Did you know that comparing two environments can teach you more than collecting two lists of animal names? Welcome to Seocheon, where an ecology visit gives you a chance to connect climate, organisms, feeding relationships and the evidence behind an explanation.
The National Institute of Ecology identifies Seocheon as its location and describes research, exhibitions and education. Its Ecorium learning themes cover tropical, desert, Mediterranean, temperate and polar environments. Those themes provide the starting point for this vocabulary guide.
Here are 100 English words and expressions with approximate pronunciation cues, Chinese meanings, definitions and bilingual examples. They help you compare ecological ideas rather than simply name exhibits. Example sentences are eduKateSG teaching illustrations; no specific activity, animal collection or research demonstration is guaranteed by inclusion in this list.
Your destination: Seocheon County / 舒川郡 / 서천군. Check the institute’s current visitor information for access and programme details. An exhibition represents selected features of an environment; it is not an entire wild ecosystem brought indoors.
How to use this list: Choose a situation, read five to ten entries, say the pronunciation cues aloud and use two expressions in your own sentence. Capital letters in the cues indicate an approximate stressed sound; these are learning aids rather than IPA. Chinese translations explain the selected meaning, so context still matters.
Find your next situation / 快速导航
1. Compare the five biome themes · 2. Connect life with conditions · 3. Explain water-saving adaptations · 4. Understand heat and cold · 5. Follow feeding and energy · 6. Trace nutrients through systems · 7. Compare populations and interactions · 8. Describe change and recovery · 9. Ask how ecological evidence is gathered · 10. Read a living or interpreted display carefully
Seocheon context · Plan and observe · Conversation · Writing · Precision · Practice · FAQs · Continue learning · Official sources
1. Compare the five biome themes | Words 1–10
1. biome comparison
Pronunciation cue: BY-ohm kuhm-PAIR-uh-suhn · 中文： 生物群系比较 · Meaning: examining differences between large ecological regions.
Example: Biome comparison helped us connect climate with vegetation.
中文例句： 生物群系比较帮助我们联系气候与植被。
2. tropical biome
Pronunciation cue: TROP-i-kuhl BY-ohm · 中文： 热带生物群系 · Meaning: a major ecological region associated with tropical climates.
Example: The tropical biome introduced us to warm-climate ecosystems.
中文例句： 热带生物群系让我们认识温暖气候的生态系统。
3. desert biome
Pronunciation cue: DEZ-uht BY-ohm · 中文： 沙漠生物群系 · Meaning: a major ecological region shaped by very low rainfall.
Example: The desert biome explained adaptations to limited water.
中文例句： 沙漠生物群系解释了对有限水资源的适应。
4. Mediterranean biome
Pronunciation cue: med-i-tuh-RAY-nee-uhn BY-ohm · 中文： 地中海生物群系 · Meaning: a region typically associated with dry summers and wetter winters.
Example: The Mediterranean biome showed a different rainfall pattern.
中文例句： 地中海生物群系展示了不同的降雨模式。
5. temperate biome
Pronunciation cue: TEM-pruht BY-ohm · 中文： 温带生物群系 · Meaning: a major ecological region outside the tropics and polar zones.
Example: The temperate biome helped us discuss seasonal changes.
中文例句： 温带生物群系帮助我们讨论季节变化。
6. polar biome
Pronunciation cue: POH-luh BY-ohm · 中文： 极地生物群系 · Meaning: a major ecological region associated with high-latitude cold conditions.
Example: The polar biome focused our attention on cold environments.
中文例句： 极地生物群系让我们关注寒冷环境。
7. climate envelope
Pronunciation cue: KLY-muht EN-vuh-lohp · 中文： 气候适宜范围 · Meaning: the range of climatic conditions associated with an organism or ecosystem.
Example: A species’ climate envelope is not the same as one day’s weather.
中文例句： 物种的气候适宜范围与一天的天气不同。
8. rainfall seasonality
Pronunciation cue: RAYN-fawl see-zuh-NAL-i-tee · 中文： 降雨季节性 · Meaning: how rainfall varies across seasons.
Example: Rainfall seasonality affects when plants can grow.
中文例句： 降雨季节性影响植物何时生长。
9. temperature range
Pronunciation cue: TEM-pruh-chuh raynj · 中文： 温度范围 · Meaning: the interval between lower and higher temperatures.
Example: The temperature range differed between the two examples.
中文例句： 两个例子的温度范围不同。
10. climate-controlled exhibit
Pronunciation cue: KLY-muht kuhn-TROHLD ig-ZIB-it · 中文： 气候控制展区 · Meaning: a display where environmental conditions are managed.
Example: A climate-controlled exhibit is a model of selected conditions.
中文例句： 气候控制展区模拟的是选定环境条件。
2. Connect life with conditions | Words 11–20
11. abiotic factor
Pronunciation cue: ay-by-OT-ik FAK-tuh · 中文： 非生物因素 · Meaning: a nonliving environmental component affecting organisms.
Example: Water availability is an abiotic factor.
中文例句： 水的可用性属于非生物因素。
12. biotic factor
Pronunciation cue: by-OT-ik FAK-tuh · 中文： 生物因素 · Meaning: a living component or influence within an environment.
Example: A predator is a biotic factor affecting its prey.
中文例句： 捕食者是影响猎物的生物因素。
13. ecological niche
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl neesh · 中文： 生态位 · Meaning: the conditions, resources and interactions associated with an organism’s role.
Example: An ecological niche includes more than where an animal lives.
中文例句： 生态位不仅包括动物住在哪里。
14. resource availability
Pronunciation cue: REE-sors uh-vay-luh-BIL-i-tee · 中文： 资源可用性 · Meaning: how much of a needed resource organisms can access.
Example: Resource availability helps explain population changes.
中文例句： 资源可用性有助于解释种群变化。
15. limiting resource
Pronunciation cue: LIM-i-ting REE-sors · 中文： 限制性资源 · Meaning: a resource whose shortage restricts growth or activity.
Example: Water may become a limiting resource in a dry environment.
中文例句： 在干旱环境中，水可能成为限制性资源。
16. tolerance range
Pronunciation cue: TOL-uh-ruhns raynj · 中文： 耐受范围 · Meaning: the interval of conditions an organism can withstand.
Example: A tolerance range has upper and lower boundaries.
中文例句： 耐受范围有上下界限。
17. optimum condition
Pronunciation cue: OP-ti-muhm kuhn-DISH-uhn · 中文： 最适条件 · Meaning: an environmental condition especially favourable for a process or organism.
Example: An optimum condition need not be the same for every species.
中文例句： 最适条件不一定对每个物种都相同。
18. ecological stress
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl stres · 中文： 生态胁迫 · Meaning: pressure from conditions that impair normal biological performance.
Example: Ecological stress can reduce growth.
中文例句： 生态胁迫能降低生长速度。
19. microclimate variation
Pronunciation cue: MY-kroh-kly-muht vair-ee-AY-shuhn · 中文： 微气候变化 · Meaning: differences in climate conditions across small nearby areas.
Example: Microclimate variation explains why shade matters.
中文例句： 微气候变化解释了阴影为什么重要。
20. environmental gradient
Pronunciation cue: in-vy-ruhn-MEN-tuhl GRAY-dee-uhnt · 中文： 环境梯度 · Meaning: a gradual change in environmental conditions across space.
Example: An environmental gradient can run from wet ground to dry ground.
中文例句： 环境梯度可以从湿地面延伸到干地面。
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3. Explain water-saving adaptations | Words 21–30
21. water-use efficiency
Pronunciation cue: WAW-tuh yoos ih-FISH-uhn-see · 中文： 水分利用效率 · Meaning: the amount of useful biological production relative to water use.
Example: Water-use efficiency matters in dry habitats.
中文例句： 水分利用效率在干旱栖息地中很重要。
22. water-storing tissue
Pronunciation cue: WAW-tuh STOR-ing TISH-oo · 中文： 储水组织 · Meaning: plant tissue adapted to retain water.
Example: Water-storing tissue helps some plants survive dry periods.
中文例句： 储水组织帮助某些植物度过干旱时期。
23. leaf wax
Pronunciation cue: leef waks · 中文： 叶面蜡质 · Meaning: a waxy surface material helping protect a leaf.
Example: Leaf wax can reduce water loss from a surface.
中文例句： 叶面蜡质能减少表面失水。
24. stomatal opening
Pronunciation cue: stoh-MAT-uhl OH-puh-ning · 中文： 气孔开口 · Meaning: an opening through which a plant exchanges gases.
Example: A stomatal opening allows gas exchange.
中文例句： 气孔开口允许气体交换。
25. transpiration loss
Pronunciation cue: tran-spuh-RAY-shuhn los · 中文： 蒸腾失水 · Meaning: water loss as vapour from plant surfaces.
Example: Transpiration loss changes with environmental conditions.
中文例句： 蒸腾失水随环境条件变化。
26. deep-root adaptation
Pronunciation cue: deep root ad-ap-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 深根适应 · Meaning: a root arrangement allowing access to deeper water.
Example: A deep-root adaptation can help a plant reach underground moisture.
中文例句： 深根适应能帮助植物接触地下水分。
27. small-leaf adaptation
Pronunciation cue: small leef ad-ap-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 小叶适应 · Meaning: a leaf form that can limit heat load or water loss.
Example: Small-leaf adaptation is useful in some dry environments.
中文例句： 小叶适应在某些干旱环境中很有用。
28. drought dormancy
Pronunciation cue: drowt DOR-muhn-see · 中文： 干旱休眠 · Meaning: a period of reduced activity during water shortage.
Example: Drought dormancy helps some organisms wait through dry conditions.
中文例句： 干旱休眠帮助某些生物等待干旱过去。
29. rain-triggered growth
Pronunciation cue: rayn TRIG-uhd grohth · 中文： 降雨触发生长 · Meaning: growth that begins or increases after rain.
Example: Rain-triggered growth can transform a dry landscape.
中文例句： 降雨触发生长能改变干旱景观。
30. water-conservation strategy
Pronunciation cue: WAW-tuh kon-suh-VAY-shuhn STRAT-uh-jee · 中文： 保水策略 · Meaning: a biological feature or behaviour that reduces water loss.
Example: A water-conservation strategy can be structural or behavioural.
中文例句： 保水策略可以来自结构或行为。
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4. Understand heat and cold | Words 31–40
31. heat exchange
Pronunciation cue: heet iks-CHAYNJ · 中文： 热交换 · Meaning: the transfer of thermal energy between an organism and its surroundings.
Example: Heat exchange helps explain an animal’s temperature balance.
中文例句： 热交换帮助解释动物的温度平衡。
32. insulating fur
Pronunciation cue: IN-suh-lay-ting fur · 中文： 保温毛皮 · Meaning: fur that reduces the rate of heat loss.
Example: Insulating fur helps some mammals retain warmth.
中文例句： 保温毛皮帮助某些哺乳动物保留热量。
33. subcutaneous fat
Pronunciation cue: sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-uhs fat · 中文： 皮下脂肪 · Meaning: fat located beneath the skin.
Example: Subcutaneous fat can contribute to insulation.
中文例句： 皮下脂肪能起到保温作用。
34. countercurrent heat exchange
Pronunciation cue: KOWN-tuh-kur-uhnt heet iks-CHAYNJ · 中文： 逆流热交换 · Meaning: heat transfer between flows moving in opposite directions.
Example: Countercurrent heat exchange can reduce heat loss in animal limbs.
中文例句： 逆流热交换能减少动物肢体失热。
35. body-surface ratio
Pronunciation cue: BOD-ee SUR-fis RAY-shee-oh · 中文： 体表面积比例 · Meaning: surface area considered relative to body size or volume.
Example: Body-surface ratio affects heat loss.
中文例句： 体表面积比例影响热量散失。
36. cold tolerance
Pronunciation cue: kohld TOL-uh-ruhns · 中文： 耐寒能力 · Meaning: the ability to withstand low temperatures.
Example: Cold tolerance differs among species.
中文例句： 不同物种的耐寒能力不同。
37. seasonal insulation
Pronunciation cue: SEE-zuh-nuhl in-suh-LAY-shuhn · 中文： 季节性保温 · Meaning: changes in insulating structures across the year.
Example: Seasonal insulation can involve changes in fur.
中文例句： 季节性保温可能涉及毛皮变化。
38. behavioural thermoregulation
Pronunciation cue: bih-HAY-vyuh-ruhl thur-moh-reg-yuh-LAY-shuhn · 中文： 行为性体温调节 · Meaning: maintaining body temperature by changing behaviour or position.
Example: Moving into shade is behavioural thermoregulation.
中文例句： 移动到阴凉处属于行为性体温调节。
39. thermal balance
Pronunciation cue: THUR-muhl BAL-uhns · 中文： 热平衡 · Meaning: the relationship between heat gained and lost.
Example: Thermal balance depends on the surroundings and the organism.
中文例句： 热平衡取决于环境与生物自身。
40. climate adaptation
Pronunciation cue: KLY-muht ad-ap-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 气候适应 · Meaning: traits shaped by environmental conditions over generations.
Example: Climate adaptation is different from a short-term adjustment.
中文例句： 气候适应与短期调节不同。
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5. Follow feeding and energy | Words 41–50
41. trophic level
Pronunciation cue: TROF-ik LEV-uhl · 中文： 营养级 · Meaning: a position in a feeding relationship based on energy sources.
Example: A trophic level tells us where an organism fits in a feeding system.
中文例句： 营养级说明生物在摄食系统中的位置。
42. primary producer
Pronunciation cue: PRY-muh-ree pruh-DOO-suh · 中文： 初级生产者 · Meaning: an organism that makes organic material from inorganic sources using energy.
Example: A green plant is a primary producer.
中文例句： 绿色植物属于初级生产者。
43. primary consumer
Pronunciation cue: PRY-muh-ree kuhn-SOO-muh · 中文： 初级消费者 · Meaning: an organism that feeds on producers.
Example: An animal eating plant material can be a primary consumer.
中文例句： 食用植物材料的动物可以是初级消费者。
44. secondary consumer
Pronunciation cue: SEK-uhn-duh-ree kuhn-SOO-muh · 中文： 次级消费者 · Meaning: an organism that feeds on primary consumers.
Example: A secondary consumer obtains energy from another consumer.
中文例句： 次级消费者从其他消费者获取能量。
45. detritivore
Pronunciation cue: dih-TRY-ti-vor · 中文： 食碎屑者 · Meaning: an organism that consumes dead organic material.
Example: A detritivore helps process dead material.
中文例句： 食碎屑者帮助处理死亡有机物。
46. decomposer
Pronunciation cue: dee-kuhm-POH-zuh · 中文： 分解者 · Meaning: an organism that breaks down organic matter into simpler substances.
Example: A decomposer helps nutrients return to the environment.
中文例句： 分解者帮助养分回到环境。
47. trophic transfer
Pronunciation cue: TROF-ik TRANS-fuh · 中文： 营养级传递 · Meaning: movement of energy or material between feeding levels.
Example: Trophic transfer does not move all energy to the next level.
中文例句： 营养级传递不会把全部能量带到下一级。
48. ecological efficiency
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl ih-FISH-uhn-see · 中文： 生态效率 · Meaning: the proportion of energy or production transferred in an ecological process.
Example: Ecological efficiency helps explain a food pyramid.
中文例句： 生态效率帮助解释食物金字塔。
49. biomass pyramid
Pronunciation cue: BY-oh-mas PIR-uh-mid · 中文： 生物量金字塔 · Meaning: a diagram comparing biomass at different feeding levels.
Example: A biomass pyramid represents mass rather than animal size.
中文例句： 生物量金字塔表示质量，而不是动物体型。
50. energy-flow diagram
Pronunciation cue: EN-uh-jee floh DY-uh-gram · 中文： 能量流动图 · Meaning: a diagram showing movement of energy through a system.
Example: Arrows in the energy-flow diagram connected feeding roles.
中文例句： 能量流动图中的箭头连接摄食角色。
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6. Trace nutrients through systems | Words 51–60
51. carbon cycle
Pronunciation cue: KAR-buhn SY-kuhl · 中文： 碳循环 · Meaning: movement of carbon among organisms, air, water and Earth materials.
Example: The carbon cycle connects living things with the atmosphere.
中文例句： 碳循环把生物与大气联系起来。
52. nitrogen cycle
Pronunciation cue: NY-truh-juhn SY-kuhl · 中文： 氮循环 · Meaning: movement and transformation of nitrogen through environmental systems.
Example: The nitrogen cycle includes microbial processes.
中文例句： 氮循环包括微生物过程。
53. nutrient cycling
Pronunciation cue: NYOO-tree-uhnt SY-kling · 中文： 养分循环 · Meaning: repeated movement of nutrients through organisms and the environment.
Example: Nutrient cycling depends on many interacting processes.
中文例句： 养分循环依赖许多相互作用的过程。
54. organic decomposition
Pronunciation cue: or-GAN-ik dee-kom-puh-ZISH-uhn · 中文： 有机物分解 · Meaning: breakdown of material derived from living organisms.
Example: Organic decomposition changes fallen material over time.
中文例句： 有机物分解随时间改变落下的材料。
55. carbon storage
Pronunciation cue: KAR-buhn STOR-ij · 中文： 碳储存 · Meaning: retention of carbon within a material or system.
Example: Carbon storage differs from the rate of carbon uptake.
中文例句： 碳储存与碳吸收速率不同。
56. soil respiration
Pronunciation cue: soyl res-puh-RAY-shuhn · 中文： 土壤呼吸 · Meaning: release of carbon dioxide from roots and soil organisms.
Example: Soil respiration is part of carbon cycling.
中文例句： 土壤呼吸属于碳循环的一部分。
57. nutrient uptake
Pronunciation cue: NYOO-tree-uhnt UP-tayk · 中文： 养分吸收 · Meaning: movement of nutrients into an organism.
Example: Nutrient uptake supports plant growth.
中文例句： 养分吸收支持植物生长。
58. mineralisation
Pronunciation cue: min-uh-ruh-ly-ZAY-shuhn · 中文： 矿化 · Meaning: conversion of organic compounds into inorganic forms.
Example: Mineralisation makes some nutrients available in inorganic forms.
中文例句： 矿化让某些养分以无机形式存在。
59. biogeochemical cycle
Pronunciation cue: by-oh-jee-oh-KEM-i-kuhl SY-kuhl · 中文： 生物地球化学循环 · Meaning: a cycle connecting biological, geological and chemical processes.
Example: A biogeochemical cycle crosses living and nonliving systems.
中文例句： 生物地球化学循环跨越生物与非生物系统。
60. ecosystem metabolism
Pronunciation cue: EE-koh-sis-tuhm muh-TAB-uh-liz-uhm · 中文： 生态系统代谢 · Meaning: the balance of production and respiration within an ecosystem.
Example: Ecosystem metabolism summarises several biological processes.
中文例句： 生态系统代谢概括了几种生物过程。
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7. Compare populations and interactions | Words 61–70
61. population density
Pronunciation cue: pop-yuh-LAY-shuhn DEN-si-tee · 中文： 种群密度 · Meaning: the number of individuals within a defined area or volume.
Example: Population density requires an area or volume to be stated.
中文例句： 种群密度必须注明面积或体积。
62. population distribution
Pronunciation cue: pop-yuh-LAY-shuhn dis-trih-BYOO-shuhn · 中文： 种群分布 · Meaning: the spatial arrangement of individuals.
Example: Population distribution may be clustered or scattered.
中文例句： 种群分布可能成群或分散。
63. carrying capacity
Pronunciation cue: KAIR-ee-ing kuh-PAS-i-tee · 中文： 环境容纳量 · Meaning: the population an environment can support under stated conditions.
Example: Carrying capacity can change when resources change.
中文例句： 资源变化时，环境容纳量也可能变化。
64. density dependence
Pronunciation cue: DEN-si-tee dih-PEN-duhns · 中文： 密度制约 · Meaning: a relationship in which an effect changes with population density.
Example: Competition can show density dependence.
中文例句： 竞争可能表现出密度制约。
65. interspecific competition
Pronunciation cue: in-tuh-spuh-SIF-ik kom-puh-TISH-uhn · 中文： 种间竞争 · Meaning: competition between members of different species.
Example: Interspecific competition may involve shared food resources.
中文例句： 种间竞争可能涉及共同食物资源。
66. intraspecific competition
Pronunciation cue: in-truh-spuh-SIF-ik kom-puh-TISH-uhn · 中文： 种内竞争 · Meaning: competition between members of the same species.
Example: Intraspecific competition can increase when resources are scarce.
中文例句： 资源匮乏时，种内竞争可能增加。
67. mutualism
Pronunciation cue: MYOO-choo-uhl-iz-uhm · 中文： 互利共生 · Meaning: an interaction in which both participating species benefit.
Example: Mutualism describes a benefit to both partners.
中文例句： 互利共生表示双方都受益。
68. commensalism
Pronunciation cue: kuh-MEN-suhl-iz-uhm · 中文： 偏利共生 · Meaning: an interaction benefiting one species without a clear effect on the other.
Example: Commensalism differs from mutualism.
中文例句： 偏利共生与互利共生不同。
69. parasitism
Pronunciation cue: PAR-uh-si-tiz-uhm · 中文： 寄生 · Meaning: an interaction in which a parasite benefits at a host’s expense.
Example: Parasitism involves a cost to the host.
中文例句： 寄生会让宿主付出代价。
70. predator-prey relationship
Pronunciation cue: PRED-uh-tuh pray ri-LAY-shuhn-ship · 中文： 捕食者与猎物关系 · Meaning: an interaction between an organism that hunts and one that is eaten.
Example: A predator-prey relationship can influence both populations.
中文例句： 捕食者与猎物关系能影响两个种群。
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8. Describe change and recovery | Words 71–80
71. ecological succession
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl suhk-SESH-uhn · 中文： 生态演替 · Meaning: changes in a biological community over time.
Example: Ecological succession involves changing community composition.
中文例句： 生态演替涉及群落组成变化。
72. primary succession
Pronunciation cue: PRY-muh-ree suhk-SESH-uhn · 中文： 初生演替 · Meaning: community development on a surface without developed soil.
Example: Primary succession can begin on newly exposed rock.
中文例句： 初生演替可以从新露出的岩石开始。
73. secondary succession
Pronunciation cue: SEK-uhn-duh-ree suhk-SESH-uhn · 中文： 次生演替 · Meaning: community change after disturbance where soil or biological legacies remain.
Example: Secondary succession can follow a disturbed site.
中文例句： 受到扰动的地点可能发生次生演替。
74. pioneer species
Pronunciation cue: py-uh-NEER SPEE-sheez · 中文： 先锋物种 · Meaning: organisms that colonise a newly available or disturbed area early.
Example: A pioneer species may tolerate exposed conditions.
中文例句： 先锋物种可能耐受暴露环境。
75. disturbance regime
Pronunciation cue: dih-STUR-buhns ruh-ZHEEM · 中文： 扰动格局 · Meaning: the pattern of disturbance frequency, intensity and extent.
Example: A disturbance regime describes more than one event.
中文例句： 扰动格局描述的不只是一次事件。
76. community turnover
Pronunciation cue: kuh-MYOO-nuh-tee TURN-oh-vuh · 中文： 群落更替 · Meaning: change in the species making up a community.
Example: Community turnover can be studied across years.
中文例句： 群落更替可以跨年研究。
77. ecosystem resilience
Pronunciation cue: EE-koh-sis-tuhm ri-ZIL-ee-uhns · 中文： 生态系统恢复力 · Meaning: the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb change and maintain or recover functions.
Example: Ecosystem resilience does not mean that no change occurs.
中文例句： 生态系统恢复力不表示完全没有变化。
78. ecological threshold
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl THRESH-hohld · 中文： 生态阈值 · Meaning: a boundary beyond which ecosystem behaviour can change substantially.
Example: An ecological threshold may be difficult to identify in advance.
中文例句： 生态阈值可能难以提前辨认。
79. restoration baseline
Pronunciation cue: res-tuh-RAY-shuhn BAYS-lyn · 中文： 修复基线 · Meaning: a reference condition used to assess restoration.
Example: A restoration baseline helps make progress measurable.
中文例句： 修复基线帮助衡量进展。
80. restoration monitoring
Pronunciation cue: res-tuh-RAY-shuhn MON-i-tuh-ring · 中文： 修复监测 · Meaning: repeated observation of a restoration project’s effects.
Example: Restoration monitoring continues after planting.
中文例句： 种植后仍需继续修复监测。
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9. Ask how ecological evidence is gathered | Words 81–90
81. ecological sampling
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl SAM-pling · 中文： 生态采样 · Meaning: collecting selected observations to study a larger ecological system.
Example: Ecological sampling cannot observe every individual.
中文例句： 生态采样无法观察每个个体。
82. quadrat
Pronunciation cue: KWOD-rat · 中文： 样方 · Meaning: a defined area used to sample organisms or vegetation.
Example: A quadrat sets a clear boundary for a count.
中文例句： 样方为计数规定明确边界。
83. random sampling
Pronunciation cue: RAN-duhm SAM-pling · 中文： 随机采样 · Meaning: selection by a procedure that gives eligible units a known chance of inclusion.
Example: Random sampling reduces some forms of selection bias.
中文例句： 随机采样减少某些选择偏差。
84. sampling effort
Pronunciation cue: SAM-pling EF-uht · 中文： 采样工作量 · Meaning: the amount of time or activity spent obtaining observations.
Example: Sampling effort affects how many species are detected.
中文例句： 采样工作量影响能发现多少物种。
85. detection probability
Pronunciation cue: dih-TEK-shuhn prob-uh-BIL-i-tee · 中文： 检出概率 · Meaning: the chance of noticing a subject that is present.
Example: Detection probability is lower for hidden animals.
中文例句： 隐藏动物的检出概率较低。
86. survey bias
Pronunciation cue: SUR-vay BY-uhs · 中文： 调查偏差 · Meaning: a systematic distortion in survey results.
Example: Survey bias can arise from where observers look.
中文例句： 调查偏差可能来自观察者选择的位置。
87. reference site
Pronunciation cue: REF-uh-ruhns syt · 中文： 参照地点 · Meaning: a location used as a comparison for study or management.
Example: A reference site helped us compare environmental conditions.
中文例句： 参照地点帮助我们比较环境条件。
88. replicate sample
Pronunciation cue: REP-li-kuht SAM-puhl · 中文： 重复样本 · Meaning: an additional comparable sample used to assess variability.
Example: A replicate sample helps reveal variation.
中文例句： 重复样本帮助显示差异。
89. data variability
Pronunciation cue: DAY-tuh vair-ee-uh-BIL-i-tee · 中文： 数据变异性 · Meaning: the degree to which observations differ.
Example: Data variability should appear in the explanation.
中文例句： 说明应体现数据变异性。
90. ecological hypothesis
Pronunciation cue: ee-kuh-LOJ-i-kuhl hy-POTH-uh-sis · 中文： 生态假设 · Meaning: a testable proposed explanation of an ecological pattern.
Example: An ecological hypothesis needs evidence to be evaluated.
中文例句： 生态假设需要证据来评估。
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10. Read a living or interpreted display carefully | Words 91–100
91. living collection
Pronunciation cue: LIV-ing kuh-LEK-shuhn · 中文： 活体收藏 · Meaning: organisms maintained for study, education or conservation.
Example: A living collection requires ongoing care.
中文例句： 活体收藏需要持续照料。
92. preserved specimen
Pronunciation cue: pri-ZURVD SPES-i-muhn · 中文： 保存标本 · Meaning: biological material retained through preservation.
Example: A preserved specimen differs from a living animal.
中文例句： 保存标本与活体动物不同。
93. exhibit microclimate
Pronunciation cue: ig-ZIB-it MY-kroh-kly-muht · 中文： 展区微气候 · Meaning: local environmental conditions maintained within a display.
Example: Exhibit microclimate is managed rather than naturally unrestricted.
中文例句： 展区微气候受到管理，并非完全自然形成。
94. environmental enrichment
Pronunciation cue: in-vy-ruhn-MEN-tuhl en-RICH-muhnt · 中文： 环境丰容 · Meaning: changes or features supporting an animal’s behavioural needs in managed care.
Example: Environmental enrichment should be suited to the species.
中文例句： 环境丰容应适合相应物种。
95. interpretive model
Pronunciation cue: in-TUR-pruh-tiv MOD-uhl · 中文： 解说模型 · Meaning: a simplified representation used to explain an idea.
Example: An interpretive model cannot reproduce every part of an ecosystem.
中文例句： 解说模型无法复制生态系统的全部内容。
96. exhibition limitation
Pronunciation cue: ek-si-BISH-uhn lim-i-TAY-shuhn · 中文： 展览局限 · Meaning: a boundary on what a display can show or establish.
Example: An exhibition limitation belongs in a careful comparison.
中文例句： 仔细比较时应考虑展览局限。
97. ecology research question
Pronunciation cue: ee-KOL-uh-jee REE-surch KWES-chuhn · 中文： 生态研究问题 · Meaning: a question investigated using ecological observations or experiments.
Example: Our ecology research question concerned water availability.
中文例句： 我们的生态研究问题涉及水的可用性。
98. climate-and-life journal
Pronunciation cue: KLY-muht and lyf JUR-nuhl · 中文： 气候与生命日记 · Meaning: a record connecting environmental conditions with biological observations.
Example: My climate-and-life journal compared two adaptations.
中文例句： 我的气候与生命日记比较了两种适应。
99. visitor learning reflection
Pronunciation cue: VIZ-i-tuh LUR-ning ri-FLEK-shuhn · 中文： 访客学习反思 · Meaning: a thoughtful account of what a visit taught and what remains uncertain.
Example: My visitor learning reflection included a question for further reading.
中文例句： 我的访客学习反思包括一个需要继续阅读的问题。
100. ecosystem comparison checklist
Pronunciation cue: EE-koh-sis-tuhm kuhm-PAIR-uh-suhn CHEK-list · 中文： 生态系统比较清单 · Meaning: a set of prompts for comparing climate, organisms and interactions.
Example: The ecosystem comparison checklist kept our notes organised.
中文例句： 生态系统比较清单让笔记保持条理。
Contents · Previous group · Seocheon context
Why Seocheon makes these words useful / 为什么这些词在这里有用
Climate gives you a starting question: what conditions recur over long periods? An exhibit’s temperature on one afternoon is not the same as a region’s climate. Compare the pattern of rainfall, the availability of water and the range of conditions organisms can tolerate. These relationships explain much more than a simple label such as ‘hot’ or ‘cold’.
Adaptation then becomes a connection between a feature and a challenge. Water-storing tissue, insulating fur and a change in behaviour solve different kinds of problems. Describe what the feature does before deciding why it may be useful. Also distinguish traits shaped across generations from adjustments an individual makes during its life.
Feeding and nutrient words help you look beyond the most visible animals. Energy moves through feeding relationships and is transformed along the way. Matter can cycle between living and nonliving parts of an environment. A diagram may simplify these relationships, so ask what its arrows mean and what it leaves out.
Finally, think like a careful observer. A count depends on the sampling area, time and effort. An animal that remains hidden may not appear in your record even when it is present. A short visitor observation cannot establish a whole population trend. Good ecological writing pairs curiosity with an honest account of the evidence.
Plan, observe and ask / 计划、观察与提问
Choose two biome themes and compare them using the same prompts: water availability, temperature conditions, one organism feature and one unanswered question. Consistent prompts make the comparison fairer than describing one area’s plants and another area’s architecture.
Read labels to distinguish living organisms, preserved specimens, models and images. The institute’s Polar Biome description discusses specimens and interpretive media as well as a penguin display. Avoid assuming that every animal represented in a gallery is alive or present.
Use an observation sheet outside or beside a permitted display. Record what you saw within a defined time and place. If you did not detect a species, write ‘not observed in this period’ rather than claiming it is absent from the whole site.
A short conversation / 简短对话
eduKateSG illustrative dialogue: This is a learning example, not a quoted conversation with local staff.
Visitor: Is this display the same as a complete desert ecosystem? / 游客：这个展示等于完整沙漠生态系统吗？
Educator: It represents selected conditions and organisms. Compare its learning purpose with the complexity of a wild environment. / 教育者：它代表选定条件和生物。要把教学目的与野外环境的复杂性作比较。
Visitor: If I do not see an animal, can I say it is absent? / 游客：没看到动物，就能说它不存在吗？
Educator: Say that you did not observe it during your visit. Detection depends on time, position and behaviour. / 教育者：应说你参观时没有观察到它。检出情况取决于时间、位置和行为。
Turn the visit into a paragraph / 把旅行写成一段话
eduKateSG model paragraph — an imagined visit: At Seocheon’s National Institute of Ecology, I compared the desert and temperate learning themes using the same questions. Water availability led me to think about water-conservation strategies, while seasonal change helped me understand why conditions must be recorded carefully. I also separated living displays from preserved specimens and models. My favourite discovery was that an ecology journal can be organised around relationships: a condition, an adaptation and the evidence supporting the connection.
中文参考： 在舒川国立生态园，我用相同问题比较沙漠与温带学习主题。水的可用性让我思考保水策略，季节变化则帮助我理解为什么需要仔细记录条件。我也把活体展示与保存标本、模型分开。最喜欢的发现是：生态日记可以围绕关系来组织，记录一种条件、一种适应以及支持两者联系的证据。
Build your own paragraph in four moves: place the reader in the destination; select one observable detail; explain a useful connection; end with what you learned or still want to investigate. Keep the scene specific, and use a technical expression only when it adds meaning.
Continue with the South Korea Writing Workbook for vocabulary, comprehension and composition drills.
Use the words with precision / 精确使用词语
A biome is a broad ecological grouping; an exhibit is a managed representation. Do not describe the two as equivalent.
Energy flow and nutrient cycling ask different questions. Energy is transferred and transformed; nutrients can move repeatedly through organisms and environmental stores.
Adaptation, tolerance and resilience also differ. Adaptation concerns traits shaped through evolutionary processes; tolerance concerns conditions an organism withstands; ecosystem resilience concerns responses to disturbance or change.
Try a small retrieval routine: select five expressions today, hide the definitions and explain each in your own words. Tomorrow, rebuild two sentences without looking. Later in the week, use the same expressions in a fresh observation or comparison. Learning becomes stronger when a word can travel into a new sentence.
A quick practice check / 小练习
1. Which term describes a nonliving environmental influence?
2. Does ‘not seen in ten minutes’ prove that a species is absent?
3. What does a primary producer do?
4. Write a sentence connecting a condition with a biological feature.
Answers and sample responses / 答案与示例
1. Abiotic factor.
2. No. Report the observation period and consider detection probability.
3. It uses energy to make organic material from inorganic sources.
4. Example: Water-storing tissue helps some plants survive dry periods.
Questions before you go / 出发前的小问题
Is this the same as Suncheon’s garden vocabulary guide?
No. This Seocheon guide focuses on biome comparison and ecological relationships. Suncheon’s vocabulary route supports botanical and garden observations.
Is every Polar Biome display a living animal?
The institute describes a mixture of specimens and interpretive media, with a penguin display also identified. Read current labels and visitor information rather than treating every representation as a live animal.
How can a student avoid overcomplicating the visit?
Choose two environments, one useful comparison and five words. Write a short explanation with a condition, a feature and a reason, then add a question for further reading.
Continue learning with eduKate / 继续学习
For the wider country route, use Top 200 Vocabulary Words for Visiting South Korea. For new themes, visit the Vocabulary Lists Control Tower and the Vocabulary Articles and Knowledge Hub.
Suncheon garden and botany vocabulary offers a related setting for comparison.
Shinan vocabulary offers a related setting for comparison.
Official destination and learning information
National Institute of Ecology: institutional overview
National Institute of Ecology: Temperate Biome
National Institute of Ecology: Polar Biome
Destination descriptions were checked against the sources above on 5 October 2026. Consult current official information for access, bookings and programme changes. Definitions, translations, practice and imagined examples are written for learning.