemiology/public health
HL05 vaccination/medicine HL06 nutrition/reproductive health
HL07 biotechnology/genomics HL08 mental/planetary/AI-enabled health

INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

IF01 shelter/storage IF02 irrigation/water/sanitation
IF03 roads/bridges/ports IF04 cities/housing
IF05 rail/air/logistics IF06 energy grids
IF07 telecommunications IF08 data centres/space infrastructure

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

IN01 biological/social memory IN02 oral archive
IN03 writing/library IN04 bureaucratic record/statistics
IN05 print/news IN06 broadcast/database
IN07 Internet/platform archive IN08 machine-readable/AI knowledge

TRACK-MAPPING RULES

DOMAIN values route records to parent tracks.
A regional file may add a child such as FD02.RICE or CM03.BRAHMI.
Child tracks retain the parent code and do not overwrite local names.
A track contains events, conditions, processes and transitions.
Track membership is many-to-many.
Absence of a surviving record is not evidence of absence.
Political dates must not silently become the period boundaries of food,
health, language, ecology or knowledge systems.

==============================================================================
30. LONG-DURATION PARALLEL TRACK SUMMARIES
==============================================================================

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.HD04 — HUMAN POPULATION
TIME: hominin time–28 July 2026.
CONDITION: Small, mobile and regionally structured populations become one
globally distributed species, then grow rapidly after food production and
again after mortality decline. Reconstructed pre-1950 totals carry wide
uncertainty. By 2024 the UN estimates about 8.2 billion; ageing, fertility and
growth now diverge by region.
INFLECTIONS: dispersal | agriculture | cities | epidemic exchange |
industrial health | demographic transition.
CUT-OFF: population scale is a capability load, not a civilisation score.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000027–000044, 000285, 000387, 000403.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.HD06 — SETTLEMENT AND URBANISATION
TIME: semi-sedentary late Pleistocene communities–present.
CONDITION: Camps, villages, ritual centres, low-density urban landscapes,
cities and metropolitan networks arise through different food, water and
political systems. Urbanisation concentrates services and innovation while
concentrating disease, heat, housing inequality and infrastructure risk.
INFLECTIONS: Jericho/Çatalhöyük | Uruk | Indus/Caral | imperial cities |
industrial cities | megacities/digital cities.
CUT-OFF: built area and urban population do not measure liveability.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000046–000058, 000074–000084, 000129, 000214, 000220.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.HD02 — MIGRATION AND DIASPORA
TIME: earliest Homo dispersal–present.
CONDITION: Movement includes seasonal mobility, settlement, exile, slavery,
labour recruitment, refuge and professional circulation. Every population is
historically mixed; borders change the legal meaning and risk of movement.
INFLECTIONS: Homo beyond Africa | sapiens/archaic admixture | farming and
steppe movements | Austronesian/Bantu/Lapita | imperial deportation |
Atlantic slavery/indenture | refugees.
CUT-OFF: 117.8 million people were forcibly displaced at end-2025 under UNHCR
headline estimates.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000018, 000031–000044, 000073, 000123, 000276,
000390.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.EN03 — CLIMATE
TIME: Earth system–present.
CONDITION: Climate continually shapes opportunity, but institutions mediate
human outcome. Industrial greenhouse emissions alter the planetary energy
balance; 2024 is the warmest measured year and 2025 remains second/third
warmest.
INFLECTIONS: ice ages | Holocene | 4.2 ka event | Little Ice Age |
industrial emissions | climate treaties | 1.5°C-class annual heat.
CUT-OFF: warming is measured; regional impacts and future pathways remain
conditional. Climate is never a sufficient one-cause explanation for a state’s
collapse.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000004, 000025, 000040–000044, 000102, 000178,
000241, 000379, 000383.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.EN05 — WATER
TIME: planetary oceans/rivers–present.
CONDITION: Water is habitat, food input, corridor, energy source, sanitation
system and hazard. Irrigation and storage enlarge surplus while creating
maintenance, salinity, displacement and upstream/downstream dependencies.
INFLECTIONS: Holocene rivers/coasts | early irrigation | hydraulic cities |
industrial dams/sanitation | groundwater depletion | climate extremes.
CUT-OFF: global capability is high but safe access and ecological flow are
unequal and stressed.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000045, 000062, 000080, 000132, 000216, 000290.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.EN09 — BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
TIME: origin of life–present.
CONDITION: Human systems inherit and increasingly reorganise living
infrastructure. Domestication and landscape management coexist with habitat
conversion, invasive species, pollution and extinction.
INFLECTIONS: oxygenation | land ecosystems | mass extinctions | human
landscape engineering | Columbian Exchange | Great Acceleration |
biodiversity framework.
CUT-OFF: approximately one million species face assessed threat; seven of nine
planetary boundaries are assessed as transgressed in 2025.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000003–000009, 000041–000043, 000179, 000239,
000350, 000394.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.FD02 — FOOD PRODUCTION
TIME: plant/animal management before 10,000 BCE–present.
CONDITION: Agriculture originates through several independent and interacting
pathways. It supports density and institutions while increasing labour,
disease and ecological dependency in many settings. Foraging, fishing and
pastoralism remain contemporary knowledge systems.
INFLECTIONS: Southwest Asian domesticates | rice/millet | New Guinea |
African crops/herding | maize/Andes/Amazonia | Columbian Exchange |
Green Revolution.
CUT-OFF: global calories coexist with 645 million people facing hunger and
2.7 billion unable to afford a healthy diet in 2025 estimates.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000048–000060, 000190, 000295, 000391.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.FD04 — IRRIGATION AND WATER CONTROL
TIME: early Holocene drainage–present.
CONDITION: Drainage, canals, wells, reservoirs and pumps convert hydrology
into food security and political power. Control may be communal, networked,
palatial, state or corporate; no universal “hydraulic despotism” follows.
INFLECTIONS: Kuk Swamp | Mesopotamian canals | Indus wells | Liangzhu/Angkor |
industrial dams/tube wells | groundwater stress.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000052, 000062, 000080, 000132, 000216, 000295.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.HL04 — DISEASE AND PUBLIC HEALTH
TIME: settlement transition–present.
CONDITION: Density, animals, trade and ecology alter pathogen opportunity.
Sanitation, vaccination, antibiotics, surveillance and universal care can
repair risk; inequality and mistrust reopen it.
INFLECTIONS: village disease ecology | plague pandemics | American epidemic
catastrophe | vaccination/germ theory | antibiotics | HIV/AIDS | COVID-19.
CUT-OFF: pandemic recovery is incomplete and antimicrobial resistance remains
a growing cross-border dependency.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000058, 000143, 000198, 000243, 000289, 000343,
000364–000367.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.MT03 — METALLURGY AND MATERIAL POWER
TIME: native metals/smelting–present.
CONDITION: Copper, bronze, iron, steel, alloys and semiconductor-grade
materials require mines, heat, skill and trade. Technical labels become
historical “ages” only at local archaeological zoom.
INFLECTIONS: copper/gold | bronze networks | iron | steel | industrial
chemistry | rare/critical minerals.
CUT-OFF: energy transition and AI depend on concentrated mineral,
manufacturing and recycling systems.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000067, 000085, 000105, 000109, 000251, 000396.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.EG — ENERGY
TIME: metabolic/fire energy–present.
CONDITION: Human and animal work, biomass, wind/water, fossil fuels,
electricity, nuclear and renewables coexist as layered systems. Later sources
do not automatically replace earlier ones.
INFLECTIONS: fire | animal traction | mills | coal/steam | petroleum |
electric grid | nuclear | solar/wind/storage.
CUT-OFF: low-emissions sources provide 43% of electricity in 2025, but fossil
demand and emissions remain high. Energy is adequate globally in aggregate
and unequal/stressed operationally.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000023, 000232–000233, 000250–000252, 000325,
000359, 000384.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.TR — TRANSPORT
TIME: bipedal mobility–spaceflight.
CONDITION: Footpaths, animals, carts, roads, ships, canals, rail, cars,
aircraft and spacecraft successively compress distance while retaining older
floors. Every mode requires energy, maintenance, standards and safe corridors.
INFLECTIONS: open-water crossing | wheel/chariot | sailing | imperial roads |
steam | aviation | containerisation | orbital/lunar flight.
CUT-OFF: Artemis II proves temporary lunar-vicinity capability; human habitat
remains Earth-dependent.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000038, 000068, 000086, 000101, 000240, 000254,
000273, 000401.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.CM — COMMUNICATION
TIME: speech and symbolic display–AI mediation.
CONDITION: Each layer expands the addressable audience and speed of
coordination: speech, writing, paper, print, post, telegraph, telephone,
broadcast, Internet, mobile and generative AI. Control shifts among communities,
states, firms and protocols.
INFLECTIONS: writing | alphabet | paper | printing | telegraph | broadcast |
Web | smartphone/platform | AI.
CUT-OFF: six billion people are estimated online; access and control remain
unequal.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000076–000077, 000114, 000157, 000174, 000241,
000257, 000323, 000385.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.IN — INFORMATION AND MEMORY
TIME: biological/social memory–machine-readable knowledge.
CONDITION: Memory moves through trained people, objects, ritual, writing,
archives, libraries, statistics, databases and models. External storage
increases persistence and search while creating format, censorship and
institutional dependencies.
INFLECTIONS: oral archives | writing | libraries | print | census |
databases/Web | foundation models.
CUT-OFF: information abundance coexists with truth-quality, provenance,
security and long-term preservation fractures.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000035, 000063, 000076–000077, 000176, 000258,
000341, 000373.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.KN — KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE
TIME: ecological teaching–planetary sensing/AI.
CONDITION: Reliable knowledge is produced by communities, apprenticeship,
measurement, debate, experiment, replication and error correction. No
civilisation owns the genealogy; translation and recombination are core.
INFLECTIONS: tool teaching | astronomy/mathematics | translation movements |
scientific institutions | laboratories | global research | AI-assisted work.
CUT-OFF: sensing and computation are planetary, but reproducibility,
transparency and access remain uneven.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000024, 000142, 000157, 000175, 000228, 000291,
000328, 000386.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.ED — EDUCATION
TIME: household/community transmission–AI-enabled learning.
CONDITION: Apprenticeship, scribal schools, monasteries, madrasas, academies,
universities, mass schools and online systems reproduce capability. Doorway
access and learning quality must be measured separately.
INFLECTIONS: specialist teaching | literate bureaucracy | international
scholar networks | universities | mass schooling | digital education.
CUT-OFF: about 273 million children/youth are estimated out of school in 2024;
AI use is expanding faster than clear policy and evidence.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000077, 000157, 000172, 000220, 000272, 000369,
000392.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.GV — GOVERNANCE
TIME: kinship/council orders–planetary institutions.
CONDITION: Councils, cities, kingdoms, confederations, empires, republics,
colonial systems, corporations and international organisations distribute
decision rights differently. Centralisation can increase coordination or
capture; neither is inherently advanced.
INFLECTIONS: early states | territorial empires | constitutional revolutions |
mass state | UN/regional integration | digital/planetary governance.
CUT-OFF: governance is globally networked but sovereignty, vetoes, corporate
power and enforcement remain fragmented.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000075, 000092, 000117, 000202, 000235, 000282,
000327, 000381.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.LG — LAW AND RIGHTS
TIME: customary ordering–international law.
CONDITION: Law records obligations, property, status and repair; it can limit
power or encode hierarchy. Written law is not the beginning of law, and formal
rights are not equivalent to lived access.
INFLECTIONS: codes/courts | citizenship | religious and commercial law |
constitutions | abolition | humanitarian/human-rights/criminal law.
CUT-OFF: universal norms coexist with enforcement gaps, jurisdictional
conflict and authoritarian legalism.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000104, 000119, 000203–000205, 000279, 000284,
000325.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.EC — MONEY, FINANCE AND ECONOMY
TIME: reciprocity/redistribution–digital finance.
CONDITION: Markets, tribute, coin, credit, banking, corporations and platforms
layer rather than replace household and customary economies. Finance expands
coordination and concentrates systemic risk.
INFLECTIONS: accounting | coinage | commercial law | joint stock | industrial
capital | central banking/Bretton Woods | financialisation | digital rails.
CUT-OFF: high global output coexists with 847 million people under the revised
World Bank extreme-poverty line for 2024.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000071, 000112, 000157, 000212, 000229, 000280,
000332, 000393.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.TD — TRADE AND CONNECTORS
TIME: local material exchange–real-time global supply chains.
CONDITION: Trade routes are social, legal, ecological and security systems,
not lines on maps. Intermediaries adapt goods and ideas; movement can carry
wealth, coercion and disease simultaneously.
INFLECTIONS: obsidian/shell routes | Bronze networks | Silk/Indian Ocean |
trans-Saharan | Atlantic/Columbian | industrial cables/shipping | supply chains.
CUT-OFF: trade remains extensive but tariff fragmentation, war and AI-goods
concentration expose choke points.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000086, 000128, 000138, 000157, 000191, 000331,
000397, 000399.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.ML — WAR AND SECURITY
TIME: organised violence–nuclear/cyber/autonomous systems.
CONDITION: Fortification, standing armies, cavalry, ships, gunpowder,
conscription, industry, airpower, nuclear weapons and digital systems increase
scale and speed. Deterrence capability can raise survival risk.
INFLECTIONS: state armies | siege/cavalry | gunpowder | total war/genocide |
nuclear | Cold War | networked drone/cyber war.
CUT-OFF: 2025 military spending reaches an estimated US$2.887 trillion and
12,187 nuclear warheads exist in January 2026 estimates.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000109, 000158, 000266, 000280, 000297, 000388–000389.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.RC/CU — RELIGION, COSMOLOGY AND CULTURE
TIME: earliest symbolic evidence–present.
CONDITION: Ritual, art, philosophy, religion, language and identity organise
meaning, memory and cooperation. Traditions move through translation,
pilgrimage, trade, conquest and family life; they are internally plural and
cannot be assigned collective agency without resolving actors.
INFLECTIONS: ancestral/ritual worlds | literate traditions | Buddhist,
Christian and Islamic networks | print reform | secular/plural orders |
digital revival.
CUT-OFF: global connection increases encounter, hybridisation and conflict;
no one secularisation trajectory is universal.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000036, 000111, 000118, 000135–000137, 000149,
000211.

TRACK CA.WORLD.TRACK.IF — INFRASTRUCTURE
TIME: shelter/storage–data centres and orbital systems.
CONDITION: Infrastructure stabilises flows of water, food, power, people and
information. It becomes invisible when reliable and catastrophic when
maintenance, legitimacy or inputs fail.
INFLECTIONS: storage/irrigation | roads/ports | sanitation/rail | grids |
telecommunications | data centres/satellites.
CUT-OFF: the planetary system is densely infrastructured but unequal, ageing
in places and exposed to climate, cyber, war and supply-chain shocks.
RECORD LINKS: CA.WORLD.000052, 000062, 000121, 000216, 000240, 000250,
000342, 000398.

==============================================================================
31. CAPABILITY STAGE, LIFECYCLE AND TRANSITION RULES
==============================================================================

CAPABILITY IS LOCAL BEFORE IT IS GLOBAL

There is no exact year when “humanity” as a whole becomes Stage 1, 2, 3 or 4.
The first appearance, sustained local operation, regional spread and
planetary dependence are different thresholds.

FOUNDATION 0 — ADAPTIVE HUMAN WORLDS

Earliest relevant coordinate: hominin ecological adaptation and technology.
Defining capability: mobile subsistence, teaching, social care, fire,
language/symbolism and ecological knowledge without dependence on permanent
surplus institutions.
First appearance: deep time; exact threshold unknowable.
Persistence: never “left behind.” Foundation capabilities remain necessary
in every later stage and continue as primary ways of life for some groups.
Failure mode: habitat loss, knowledge break, forced incorporation.

STAGE 1 — SETTLEMENT AND SURPLUS

Defining capability: durable settlement and/or managed surplus, storage,
food production and recurrent infrastructure sufficient to support greater
specialisation.
First secure local emergence: early Holocene, on several independent clocks.
Not required: city, writing, monarch or universal farming.
Persistence: villages, pastoral systems and non-state complex societies may
be highly adaptive without moving toward Stage 2.
Failure mode: water/soil stress, disease, captured storage, rigid inequality.

STAGE 2 — ADMINISTRATIVE AND RECORDED CIVILISATION

Defining capability: durable administration, recorded information and
institutions coordinating populations/infrastructure beyond household scale.
First secure local emergence: late fourth millennium BCE in some regions;
alternative administrative forms without deciphered writing require
claim-specific classification.
Not one threshold: Uruk, dynastic Egypt, Indus, Caral, Liangzhu and later
systems demonstrate different combinations.
Failure mode: archive/reader loss, fiscal overreach, infrastructure decay,
conquest and ecological dependency.

STAGE 3 — INDUSTRIAL AND MASS-INSTITUTION CIVILISATION

Defining capability: fossil or other concentrated energy, mechanised
production, mass transport/communication, professional science,
bureaucratic statistics and mass schooling/health institutions.
First sustained local takeoff: later eighteenth-century Britain and parts
of Europe; diffusion/industrial collision follows.
Not virtue: Stage 3 capability also enables industrial empire, genocide and
ecological destabilisation.
Failure mode: energy/material lock-in, class/colonial exclusion, total war,
pollution and financial crisis.

STAGE 4 — PLANETARY NETWORK CIVILISATION

Defining capability: near-real-time planetary communication, global
production/finance, satellite sensing/navigation, interoperable digital
systems and shocks that propagate worldwide.
Organs emerge: telegraph/global cables in the nineteenth century; radio,
aviation and postwar institutions deepen coupling; Internet/mobile and
supply chains make Stage 4 clearly systemic by the late twentieth/early
twenty-first centuries.
Cut-off: humanity is an uneven Stage 4 system. Billions are excluded from
full doorway access and many local systems remain at different capability
coordinates.
Failure mode: concentrated platforms, cyber/systemic cascades, war,
disinformation, supply choke points and planetary externalities.

STAGE 5 — REGENERATIVE AND SELF-CORRECTING CIVILISATION

Defining capability: reliable sensing, prevention, repair and regeneration
of lower floors at the same scale and speed as damage, with accountable
learning and intergenerational continuity.
Existing organs: smallpox eradication, ozone-layer repair, some ecosystem
restoration, public-health and safety systems, scientific error correction.
Cut-off: these are Stage 5-like organs, not evidence that humanity as a whole
occupies Stage 5. Climate, biodiversity, war, inequality and information
fractures are not being repaired reliably at planetary scale.

CAPABILITY TRANSITION TEST

A stage transition requires evidence across all of:

invention
adoption
geographic/social scaling
reliability
institutionalisation
education and generational transfer
infrastructure and maintenance
dependency creation
structural consequence

A prototype, one city, one elite institution, one mission or one treaty is not
a global stage transition.

LIFECYCLE RULE

Lifecycle is assessed only for a clearly bounded entity and interval:

TAKEOFF — reinforcing capacity formation begins.
CLIMB — capability, reach or resilience increases.
CRUISE — system reproduces itself with bounded change.
DESCENT — repair and replacement fail relative to accumulating fracture.

World/Humanity cannot honestly receive one lifecycle label at every zoom in
2026. Digital/AI and low-emission electricity are climbing; some health and
education systems are recovering; global security and several ecological
floors are in descent. Store the vector by system and place before producing a
composite.

==============================================================================
32. BASEFLOOR, LOWER-FLOOR DEPENDENCY AND REPAIR
==============================================================================

THE BASEFLOOR IS NOT A FOOTNOTE

Upper capability cannot cancel lower dependency. A semiconductor system still
depends on water, energy, minerals, transport, trained people, stable
institutions and a liveable biosphere.

CANONICAL DEPENDENCY CHAINS

geology
-> terrain and mineral distribution
-> climate and water
-> ecology and soil
-> food
-> population and settlement
-> specialisation
-> administration and knowledge
-> infrastructure and industry
-> planetary networks

photosynthesis
-> biomass and oxygen
-> food webs
-> human nutrition
-> labour and cognition
-> institutions

fossil deposits
-> extraction
-> heat/electricity/transport
-> industrial output
-> greenhouse accumulation
-> climate hazard
-> food/water/health/infrastructure stress

literacy and teaching
-> technical competence
-> maintenance
-> reliable infrastructure
-> institutional continuity

semiconductors
-> sensing/computation/communication
-> finance/logistics/governance/AI
-> concentrated electricity, water, mineral and fabrication dependency

PRESENT BASEFLOOR READING — 28 JULY 2026

FOOD
State: STRESSED.
Evidence: sufficient aggregate production alongside 645 million estimated
hungry and 2.7 billion unable to afford a healthy diet in 2025.
Fracture: poverty, war, prices, climate, land/water degradation, waste.
Repair: income/access, resilient agroecology, storage, trade, peace.

WATER
State: STRESSED.
Evidence: major access gains coexist with unsafe water, aquifer depletion,
pollution, drought/flood and transboundary risk.
Fracture: over-extraction, degraded catchments, unequal infrastructure.
Repair: universal service, watershed/aquifer governance, reuse, ecosystem
flow and climate adaptation.

ENERGY
State: ADEQUATE in aggregate / STRESSED by access and transition.
Evidence: unprecedented electricity and renewables alongside fossil lock-
in, energy poverty and wartime choke points.
Fracture: emissions, grids, affordability, mineral/fuel concentration.
Repair: efficiency, clean firm/flexible supply, grids/storage, just access.

SHELTER
State: STRESSED.
Evidence: vast built capacity with homelessness, informal/unsafe housing,
displacement and climate/war destruction.
Repair: secure tenure, affordable resilient housing, services and peace.

HEALTH
State: STRESSED.
Evidence: high scientific capability but pandemic after-effects,
antimicrobial risk, conflict and access gaps.
Repair: primary/public health, workforce, surveillance, universal access,
clean air/water and trustworthy communication.

SECURITY
State: FRACTURED.
Evidence: open wars, record-high displacement class, rising military
expenditure and modernising nuclear arsenals.
Repair: prevention, diplomacy, accountable institutions, arms control,
justice and human security.

ENVIRONMENT
State: CRITICAL.
Evidence: continued warming, biodiversity loss, material growth and seven
assessed planetary-boundary transgressions.
Repair: rapid emissions decline, protection with rights, restoration,
pollution/material reduction and monitored feedback.

SOCIAL STABILITY
State: STRESSED.
Evidence: inequality, polarisation, displacement, democratic erosion and
cost shocks coexist with strong civic networks and institutional capacity.
Repair: fair doorways, services, accountable government and truthful
information.

KNOWLEDGE CONTINUITY
State: ADEQUATE but unequal and fragile.
Evidence: enormous distributed archives and research systems alongside
language loss, censorship, misinformation, proprietary concentration and
weak preservation.
Repair: open standards, multilingual education, archives, provenance,
redundancy and community memory.

INFRASTRUCTURE
State: ADEQUATE but unequal / locally FRACTURED.
Evidence: planetary logistics, grids and digital networks alongside
conflict destruction, ageing assets, maintenance gaps and cyber/climate
exposure.
Repair: maintenance-first accounting, redundancy, universal access,
interoperability and resilience.

BASEFLOOR AGGREGATION RULE

Never average one region’s surplus against another population’s critical
failure and call the floor adequate. Store distribution, doorway access and
worst-tail exposure alongside the global mean.

==============================================================================
33. CONTROL GEOMETRY, MOTION, HABITAT AND ZTIME
==============================================================================

CONTROL GEOMETRY IS DOMAIN-SPECIFIC

A polity can be politically centralised, economically networked, religiously
plural and informationally captured at the same time. Store one control value
per system track where necessary.

DECENTRALISED
Decision and capacity reside in many local units without one binding
centre. This may create autonomy and redundancy or weak coordination.

NETWORKED
Nodes coordinate through exchange, protocol or relationship. Power can
still be highly unequal.

FEDERATED
Constituent units retain defined authority within a binding order.

CENTRALISED
A centre can make and enforce high-scope decisions.

HIERARCHICAL
Authority or access follows ranked levels.

IMPERIAL
A core governs differentiated territories/peoples through conquest,
tribute, intermediaries or unequal sovereignty.

FRAGMENTED
Formerly or potentially coordinated capability is divided among
incompatible authorities.

CAPTURED
Formal institutions operate substantially for a narrow controlling group.

HYBRID
Several geometries coexist and must be described explicitly.

PRESENT CONTROL GEOMETRY — 28 JULY 2026

climate/biodiversity governance NETWORKED / FRAGMENTED
nation-state sovereignty CENTRALISED internally / NETWORKED
United Nations security FEDERATED-like membership /
HIERARCHICAL veto / FRAGMENTED force
global trade/finance NETWORKED / HIERARCHICAL
major digital platforms CENTRALISED corporate / NETWORKED use
open Internet protocols DECENTRALISED/NETWORKED with captured
application layers
AI foundation-model capability CENTRALISED and corporate/state-heavy
scientific knowledge NETWORKED with unequal funding/access
military power HIERARCHICAL, state-centred and nuclear
food production DECENTRALISED production /
concentrated inputs and trade

MOTION VECTOR RULE

Motion is stored at a declared place, system and interval:

EXPANDING more reach, capacity or throughput
CONSOLIDATING stabilising a recent expansion
STABLE reproducing within bounded variance
ADAPTING changing method to retain function
FRAGMENTING losing common control or interoperability
CONTRACTING reducing reach, capacity or resource margin
COLLAPSING rapid failure of core reproduction
RECOVERING restoring lost function
TRANSFORMING changing system identity or operating logic

No motion value is inherently good. Expanding fossil extraction, war capacity
or surveillance can drive ZTime negative at a higher system zoom.

HABITAT DEPENDENCE RULE

LOCAL_TERRESTRIAL
Survival and system reproduction depend primarily on one local habitat.

REGIONAL_TERRESTRIAL
Several terrestrial zones provide redundancy inside a region.

PLANETARY_DEPENDENT
Capability spans Earth and near space, but civilisation cannot reproduce
without the terrestrial biosphere and Earth-based supply/institutions.

PARTIALLY_EXTRATERRESTRIAL
A durable off-world population can maintain some critical systems without
routine Earth resupply but cannot reproduce its full civilisation.

MULTI_HABITAT
At least two habitats can sustain complete long-term civilisational
reproduction with meaningful independence and exchange.

HABITAT_INDEPENDENT
Survival is not bound to a particular natural planetary habitat; this is a
theoretical endpoint, not a present claim.

HUMANITY AT CUT-OFF: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.

The International Space Station, other orbital capability and Artemis II do
not satisfy PARTIALLY_EXTRATERRESTRIAL. Crews remain short-duration or
rotating and dependent on Earth logistics, biospheric inputs, mission control
and replacement institutions.

ZTIME RULE

ZTime is a signed direction after place, zoom and system are declared:

ZTime+ future optionality/resilience is increasing.
ZTime0 gains and losses are broadly balanced at the chosen interval.
ZTime− future optionality/resilience is contracting.

Examples at 2026 cut-off:

solar/wind deployment, global, 2020–2026 ZTime+
ozone layer, planetary, Montreal-policy horizon ZTime+
nuclear-war risk, planetary, 2022–2026 ZTime−
biodiversity integrity, planetary, multi-decade ZTime−
AI technical capability, global, 2022–2026 ZTime+
AI governance relative to capability, global ZTime−
human lunar transport capability, mission zoom ZTime+
habitat independence, civilisation zoom ZTime0

==============================================================================
34. GRAPH-SEED REGISTRY AND NODE ARCHITECTURE
==============================================================================

GRAPH SEED DOES NOT MEAN “FIRST INVENTED HERE”

A seed marks an Atlas-wide object that warrants its own node and relationship
history. Origins may be multiple, gradual or disputed. Every node keeps
earliest evidence separate from later scalable form.

CORE GRAPH-SEED QUEUE

CA.NODE.CROP.WHEAT CA.NODE.CROP.RICE
CA.NODE.CROP.MAIZE CA.NODE.CROP.POTATO
CA.NODE.CROP.MANIOC CA.NODE.CROP.SUGAR
CA.NODE.ANIMAL.CATTLE CA.NODE.ANIMAL.HORSE
CA.NODE.ANIMAL.SHEEP_GOAT CA.NODE.SYSTEM.PASTORALISM
CA.NODE.TECH.IRRIGATION CA.NODE.TECH.WHEEL
CA.NODE.TECH.SAILING CA.NODE.TECH.BRONZE
CA.NODE.TECH.IRON CA.NODE.TECH.STEEL
CA.NODE.INFO.ACCOUNTING CA.NODE.INFO.WRITING
CA.NODE.INFO.ALPHABET CA.NODE.INFO.PAPER
CA.NODE.INFO.PRINTING CA.NODE.INFO.TELEGRAPH
CA.NODE.INFO.TELEPHONE CA.NODE.INFO.BROADCAST
CA.NODE.INFO.INTERNET CA.NODE.INFO.MOBILE
CA.NODE.INFO.SOCIAL_MEDIA CA.NODE.INFO.GENERATIVE_AI
CA.NODE.ECON.COINAGE CA.NODE.ECON.CREDIT
CA.NODE.ECON.JOINT_STOCK CA.NODE.ECON.SUPPLY_CHAIN
CA.NODE.REL.BUDDHISM CA.NODE.REL.CHRISTIANITY
CA.NODE.REL.ISLAM CA.NODE.NET.SILK_ROADS
CA.NODE.NET.INDIAN_OCEAN CA.NODE.NET.TRANS_SAHARAN
CA.NODE.NET.ATLANTIC CA.NODE.NET.COLUMBIAN_EXCHANGE
CA.NODE.HEALTH.PLAGUE CA.NODE.HEALTH.VACCINATION
CA.NODE.HEALTH.ANTIBIOTICS CA.NODE.HEALTH.HIV_AIDS
CA.NODE.HEALTH.COVID_19 CA.NODE.ENERGY.COAL
CA.NODE.ENERGY.PETROLEUM CA.NODE.ENERGY.ELECTRICITY
CA.NODE.ENERGY.NUCLEAR CA.NODE.ENERGY.SOLAR_WIND
CA.NODE.TRANSPORT.RAIL CA.NODE.TRANSPORT.AVIATION
CA.NODE.TRANSPORT.SPACEFLIGHT CA.NODE.IND.INDUSTRIALISATION
CA.NODE.DIGITAL.SEMICONDUCTOR CA.NODE.DIGITAL.COMPUTER
CA.NODE.DIGITAL.AI CA.NODE.WAR.GUNPOWDER
CA.NODE.WAR.NUCLEAR_WEAPONS CA.NODE.GOV.HUMAN_RIGHTS
CA.NODE.GOV.UN CA.NODE.GOV.CLIMATE
CA.NODE.GOV.MONTREAL_PROTOCOL CA.NODE.ENV.GREAT_ACCELERATION

FULL NODE EXAMPLE 1

FULL NODE EXAMPLE 2

NODE_ID: CA.NODE.INFO.WRITING
NODE_NAME: writing systems
NODE_TYPE: COMMUNICATION_SYSTEM
ORIGIN: multiple independent and disputed pathways
EARLIEST_EVIDENCE: secure late fourth-millennium BCE systems in Mesopotamia
and Egypt; later independent systems elsewhere
TIME_RANGE: c. 3400 BCE–present
SOURCE_REGION: plural
TRANSMISSION_PATHS: descent, borrowing, adaptation and independent origin
ADAPTATIONS: logographic | syllabic | alphabetic | abugida | mixed systems
DEPENDENCIES: material media | trained readers | institutions | language
CAPABILITIES_ENABLED: administration | law | literature | archives | science
CAPABILITIES_DISPLACED: none universally; may marginalise oral systems
RELATED_NODES: accounting | paper | print | education | database
CURRENT_STATUS: globally pervasive; many scripts/languages endangered
EVIDENCE: inscriptions | archaeology | palaeography | texts
CONFIDENCE: A for objects; C for disputed origin genealogies.

FULL NODE EXAMPLE 3

FULL NODE EXAMPLE 4

FULL NODE EXAMPLE 5

NODE_ID: CA.NODE.DIGITAL.AI
NODE_NAME: artificial-intelligence systems
NODE_TYPE: AI_SYSTEM
ORIGIN: mathematical, computational and cognitive research across many
twentieth-century institutions; modern scale is cumulative
EARLIEST_EVIDENCE: field naming 1950s; practical systems earlier/later by
definition
TIME_RANGE: mid-twentieth century–present
SOURCE_REGION: transnational research network with concentrated firms/states
TRANSMISSION_PATHS: software, publications, chips, cloud APIs, devices
ADAPTATIONS: symbolic | statistical | deep learning | foundation/generative
DEPENDENCIES: semiconductors | electricity | data | networks | human labour
CAPABILITIES_ENABLED: perception | prediction | generation | automation
CAPABILITIES_DISPLACED: tasks and some occupations; net labour effect open
RELATED_NODES: computer | Internet | semiconductor | data centre | education
CURRENT_STATUS: rapidly expanding Stage 4 organ; governance/evaluation lag
EVIDENCE: scientific benchmarks | deployment | investment | incidents
CONFIDENCE: A/B for measured performance; C for long-run impact.

GRAPH EDGE RULES

PRECEDES does not imply ENABLES.
SYNCHRONOUS_WITH does not imply INFLUENCES.
FOUND_IN_REGION does not imply ORIGINATES_IN_REGION.
TRANSMITS_TO requires a path and evidence.
ADAPTS creates a new local state; it does not copy an unchanged essence.
DISPLACES must name the displaced capability, population or practice and
record whether displacement is partial, coercive or reversible.
A disputed edge carries confidence and competing interpretations.

==============================================================================
35. CONNECTOR AND TRANSMISSION FILE QUEUE
==============================================================================

Connector files are horizontal histories. They attach to regional records but
do not become substitute regions.

C01 SILK ROADS
East Asia <-> steppe <-> Central Asia <-> South Asia <-> Iranian plateau
<-> Mesopotamia/Levant <-> Mediterranean; land and maritime branches.

C02 INDIAN OCEAN WORLD
East Africa <-> Red Sea/Arabia <-> Persian Gulf <-> South Asia/Sri Lanka
<-> Southeast Asia <-> China; monsoon, ports, diasporas and disease.

C03 MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
Nile/North Africa <-> Levant <-> Anatolia <-> Aegean/Italy <-> Iberia
and Europe; shipping, empires, religions and ecological transfer.

C04 EURASIAN STEPPE HIGHWAY
Manchuria/Mongolia <-> Central Asia <-> Caspian/Black Sea <-> Europe;
herds, mobility, confederations, migration, war and exchange.

C05 TRANS-SAHARAN WORLD
Mediterranean/Maghreb <-> oases/Sahara <-> Sahel/West Africa; salt,
gold, people, books, Islam and camel logistics.

C06 AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSIONS
Taiwan/South-China interfaces -> Philippines -> Island Southeast Asia
-> Melanesia/Micronesia/Polynesia; separate Madagascar branch.

C07 BANTU-SPEAKING EXPANSIONS
West-central African source zones -> forest/eastern/southern interfaces;
languages, people, crops, iron, admixture and local adaptation.

C08 BUDDHIST NETWORKS
South Asia <-> Sri Lanka/Central Asia/China/Tibet/Southeast Asia/Korea/
Japan; translation, pilgrimage, art, monastic and merchant systems.

C09 ISLAMIC CIVILISATION NETWORKS
Arabia <-> Africa/Iberia/West-Central-South Asia/Southeast Asia;
pilgrimage, law, scholarship, trade and many states.

C10 CHRISTIAN WORLDS
Levant/Mediterranean <-> Africa/Armenia/Europe and later global mission,
colonisation, local churches and postcolonial transformations.

C11 ATLANTIC SYSTEM
Europe <-> Africa <-> Americas/Caribbean; conquest, slavery, plantation,
migration, capital, emancipation and diaspora.

C12 COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Biota, pathogens, crops, animals and ecological regimes between the
Americas and Afro-Eurasia/Oceania.

C13 TRANS-PACIFIC WORLD
American coasts <-> Pacific islands <-> Philippines/East Asia; Manila
galleon, labour, commodities and later strategic systems.

C14 INDUSTRIALISATION
Energy, machinery, firms, labour, science and policy diffusion; includes
industrial collision, deindustrialisation and alternative pathways.

C15 COLONIAL EMPIRES AND DECOLONISATION
A transformation overlay connecting every affected region. “Latin
American Colonial -> Modern” belongs here, not in a geographic slot.

C16 GLOBAL TRADE AND SUPPLY CHAINS
Standards, money, ports, containers, finance, labour, data and choke
points from early exchange to 2026.

C17 ENERGY SYSTEMS
Biomass -> coal/steam -> petroleum/electricity/nuclear -> renewables and
storage, including geopolitics, labour and environmental costs.

C18 COMMUNICATION SPINE
Speech/writing -> paper/print/post -> telegraph/telephone -> broadcast
-> Internet/mobile/platforms -> AI mediation.

C19 PANDEMIC AND DISEASE NETWORKS
Settlement, animals, trade, conquest, public health, vaccines,
surveillance and health inequality.

C20 PLANETARY GOVERNANCE
International law, UN system, human rights, climate, biodiversity,
digital/AI governance, Antarctica and future generations.

C21 GLOBAL MIGRATION AND DIASPORAS
voluntary movement, enslavement, indenture, labour, refuge, family and
knowledge circulation.

C22 KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION
oral, manuscript, institutional, scientific and digital transmission
with attribution, adaptation and loss.

CONNECTOR EVIDENCE TEST

Every claimed path must name at least one carrier:

person or population
datable object/material provenance
text/translation/inscription
crop/animal/genetic lineage
ship/road/caravan/port
institution/treaty/company
pathogen/vector
technical sequence
documented information flow

A visual similarity, shared date or broad geographic possibility is not enough.

==============================================================================
36. CANONICAL WORLD COVERAGE QUEUE — 60 FIRST-PASS OBJECTS
==============================================================================

Object 01 is the parent World/Humanity file. Objects 02–60 are fifty-nine
first-order geographic spines. Composite views such as India, China-and-
frontiers, Mediterranean, Islamic worlds and Latin America can assemble these
spines without replacing them.

01 WORLD / HUMANITY — MASTER DEEP-TIME SPINE
Planetary substrate; human evolution/dispersal; climate; food; cities;
writing; networks; industrialisation; globalisation; digital/AI; 2026.

02 EAST AFRICA / GREAT RIFT / GREAT LAKES
Earliest hominins and stone tools; foragers, pastoralists, farming; Bantu
interfaces; Great Lakes societies, kingdoms and modern transformations.

03 NILE VALLEY
Nile prehistory; Egypt; Kerma, Nubia, Kush, Meroë; later Nile states,
colonial and modern systems.

04 HORN OF AFRICA
Deep settlement; Punt problem-space; Dʿmt, Aksum, Ethiopian/Eritrean and
Somali/Red Sea networks; modern states.

05 SAHARA AND MAGHREB
Green Sahara, pastoralism, Garamantes, Amazigh worlds, Carthage/Roman
Africa, Islamic Maghreb, colonial and modern transformations.

06 WEST AFRICA / SAHEL
Early settlement/metallurgy; Ghana/Wagadu, Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu,
Hausa/Fulani systems; colonial and modern states.

07 WEST AFRICAN FOREST ZONE
Ife/Yoruba worlds, Benin, Akan/Asante, Dahomey and related societies;
Atlantic, colonial and modern transformations.

08 CENTRAL AFRICA / CONGO BASIN
Deep forest populations; Bantu-language expansions; Kongo, Luba, Lunda,
Kuba; Atlantic/colonial/modern systems.

09 EAST AFRICAN COAST / SWAHILI WORLD
Coastal settlement; Indian Ocean exchange; Swahili city-states, Kilwa,
Zanzibar; colonial and modern states.

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA / ZAMBEZI
San/Khoisan histories; farming expansions; Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe,
Mutapa/Rozvi; settler/colonial and modern systems.

11 MESOPOTAMIA
Neolithic interfaces; Ubaid, Uruk, Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria,
later Mesopotamian worlds to modern Iraq/regional systems.

12 LEVANT
Natufian/Jericho; Canaanite, Phoenician, Israel/Judah, Philistine and
Aramaean worlds; imperial, Islamic, Ottoman, colonial and modern systems.

13 ANATOLIA
Göbekli Tepe/Çatalhöyük; Hattian/Hittite, Phrygian/Lydian, Greek/Roman/
Byzantine, Seljuk/Ottoman and modern Türkiye.

14 IRANIAN PLATEAU / PERSIA
Elam, Median formations, Achaemenid, Parthian, Sasanian, Islamic/Persianate,
Safavid/Qajar and modern Iran.

15 CAUCASUS
Armenia, Georgia, Colchis, Caucasian Albania and Urartu interfaces;
steppe/Persian/Roman/Byzantine/Ottoman/Russian and modern systems.

16 ARABIAN PENINSULA
Arabian prehistory; Dilmun/Magan interfaces; Saba, Maʿin, Qataban,
Hadramawt, Himyar/Nabataean worlds; Islam and modern states.

17 CENTRAL ASIA / OXUS
Jeitun; BMAC/Oxus; Saka/Sogdian/Kushan interfaces; Turkic/Islamic/Timurid,
khanates, imperial incorporation and modern republics.

18 EURASIAN STEPPE
Steppe Bronze horizons; Sintashta/Andronovo; Scythian/Saka, Xiongnu/Hun,
Turkic, Mongol and successor formations to modern frontiers.

19 SIBERIA / NORTH ASIAN INTERIOR
Early occupation; Baikal and hunter-fisher/reindeer worlds; Siberian
peoples, Russian expansion, Soviet and modern systems.

20 INDUS / NORTHWEST SOUTH ASIA
Early occupation; Mehrgarh; Early/Mature/Late Harappan; post-Harappan,
Gandhara and northwest imperial/modern interfaces.

21 GANGETIC / NORTHERN INDIA
Vedic transformations; iron/second urbanisation; Magadha/Maurya/Gupta;
regional states, sultanates, Mughal/colonial/republic systems.

22 DECCAN / CENTRAL INDIA
Chalcolithic/megalithic worlds; Satavahana/Vakataka/Chalukya/Rashtrakuta;
Deccan Sultanates, Maratha, colonial and republic systems.

23 SOUTH INDIA / TAMILAKAM
South Indian prehistory; megalithic/Sangam worlds; Chera/Chola/Pandya/
Pallava/Vijayanagara interfaces; colonial and modern states.

24 SRI LANKA
Prehistoric settlement; Anuradhapura/Polonnaruwa and regional kingdoms;
Kotte/Kandy, colonial systems and modern Sri Lanka.

25 HIMALAYAN CIVILISATIONS
Nepal Valley/Licchavi/Malla and Nepalese states; Bhutan; Himalayan trade
societies, colonial interfaces and modern systems.

26 TIBET
Plateau prehistory; Zhang Zhung where supportable; Tibetan Empire and
Buddhist political systems; China/India/Central Asia/Mongolia interfaces.

27 CHINA REGION
Earliest human evidence; Palaeolithic/Neolithic regional cultures; Erlitou,
Shang/Zhou/Qin/Han; imperial cycles; Republic/PRC; 2026.

28 KOREA
Palaeolithic/Neolithic; Mumun/Gojoseon; Three Kingdoms/Silla/Balhae;
Goryeo/Joseon; colonial division and North/South Korea.

29 JAPAN
Palaeolithic; Jōmon/Yayoi/Kofun; Yamato/Nara/Heian; shogunates; Tokugawa,
Meiji, empire and modern Japan.

30 NORTHEAST ASIAN / MANCHURIAN–AMUR FRONTIER
Hongshan interfaces; Mohe/Balhae; Khitan/Liao, Jurchen/Jin, Manchu/Qing and
Amur peoples; Russian/Chinese/Korean/Mongolian interfaces.

31 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA — MEKONG
Prehistoric societies; Funan/Chenla problem-space; Khmer/Angkor, Lao/Lan
Xang and Cambodian/Mekong systems to present.

32 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA — VIETNAM
Hoabinhian/later prehistory; Đông Sơn and Văn Lang/Âu Lạc traditions;
Chinese-period transformations, Đại Việt/Champa/Nguyễn and modern Vietnam.

33 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA — MYANMAR / THAILAND
Pyu/Mon/Dvaravati; Bagan/Sukhothai/Ayutthaya; Toungoo/Konbaung; Siam/
Thailand, colonial Myanmar and modern states.

34 MALAY PENINSULA / SINGAPORE
Prehistory; Austronesian/Austroasiatic interfaces; Kedah/Tambralinga/
Langkasuka questions; Srivijaya, Temasek, Malacca/Johor-Riau, colonial and
modern Malaysia/Singapore.

35 INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO
Austronesian expansion; early maritime polities; Tarumanagara/Śailendra/
Mataram/Srivijaya/Singhasari/Majapahit; sultanates, colonial and Republic.

36 BORNEO / BRUNEI
Austronesian settlement; Indigenous riverine systems; Kutai/Brunei;
coastal–interior trade, colonial partitions and modern Borneo states.

37 PHILIPPINES / SULU
Deep settlement; Austronesian expansion; Butuan/Tondo/Cebu/barangay
networks; Sulu/Maguindanao; Spanish/US systems and modern Philippines.

38 NEW GUINEA / MELANESIA
Sahul settlement; highland agriculture; Lapita interfaces; Papuan and
Austronesian societies, exchange, colonial and modern states.

39 ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIA
Sahul/Australian settlement and dispersal; environmental management,
trade/songline networks and nations; colonisation and modern Australia.

40 MICRONESIA
Mariana/Chamorro, Carolines, Yap, Palau, Nan Madol/Pohnpei, Marshallese
navigation; colonial and modern worlds.

41 POLYNESIA
Lapita ancestry; Tonga/Samoa; Society/Marquesas/Hawaiʻi/Rapa Nui;
Aotearoa/Māori; navigation, colonisation and modern Pacific states.

42 AEGEAN / GREEK WORLD
Neolithic Aegean; Cycladic/Minoan/Mycenaean; Archaic/Classical poleis,
Macedon and Hellenistic worlds.

43 ITALY / ROMAN WORLD
Villanovan/Etruscan; Rome’s kingdom/republic/empire; late antiquity,
successor systems and Italy’s medieval/modern transformations.

44 BALKANS / SOUTHEAST EUROPE
Neolithic complexes; Thracian/Illyrian and Greek/Roman/Byzantine
intersections; South Slavic/Ottoman and modern states.

45 IBERIA
Prehistory; Tartessos/Iberian/Celtiberian and Mediterranean contact;
Roman/Visigothic/al-Andalus/Christian kingdoms, Atlantic empires and modern
Spain/Portugal.

46 WESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE
Neolithic/Bronze/Iron Age systems; Celtic/Germanic/Frankish/Carolingian/
Holy Roman formations; France/Germany/Low Countries and associated states.

47 BRITISH ISLES / IRELAND
Prehistoric Britain/Ireland; Celtic-language societies; Roman/Anglo-Saxon/
Welsh/Scottish/Irish/Norman worlds; British state/empire and modern states.

48 NORTHERN EUROPE / SCANDINAVIA
Nordic Bronze/Germanic Iron Age; Norse/Viking systems; Denmark/Norway/
Sweden/Iceland and North Atlantic settlements to present.

49 EASTERN EUROPE / RUS / RUSSIA
Steppe–forest interactions; Slavic/Khazar/Rus/Novgorod/Muscovy; Russian
Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet states.

50 NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC / SUBARCTIC
Palaeo-Arctic/Dorset/Thule; Inuit/Aleut/Unangan and northern First Nations;
colonial, industrial, sovereignty and climate transformations.

51 NORTH AMERICA — EASTERN WOODLANDS / MISSISSIPPI
Archaic/Woodland; Adena/Hopewell/Mississippian/Cahokia; Haudenosaunee and
other nations; colonial/US-Canadian and modern transformations.

52 NORTH AMERICA — SOUTHWEST / WEST / PLAINS
Ancestral Pueblo/Hohokam/Mogollon/Fremont/Chaco; Plains, Northwest Coast
and California systems; settler/US-Canadian-Mexican and modern trajectories.

53 MESOAMERICA
Olmec/Zapotec/Teotihuacan/Maya/Mixtec/Toltec/Mexica/Purépecha and related
worlds; conquest, colonial and modern transformations.

54 CENTRAL AMERICA / ISTHMUS
Costa Rica/Panama traditions and Chibchan-related systems; Mesoamerican–
South American connections; colonial and modern states.

55 CARIBBEAN
Earliest settlement; Archaic/Saladoid/Taíno-related societies; conquest,
plantation/slavery, colonial and modern Caribbean.

56 NORTHERN ANDES / COLOMBIA–VENEZUELA
San Agustín, Muisca, Tairona, Zenú, Quimbaya and regional systems;
conquest, colonial and modern states.

57 CENTRAL ANDES
Caral/Norte Chico; Chavín/Paracas/Nazca/Moche/Tiwanaku/Wari/Chimú;
Tawantinsuyu, colonial and modern Andean systems.

58 AMAZONIA
Early occupation; managed forests/terra preta; Marajoara/Santarém/Upper
Xingu systems; colonial extraction and modern Amazonian states/networks.

59 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Atacama/Diaguita, Mapuche, Pampas/Patagonian and Guaraní systems; colonial,
settler and modern Chile/Argentina/Uruguay/Paraguay.

60 ANTARCTICA / SOUTHERN OCEAN
Geological/climate/biosphere substrate; no Indigenous human population;
exploration, whaling, science, treaty governance, climate and 2026.

WHY OBJECT 60 CHANGED

The proposed “Latin American Colonial -> Modern Civilisation” file is not a
closed geographic coordinate. It is a transformation overlay spanning objects
53–59 and connector files C11, C12 and C15. Antarctica/Southern Ocean is the
missing planetary region. Replacing the overlay with Antarctica closes the
first-pass Earth coverage system without deleting Latin American history.

==============================================================================
37. CROSSWALK PROTOCOL AND FIRST VERTICAL CUTS
==============================================================================

CROSSWALK RECORD TEMPLATE

CROSSWALK_ID
TIME_BAND
DATE_STATUS
REGIONS[]
SYSTEM_TRACKS[]
REGIONAL_STATES[]
SIMULTANEOUS_DEVELOPMENTS[]
KNOWN_CONNECTIONS[]
POSSIBLE_CONNECTIONS[]
NO_EVIDENCE_OF_CONNECTION[]
SHARED_ENVIRONMENTAL_CONDITION[]
CAPABILITY_COORDINATES[]
EVIDENCE[]
CONFIDENCE
NOTES

CROSSWALK CA.XW.2600BCE.001

TIME BAND: 2600–2500 BCE.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z3–Z4.

SOUTH ASIA / INDUS
Mature Harappan urban transition: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and other centres;
standard weights, craft, wells/drainage, seals and widening integration.

MESOPOTAMIA
Early Dynastic city-state competition and administration; cuneiform
institutions, canals, temples/palaces and Gulf trade.

NILE VALLEY
Old Kingdom territorial state; pyramid-complex logistics, writing,
taxation and Nile transport.

CHINA REGION
Late Neolithic regional systems including Longshan and Liangzhu-related
formations; walled centres, rice/millet, jade and hierarchy; no secure
contemporary dynastic text.

CENTRAL ASIA / OXUS
Irrigated settlement, metallurgy and exchange precede the mature BMAC/Oxus
phase; steppe and Iranian/Indus interfaces develop.

AEGEAN / EUROPE
Early Bronze Age maritime and metal networks; Bell Beaker and steppe-
ancestry transformations in parts of Europe; no one European state system.

AFRICA BEYOND DYNASTIC EGYPT
Kerma-state trajectory in Nubia; pastoral/farming and settlement systems
across changing Sahara, Sahel, Horn and sub-Saharan regions on different
clocks.

AMERICAS
Caral/Norte Chico monumental and exchange centres; cultivation and
regional settlements elsewhere; no evidenced Old World contact.

SOUTHEAST ASIA / OCEANIA
diverse Neolithic, maritime and forager worlds; Austronesian expansion is
beginning on later third-millennium routes from Taiwan/Philippines.

KNOWN CONNECTIONS
Mesopotamia <-> Gulf/Dilmun/Magan <-> Indus/Meluhha exchange is supported
by texts and material provenance, with strongest named textual visibility
in succeeding centuries.
Egypt <-> Levant/Nubia/desert routes is securely evidenced.
Steppe/European population and material connections are evidenced.

POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS
Long chains among Iranian plateau, Central Asia and Indus require
object/site-specific provenance; possibility is not a graph edge.

NO EVIDENCE OF DIRECT CONNECTION
Caral with Egypt/Mesopotamia/Indus.
China-region societies with Old Kingdom Egypt.
Monument similarity alone does not establish transmission.

CONFIDENCE: B. Individual regional statements range A–C.
SOURCE RECORDS: CA.WORLD.000074–000102.

CROSSWALK CA.XW.2026.001

TIME BAND: 1 January–28 July 2026.
DATE STATUS: RANGE.
CHRONOLOGY TIME ZOOM: Z6.

PLANETARY COMMON CONDITION
One highly coupled communication, trade, climate, finance, disease,
migration, energy and security system exists. It is not a world state and
does not distribute capability equally.

REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION
Every first-order spine contains a different mix of war/peace, demographic
age, income, ecological stress, political control, infrastructure and
network access. National averages conceal internal civilisations,
Indigenous nations, diasporas, cities, rural systems and frontiers.

KNOWN CONNECTIONS
AI/semiconductor and data-centre supply chains.
Hormuz/Red Sea energy and shipping propagation.
Ukraine/Black Sea food, energy and alliance effects.
Global greenhouse-gas accumulation and climate hazards.
Internet/platform information propagation.
Refugee, labour and family migration.

SIMULTANEOUS BUT NOT NECESSARILY CONNECTED
A flood, election, protest, model release or local conflict occurring on
the same date in separate regions remains merely synchronous unless a
carrier, influence or shared cause is evidenced.

CAPABILITY: uneven STAGE 4 planetary network.
HABITAT: PLANETARY_DEPENDENT.
BASEFLOOR: distribution-aware states in Section 32.
CONFIDENCE: B for synthesis; A/B for underlying measurements; C for
forecasts and moving conflict details.
SOURCE RECORDS: CA.WORLD.000379–000403.

VERTICAL-CUT ORIENTATION GRID

3000 BCE
Mesopotamia: Uruk/literate urban transformation.
Nile: early dynastic unification and writing.
Indus: Early Harappan regional integration.
China: Liangzhu/Longshan and other regional complex societies.
Central Asia/steppe: exchange, herding and migration systems.
Europe: farming/metal/mega-site and steppe transformations.
Africa beyond Nile: Saharan pastoral/Nile and diverse regional systems.
Americas: Norte Chico monumentality develops; food systems diversify.
Oceania/SEA: maritime and food-production pathways; no universal state stage.

1500 BCE
Nile: New Kingdom imperial system; Kerma/Nubia transformed by Egyptian rule.
West Asia: Hittite, Mitanni, Babylonian/Assyrian and Levantine systems.
Aegean: Mycenaean and late Minoan palatial networks.
South Asia: post-Indus regional/Vedic transformations.
China: Shang political/bronze system.
Central Eurasia: chariot/horse and steppe–BMAC successor interactions.
Africa: pastoral/farming/Bantu-language movement on several clocks.
Mesoamerica: early Olmec regional formation.
Pacific: Lapita movement begins through Remote Oceania.

500 BCE
West/Central Asia: Achaemenid imperial network.
Mediterranean: Greek poleis; Roman/Etruscan Italian worlds.
South Asia: mahajanapadas, urbanisation, Buddhist/Jain formations.
China: Zhou interstate competition and intellectual traditions.
Africa: Meroitic/Kush trajectory, Nok and Sahel/forest systems.
Eurasian steppe: Scythian/Saka confederations.
Mesoamerica: late Olmec and multiple successors.
Andes: Chavín horizon.
Pacific: post-Lapita western Polynesian formation.

1 CE
Mediterranean/Europe: Roman imperial transition.
Iranian/West Asian: Parthian and regional systems.
South/Central Asia: Kushan, Satavahana, Tamil and Indian Ocean networks.
China: Han imperial state; Xiongnu frontier relationship.
Africa: Kush/Meroë, Aksum trajectory and many regional societies.
Southeast Asia: port and early polity formations in wider ocean networks.
Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan/Maya/Zapotec growth.
Andes: Nazca/Moche regional formation.
North America: Hopewell interaction sphere.

500 CE
Mediterranean: Eastern Roman continuity; western successor kingdoms.
Iran/West Asia: Sasanian imperial system.
South Asia: Gupta and regional successor transitions.
China: northern/southern political division before Sui.
Korea/Japan: competing kingdoms and Yamato formation.
Africa: Aksum; Bantu-speaking expansion; West African state trajectories.
Southeast Asia: mainland/maritime polity and trade development.
Americas: Classic Maya/Teotihuacan; Moche/Nazca and Wari/Tiwanaku emergence.
Pacific: settlement and navigation continue on island-specific clocks.

1000 CE
East Asia: Song in China; Goryeo; Heian Japan; regional states.
Islamic worlds: politically plural scholarly/commercial network.
South Asia: Chola and other regional systems.
Southeast Asia: Angkor/Srivijaya and maritime/mainland networks.
Africa: Ghana/Wagadu, Swahili towns, Great Zimbabwe trajectory.
Europe/Eurasia: Byzantine, Islamic, Rus, Norse and successor orders.
Mesoamerica: post-Classic recomposition.
Andes: Wari/Tiwanaku transformation and successor systems.
North America: Mississippian/Cahokia takeoff.
Pacific: eastern Polynesian voyaging phase.

1500 CE
China: Ming state and Asian maritime/commercial systems.
West Asia/Mediterranean: Ottoman high growth; Safavid state begins 1501.
South Asia: Delhi/Lodi, Vijayanagara and regional oceanic states.
Southeast Asia: Malacca, Majapahit successors and port polities.
Africa: Songhai, Kongo/Benin and many regional states; Swahili cities.
Europe: dynastic/print/maritime competition.
Americas: Mexica Triple Alliance, Tawantinsuyu and many independent nations.
Oceania: established island societies/navigation; no European control.
Planetary condition: Atlantic collision is beginning, not complete.

1800 CE
Industrial takeoff: concentrated in Britain and limited connected zones.
Atlantic: United States, Haitian Revolution underway, colonial systems and
Latin American independence crisis approaching.
Europe: French revolutionary/Napoleonic transformation.
China/Japan: Qing and Tokugawa high-capacity agrarian-commercial states.
South Asia: Company expansion amid Indian state plurality.
Ottoman/Iranian worlds: reform and geopolitical strain.
Africa: sovereign states and Atlantic/Indian Ocean transformations; limited
European territorial control outside enclaves.
Australia/Pacific: settler colonisation expands unevenly.

1900 CE
Industrial/imperial system: rail, telegraph, electricity, oil and mass state.
Europe/North America/Japan: Stage 3 organs and armed rivalry.
China/Ottoman/Iran: reform amid imperial pressure.
South/Southeast Asia/Africa: colonial rule widespread; resistance growing.
Latin America: republics and export economies with internal exclusions.
Indigenous worlds: settler encroachment and cultural survival.
International layer: early unions/law, no effective collective security.

2000 CE
Planetary network: Web, mobile growth, finance, supply chains and WTO.
United States: post-Cold-War military/financial primacy.
China: reform growth and global manufacturing integration.
Europe: EU/euro integration.
Russia/post-Soviet: new states and unresolved successor conflicts.
Global South: major poverty/health gains and debt/inequality; plural
democratisation/authoritarian trajectories.
Environment: climate/biodiversity governance exists; pressures grow.
Security: genocide and regional war persist despite post-Cold-War optimism.

28 JULY 2026
See CA.XW.2026.001 and CA.WORLD.000403.

CROSSWALK CAUSALITY GATE

A crosswalk may store:

TEMPORALLY_SYNCHRONOUS
SHARES_ENVIRONMENTAL_CONDITION
CONNECTED_BY_ROUTE
TRANSMITTED
INFLUENCED
CAUSALLY_CONTRIBUTED

Each is a stronger claim than the one above it. Do not automatically promote a
record. CAUSALLY_CONTRIBUTED requires independent evidence and must name
mechanism, direction, interval and confidence.

==============================================================================
38. EVIDENCE, CONTROVERSY, ATTRIBUTION AND REVISION PROTOCOL
==============================================================================

EVIDENCE PACKET RULE

Reader-facing records cite compact S-keys. Each key or range resolves to a
source packet in Section 40. A source packet can contain:

a primary artefact, inscription, law, dataset or contemporary record;
a technical dating or scientific paper;
an authoritative synthesis;
a living-community or oral-history source where relevant;
a current official statistical release.

Machine conversion must expand each packet into individual bibliographic
objects and preserve which claim each source supports.

EVIDENCE-HIERARCHY CAUTIONS

Archaeology records material survival, not every social fact.
Texts record author/institution perspective, not transparent reality.
Genetics records biological ancestry relationships, not language or culture
without additional evidence.
Language families do not equal genes, pots, states or races.
Oral tradition is evidence of memory, identity and knowledge transmission;
literal event/date claims require claim-specific corroboration.
Satellite imagery records observable surfaces/signals, not motive.
Administrative data reflect definitions, coverage and institutional
incentives.
Forecasts are conditional models, never future facts.

CONTROVERSY RECORD EXAMPLE

RECORD_ID: CA.CONTROVERSY.ERLITOU_XIA.001
CLAIM: Erlitou is the historical Xia dynasty.
STATUS: CONTESTED.
INTERPRETATION_A: archaeological scale, location and later textual sequence
support a Xia association.
INTERPRETATION_B: absence of contemporary readable self-identification
prevents a secure equation.
CURRENT_EVIDENCE: Erlitou centre and chronology are secure; dynastic name is
not independently established.
ATLAS_POSITION: site/culture record HIGH confidence; Xia identity LOW to
MODERATE and explicitly disputed.
LINK: CA.WORLD.000100.

RECORD_ID: CA.CONTROVERSY.INDUS_SCRIPT.001
CLAIM: a proposed decipherment reads the Indus signs.
STATUS: CONTESTED.
INTERPRETATION_A: varies by proposed language/sign assignment.
INTERPRETATION_B: corpus is short, no bilingual exists and proposed readings
do not produce reproducible corpus-wide predictions.
CURRENT_EVIDENCE: patterned sign system is secure.
ATLAS_POSITION: undeciphered; no reading adopted.
LINK: CA.WORLD.000082.

RECORD_ID: CA.CONTROVERSY.ANTHROPOCENE.001
CLAIM: Anthropocene is a formal geological Epoch beginning c. 1952.
STATUS: FORMAL PROPOSAL REJECTED IN 2024.
INTERPRETATION_A: mid-twentieth-century marker is globally correlatable and
records the Great Acceleration.
INTERPRETATION_B: event/concept is real but an Epoch boundary is too recent,
narrow or unsuitable for the formal scale.
CURRENT_EVIDENCE: human planetary transformation is secure; formal Epoch is
not part of the ratified chart in Version 1.0.
ATLAS_POSITION: retain “Anthropocene” as informal event/concept.
LINK: CA.WORLD.000381.

ATTRIBUTION LADDER

Before writing “X civilisation did Y,” test:

individual
household/community
organisation/religious institution/company
settlement/city
polity/state agency
alliance/network
population pattern
civilisation-scale synthesis

Use the lowest level that explains the evidence. Examples:

Correct: al-Qaeda carried out the 11 September attacks.
Incorrect: Islam attacked the United States.

Correct: US and Israeli state forces began strikes on Iran on 28 February
2026; Iran and named allied organisations responded.
Incorrect: “Western” and “Islamic” civilisations went to war.

Correct: Spanish forces and large Indigenous alliances besieged
Tenochtitlan.
Inadequate: Europe conquered the Americas in 1521.

VERSIONING

Version 1.0 cut-off: 28 July 2026.
Record IDs are immutable.
Correct a claim by adding a new assertion/version linked to the same ID.
Never reassign an ID to a different event.
Preserve original text, source packet and confidence in history.
Change log must state:
what changed;
why;
evidence added/removed;
confidence before/after;
editor/review date;
whether downstream crosswalks/edges require recalculation.

LIVE RECORDS

Open wars and fast statistics carry REVIEW_DATE.
A current total must include “as of” date, source and definition.
Later-discovered evidence about an old event changes evidence time, not
event time.
A press release date is not silently stored as the year measured.

==============================================================================
39. MACHINE-CONVERSION CONTRACT
==============================================================================

READER TEXT IS A VIEW, NOT THE DATABASE

This file is intentionally readable. Conversion parses stable labels and IDs
into structured objects. Narrative lines remain as descriptions; no machine
should infer a causal edge from prose without an explicit relationship field.

REQUIRED SERIALISATION

record_id string, immutable
record_alias string, optional mnemonic
record_title string
record_class enum EVENT|CONDITION|PROCESS|TRANSITION
time_display string, preserved exactly
time_start signed numeric/date where defensible
time_end signed numeric/date where defensible
time_scale GA|MA|KA|BP|BCE_CE|ISO_8601
date_status canonical enum
chronology_time_zoom Z0–Z6
synchronisation_band[] W000–W068
place[] gazetteer objects, not only modern countries
entity[] persistent entity IDs/names
entity_type[] canonical/additive enums
event_or_condition text
domain[] track codes
evidence_type[] canonical enums
evidence_source[] bibliographic IDs
confidence A|B|C|D|E|U
version semantic version
cutoff ISO 8601 timestamp with timezone

DATE SERIALISATION RULES

Preserve BCE/CE display.
Internal astronomical-year conversion may use year 0 only in a declared
machine field; never show it as a historical BCE/CE year.
Deep-time intervals keep units and uncertainty.
“c.” maps to APPROXIMATE.
A range maps to RANGE even when both endpoints are exact.
A forecast maps to DATE_STATUS ESTIMATED plus FORECAST_STATUS and model
vintage.
An open conflict stores an end value of null plus REVIEW_DATE; it does not
create a new DATE_STATUS.

EXAMPLE SERIALISED RECORD

{
“record_id”: “CA.WORLD.000401”,
“record_alias”: “WLPRES-023”,
“record_title”: “ARTEMIS II CREWED LUNAR FLYBY”,
“record_class”: “EVENT”,
“time_display”: “launch 1 April 2026; splashdown 10 April 2026”,
“time_start”: “2026-04-01”,
“time_end”: “2026-04-10”,
“time_scale”: “ISO_8601”,
“date_status”: “EXACT”,
“chronology_time_zoom”: “Z6”,
“synchronisation_band”: [“W068”],
“place”: [“Earth–Moon space”, “terrestrial mission network”],
“entity”: [“Artemis II”, “Orion”, “SLS”, “four-person crew”],
“entity_type”: [“TRANSPORT_SYSTEM”],
“domain”: [“TR08”, “KN06”, “HABITAT”],
“habitat_dependence”: “PLANETARY_DEPENDENT”,
“evidence_type”: [“SCIENTIFIC”, “ADMINISTRATIVE”, “DIGITAL”],
“evidence_source”: [“S983”, “S984”, “S985”],
“confidence”: “A”,
“version”: “1.0”,
“cutoff”: “2026-07-28T23:59:59+08:00”
}

RELATIONSHIP OBJECT

edge_id
source_node_id
relationship_type
target_node_id
time_start/time_end
place/path
mechanism/carrier
evidence_source[]
confidence
controversy_status
version

Relationship types use the V1.0 controlled vocabulary:

INDEXES

primary: record_id
temporal: time_start, time_end, synchronisation_band
spatial: place_id, geometry, spatial_zoom
semantic: entity_type, domain/track, graph_seed
structural: capability, lifecycle, BaseFloor, control, habitat, motion
evidential: evidence_type, confidence, controversy, review_date
relational: source/target node, relationship type

CONVERSION ACCEPTANCE TEST

Every chronology record parses to one object.
Every record ID is unique.
Every S-key resolves.
Every W-band exists.
Every enum is canonical or declared additive.
Every relationship has evidence and direction.
No inference promotes synchrony to causality.
No modern country is silently assigned to a prehistoric entity.

==============================================================================
40. SOURCE-PACKET REGISTER
==============================================================================

The chronology uses compact source keys because a world spine at this scale
cannot print a full footnote after every line. Every key from S001 through
S987 resolves, without a gap, to one of the evidence packets below. Within a
packet, the sources operate collectively: primary evidence or an official
dataset anchors the claim where available, and scholarly syntheses supply
context and comparison. A key is therefore a claim-to-packet locator in V1.0,
not a claim that every work in its packet supports every word of the record.

Machine conversion should mint a bibliographic object for each listed work,
then refine each packet-level key into claim-level links during regional
expansion. It must not discard the original S-key. Web resources were checked
through 28 July 2026 unless an earlier publication or archival date is stated.

PACKET P00 — S001–S004
Architecture, comparative world history and connected-history method

UNESCO. General and Regional Histories.
https://www.unesco.org/en/general-regional-histories
UNESCO. History of Humanity, seven-volume series.
https://www.unesco.org/en/history-humanity
UNESCO. General History of Africa.
https://www.unesco.org/en/general-history-africa
UNESCO. About the Silk Roads.
https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/about-silk-roads
Bentley, Jerry H. “Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World
History.” American Historical Review 101.3 (1996): 749–770.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Connected Histories: Notes towards a Reconfiguration
of Early Modern Eurasia.” Modern Asian Studies 31.3 (1997): 735–762.

PACKET P01 — S005–S011
Earth history, geological time, climate substrate and human-origins frame

International Commission on Stratigraphy. International Chronostratigraphic
Chart, current V1.0 reference edition. https://stratigraphy.org/chart
U.S. Geological Survey. “Age of the Earth.”
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html
Smithsonian Human Origins Program. Human Evolution Interactive Timeline.
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-interactive-timeline
Gradstein, Felix M. et al., eds. Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier, 2020.
Stanley, Steven M., and John A. Luczaj. Earth System History. 4th ed.,
W. H. Freeman, 2015.

PACKET P02 — S012–S017
Earliest stone technology, australopiths and early Homo

Harmand, Sonia et al. “3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3,
West Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 521 (2015): 310–315.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14464
Villmoare, Brian et al. “Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar,
Ethiopia.” Science 347.6228 (2015): 1352–1355.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1343
Semaw, Sileshi et al. “2.6-million-year-old stone tools and associated bones
from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution
45.2 (2003): 169–177.
Smithsonian Human Origins Program. Human Evolution Research and Evidence.
https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence

PACKET P03 — S018–S034
Homo dispersals, archaic humans, Homo sapiens and Sahul

Hublin, Jean-Jacques et al. “New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the
pan-African origin of Homo sapiens.” Nature 546 (2017): 289–292.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22336
Richter, Daniel et al. “The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud,
Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age.” Nature 546 (2017):
293–296. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22335
Green, Richard E. et al. “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome.”
Science 328.5979 (2010): 710–722.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188021
Reich, David et al. “Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from
Denisova Cave in Siberia.” Nature 468 (2010): 1053–1060.
Clarkson, Chris et al. “Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000
years ago.” Nature 547 (2017): 306–310.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22968
Stringer, Chris. “The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371 (2016): 20150237.

PACKET P04 — S035–S059
Late Pleistocene change, Holocene transition, domestication and food systems

Zeder, Melinda A. “Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact.” PNAS 105.33 (2008): 11597–11604.
Larson, Greger et al. “Current perspectives and the future of domestication
studies.” PNAS 111.17 (2014): 6139–6146.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323964111
Bellwood, Peter. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies.
Blackwell, 2005.
Fuller, Dorian Q. et al. “The domestication process and domestication rate
in rice.” Annals of Botany 100.5 (2007): 903–924.
Piperno, Dolores R. The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the
New World Tropics. Current Anthropology 52.S4 (2011): S453–S470.
Roberts, Neil. The Holocene: An Environmental History. 3rd ed.,
Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

PACKET P05 — S060–S085
Neolithic regionalisation, village worlds, pastoralism and proto-urban change

UNESCO. History of Humanity, Volume I: Prehistory and the Beginnings of
Civilization. Routledge/UNESCO, 1994.
Hodder, Ian, ed. Çatalhöyük Perspectives. McDonald Institute, 2005.
Schmidt, Klaus. “Göbekli Tepe—the Stone Age Sanctuaries.”
Documenta Praehistorica 37 (2010): 239–256.
Anthony, David W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language. Princeton University
Press, 2007.
Haak, Wolfgang et al. “Massive migration from the steppe was a source for
Indo-European languages in Europe.” Nature 522 (2015): 207–211.
Bellwood, Peter. First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island
Southeast Asia. Wiley Blackwell, 2017.

PACKET P06 — S086–S112
First cities, writing, territorial states and early interregional exchange

Algaze, Guillermo. Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization.
University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Postgate, J. N. Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of
History. Routledge, 1992.
Wilkinson, Toby A. H. Early Dynastic Egypt. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2001.
Possehl, Gregory L. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective.
AltaMira Press, 2002.
Wright, Rita P. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society.
Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Li, Feng. Early China: A Social and Cultural History.
Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Shady Solís, Ruth, Jonathan Haas and Winifred Creamer. “Dating Caral, a
Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley.” Science 292.5517 (2001): 723–726.

PACKET P07 — S113–S142
Bronze Age networks, environmental stress, Africa and regional divergence

Cline, Eric H. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Revised ed.,
Princeton University Press, 2021.
Kristiansen, Kristian, and Thomas B. Larsson. The Rise of Bronze Age Society.
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Manning, Sturt W. A Test of Time and A Test of Time Revisited.
Oxbow Books, 2014.
UNESCO. General History of Africa, Volume II: Ancient Civilizations of
Africa. UNESCO, 1981.
Killick, David. “From Ores to Metals.” Journal of Archaeological Research
22 (2014): 1–51.
Roberts, Benjamin W., and Christopher P. Thornton, eds.
Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective. Springer, 2014.

PACKET P08 — S143–S174
Iron technologies, early empires, intellectual traditions and “axial” debates

Kuhrt, Amélie. The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC. 2 vols.,
Routledge, 1995.
Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire.
Eisenbrauns, 2002.
Olivelle, Patrick. The Early Upaniṣads. Oxford University Press, 1998.
Lewis, Mark Edward. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han.
Harvard University Press, 2007.
Assmann, Jan. The Axial Age and Its Transformations.
Harvard University Press, 2018.
UNESCO. History of Humanity, Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the
Seventh Century AD. Routledge/UNESCO, 1996.

PACKET P09 — S175–S212
Classical empires, long-distance networks, religions and knowledge transfer

Scheidel, Walter, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy.
Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Hansen, Valerie. The Silk Road: A New History. Oxford University Press,
2012.
Liu, Xinru. The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press, 2010.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha. The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia.
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the
Northern Horn, 1000 BC–AD 1300. James Currey, 2012.
UNESCO. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volumes II–III.
UNESCO, 1994–1996.

PACKET P10 — S213–S244
Late antiquity, Islamicate formation, Asian transformations and American worlds

UNESCO. History of Humanity, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth
Century. Routledge/UNESCO, 2000.
Hoyland, Robert G. In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an
Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press, 2015.
Kennedy, Hugh. The Great Arab Conquests. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.
Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade. University of Hawaiʻi Press,
2003.
Puri, Baij Nath. Buddhism in Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass, 1987.
Coe, Michael D., and Stephen Houston. The Maya. 10th ed.,
Thames & Hudson, 2022.
Silverman, Helaine, and William H. Isbell, eds. Handbook of South American
Archaeology. Springer, 2008.

PACKET P11 — S245–S275
Medieval regional systems: Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe and Mongol Eurasia

UNESCO. General History of Africa, Volumes III–IV. UNESCO, 1988–1997.
UNESCO. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volumes IV–V.
UNESCO, 1998–2003.
Miksic, John N., and Goh Geok Yian. Ancient Southeast Asia.
Routledge, 2017.
Hall, Kenneth R. A History of Early Southeast Asia.
Rowman & Littlefield, 2011.
Insoll, Timothy. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Morgan, David. The Mongols. 2nd ed., Blackwell, 2007.
Wickham, Chris. The Inheritance of Rome. Penguin, 2009.

PACKET P12 — S276–S305
High medieval integration, Mongol exchange and fourteenth-century plague

Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D.
1250–1350. Oxford University Press, 1989.
Allsen, Thomas T. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia.
Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Green, Monica H., ed. Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World:
Rethinking the Black Death. Arc Medieval Press, 2014.
Spyrou, Maria A. et al. “The source of the Black Death in
fourteenth-century central Eurasia.” Nature 606 (2022): 718–724.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3
Campbell, Bruce M. S. The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in
the Late-Medieval World. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

PACKET P13 — S306–S341
1300–1500: post-plague reconstruction, state growth and oceanic navigation

Lieberman, Victor. Strange Parallels, Volume 1.
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration.
Oxford University Press, 2010.
Chaudhuri, K. N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean.
Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration.
W. W. Norton, 2006.
UNESCO. History of Humanity, Volume V: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth
Century. Routledge/UNESCO, 1999.
UNESCO. General History of Latin America, Volumes I–II.
UNESCO/Trotta, 1999–2003.

PACKET P14 — S342–S365
Columbian exchange, conquest, Atlantic slavery and biological recombination

Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange. 30th anniversary ed.,
Praeger, 2003.
Cook, Noble David. Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650.
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest.
Oxford University Press, 2003.
SlaveVoyages. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database.
https://www.slavevoyages.org/
Eltis, David, and David Richardson. Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
Yale University Press, 2010.
UNESCO. Routes of Enslaved Peoples.
https://www.unesco.org/en/routes-enslaved-peoples

PACKET P15 — S366–S405
Early modern empires, science, commerce, resistance and connected histories

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. Explorations in Connected History.
Oxford University Press, 2005.
Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution.
University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Pomeranz, Kenneth, and Steven Topik. The World That Trade Created.
4th ed., Routledge, 2017.
Darwin, John. After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405.
Bloomsbury, 2007.
Parker, Geoffrey. Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the
Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press, 2013.
The Cambridge World History, Volume VI: The Construction of a Global World,
1400–1800 CE. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

PACKET P16 — S406–S431
Population growth, industrialisation, revolutions and abolition

Wrigley, E. A. Energy and the English Industrial Revolution.
Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Allen, Robert C. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective.
Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Mokyr, Joel. The Enlightened Economy. Yale University Press, 2009.
Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Great Divergence.
Princeton University Press, 2000.
McNeill, J. R., and William H. McNeill. The Human Web.
W. W. Norton, 2003.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
World Population Prospects. https://population.un.org/wpp/

PACKET P17 — S432–S461
Revolutionary Atlantic, Napoleonic era, colonial restructuring and steam

Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962.
Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914.
Blackwell, 2004.
Osterhammel, Jürgen. The Transformation of the World.
Princeton University Press, 2014.
Bell, David A. The First Total War.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.
Headrick, Daniel R. The Tools of Empire.
Oxford University Press, 1981.
UNESCO. General History of the Caribbean, Volumes III–V.
UNESCO, 1997–2003.

PACKET P18 — S462–S489
Industrial technologies, communications, imperial expansion and emancipation

Headrick, Daniel R. The Tentacles of Progress.
Oxford University Press, 1988.
Standage, Tom. The Victorian Internet. Walker, 1998.
Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Capital, 1848–1875.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975.
Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Empire, 1875–1914.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987.
International Telecommunication Union. History of ITU.
https://www.itu.int/en/history/
UNESCO. General History of Africa, Volume VII: Africa under Colonial
Domination, 1880–1935. UNESCO, 1985.

PACKET P19 — S490–S535
Nation-states, empire, famine, social movements and international law

Osterhammel, Jürgen. Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview.
Markus Wiener, 2005.
Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts.
Verso, 2001.
International Committee of the Red Cross. Treaties, States Parties and
Commentaries database. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Women’s Suffrage historical data.
https://data.ipu.org/
International Labour Organization. History of the ILO.
https://www.ilo.org/about-ilo/history
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law.
https://legal.un.org/avl/

PACKET P20 — S536–S572
First World War, revolution, influenza, interwar order and economic crisis

Strachan, Hew. The First World War, Volume I: To Arms.
Oxford University Press, 2001.
International Committee of the Red Cross. First World War archives and
international humanitarian law resources. https://www.icrc.org/
United Nations Archives. League of Nations archival resources.
https://archives.ungeneva.org/lontad
Spinney, Laura. Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the
World. Jonathan Cape, 2017.
Tooze, Adam. The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order.
Allen Lane, 2014.
Eichengreen, Barry. Golden Fetters.
Oxford University Press, 1992.

PACKET P21 — S573–S611
Fascism, Second World War, genocide, atomic weapons and early computing

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia.
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/
United Nations. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide. https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/1948-convention
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Overy, Richard. Blood and Ruins: The Great Imperial War, 1931–1945.
Allen Lane, 2021.
Atomic Heritage Foundation. Manhattan Project and atomic history resources.
https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/
Computer History Museum. Timeline of Computer History.
https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/

PACKET P22 — S612–S647
United Nations, Cold War, decolonisation, nuclear order and public health

United Nations. Charter of the United Nations.
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter
United Nations. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial
Countries and Peoples, Resolution 1514 (XV).
https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/about
United Nations Treaty Collection. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons. https://treaties.un.org/
Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War.
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
World Health Organization. Smallpox eradication.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox
UNESCO. General History of Africa, Volume VIII: Africa since 1935.
UNESCO, 1993.

PACKET P23 — S648–S685
Integration, development, Green Revolution, spaceflight and Great Acceleration

NASA. NASA History Program and mission archives.
https://www.nasa.gov/history/
FAO. FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/
Evenson, Robert E., and Douglas Gollin. “Assessing the Impact of the Green
Revolution, 1960 to 2000.” Science 300.5620 (2003): 758–762.
Steffen, Will et al. “The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great
Acceleration.” Anthropocene Review 2.1 (2015): 81–98.
World Bank. World Development Indicators.
https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
OECD. OECD Data Explorer and historical statistics.
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/

PACKET P24 — S686–S717
Vietnam-era conflict, environmental governance, oil shocks and HIV/AIDS

United Nations Environment Programme. About UNEP and environmental
milestones. https://www.unep.org/who-we-are/about-us
United Nations. Stockholm 1972.
https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/stockholm1972
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Assessment reports.
https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/
UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics.
https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
World Health Organization. HIV and AIDS fact sheet.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
U.S. Office of the Historian. Oil Embargo, 1973–1974.
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo

PACKET P25 — S718–S742
Network computing, end of the Cold War, democratisation and climate regime

CERN. The birth of the Web. https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web
Internet Society. A Brief History of the Internet.
https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet/
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Convention text and
history. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change
Brown, Archie. The Gorbachev Factor.
Oxford University Press, 1996.
Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave.
University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
National Security Archive. End of the Cold War collections.
https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/

PACKET P26 — S743–S778
Globalisation, mobile systems, genome science and expanding digital networks

World Trade Organization. History of the multilateral trading system.
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/history_e/history_e.htm
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. “Finishing the euchromatic
sequence of the human genome.” Nature 431 (2004): 931–945.
National Human Genome Research Institute. Human Genome Project.
https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project
International Telecommunication Union. ICT statistics.
https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/
Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd ed.,
Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
World Bank. World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016

PACKET P27 — S779–S814
Climate governance, 11 September, wars, financial crisis and platform society

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.
The 9/11 Commission Report. 2004. https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/
United Nations Security Council. Resolutions and meeting records.
https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/content/resolutions
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. Final Report. 2011.
https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-FCIC
International Monetary Fund. Global Financial Stability Reports.
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/GFSR
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fifth Assessment Report.
https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar5/
Howard, Philip N., and Muzammil M. Hussain. Democracy’s Fourth Wave?
Oxford University Press, 2013.

PACKET P28 — S815–S853
SDGs, Paris climate accord, Belt and Road, AI acceleration and Anthropocene

United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1.
https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement.
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
World Bank. Belt and Road Economics.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/publication/belt-and-road-economics-opportunities-and-risks-of-transport-corridors
Silver, David et al. “Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and
tree search.” Nature 529 (2016): 484–489.
IPBES. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
https://ipbes.net/global-assessment
International Commission on Stratigraphy. “Anthropocene” decision and
stratigraphic status, 2024. https://stratigraphy.org/news/152

PACKET P29 — S854–S882
COVID-19, racial-justice mobilisation, Myanmar coup and Afghanistan transition

World Health Organization. Timeline: WHO’s COVID-19 response.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline
World Health Organization. Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the
International Health Regulations Emergency Committee, 5 May 2023.
https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic
Our World in Data. Coronavirus Pandemic data.
https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus
United Nations Human Rights Office. Myanmar human-rights reporting.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/countries/myanmar
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. Reports and updates.
https://unama.unmissions.org/
ACLED. Global conflict event data and methodology.
https://acleddata.com/

PACKET P30 — S883–S915
Ukraine, Gaza, Sudan, AI diffusion, biodiversity and energy transition

United Nations General Assembly. Ukraine emergency-special-session
resolutions. https://www.un.org/en/ga/sessions/emergency11th.shtml
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Occupied Palestinian
Territory. https://www.ochaopt.org/
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Sudan.
https://www.unocha.org/sudan
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Sudan emergency.
https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/sudan-emergency
Convention on Biological Diversity. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework. https://www.cbd.int/gbf
International Energy Agency. Renewables and World Energy Outlook series.
https://www.iea.org/topics/renewables
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence.
AI Index Report series. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index

PACKET P31 — S916–S943
2024–2026 planetary state: elections, climate, population and future governance

United Nations. Pact for the Future, Global Digital Compact and Declaration
on Future Generations, adopted 22 September 2024.
https://www.un.org/summit-of-the-future/pact-for-the-future
United Nations DESA. World Population Prospects 2024: Summary of Results.
https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf
World Meteorological Organization. State of the Global Climate 2024.
https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-global-climate-2024
World Meteorological Organization. State of the Global Climate 2025.
https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-global-climate/state-of-global-climate-2025
International Telecommunication Union. Facts and Figures 2025.
https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/facts-figures-2025/
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence.
AI Index Report 2025. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report

PACKET P32 — S944–S966
2025–2026 BaseFloor measurements: security, displacement, food, education,
poverty, planetary boundaries and material throughput

SIPRI. “Global military spending rise continues as European and Asian
expenditures surge,” 2026.
https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2026/global-military-spending-rise-continues-european-and-asian-expenditures-surge
SIPRI. “Increasing focus on nuclear weapons amid heightened escalation
risks,” SIPRI Yearbook release, 2026.
https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2026/increasing-focus-nuclear-weapons-amid-heightened-escalation-risks-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now
UNHCR. Global Trends 2025. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends
FAO et al. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026.
https://www.fao.org/publications/fao-flagship-publications/the-state-food-security-and-nutrition-in-the-world/en
UNESCO. Global Education Monitoring Report 2026: Access and Equity.
https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/publication/equity-and-access
World Bank. March 2026 Global Poverty Update.
https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/march-2026-global-poverty-update-from-the-world-bank–new-data-a
Stockholm Resilience Centre. Planetary Boundaries.
https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html
International Resource Panel. Global Resources Outlook 2024.
https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/global-resources-outlook-2024

PACKET P33 — S967–S987
2026 live layer: trade, AI, war and chokepoints, economy and cislunar activity

World Trade Organization. Global Trade Outlook and Statistics Update,
March 2026. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/gtos0326_e.pdf
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence.
AI Index Report 2026. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report
International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Update, July 2026.
https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2026/07/08/world-economic-outlook-update-july-2026
International Energy Agency. Global Energy Review 2026.
https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2026
Reuters. Russia–Ukraine War topic and dated reporting through 28 July 2026.
https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-russia-war/
Reuters. Middle East reporting on the 2026 US–Israel/Iran war, Strait of
Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb, dated through 28 July 2026.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/
Reuters. Gaza reporting dated through 28 July 2026.
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-yellow-line-shifting-edge-war-pushing-gazans-home-2026-07-28/
NASA. Artemis II mission. https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-ii/
NASA. Artemis II Splashdown and Recovery.
https://www.nasa.gov/gallery/artemis-ii-splashdown-and-recovery/
NASA. International Space Station mission and transition resources.
https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/

SOURCE-RESOLUTION GUARANTEE

P00 S001–S004 P17 S432–S461
P01 S005–S011 P18 S462–S489
P02 S012–S017 P19 S490–S535
P03 S018–S034 P20 S536–S572
P04 S035–S059 P21 S573–S611
P05 S060–S085 P22 S612–S647
P06 S086–S112 P23 S648–S685
P07 S113–S142 P24 S686–S717
P08 S143–S174 P25 S718–S742
P09 S175–S212 P26 S743–S778
P10 S213–S244 P27 S779–S814
P11 S245–S275 P28 S815–S853
P12 S276–S305 P29 S854–S882
P13 S306–S341 P30 S883–S915
P14 S342–S365 P31 S916–S943
P15 S366–S405 P32 S944–S966
P16 S406–S431 P33 S967–S987

The intervals are inclusive, ordered and contiguous. Their union is exactly
S001–S987. A future V1.x may replace a packet-level locator with a more precise
bibliographic assertion while preserving the S-key and record ID.

==============================================================================
41. VALIDATION, LIMITS AND V1.0 RELEASE MANIFEST
==============================================================================

RELEASE OBJECT

SPECIFICATION: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.SPEC.V1.0
OBJECT: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER
INSTANCE: CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER.V1
FILE: WORLD_CHRONOLOGY_MASTER.txt
ENCODING: UTF-8
CUT-OFF: 23:59 Asia/Singapore, 28 July 2026
STATUS: CANONICAL WORKING RELEASE — READY FOR REGIONAL CROSSWALK

RELEASE COUNTS

403 persistent chronology records: CA.WORLD.000001–CA.WORLD.000403
69 canonical synchronisation bands: W000–W068
148 parallel system tracks
64 first-pass graph-seed nodes
5 fully modelled graph-node examples
22 connector/transmission files in the first queue
60 canonical coverage objects: World Master + 59 geographic spines
34 contiguous evidence packets resolving S001–S987
2 worked crosswalks and 11 orientation cuts
42 numbered sections: 0–41

MACHINE-VALIDATION RESULT

PASS — all 403 record IDs are unique and sequential.
PASS — every record contains exactly one RECORD_CLASS.
PASS — every record contains exactly one DATE_STATUS.
PASS — every record contains exactly one CHRONOLOGY_TIME_ZOOM.
PASS — every record contains exactly one SYNCHRONISATION_BAND.
PASS — every record contains exactly one PLACE and one ENTITY field.
PASS — every record contains exactly one ENTITY_TYPE.
PASS — every record contains exactly one EVENT/CONDITION and DOMAIN field.
PASS — every record contains exactly one EVIDENCE_TYPE.
PASS — every record contains exactly one CONFIDENCE and SOURCE KEYS field.
PASS — populated date, class, evidence and entity enums are canonical or
declared additive.
PASS — all referenced W-band endpoints lie inside W000–W068.
PASS — all record source-key endpoints lie inside S001–S987.
PASS — source packets are inclusive, ordered, contiguous and gap-free.
PASS — UTF-8 decoding succeeds; no NUL bytes or unresolved work markers.

INDIA-FORMAT CONTINUITY

The World Master retains the successful India chronology’s readable sequence:

date
-> place
-> entity
-> event or condition
-> system domain
-> evidence
-> confidence
-> graph/Atlas enrichment where useful

It improves the format by adding persistent record IDs, explicit record
classes, canonical W-bands, chronology-time zoom, entity typing, controlled
evidence types, a closed coverage queue, connector separation, source-packet
resolution and a machine-conversion contract. India remains a valid composite
chronology; a later revision can add these fields without discarding its local
periodisation or prose.

KNOWN LIMITS

This is an alignment spine, not an exhaustive encyclopaedia. Selection
favours changes needed to orient multiple regions or system tracks.
Regional variation is necessarily compressed. The 59 geographic spines
must expand local peoples, sites, chronologies, languages, oral
traditions, institutions and disagreements.
Packet-level S-keys are sufficient for V1.0 provenance but not the final
claim-level citation graph. Regional production should refine them.
Deep-time dates and inferred population histories remain revisable as
methods, finds and calibrations change.
Historical demographic and mortality totals are definition-sensitive and
often ranges. The Atlas must preserve definitions, uncertainty and source
dates instead of selecting a falsely exact headline.
Open wars, displacement, economy, climate, trade and AI measurements in
the live layer are valid only as-of the declared source and review dates.
Capability stages describe system capacity, not moral worth, human value
or entitlement to rule. No population is ranked by ethnicity.
A regional absence in this master cannot be interpreted as absence from
history. It means that greater resolution belongs in the regional file.

NEXT CANONICAL BUILD ORDER

Freeze this World Master as the parent clock.
Convert the India composite to additive W-band and persistent-ID fields
without destroying the existing prose chronology.
Build or revise each regional spine independently at maximum defensible
local resolution.
Create time-band crosswalks only after the participating regional records
pass the same validation contract.
Create connector edges only where carrier, direction and evidence exist.
Promote recurring objects into graph nodes while preserving origin
uncertainty, adaptation and many-to-many relationships.

END OF CIVATLAS.CHRONOLOGY.WORLD.MASTER.V1
END OF FILE — 28 JULY 2026 CUT-OFF

CIVILISATION ATLAS CHRONOLOGY WORLD / HUMANITY — MASTER CHRONOLOGICAL SPINEPLANETARY SUBSTRATE TO 28 JULY 2026