Did you know that a flower-like pattern in a stone can begin with minerals rather than petals? Welcome to Cheongsong, a destination where a scenic walk can open into questions about volcanic material, cooling, fossil evidence and the long history of the land.
UNESCO’s Cheongsong Global Geopark profile highlights spherulitic rhyolite, locally called Flower Stone, and the Flower Stone Ecotrail. It also identifies the Sinseongri dinosaur-footprint experience area and Yongchu Gorge among the geopark’s learning attractions.
This guide gives you 100 English words and expressions with approximate pronunciation cues, Chinese meanings, definitions and bilingual examples. The list is a learning toolkit for interpreting geology, not a claim that every named rock, structure or process appears at every stop. The examples are eduKateSG illustrations.
Your destination: Cheongsong County / 青松郡 / 청송군. Select your route using current geopark and park information. Photograph protected features and follow collecting restrictions; the best souvenir may be a clear sketch and a much better explanation.
How to use this list: Choose a situation, read five to ten entries, say the pronunciation cues aloud and use two expressions in your own sentence. Capital letters in the cues indicate an approximate stressed sound; these are learning aids rather than IPA. Chinese translations explain the selected meaning, so context still matters.
Find your next situation / 快速导航
1. Read the flower-like rock texture · 2. Follow magma and cooling · 3. Understand volcanic deposits · 4. Compare rock structures · 5. Place rocks in Earth’s history · 6. Interpret fossil evidence · 7. Explain changing landforms · 8. Record geological features · 9. Ask about springs and water · 10. Build a geological story
Cheongsong context · Plan and observe · Conversation · Writing · Precision · Practice · FAQs · Continue learning · Official sources
1. Read the flower-like rock texture | Words 1–10
1. rhyolite
Pronunciation cue: RY-uh-lyt · 中文： 流纹岩 · Meaning: a fine-grained volcanic rock rich in silica.
Example: The guide identified the sample as rhyolite.
中文例句： 向导把这块样本鉴定为流纹岩。
2. spherulite
Pronunciation cue: SFEER-yuh-lyt · 中文： 球粒 · Meaning: a rounded structure formed by radiating mineral growth.
Example: A spherulite appeared as a circular pattern in the cut surface.
中文例句： 切面上的球粒呈现圆形图案。
3. spherulitic texture
Pronunciation cue: sfeer-yuh-LIT-ik TEKS-chuh · 中文： 球粒结构 · Meaning: a rock texture containing rounded radiating mineral structures.
Example: Spherulitic texture gave the sample its flower-like appearance.
中文例句： 球粒结构使样本呈现花朵般的外观。
4. silica content
Pronunciation cue: SIL-i-kuh KON-tent · 中文： 二氧化硅含量 · Meaning: the proportion of silica in a material.
Example: Silica content influences the properties of volcanic magma.
中文例句： 二氧化硅含量影响火山岩浆的性质。
5. volcanic glass
Pronunciation cue: vol-KAN-ik glas · 中文： 火山玻璃 · Meaning: natural glass produced when magma cools without extensive crystallisation.
Example: Volcanic glass lacks the obvious crystals found in some rocks.
中文例句： 火山玻璃没有某些岩石中明显可见的晶体。
6. devitrification
Pronunciation cue: dee-vit-ri-fi-KAY-shuhn · 中文： 脱玻化 · Meaning: the formation of crystals within formerly glassy material.
Example: Devitrification can change the texture of volcanic glass.
中文例句： 脱玻化能改变火山玻璃的结构。
7. radiating crystals
Pronunciation cue: RAY-dee-ay-ting KRIS-tuhlz · 中文： 放射状晶体 · Meaning: crystals growing outward from a central point.
Example: The drawing showed radiating crystals within a sphere.
中文例句： 图画展示了球体内向外生长的放射状晶体。
8. concentric banding
Pronunciation cue: kuhn-SEN-trik BAN-ding · 中文： 同心条带 · Meaning: bands arranged around the same central point.
Example: Concentric banding made the stone look like a target.
中文例句： 同心条带让石头看起来像靶心。
9. flow banding
Pronunciation cue: floh BAN-ding · 中文： 流动条带 · Meaning: bands recording movement or differences within flowing magma.
Example: Flow banding suggested that the material once moved.
中文例句： 流动条带说明这些材料曾经流动。
10. felsic composition
Pronunciation cue: FEL-sik kom-puh-ZISH-uhn · 中文： 长英质组成 · Meaning: a composition relatively rich in silica and light-coloured minerals.
Example: Felsic composition helps distinguish rhyolite from basalt.
中文例句： 长英质组成有助于区分流纹岩与玄武岩。
2. Follow magma and cooling | Words 11–20
11. magma viscosity
Pronunciation cue: MAG-muh vis-KOS-i-tee · 中文： 岩浆黏度 · Meaning: a measure of magma’s resistance to flow.
Example: Magma viscosity affects how easily molten material moves.
中文例句： 岩浆黏度影响熔融物质流动的难易程度。
12. silica-rich magma
Pronunciation cue: SIL-i-kuh rich MAG-muh · 中文： 富硅岩浆 · Meaning: magma with a relatively high proportion of silica.
Example: Silica-rich magma often has high viscosity.
中文例句： 富硅岩浆通常黏度较高。
13. magma chamber
Pronunciation cue: MAG-muh CHAYM-buh · 中文： 岩浆房 · Meaning: a subsurface region where magma accumulates.
Example: The diagram placed the magma chamber beneath the volcano.
中文例句： 示意图把岩浆房画在火山下方。
14. magma ascent
Pronunciation cue: MAG-muh uh-SENT · 中文： 岩浆上升 · Meaning: the upward movement of magma through the crust.
Example: Magma ascent carries molten material towards the surface.
中文例句： 岩浆上升把熔融物质带向地表。
15. feldspar
Pronunciation cue: FELD-spar · 中文： 长石 · Meaning: a widespread group of rock-forming silicate minerals.
Example: Feldspar is one mineral group that may occur in rhyolite.
中文例句： 长石是流纹岩中可能出现的一类矿物。
16. quartz phenocryst
Pronunciation cue: kworts FEN-uh-krist · 中文： 石英斑晶 · Meaning: a relatively large quartz crystal within a finer rock matrix.
Example: A quartz phenocryst stood out against the fine background.
中文例句： 石英斑晶在细粒背景中很显眼。
17. cooling history
Pronunciation cue: KOO-ling HIS-tuh-ree · 中文： 冷却历史 · Meaning: the sequence and rate of temperature changes as material cools.
Example: The rock’s texture offers clues to its cooling history.
中文例句： 岩石结构为冷却历史提供线索。
18. volatile gas
Pronunciation cue: VOL-uh-tyl gas · 中文： 挥发性气体 · Meaning: a gaseous component released from magma.
Example: Volatile gas can influence volcanic eruption behaviour.
中文例句： 挥发性气体能影响火山喷发方式。
19. magma-water interaction
Pronunciation cue: MAG-muh WAW-tuh in-tuh-AK-shuhn · 中文： 岩浆与水相互作用 · Meaning: processes occurring when magma comes into contact with water.
Example: Magma-water interaction can fragment hot volcanic material.
中文例句： 岩浆与水相互作用可能使高温火山物质破碎。
20. eruption deposit
Pronunciation cue: ih-RUP-shuhn dih-POZ-it · 中文： 喷发沉积物 · Meaning: material laid down by a volcanic eruption.
Example: An eruption deposit records an earlier volcanic event.
中文例句： 喷发沉积物记录了一次早期火山事件。
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3. Understand volcanic deposits | Words 21–30
21. volcanic ash
Pronunciation cue: vol-KAN-ik ash · 中文： 火山灰 · Meaning: fine fragments of rock, minerals and glass ejected during an eruption.
Example: Volcanic ash is not the same as ash from burning wood.
中文例句： 火山灰与燃烧木材产生的灰不同。
22. ash-flow tuff
Pronunciation cue: ash floh tuf · 中文： 火山灰流凝灰岩 · Meaning: rock formed from ash deposited by a moving pyroclastic flow.
Example: The label described the sample as ash-flow tuff.
中文例句： 标签把样本描述为火山灰流凝灰岩。
23. welded tuff
Pronunciation cue: WEL-did tuf · 中文： 熔结凝灰岩 · Meaning: tuff whose hot particles have compacted and fused together.
Example: Welded tuff can preserve flattened volcanic fragments.
中文例句： 熔结凝灰岩能够保存被压扁的火山碎屑。
24. pyroclastic flow
Pronunciation cue: py-roh-KLAS-tik floh · 中文： 火山碎屑流 · Meaning: a fast-moving ground-hugging mixture of hot gas and volcanic fragments.
Example: The animation explained how a pyroclastic flow moves.
中文例句： 动画解释了火山碎屑流的运动方式。
25. pyroclastic fragment
Pronunciation cue: py-roh-KLAS-tik FRAG-muhnt · 中文： 火山碎屑 · Meaning: a piece of material broken apart during explosive volcanic activity.
Example: A pyroclastic fragment may contain glass or minerals.
中文例句： 火山碎屑可能含有玻璃或矿物。
26. lapilli
Pronunciation cue: luh-PIL-ee · 中文： 火山砾 · Meaning: volcanic fragments between 2 and 64 millimetres across.
Example: Lapilli are larger than volcanic ash particles.
中文例句： 火山砾比火山灰颗粒大。
27. pumice fragment
Pronunciation cue: PUM-is FRAG-muhnt · 中文： 浮岩碎块 · Meaning: a piece of highly porous volcanic rock.
Example: A pumice fragment contains many small gas cavities.
中文例句： 浮岩碎块含有许多小气孔。
28. ignimbrite
Pronunciation cue: IG-nim-bryt · 中文： 火山碎屑流沉积岩 · Meaning: a deposit or rock produced by a pyroclastic density current.
Example: The guide used ignimbrite when discussing an ancient ash-flow deposit.
中文例句： 向导讲解古代火山灰流沉积时使用了这个术语。
29. volcanic breccia
Pronunciation cue: vol-KAN-ik BRECH-ee-uh · 中文： 火山角砾岩 · Meaning: rock containing angular fragments associated with volcanic processes.
Example: Volcanic breccia contains visibly angular pieces.
中文例句： 火山角砾岩含有明显带棱角的碎块。
30. fiamme
Pronunciation cue: fee-AM-ee · 中文： 火焰状构造 · Meaning: flattened lens-shaped features commonly formed from pumice in welded deposits.
Example: Fiamme appeared as thin lenses in the rock image.
中文例句： 岩石照片中的火焰状构造呈薄透镜形。
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4. Compare rock structures | Words 31–40
31. igneous origin
Pronunciation cue: IG-nee-uhs OR-i-jin · 中文： 火成来源 · Meaning: formation from cooling magma or lava.
Example: Igneous origin explains why the rock is linked to molten material.
中文例句： 火成来源解释了岩石为什么与熔融物质有关。
32. intrusive body
Pronunciation cue: in-TROO-siv BOD-ee · 中文： 侵入岩体 · Meaning: magma that solidified beneath the surface as a body of rock.
Example: An intrusive body forms underground.
中文例句： 侵入岩体在地下形成。
33. extrusive rock
Pronunciation cue: ik-STROO-siv rok · 中文： 喷出岩 · Meaning: rock formed from volcanic material at or near the surface.
Example: Rhyolite is an example of extrusive rock.
中文例句： 流纹岩是喷出岩的一种。
34. porphyritic texture
Pronunciation cue: por-fi-RIT-ik TEKS-chuh · 中文： 斑状结构 · Meaning: larger crystals set within a finer-grained groundmass.
Example: Porphyritic texture records contrasting crystal sizes.
中文例句： 斑状结构展示了不同大小的晶体。
35. phenocryst
Pronunciation cue: FEN-uh-krist · 中文： 斑晶 · Meaning: a relatively large crystal in a finer rock matrix.
Example: The phenocryst stood out against the darker background.
中文例句： 斑晶在较暗的背景中很显眼。
36. groundmass
Pronunciation cue: GROWND-mas · 中文： 基质 · Meaning: the finer material surrounding larger crystals in a rock.
Example: The groundmass was much finer than the visible crystals.
中文例句： 基质比可见晶体细得多。
37. vesicular texture
Pronunciation cue: vuh-SIK-yuh-luh TEKS-chuh · 中文： 气孔结构 · Meaning: a texture containing cavities left by gas bubbles.
Example: Vesicular texture suggests that gas was present.
中文例句： 气孔结构说明曾经存在气体。
38. amygdule
Pronunciation cue: uh-MIG-dyool · 中文： 杏仁体 · Meaning: a former gas cavity later filled by minerals.
Example: An amygdule is a filled cavity rather than an empty hole.
中文例句： 杏仁体是被填充的孔洞，而不是空洞。
39. mineral assemblage
Pronunciation cue: MIN-uh-ruhl uh-SEM-blij · 中文： 矿物组合 · Meaning: the set of minerals occurring together in a rock.
Example: Mineral assemblage helps geologists classify a sample.
中文例句： 矿物组合帮助地质学家分类样本。
40. rock classification
Pronunciation cue: rok klas-i-fi-KAY-shuhn · 中文： 岩石分类 · Meaning: grouping rocks according to their characteristics and origin.
Example: Rock classification needs more than colour alone.
中文例句： 岩石分类不能只看颜色。
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5. Place rocks in Earth’s history | Words 41–50
41. sedimentary basin
Pronunciation cue: sed-uh-MEN-tuh-ree BAY-suhn · 中文： 沉积盆地 · Meaning: a region where sediments accumulated over geological time.
Example: Cheongsong lies within a major sedimentary basin.
中文例句： 青松位于一个大型沉积盆地内。
42. basin infill
Pronunciation cue: BAY-suhn IN-fil · 中文： 盆地充填 · Meaning: sediments or other deposits accumulating within a basin.
Example: Basin infill preserves part of the region’s history.
中文例句： 盆地充填保存了部分地区历史。
43. volcaniclastic sediment
Pronunciation cue: vol-kan-i-KLAS-tik SED-i-muhnt · 中文： 火山碎屑沉积物 · Meaning: sediment containing material derived from volcanic activity.
Example: Volcaniclastic sediment links sedimentation with volcanic sources.
中文例句： 火山碎屑沉积物把沉积作用与火山来源联系起来。
44. sedimentary succession
Pronunciation cue: sed-uh-MEN-tuh-ree suhk-SESH-uhn · 中文： 沉积层序 · Meaning: an ordered sequence of sedimentary layers.
Example: The sedimentary succession shows changes through time.
中文例句： 沉积层序展示了随时间发生的变化。
45. stratigraphic column
Pronunciation cue: strat-i-GRAF-ik KOL-uhm · 中文： 地层柱状图 · Meaning: a diagram showing a vertical sequence of rock units.
Example: A stratigraphic column summarised the layers.
中文例句： 地层柱状图概括了各岩层。
46. rock unit
Pronunciation cue: rok YOO-nit · 中文： 岩石单位 · Meaning: a recognisable body of rock treated as a unit for description or mapping.
Example: Each rock unit had a different colour on the map.
中文例句： 地图上的每个岩石单位使用不同颜色。
47. unconformity
Pronunciation cue: un-kuhn-FOR-mi-tee · 中文： 不整合 · Meaning: a surface representing a gap in the geological record.
Example: An unconformity marks missing geological time.
中文例句： 不整合标志着地质记录中缺失的时间。
48. relative age
Pronunciation cue: REL-uh-tiv ayj · 中文： 相对年龄 · Meaning: age expressed as older or younger than something else.
Example: Relative age compares rocks without giving an exact date.
中文例句： 相对年龄比较岩石的新旧，而不提供确切日期。
49. geological timescale
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl TYM-skayl · 中文： 地质年代表 · Meaning: the ordered divisions used to describe Earth’s history.
Example: The geological timescale made the long history easier to organise.
中文例句： 地质年代表让漫长历史更容易整理。
50. palaeogeography
Pronunciation cue: pay-lee-oh-jee-OG-ruh-fee · 中文： 古地理 · Meaning: the study or reconstruction of geographical conditions in the past.
Example: Palaeogeography asks what the region looked like long ago.
中文例句： 古地理研究追问该地区很久以前是什么样子。
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6. Interpret fossil evidence | Words 51–60
51. fossil mould
Pronunciation cue: FOS-uhl mohld · 中文： 化石模印 · Meaning: an impression left when original biological material is absent.
Example: A fossil mould records shape rather than the original material.
中文例句： 化石模印记录的是形状，而不是原有材料。
52. dinosaur trackway
Pronunciation cue: DY-nuh-sor TRAK-way · 中文： 恐龙足迹列 · Meaning: a sequence of footprints left by a dinosaur.
Example: A dinosaur trackway can reveal movement across a surface.
中文例句： 恐龙足迹列能显示动物在表面上的移动。
53. footprint impression
Pronunciation cue: FOOT-print im-PRESH-uhn · 中文： 足迹印痕 · Meaning: a depression or mark left by a foot.
Example: The footprint impression remained visible in the rock.
中文例句： 足迹印痕仍然能在岩石中看见。
54. track cast
Pronunciation cue: trak kast · 中文： 足迹铸型 · Meaning: a three-dimensional form produced when material fills a footprint depression.
Example: A track cast preserves the shape of a footprint.
中文例句： 足迹铸型保存了脚印形状。
55. undertrack
Pronunciation cue: UN-duh-trak · 中文： 下伏足迹 · Meaning: a deformation beneath the original tracked surface caused by a foot’s pressure.
Example: An undertrack can differ from the footprint at the surface.
中文例句： 下伏足迹可能与表面脚印不同。
56. track orientation
Pronunciation cue: trak or-ee-en-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 足迹方向 · Meaning: the direction in which a footprint or track sequence points.
Example: Track orientation helped us discuss movement direction.
中文例句： 足迹方向帮助我们讨论移动方向。
57. fossil preservation
Pronunciation cue: FOS-uhl prez-uh-VAY-shuhn · 中文： 化石保存 · Meaning: the processes or condition through which fossil evidence survives.
Example: Fossil preservation depends on the material and its later history.
中文例句： 化石保存取决于材料和后来的地质历史。
58. sediment compaction
Pronunciation cue: SED-i-muhnt kuhm-PAK-shuhn · 中文： 沉积物压实 · Meaning: the reduction of pore space as sediment is compressed.
Example: Sediment compaction squeezes grains closer together.
中文例句： 沉积物压实使颗粒更加紧密。
59. mineral cement
Pronunciation cue: MIN-uh-ruhl sih-MENT · 中文： 矿物胶结物 · Meaning: mineral material binding sediment grains together.
Example: Mineral cement helps loose grains become rock.
中文例句： 矿物胶结物帮助松散颗粒形成岩石。
60. geological inference
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl IN-fuh-ruhns · 中文： 地质推断 · Meaning: an interpretation of past processes based on geological evidence.
Example: A geological inference should be supported by observations.
中文例句： 地质推断应有观察证据支持。
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7. Explain changing landforms | Words 61–70
61. rock fracture
Pronunciation cue: rok FRAK-chuh · 中文： 岩石裂隙 · Meaning: a break in rock caused by stress.
Example: A rock fracture created a narrow opening.
中文例句： 岩石裂隙形成了一个狭窄开口。
62. joint spacing
Pronunciation cue: joynt SPAY-sing · 中文： 节理间距 · Meaning: the distance between neighbouring joints in rock.
Example: Joint spacing affected the appearance of the cliff.
中文例句： 节理间距影响了岩壁外观。
63. fracture orientation
Pronunciation cue: FRAK-chuh or-ee-en-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 裂隙方位 · Meaning: the direction and inclination of a break in rock.
Example: Fracture orientation helped explain the shape of the cliff.
中文例句： 裂隙方位帮助解释岩壁形状。
64. differential erosion
Pronunciation cue: dif-uh-REN-shuhl ih-ROH-zhuhn · 中文： 差异侵蚀 · Meaning: unequal wearing away of materials with different resistance.
Example: Differential erosion can leave harder rock standing higher.
中文例句： 差异侵蚀可能使较坚硬岩石突出。
65. abrasive sediment
Pronunciation cue: uh-BRAY-siv SED-i-muhnt · 中文： 磨蚀性沉积物 · Meaning: particles that wear down surfaces as they move.
Example: A river carries abrasive sediment against its bed.
中文例句： 河流携带的沉积物会磨蚀河床。
66. bedrock channel
Pronunciation cue: BED-rok CHAN-uhl · 中文： 基岩河道 · Meaning: a channel cut mainly into solid rock.
Example: The bedrock channel exposed the rock beneath the stream.
中文例句： 基岩河道露出了溪流下方的岩石。
67. river incision
Pronunciation cue: RIV-uh in-SIZH-uhn · 中文： 河流下切 · Meaning: the downward cutting of a channel into its bed.
Example: River incision deepens a valley over time.
中文例句： 河流下切会随时间加深河谷。
68. gorge formation
Pronunciation cue: gorj for-MAY-shuhn · 中文： 峡谷形成 · Meaning: the processes that produce a narrow steep-sided valley.
Example: Gorge formation involves the interaction of rock and erosion.
中文例句： 峡谷形成涉及岩石与侵蚀的相互作用。
69. rock resistance
Pronunciation cue: rok ri-ZIS-tuhns · 中文： 岩石抗蚀性 · Meaning: how strongly rock withstands a weathering or erosion process.
Example: Rock resistance helps explain uneven slopes.
中文例句： 岩石抗蚀性有助于解释不均匀的坡面。
70. landform evolution
Pronunciation cue: LAND-form ev-uh-LOO-shuhn · 中文： 地貌演变 · Meaning: changes in the shape of the land over time.
Example: Landform evolution connects present scenery with past processes.
中文例句： 地貌演变把今日景色与过去过程联系起来。
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8. Record geological features | Words 71–80
71. geosite
Pronunciation cue: JEE-oh-syt · 中文： 地质景点 · Meaning: a place with particular geological interest or value.
Example: A geosite may contain important rock or fossil evidence.
中文例句： 地质景点可能含有重要岩石或化石证据。
72. geodiversity
Pronunciation cue: jee-oh-dy-VUR-si-tee · 中文： 地质多样性 · Meaning: the variety of rocks, soils, landforms and geological processes.
Example: Geodiversity includes much more than different rock colours.
中文例句： 地质多样性远不止岩石颜色不同。
73. geological heritage
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl HER-i-tij · 中文： 地质遗产 · Meaning: geological features valued for scientific, educational or cultural reasons.
Example: Geological heritage deserves careful protection.
中文例句： 地质遗产值得细心保护。
74. geoconservation
Pronunciation cue: jee-oh-kon-suh-VAY-shuhn · 中文： 地质保护 · Meaning: protection of valuable geological features and processes.
Example: Geoconservation includes leaving rock features intact.
中文例句： 地质保护包括保持岩石特征完整。
75. in-situ protection
Pronunciation cue: in SIT-yoo pruh-TEK-shuhn · 中文： 原地保护 · Meaning: protecting a feature where it naturally occurs.
Example: In-situ protection keeps footprints in their geological context.
中文例句： 原地保护让足迹保留在原有地质环境中。
76. outcrop description
Pronunciation cue: OWT-krop dih-SKRIP-shuhn · 中文： 露头描述 · Meaning: a written account of rock visible at the surface.
Example: My outcrop description recorded colour, texture and fractures.
中文例句： 我的露头描述记录了颜色、结构和裂隙。
77. field sketch
Pronunciation cue: feeld skech · 中文： 野外素描 · Meaning: a drawing made to record features observed outdoors.
Example: A field sketch helped me remember the rock layers.
中文例句： 野外素描帮助我记住岩层。
78. geological annotation
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl an-uh-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 地质注释 · Meaning: a note explaining a geological feature on a drawing or record.
Example: Each geological annotation pointed to an observed feature.
中文例句： 每条地质注释都指向一个观察到的特征。
79. scale bar
Pronunciation cue: skayl bar · 中文： 比例尺条 · Meaning: a marked line indicating size in a photograph or drawing.
Example: The scale bar showed how large the sample was.
中文例句： 比例尺条显示了样本大小。
80. geological cross-section
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl kros SEK-shuhn · 中文： 地质剖面 · Meaning: a diagram representing a vertical slice through rock or ground.
Example: A geological cross-section showed layers beneath the hillside.
中文例句： 地质剖面展示了山坡下的岩层。
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9. Ask about springs and water | Words 81–90
81. mineral spring chemistry
Pronunciation cue: MIN-uh-ruhl spring KEM-i-stree · 中文： 矿泉水化学 · Meaning: the chemical composition and reactions of mineral spring water.
Example: Mineral spring chemistry needs measurements rather than taste guesses.
中文例句： 矿泉水化学需要测量，不能靠品尝猜测。
82. dissolved mineral
Pronunciation cue: dih-ZOLVD MIN-uh-ruhl · 中文： 溶解矿物质 · Meaning: a mineral component present in solution.
Example: A dissolved mineral cannot always be seen in clear water.
中文例句： 清澈水中的溶解矿物质不一定能被看见。
83. groundwater circulation
Pronunciation cue: GROWND-waw-tuh sur-kyuh-LAY-shuhn · 中文： 地下水循环 · Meaning: the movement of water through underground spaces.
Example: Groundwater circulation can bring water to a spring.
中文例句： 地下水循环能把水带到泉口。
84. water-rock interaction
Pronunciation cue: WAW-tuh rok in-tuh-AK-shuhn · 中文： 水岩相互作用 · Meaning: physical or chemical processes between water and rock.
Example: Water-rock interaction can change dissolved substances in water.
中文例句： 水岩相互作用能改变水中的溶解物质。
85. spring discharge
Pronunciation cue: spring DIS-charj · 中文： 泉水流量 · Meaning: the amount of water emerging from a spring over time.
Example: Spring discharge may vary with environmental conditions.
中文例句： 泉水流量可能随环境条件变化。
86. hydrothermal alteration
Pronunciation cue: hy-droh-THUR-muhl awl-tuh-RAY-shuhn · 中文： 热液蚀变 · Meaning: changes to rock caused by interaction with hot fluids.
Example: Hydrothermal alteration can change a rock’s minerals.
中文例句： 热液蚀变能改变岩石中的矿物。
87. hydrochemical sample
Pronunciation cue: hy-droh-KEM-i-kuhl SAM-puhl · 中文： 水化学样本 · Meaning: a water sample collected for chemical analysis.
Example: A hydrochemical sample requires a clear collection record.
中文例句： 水化学样本需要明确的采集记录。
88. spring-water source
Pronunciation cue: spring WAW-tuh sors · 中文： 泉水来源 · Meaning: the origin of water emerging at a spring.
Example: A sign’s explanation helped us understand the spring-water source.
中文例句： 标牌说明帮助我们理解泉水来源。
89. potability assessment
Pronunciation cue: poh-tuh-BIL-i-tee uh-SES-muhnt · 中文： 饮用适宜性评估 · Meaning: checking whether water meets requirements for drinking.
Example: Potability assessment is different from judging whether water looks clear.
中文例句： 饮用适宜性评估与判断水是否清澈不同。
90. rock-collecting restriction
Pronunciation cue: rok kuh-LEK-ting ri-STRIK-shuhn · 中文： 岩石采集限制 · Meaning: a rule limiting removal of geological material.
Example: We followed the rock-collecting restriction and took photographs instead.
中文例句： 我们遵守岩石采集限制，改为拍照。
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10. Build a geological story | Words 91–100
91. geological interpretation panel
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl in-tur-pruh-TAY-shuhn PAN-uhl · 中文： 地质解说牌 · Meaning: a display explaining geological observations and processes.
Example: The geological interpretation panel connected the cliff to its history.
中文例句： 地质解说牌把岩壁与形成历史联系起来。
92. geopark learning route
Pronunciation cue: JEE-oh-park LUR-ning root · 中文： 地质公园学习路线 · Meaning: a planned route connecting geological learning stops.
Example: We selected a geopark learning route suited to our time.
中文例句： 我们选择了符合时间安排的地质公园学习路线。
93. geoeducation
Pronunciation cue: jee-oh-ed-yoo-KAY-shuhn · 中文： 地学教育 · Meaning: learning about Earth’s materials, history and processes.
Example: Geoeducation turned a scenic walk into an investigation.
中文例句： 地学教育把风景散步变成了一次探索。
94. interpretive question
Pronunciation cue: in-TUR-pruh-tiv KWES-chuhn · 中文： 解说性问题 · Meaning: a question asking how evidence connects to meaning or process.
Example: My interpretive question asked why the patterns were circular.
中文例句： 我的解说性问题是：为什么这些图案呈圆形？
95. rock-texture comparison
Pronunciation cue: rok TEKS-chuh kuhm-PAIR-uh-suhn · 中文： 岩石结构比较 · Meaning: examining differences between the internal patterns of rocks.
Example: Rock-texture comparison helped us distinguish two samples.
中文例句： 岩石结构比较帮助我们区分两个样本。
96. geological evidence chain
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl EV-i-duhns chayn · 中文： 地质证据链 · Meaning: linked observations supporting an interpretation of geological history.
Example: We built a geological evidence chain from texture to cooling.
中文例句： 我们从结构到冷却过程建立了地质证据链。
97. landscape reading
Pronunciation cue: LAND-skayp REE-ding · 中文： 景观解读 · Meaning: interpreting visible land features as evidence of processes.
Example: Landscape reading asks what shaped the view.
中文例句： 景观解读追问是什么塑造了眼前景象。
98. process explanation
Pronunciation cue: PROH-ses ek-spluh-NAY-shuhn · 中文： 过程解释 · Meaning: an account showing how a change occurs.
Example: A process explanation links causes with visible results.
中文例句： 过程解释把原因与可见结果连接起来。
99. geological wonder
Pronunciation cue: jee-uh-LOJ-i-kuhl WUN-duh · 中文： 地质奇观 · Meaning: a striking feature appreciated through its geological character.
Example: The geological wonder became more interesting once we understood its texture.
中文例句： 理解结构后，这处地质奇观变得更有趣。
100. Earth-history journal
Pronunciation cue: urth HIS-tuh-ree JUR-nuhl · 中文： 地球历史日记 · Meaning: a journal connecting observations with geological history.
Example: My Earth-history journal included a sketch and two unanswered questions.
中文例句： 我的地球历史日记包括一幅素描和两个未解问题。
Contents · Previous group · Cheongsong context
Why Cheongsong makes these words useful / 为什么这些词在这里有用
A rock has several stories at once. Its minerals tell you something about composition. Its texture records how those minerals and other components are arranged. Its position within a sequence helps you ask when it formed relative to other units. Learning those distinctions stops every interesting surface becoming simply a ‘beautiful stone’.
At a volcanic-learning stop, begin with texture. Are the features rounded, banded, glassy or visibly crystalline? Then connect what you can see with a possible process. Spherulitic texture refers to rounded structures involving radiating mineral growth. It is a structural description; the flower-like appearance does not mean that a real flower was trapped inside.
Footprints require another way of reading evidence. A sequence of tracks can support questions about movement, but a single impression does not supply a complete life story. Distinguish a preserved mark from a model used to teach it. Avoid guessing speed or behaviour without measurements and specialist interpretation.
A gorge gives you a wider view. Rock resistance, fractures and moving water interact over time. The scenery is a result of several processes, so a careful explanation may contain more than one cause. Your writing becomes richer when you move from ‘the cliff was tall’ to a sentence explaining how visible rock features help you understand its shape.
Plan, observe and ask / 计划、观察与提问
Choose one learning question for each stop. At Flower Stone, ask what the pattern tells you about texture. At a fossil-learning area, ask which evidence is original and which is a replica or educational model. Along a gorge, ask how rock structure and erosion might interact.
Use a field sketch to separate observation from explanation. Draw the visible feature first. Label colour, banding, fractures or the position of a footprint. Add a second note beginning ‘This may suggest…’ only when you can state the supporting evidence.
Treat mineral-spring information as an opportunity to ask about dissolved substances and water sources. Clear water does not establish potability. Follow current posted guidance rather than tasting an unfamiliar source to test a theory.
A short conversation / 简短对话
eduKateSG illustrative dialogue: This is a learning example, not a quoted conversation with local staff.
Visitor: Why does this rock look like a flower? / 游客：为什么这块岩石像花？
Educator: The pattern is a rock texture involving rounded mineral structures. We can describe it without calling it a flower fossil. / 教育者：这个图案是一种涉及圆形矿物结构的岩石结构。我们可以描述它，而不把它叫作花朵化石。
Visitor: Does every mark tell us exactly how the dinosaur moved? / 游客：每个印痕都能准确告诉我们恐龙怎样移动吗？
Educator: A track can provide evidence, but an interpretation needs its context and measurements. / 教育者：足迹能提供证据，但解释需要背景和测量。
Turn the visit into a paragraph / 把旅行写成一段话
eduKateSG model paragraph — an imagined visit: In Cheongsong, I discovered that a rock could be read in several ways. The circular pattern in Flower Stone led me to the phrase spherulitic texture, while a field sketch helped me separate the visible bands from my explanation of them. At the fossil-learning stop, I asked how an impression differs from a cast. By the end of the visit, I was describing the landscape as evidence of processes rather than as a collection of pretty shapes.
中文参考： 在青松，我发现岩石可以从几个角度解读。花纹石的圆形图案让我学到球粒结构，而野外素描帮助我区分可见条带与自己的解释。在化石学习地点，我询问印痕与铸型有何不同。参观结束时，我把景观描述为地质过程的证据，而不只是一组漂亮形状。
Build your own paragraph in four moves: place the reader in the destination; select one observable detail; explain a useful connection; end with what you learned or still want to investigate. Keep the scene specific, and use a technical expression only when it adds meaning.
Continue with the South Korea Writing Workbook for vocabulary, comprehension and composition drills.
Use the words with precision / 精确使用词语
A mineral is a substance with particular chemical and structural characteristics. A rock is a material made from minerals, glass or other geological components. Naming one visible mineral does not automatically classify the whole rock.
An observation records a feature. A geological inference interprets how that feature may have formed. Keep both in your journal, with the link between them stated clearly.
A footprint impression is a mark. A track cast records the shape produced when that depression is filled. A model displayed for teaching must not be described as the original footprint unless the label confirms it.
Try a small retrieval routine: select five expressions today, hide the definitions and explain each in your own words. Tomorrow, rebuild two sentences without looking. Later in the week, use the same expressions in a fresh observation or comparison. Learning becomes stronger when a word can travel into a new sentence.
A quick practice check / 小练习
1. Which term names rounded mineral structures growing outward from centres?
2. What should a field sketch record before an explanation is added?
3. Does clear spring water prove that it is suitable for drinking?
4. Replace ‘The rock was nice’ with one precise sentence.
Answers and sample responses / 答案与示例
1. Spherulites; a rock containing them can have spherulitic texture.
2. The features actually observed, such as shape, banding, fractures and relative position.
3. No. Potability requires appropriate information or assessment.
4. Example: Concentric banding formed a circular pattern across the cut surface.
Questions before you go / 出发前的小问题
Is Flower Stone a flower fossil?
Its flower-like appearance is associated with spherulitic rhyolite. Describe the geological texture rather than treating the name as evidence of a plant fossil.
Must I memorise every technical term before travelling?
No. Start with rock classification, field sketch and geological inference. Add a few terms that match the stops you actually plan to visit.
Can these examples be used as factual reports of my visit?
Use them as models of English. In your own report, describe only the features, explanations and activities you actually encountered.
Continue learning with eduKate / 继续学习
For the wider country route, use Top 200 Vocabulary Words for Visiting South Korea. For new themes, visit the Vocabulary Lists Control Tower and the Vocabulary Articles and Knowledge Hub.
Danyang limestone and cave vocabulary offers a related setting for comparison.
Samcheok vocabulary offers a related setting for comparison.
Official destination and learning information
UNESCO: Cheongsong UNESCO Global Geopark
Korea Tourism Organization: Juwangsan National Park
Destination descriptions were checked against the sources above on 5 October 2026. Consult current official information for access, bookings and programme changes. Definitions, translations, practice and imagined examples are written for learning.