Top 100 Vocabulary for Visiting and Touring Korea | Seongnam
Welcome to Seongnam! Pangyo Techno Valley offers a journey through technology: how a startup becomes a product, how a software team organises work, how code reaches production, and how founders measure whether users actually stay. These 100 English words and expressions use simplified Chinese meanings and bilingual examples for technology, startups and software.
The official Pangyo Techno Valley site describes the district as a major innovation cluster and identifies facilities including Startup Campus, the Gyeonggi Center for Creative Economy & Innovation and the Global R&D Center. The vocabulary here is therefore about the systems surrounding a technology company, not about pretending that every private office is a tourist attraction.
How to use this guide / 使用说明： Finance and software terms are simplified for learning, not investment, legal or technical advice. Company metrics differ by industry and business model. “Top 100” is our teaching selection, not a ranking of startups or technologies. Use public events, authorised programmes and open visitor spaces rather than assuming access to private workplaces.
Your destination / 目的地： Seongnam — 城南 — 성남. Pangyo Techno Valley and Startup Campus are in Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si.
Find your next situation / 快速导航
1. Startup campus and early support · 2. Venture funding and company ownership · 3. Options, cash and recurring revenue · 4. Product-market fit and customer discovery · 5. Roadmaps, agile work and bug tracking · 6. Version control and deployment automation · 7. Live environments, latency and APIs · 8. Databases, cloud infrastructure and caching · 9. Observability and product analytics · 10. Onboarding, business models and pitching
1. Startup campus and early support | Words 1–10
1. startup campus
Pronunciation: STARTUP CAMPUS · 中文： 创业园区 · Meaning: a place designed to support new companies with workspace, programmes or shared resources.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, startup campus helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“创业园区”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
2. innovation cluster
Pronunciation: INNOVATION CLUSTER · 中文： 创新集群 · Meaning: a geographic concentration of companies, research organisations and support institutions.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, innovation cluster helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“创新集群”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
3. venture company
Pronunciation: VENTURE COMPANY · 中文： 创业企业 · Meaning: a company pursuing growth through new products, technologies or business models.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, venture company helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“创业企业”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
4. startup founder
Pronunciation: STARTUP FOUNDER · 中文： 创业创始人 · Meaning: a person who starts and leads a new company.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, startup founder helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“创业创始人”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
5. cofounder
Pronunciation: COFOUNDER · 中文： 联合创始人 · Meaning: a person who starts a company together with one or more other founders.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, cofounder helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“联合创始人”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
6. founding team
Pronunciation: FOUNDING TEAM · 中文： 创始团队 · Meaning: the early group that builds a startup from its beginning.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, founding team helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“创始团队”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
7. startup accelerator
Pronunciation: STARTUP ACCELERATOR · 中文： 创业加速器 · Meaning: a programme that helps startups grow through mentoring, networks and structured support.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, startup accelerator helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“创业加速器”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
8. incubator
Pronunciation: INCUBATOR · 中文： 孵化器 · Meaning: an organisation or programme that helps very early-stage companies develop.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, incubator helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“孵化器”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
9. seed funding
Pronunciation: SEED FUNDING · 中文： 种子轮融资 · Meaning: early investment used to develop a startup before larger funding rounds.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, seed funding helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“种子轮融资”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
10. angel investor
Pronunciation: ANGEL INVESTOR · 中文： 天使投资人 · Meaning: an individual who invests personal capital in an early-stage company.
Example: At Pangyo Startup Campus, angel investor helped us understand how an early company is supported.
中文例句： 在板桥创业园区，“天使投资人”帮助我们理解早期企业怎样获得支持。
2. Venture funding and company ownership | Words 11–20
11. venture capital
Pronunciation: VENTURE CAPITAL · 中文： 风险投资 · Meaning: professional investment capital provided to high-growth private companies.
Example: A startup funding example used venture capital to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“风险投资”解释所有权与投资。
12. funding round
Pronunciation: FUNDING ROUND · 中文： 融资轮次 · Meaning: a defined stage in which a company raises investment.
Example: A startup funding example used funding round to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“融资轮次”解释所有权与投资。
13. pre-seed
Pronunciation: PRE-SEED · 中文： 种子前融资 · Meaning: very early funding used before a conventional seed round.
Example: A startup funding example used pre-seed to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“种子前融资”解释所有权与投资。
14. Series A
Pronunciation: SERIES A · 中文： A轮融资 · Meaning: an early institutional funding round usually following seed financing.
Example: A startup funding example used Series A to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“A轮融资”解释所有权与投资。
15. term sheet
Pronunciation: TERM SHEET · 中文： 投资条款清单 · Meaning: a document summarising the main proposed terms of an investment.
Example: A startup funding example used term sheet to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“投资条款清单”解释所有权与投资。
16. equity stake
Pronunciation: EQUITY STAKE · 中文： 股权比例 · Meaning: a share of ownership in a company.
Example: A startup funding example used equity stake to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“股权比例”解释所有权与投资。
17. company valuation
Pronunciation: COMPANY VALUATION · 中文： 公司估值 · Meaning: an estimated monetary value assigned to a company.
Example: A startup funding example used company valuation to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“公司估值”解释所有权与投资。
18. dilution
Pronunciation: DILUTION · 中文： 股权稀释 · Meaning: the reduction of an existing owner’s ownership percentage after new shares are issued.
Example: A startup funding example used dilution to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“股权稀释”解释所有权与投资。
19. cap table
Pronunciation: CAP TABLE · 中文： 股权结构表 · Meaning: a table showing company ownership and securities.
Example: A startup funding example used cap table to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“股权结构表”解释所有权与投资。
20. shareholder
Pronunciation: SHAREHOLDER · 中文： 股东 · Meaning: a person or organisation that owns shares in a company.
Example: A startup funding example used shareholder to explain ownership and investment.
中文例句： 创业融资示例用“股东”解释所有权与投资。
3. Options, cash and recurring revenue | Words 21–30
21. stock option
Pronunciation: STOCK OPTION · 中文： 股票期权 · Meaning: a right to buy company shares later under specified terms.
Example: The business model exercise used stock option to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“股票期权”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
22. employee stock option
Pronunciation: EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTION · 中文： 员工股票期权 · Meaning: a stock option granted to an employee as part of compensation.
Example: The business model exercise used employee stock option to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“员工股票期权”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
23. vesting schedule
Pronunciation: VESTING SCHEDULE · 中文： 归属期计划 · Meaning: the timetable under which rights such as stock options become earned.
Example: The business model exercise used vesting schedule to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“归属期计划”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
24. cash runway
Pronunciation: CASH RUNWAY · 中文： 现金可维持期 · Meaning: the estimated time a company can keep operating before existing cash is exhausted.
Example: The business model exercise used cash runway to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“现金可维持期”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
25. burn rate
Pronunciation: BURN RATE · 中文： 资金消耗率 · Meaning: the rate at which a company spends its available cash.
Example: The business model exercise used burn rate to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“资金消耗率”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
26. operating expense
Pronunciation: OPERATING EXPENSE · 中文： 运营支出 · Meaning: day-to-day costs of running a business.
Example: The business model exercise used operating expense to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“运营支出”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
27. monthly recurring revenue
Pronunciation: MONTHLY RECURRING REVENUE · 中文： 月度经常性收入 · Meaning: predictable subscription-style revenue expected each month.
Example: The business model exercise used monthly recurring revenue to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“月度经常性收入”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
28. annual recurring revenue
Pronunciation: ANNUAL RECURRING REVENUE · 中文： 年度经常性收入 · Meaning: recurring revenue normalised to a yearly amount.
Example: The business model exercise used annual recurring revenue to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“年度经常性收入”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
29. customer acquisition cost
Pronunciation: CUSTOMER ACQUISITION COST · 中文： 客户获取成本 · Meaning: the average cost of acquiring a new customer.
Example: The business model exercise used customer acquisition cost to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“客户获取成本”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
30. lifetime value
Pronunciation: LIFETIME VALUE · 中文： 客户终身价值 · Meaning: the estimated value generated by a customer over the relationship.
Example: The business model exercise used lifetime value to connect spending, revenue and company survival.
中文例句： 商业模式练习用“客户终身价值”把支出、收入与公司的持续运营联系起来。
4. Product-market fit and customer discovery | Words 31–40
31. unit economics
Pronunciation: UNIT ECONOMICS · 中文： 单位经济模型 · Meaning: the revenue and cost relationship associated with one customer or unit.
Example: A product workshop used unit economics to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“单位经济模型”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
32. gross margin
Pronunciation: GROSS MARGIN · 中文： 毛利率 · Meaning: the share of revenue remaining after direct cost of goods or services.
Example: A product workshop used gross margin to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“毛利率”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
33. product-market fit
Pronunciation: PRODUCT-MARKET FIT · 中文： 产品市场匹配 · Meaning: a condition in which a product strongly meets the needs of a target market.
Example: A product workshop used product-market fit to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“产品市场匹配”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
34. market validation
Pronunciation: MARKET VALIDATION · 中文： 市场验证 · Meaning: evidence that target customers actually want or will pay for a proposed solution.
Example: A product workshop used market validation to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“市场验证”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
35. user interview
Pronunciation: USER INTERVIEW · 中文： 用户访谈 · Meaning: a structured conversation used to learn about user needs and behaviour.
Example: A product workshop used user interview to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“用户访谈”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
36. customer discovery
Pronunciation: CUSTOMER DISCOVERY · 中文： 客户发现 · Meaning: the process of testing assumptions about customers and their problems.
Example: A product workshop used customer discovery to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“客户发现”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
37. pain point
Pronunciation: PAIN POINT · 中文： 痛点 · Meaning: a specific problem or frustration experienced by a customer.
Example: A product workshop used pain point to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“痛点”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
38. value proposition
Pronunciation: VALUE PROPOSITION · 中文： 价值主张 · Meaning: a clear statement of the value a product promises to deliver.
Example: A product workshop used value proposition to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“价值主张”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
39. minimum viable product
Pronunciation: MINIMUM VIABLE PRODUCT · 中文： 最小可行产品 · Meaning: the simplest usable product built to test important assumptions.
Example: A product workshop used minimum viable product to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“最小可行产品”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
40. prototype sprint
Pronunciation: PROTOTYPE SPRINT · 中文： 原型冲刺 · Meaning: a short focused period used to build and test a prototype.
Example: A product workshop used prototype sprint to test whether the team understood a real customer problem.
中文例句： 产品工作坊用“原型冲刺”检验团队是否真正理解客户问题。
5. Roadmaps, agile work and bug tracking | Words 41–50
41. product roadmap
Pronunciation: PRODUCT ROADMAP · 中文： 产品路线图 · Meaning: a plan showing intended product direction and major future work.
Example: The software team used product roadmap to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“产品路线图”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
42. feature backlog
Pronunciation: FEATURE BACKLOG · 中文： 功能待办列表 · Meaning: a prioritised list of product features or improvements not yet completed.
Example: The software team used feature backlog to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“功能待办列表”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
43. user story
Pronunciation: USER STORY · 中文： 用户故事 · Meaning: a short statement describing a user need from the user’s perspective.
Example: The software team used user story to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“用户故事”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
44. acceptance criteria
Pronunciation: ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA · 中文： 验收标准 · Meaning: conditions that must be met for work to be considered complete.
Example: The software team used acceptance criteria to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“验收标准”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
45. sprint planning
Pronunciation: SPRINT PLANNING · 中文： 冲刺规划 · Meaning: a meeting where a team selects and plans work for an upcoming sprint.
Example: The software team used sprint planning to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“冲刺规划”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
46. agile sprint
Pronunciation: AGILE SPRINT · 中文： 敏捷冲刺 · Meaning: a short fixed period in which a team completes selected work.
Example: The software team used agile sprint to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“敏捷冲刺”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
47. stand-up meeting
Pronunciation: STAND-UP MEETING · 中文： 站会 · Meaning: a brief recurring team meeting used to coordinate work.
Example: The software team used stand-up meeting to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“站会”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
48. sprint retrospective
Pronunciation: SPRINT RETROSPECTIVE · 中文： 冲刺复盘 · Meaning: a meeting after a sprint to review what worked and what should improve.
Example: The software team used sprint retrospective to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“冲刺复盘”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
49. issue tracker
Pronunciation: ISSUE TRACKER · 中文： 问题跟踪器 · Meaning: a system used to record and manage bugs, tasks and technical issues.
Example: The software team used issue tracker to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“问题跟踪器”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
50. bug report
Pronunciation: BUG REPORT · 中文： 错误报告 · Meaning: a record describing a software defect and its observed behaviour.
Example: The software team used bug report to organise work before writing or fixing code.
中文例句： 软件团队用“错误报告”在编写或修复代码前组织工作。
6. Version control and deployment automation | Words 51–60
51. reproduction steps
Pronunciation: REPRODUCTION STEPS · 中文： 复现步骤 · Meaning: instructions explaining how to make a software problem occur again.
Example: A development workflow used reproduction steps to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“复现步骤”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
52. software patch
Pronunciation: SOFTWARE PATCH · 中文： 软件补丁 · Meaning: a small software update that fixes or changes existing code.
Example: A development workflow used software patch to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“软件补丁”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
53. version control
Pronunciation: VERSION CONTROL · 中文： 版本控制 · Meaning: a system that tracks changes to files and source code over time.
Example: A development workflow used version control to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“版本控制”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
54. source code repository
Pronunciation: SOURCE CODE REPOSITORY · 中文： 源代码仓库 · Meaning: a managed storage location for source code and its history.
Example: A development workflow used source code repository to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“源代码仓库”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
55. branch merge
Pronunciation: BRANCH MERGE · 中文： 分支合并 · Meaning: combining changes from one code branch into another.
Example: A development workflow used branch merge to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“分支合并”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
56. code review
Pronunciation: CODE REVIEW · 中文： 代码审查 · Meaning: systematic examination of code changes by other developers.
Example: A development workflow used code review to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“代码审查”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
57. pull request
Pronunciation: PULL REQUEST · 中文： 合并请求 · Meaning: a request to review and merge proposed code changes.
Example: A development workflow used pull request to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“合并请求”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
58. continuous integration
Pronunciation: CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION · 中文： 持续集成 · Meaning: automatically building and testing code changes as they are combined.
Example: A development workflow used continuous integration to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“持续集成”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
59. continuous deployment
Pronunciation: CONTINUOUS DEPLOYMENT · 中文： 持续部署 · Meaning: automatically releasing validated changes to a live environment.
Example: A development workflow used continuous deployment to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“持续部署”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
60. build pipeline
Pronunciation: BUILD PIPELINE · 中文： 构建流水线 · Meaning: an automated sequence that builds, tests and packages software.
Example: A development workflow used build pipeline to explain how code moves from a developer to a tested build.
中文例句： 开发流程用“构建流水线”解释代码怎样从开发者手中进入测试构建。
7. Live environments, latency and APIs | Words 61–70
61. staging environment
Pronunciation: STAGING ENVIRONMENT · 中文： 预发布环境 · Meaning: a test environment designed to resemble production before release.
Example: The system diagram used staging environment to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“预发布环境”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
62. production environment
Pronunciation: PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT · 中文： 生产环境 · Meaning: the live environment used by real users.
Example: The system diagram used production environment to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“生产环境”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
63. release candidate
Pronunciation: RELEASE CANDIDATE · 中文： 候选发布版本 · Meaning: a build considered potentially ready for public release.
Example: The system diagram used release candidate to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“候选发布版本”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
64. rollback
Pronunciation: ROLLBACK · 中文： 回滚 · Meaning: reverting software or data to an earlier known state.
Example: The system diagram used rollback to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“回滚”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
65. uptime
Pronunciation: UPTIME · 中文： 正常运行时间 · Meaning: the period during which a system remains available and functioning.
Example: The system diagram used uptime to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“正常运行时间”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
66. latency
Pronunciation: LATENCY · 中文： 延迟 · Meaning: the time delay between an action or request and its response.
Example: The system diagram used latency to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“延迟”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
67. server response time
Pronunciation: SERVER RESPONSE TIME · 中文： 服务器响应时间 · Meaning: the time a server takes to respond to a request.
Example: The system diagram used server response time to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“服务器响应时间”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
68. API endpoint
Pronunciation: API ENDPOINT · 中文： API端点 · Meaning: a defined network address where an application interface receives requests.
Example: The system diagram used API endpoint to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“API端点”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
69. API request
Pronunciation: API REQUEST · 中文： API请求 · Meaning: a message sent to an application programming interface.
Example: The system diagram used API request to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“API请求”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
70. JSON response
Pronunciation: JSON RESPONSE · 中文： JSON响应 · Meaning: data returned in JavaScript Object Notation format.
Example: The system diagram used JSON response to describe how a live software service answers requests.
中文例句： 系统图用“JSON响应”描述线上软件服务怎样响应请求。
8. Databases, cloud infrastructure and caching | Words 71–80
71. authentication token
Pronunciation: AUTHENTICATION TOKEN · 中文： 认证令牌 · Meaning: a digital token used to prove a user’s or system’s identity.
Example: A cloud architecture example used authentication token to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“认证令牌”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
72. authorization rule
Pronunciation: AUTHORIZATION RULE · 中文： 授权规则 · Meaning: a rule defining what an authenticated user or system is allowed to do.
Example: A cloud architecture example used authorization rule to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“授权规则”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
73. database table
Pronunciation: DATABASE TABLE · 中文： 数据库表 · Meaning: a structured set of records organised in rows and columns.
Example: A cloud architecture example used database table to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“数据库表”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
74. database query
Pronunciation: DATABASE QUERY · 中文： 数据库查询 · Meaning: a request to retrieve or change data in a database.
Example: A cloud architecture example used database query to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“数据库查询”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
75. schema migration
Pronunciation: SCHEMA MIGRATION · 中文： 数据库模式迁移 · Meaning: a controlled change to the structure of a database.
Example: A cloud architecture example used schema migration to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“数据库模式迁移”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
76. cloud server
Pronunciation: CLOUD SERVER · 中文： 云服务器 · Meaning: computing capacity provided through remote cloud infrastructure.
Example: A cloud architecture example used cloud server to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“云服务器”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
77. container image
Pronunciation: CONTAINER IMAGE · 中文： 容器镜像 · Meaning: a packaged template containing software and its runtime dependencies.
Example: A cloud architecture example used container image to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“容器镜像”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
78. deployment region
Pronunciation: DEPLOYMENT REGION · 中文： 部署区域 · Meaning: the geographic cloud region where an application is deployed.
Example: A cloud architecture example used deployment region to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“部署区域”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
79. load balancer
Pronunciation: LOAD BALANCER · 中文： 负载均衡器 · Meaning: a system that distributes traffic across multiple servers or services.
Example: A cloud architecture example used load balancer to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“负载均衡器”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
80. cache layer
Pronunciation: CACHE LAYER · 中文： 缓存层 · Meaning: temporary fast storage used to reduce repeated computation or data retrieval.
Example: A cloud architecture example used cache layer to show where data and computing services fit.
中文例句： 云架构示例用“缓存层”说明数据和计算服务的位置。
9. Observability and product analytics | Words 81–90
81. observability
Pronunciation: OBSERVABILITY · 中文： 可观测性 · Meaning: the ability to understand a system’s internal state from logs, metrics and traces.
Example: The dashboard used observability to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“可观测性”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
82. application log
Pronunciation: APPLICATION LOG · 中文： 应用日志 · Meaning: a chronological record of events generated by software.
Example: The dashboard used application log to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“应用日志”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
83. error trace
Pronunciation: ERROR TRACE · 中文： 错误追踪 · Meaning: a recorded sequence showing where and how a software error occurred.
Example: The dashboard used error trace to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“错误追踪”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
84. performance metric
Pronunciation: PERFORMANCE METRIC · 中文： 性能指标 · Meaning: a measured value describing system speed, reliability or resource use.
Example: The dashboard used performance metric to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“性能指标”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
85. user analytics
Pronunciation: USER ANALYTICS · 中文： 用户分析 · Meaning: data analysis used to understand how people use a product.
Example: The dashboard used user analytics to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“用户分析”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
86. A/B test
Pronunciation: A/B TEST · 中文： A/B测试 · Meaning: an experiment comparing two versions to measure differences in user response.
Example: The dashboard used A/B test to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“A/B测试”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
87. conversion funnel
Pronunciation: CONVERSION FUNNEL · 中文： 转化漏斗 · Meaning: the sequence of steps users pass through toward a target action.
Example: The dashboard used conversion funnel to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“转化漏斗”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
88. retention rate
Pronunciation: RETENTION RATE · 中文： 留存率 · Meaning: the proportion of users who continue using a product over time.
Example: The dashboard used retention rate to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“留存率”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
89. churn rate
Pronunciation: CHURN RATE · 中文： 流失率 · Meaning: the proportion of users or customers who stop using a product over time.
Example: The dashboard used churn rate to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“流失率”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
90. cohort analysis
Pronunciation: COHORT ANALYSIS · 中文： 同期群分析 · Meaning: analysis comparing groups of users who share a starting period or characteristic.
Example: The dashboard used cohort analysis to turn software behaviour and user activity into measurable evidence.
中文例句： 仪表板用“同期群分析”把软件行为和用户活动转化成可测量的证据。
10. Onboarding, business models and pitching | Words 91–100
91. feature flag
Pronunciation: FEATURE FLAG · 中文： 功能开关 · Meaning: a control that turns a software feature on or off without removing its code.
Example: At demo day, feature flag helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“功能开关”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
92. user onboarding
Pronunciation: USER ONBOARDING · 中文： 用户引导 · Meaning: the process of helping a new user learn and begin using a product.
Example: At demo day, user onboarding helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“用户引导”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
93. signup flow
Pronunciation: SIGNUP FLOW · 中文： 注册流程 · Meaning: the sequence a user follows to create an account.
Example: At demo day, signup flow helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“注册流程”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
94. subscription plan
Pronunciation: SUBSCRIPTION PLAN · 中文： 订阅方案 · Meaning: a defined package of recurring service access and pricing.
Example: At demo day, subscription plan helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“订阅方案”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
95. freemium model
Pronunciation: FREEMIUM MODEL · 中文： 免费增值模式 · Meaning: a business model offering a free basic service with paid upgrades.
Example: At demo day, freemium model helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“免费增值模式”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
96. enterprise customer
Pronunciation: ENTERPRISE CUSTOMER · 中文： 企业客户 · Meaning: an organisation purchasing products or services for business use.
Example: At demo day, enterprise customer helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“企业客户”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
97. business-to-business
Pronunciation: BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS · 中文： 企业对企业 · Meaning: commercial activity in which one business sells to another business.
Example: At demo day, business-to-business helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“企业对企业”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
98. business-to-consumer
Pronunciation: BUSINESS-TO-CONSUMER · 中文： 企业对消费者 · Meaning: commercial activity in which a business sells directly to individual consumers.
Example: At demo day, business-to-consumer helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“企业对消费者”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
99. pitch deck
Pronunciation: PITCH DECK · 中文： 融资演示文稿 · Meaning: a slide presentation used to explain a startup to investors or partners.
Example: At demo day, pitch deck helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“融资演示文稿”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
100. demo day
Pronunciation: DEMO DAY · 中文： 路演日 · Meaning: an event where startups present products or businesses to investors and audiences.
Example: At demo day, demo day helped us connect the finished product with customers, pricing and investment.
中文例句： 在路演日，“路演日”帮助我们把完成的产品与客户、定价和投资联系起来。
How to read Pangyo as a startup system
A startup is not only an idea and a founder. It has an ownership structure, cash constraints, customer assumptions, a product roadmap and a technical system that must keep working after launch. The vocabulary becomes useful when the learner follows those dependencies in order rather than memorising fashionable business words.
Software creates another useful chain. A user story becomes planned work; code changes enter version control; continuous integration tests them; a staging environment checks the release; production serves real users; observability shows what happens next. Product analytics then returns evidence to the business team. That loop is why startup vocabulary and software vocabulary belong together here.
Five useful questions / 五个实用问题
- What customer problem is this product trying to solve? / 这个产品想解决什么客户问题？
- What evidence supports product-market fit? / 哪些证据支持产品市场匹配？
- How does a code change move from review to production? / 代码修改怎样从审查进入生产环境？
- Which metric shows whether users return after signup? / 哪个指标能显示用户注册后是否会回来？
- Is this programme or event open to public visitors? / 这个项目或活动对公众访客开放吗？
Write the loop from idea to user / 从想法写到用户
Model paragraph — an imagined startup event: In Seongnam, a product demo made the startup vocabulary connect. The founder began with a customer pain point and a minimum viable product, but the software team described a different chain: user stories, code review, continuous integration and deployment. After launch, the dashboard showed retention rate and churn rate. The interesting part was the loop—user evidence changed the roadmap, and the roadmap changed what the developers built next.
中文参考： 在城南，一场产品演示把创业词汇真正连接了起来。创始人从客户痛点和最小可行产品讲起，而软件团队描述的是另一条链：用户故事、代码审查、持续集成和部署。上线后，仪表板显示留存率和流失率。最有意思的是这个循环——用户证据改变产品路线图，路线图又改变开发团队下一步要做什么。
Follow the dependencies
Compare seed funding with venture capital, minimum viable product with a finished product, and staging environment with production environment. Then draw one loop: customer discovery → product roadmap → development → deployment → analytics → revision. Continue with The Fencing Method for Vocabulary and the South Korea writing workbook.
Continue touring Korea
Official Pangyo information
Pangyo Techno Valley official English site
Pangyo Techno Valley: Startup Campus location and access
Pangyo Techno Valley: Global R&D Center
Check current event and programme information before visiting. Private offices and company facilities are not assumed to be open to the public.